Civil Engineering Final Year Project PDF

MOI UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Telephone: +254 53 - 43620 PO BOX 3900

Fax +254 43242 ELDORET
PRESENTED BY:
NAME: REG. NO:
GODFREY OCHIENG AGORO CSE/71/03
COURSE CODE: CVS 590
COURSE TITLE: PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF QUARRY DUST AS A SUBSTITUTE OF
RIVER SAND IN CONCRETE MIXES.
SUBMITTED TO: MR. EVANS KHADAMBI
THIS REPORT IS SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL &
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
2007/2008 ACADEMIC YEAR

DECLARATION
I, GODFREY OCHIENG AGORO, do hereby declare that this is my original work
and to the best of my knowledge has not been submitted for a degree award in
any educational institution.
Signature .. Date
GODFREY OCHIENG AGORO
D.C.S.E Student
CERTIFICATION
I, MR.KHADAMBI, hereby certify this report and approve it for examination.
Signature .. Date
MR.KHADAMBI,
Project supervisor.
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 i

DEDICATION
To my beloved Dad Jack, mum Grace, Brother Collins, Sisters Emily and
Cynthia.
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The preparation of this research was a result of both direct investigations and
wide ranging consultations involving a number of people.
While one cannot mention everybody, I would like to specifically record and
express my deep gratitude and sincere appreciation to the following: The present
project report concerns the use of quarry dust as a substitute for river sand. The
project would have not been successful without the efforts of specific people.
I am most grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Khadambi, for his support,
encouragement and ability to guide me through the various questions that have
arisen during the project.
All technicians at the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering have
contributed many valuable discussions and pieces of advice. In particular, I
would like to thank Mr. Agesa and Mr. Swara for availing different materials
towards this project leading my work to new frontiers.
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 iii

ABSTRACT
Introduction
Common river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from
natural sources. Also large-scale depletion of these sources creates
environmental problems. As environmental, transportation and other constraints
make the availability and use of river sand less attractive, a substitute or
replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. Since up to
approximately 80 percent of the total volume of concrete consists of aggregate,
aggregate characteristics significantly affect the performance of fresh and
hardened concrete and have an impact on the cost effectiveness of concrete
[Hudson,1999].
Except for water, [Quiroga, 2003] aggregate is the most inexpensive component
of Portland cement concrete. Conversely, cement is the most expensive
component and, typically, is responsible for about 60 percent of the total cost of
materials. Paste, cement plus water, is the part of concrete that produces
shrinkage, heat generation, and durability problems although, at the same time,
is the element that fills aggregate voids, the glue that keeps aggregates together
after hardening and the element that provides workability to the mix in fresh
concrete.
To date we have had numerous questions regarding the fine aggregate
requirements that influence the properties of concrete mixes. The questions have
dealt primarily with the composition of the material and the volumetric
requirements. While this research seeks to address these matters, it appears that
some confusion still exists. This research is to give guidance on the various
issues regarding the use of quarry dust as a substitute for river sand.
Both full replacement and partial replacement of river sand with quarry dust will
be investigated. This will be done by mixing of both quarry dust and river sand to
determine the best gradation that produces the highest compressive strength.
The Mix design has been developed using British Standard Design approach for
both conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests are to be conducted
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 iv

on concrete cubes to study the strength of concrete made of quarry rock dust
and the results were compared with the natural sand concrete.
In order to fulfill the objectives, this research seeks to establish be benefits of
using quarry dust over river sand .It is well known that Compressive strength and
workability are the single most important properties of concrete. This research
goes further to investigate Properties of concrete such as durability and
soundness and how they are affected by the substitution of river sand with quarry
dust.
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Limits for gradation curves for fine aggregates..13
Figure 2.1: Visual Assessment Of Particle Shape Measurements ........19
Figure 2.2: Concrete road under construction.21
Figure 4.1: Gradation Curve For Quarry Dust.....35
Figure 4.2: Gradation Curve For River Sand...36
Figure 4.3: Comparison Chart For Class 20 Concrete.......41
Figure 4.4: Comparison Chart For Concrete Mix 1:2:4...43
Figure 4.5: Compressive Strength Test....44
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Chemical Composition for the Ordinary Portland Cement..3
Table 2: Limits for deleterious materials ..16
Table 4.1 :Sieve Analysis For Quarry Dust..33
Table 4.2: Sieve Analysis For River Sand........34
Table 4.3: Sieve Analysis For Course Aggregate (20mm).....35
Table 4.4: Mix Design Calculation For Class 20 Concrete Sand)..37
Table 4.5: Weighed Ratios Of The Concrete Mix.....38
Table4.6: Concrete Ratios....38
Table 4.7: 100% Sand Mix....39
Table 4.8: 25% Substitution Of Sand With Quarry Dust..39
Table 4.9: 50% Substitution Of Sand With Quarry Dust......40
Table 4.10: 100% Substitution Of Sand With Quarry Dust..40
Table 4.11: 100% Sand Mix.....41
Table 4.12: 50% Substitution Of Sand With Quarry Dust.......42
Table 4.13: 100% Substitution Of Sand With Quarry Dust.....42
Table 4.14: Slump Test Results..50
Table A1:Fine Aggregate Gradation Chart. .....57
Table A2:Course Aggregate Gradation Chart.57
Table A3: Combined Gradation Of Both Course And Fine Aggregates..58
Table A4: Recommended Test Sieves.....58
Table A5:Concrete Densities.....59
Table A5:Concrete Densities.....59
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 vii

NOMENCLATURE
1. VMA Voids in Mineral Aggregate

2. OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
3. MSSV Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Value
4. SSD Saturated, Surface Dry
5. BSI British Standard Institutions
6. IS Indian Standards
7. NaCl Sodium Chloride
8. ICAR International Center for Aggregates Research
9. MSA Maximum size of aggregate
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii
NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Experimental Significance ................................................................................. 2
1.1.2 Materials and Methods....................................................................................... 3
1.2 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................ 5
1.5 HYPOTHESIS ........................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 6
2.1 BACKGROUND INFOMATION ........................................................................... 6
2.1 EARLY HISTORY OF THE USE OF QUARRY DUST.................................... 7
2.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Quarry dust .................................................. 8
2.2 AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS................................................................ 10
2.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FINE AGGREGATES........................... 10
2.3.1 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 10
2.4 CONTAMINATION OF FINE AGGREGATES ................................................ 14
2.4.1 Clay and silt ..................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Sodium chloride in fine aggregates.................................................................. 16
2.5 ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION .................................................................. 17
2.6 EFFECT OF SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF FINE AGGREGATE .................. 18
2.7 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ........................................................................ 24
2.7.1 Strength of concrete ......................................................................................... 24
2.7.2 Workability ...................................................................................................... 26
2.7.3 Durability of concrete ...................................................................................... 28
2.7.4 Abrasion of concrete ........................................................................................ 29
2.7.5 Effect of maximum size of aggregates in concrete .......................................... 30
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 31
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 31
3.1 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION AND TESTING ................................. 32
3.1.1 British Method of mix selection ...................................................................... 32
3.1.2 Compressive strength test ................................................................................ 32
3.1.3 Magnesium Sulphate soundness test............................................................... 33
3.1.4 Slump test........................................................................................................ 33
CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 34
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION....................................................... 34
CVS 590: CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT

TABLE 4.6: CONCRETE RATIOS ......................................................................... 39
4.1.1 Preparation of Fresh Concrete: ........................................................................ 39
4.1.2 Testing of Fresh Concrete:............................................................................... 39
4.1.3 Preparation of Concrete: .................................................................................. 40
4.1.4 Testing of Hardened Concretes:....................................................................... 40
TABLE 4.7: 100% SAND MIX................................................................................ 40
4.3:COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ............................................................................... 44
4.4 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE SOUNDNESS ...................................................... 46
4.4.1 Theoretical background ................................................................................... 46
4.4.2 Apparatus ......................................................................................................... 46
4.4.3 Reagents........................................................................................................... 46
4.4.4: ASTM C 33 sulfate soundness limits percentage loss............................... 50
4.5: SLUMP TEST...................................................................................................... 50
4.5.1 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 51
4.6: FINDINGS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................... 52
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 53
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 53
6.1 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................... 53
REFFERENCE ................................................................................................................. 55
CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................. 57
APPENDICES............................................................................................................. 57
CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 1

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
River sand has been widely used in Eldoret as a construction material for the
manufacture of concrete. Quarry dust as a waste product from crusher
operations, is considered by most construction sites as non-marketable .and non-
environmentally friendly material.
The overall economy of the concrete greatly depends on the cement content of
the particular mix. Different researchers have established that the replacement of
natural sand with crushed stone sand can result in savings in cement.
Replacement of a portion of natural sand with Quarry dust in the production of
concrete is recommended only if the gradation of the resulting fine aggregate
mixture conforms to the specified standards.
In concrete, fine and coarse aggregates constitute about 80% of the total volume
(Prabin, 2005). It is, therefore, important to obtain the right type and good quality
aggregates at site. The aggregates form the main matrix of the concrete mixes.
Most of the aggregates used in Eldoret as fine aggregates are river sand. Fine
aggregates used for concrete should conform to the requirements for the
prescribed grading zone as per BS: 882 1982. The stone particles comprising
the sand should be hard and sound. .
Aggregate characteristics of shape, texture, and grading influence workability,
finishability, bleeding, pumpability, and segregation of fresh concrete and affect
strength, stiffness, shrinkage, creep, density, permeability, and durability of
hardened concrete. Construction and durability problems have been reported
due to poor mixture proportioning and variation on grading [Lafrenz, 1997].
Fine aggregates should also not be covered with deleterious materials like clay
lumps and should be clean. They should not contain organic or chemically
reactive impurities. Natural or river sand may not conform to all the above
requirements and may have to be improved in quality by washing, grading and
blending.

1.1 STUDY AREA
Eldoret town lacks the available deposits of river sand hence relying on
deposits from Kisumu, Pokot and River Nzoia. This makes the market value
of river sand to be higher compared to that of Quarry dust.
The uses of quarry dust are also relatively few in the Eldoret region. There
is also a perception that since quarry dust is a waste product it is inferior to
sand but this may not be the case.
1.1.1 Experimental Significance

River sand is becoming a very scarce material. The sand mining from our rivers
have become objectionably excessive. It has now reached a stage where it is
killing all our rivers day by day. Hence sand mining has to be discouraged so as
to save the rivers of our country from total death. Environmental pressure, costs
and a shortage of river sand has made it necessary for an alternative in this type
of deposit in developing countries to be used.
In this work, an attempt has been made to study the effects of using quarry dust
as a substitute for river sand, its strengths, its weaknesses and the overall
effectiveness when the river sand is replaced with Quarry dust in construction
activities. In the context of the depletion of natural sand, what the study suggests
will certainly give an impetus to the construction scenario of not only Eldoret town
but our country in general.
This study, incorporating the extended use of quarry dust, is directed towards
exploring the possibility of making effective use of the discarded quarry dust in
concrete.

1.1.2 Materials and Methods
The cement used for the investigation is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The
fine aggregates used in this study were natural sand and quarry dust. The natural
sand conforming to different grading zones according to BS 882:1992 was used
in the study. The Quarry dust was collected from Sirikwa Quarry.
Cement
All concrete mixes are incorporated the same variety of ordinary portland
cement.
Table 1: Chemical Composition for the Ordinary Portland Cement.
Chemical components Values(%)
Silicium Dioxide(SiO2) 20.04
Aluminium Oxide(Al2O3) 5.61
Ferrite Oxide(Fe2O3) 3.27
Calcium Oxide(CaO) 63.01
Magnessium Oxide(MgO) 2.49
Sulphur trioxide(SO3) 2.26
Chloride(Cl) .0006
Source: Frat University, Technical Education Faculty, TURKEY

The coarse aggregates used were of 20 mm . The aggregates used were of
consistent quality and its constituents were assured to be free from the
deleterious constituents.

Through out the work, the concrete mix proportions were determined by thorough
mix design procedures taking into consideration the physical properties of the
constituents.
Emphasis was laid on the quality, strength, durability and economy of the
concrete.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To establish the benefits of using quarry dust over river sand
Compressive strength
Workability
Durability
Economic considerations
2. To establish why most construction sites in Eldoret prefer river

sand to quarry dust.

1.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
Conventionally, concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate and water. The fine aggregate usually used is river sand, which is fast
becoming a rare and expensive commodity. Dredging the river beds, leads to
problems like bank erosion, lessened quality of sand and making concrete
uneconomical and less durable. Now is the time for us to think of an alternative to
natural sand. In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the different types of
concrete mixes involving the use of different mix proportions of quarry dust and
sand, its strengths, its weaknesses and the overall effectiveness when the river
sand is replaced by quarry dust above products in construction activities. The
possibility of controlled use of quarry dust in concrete was also examined in this
study.
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Quarry dust can be used effectively as a substitute for river sand. Both partial
replacement and full replacement of river sand should be made in order to
investigate if the quality of concrete can be improved. This includes the properties of
concrete such as strength, workability and durability.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
An alternative should be found to be able to cater for the dwindling sand

resources here in Kenya.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND INFOMATION
Aggregates have long been regarded simply as inert fillers in concrete there to
provide bulk and economy. A 1931 monograph on cements and Aggregates
stated that The coarse and fine aggregates in concrete are simply inert fillers
used to reduce the cost and went on to say that the type of course aggregate
has relatively small effect on the strength of concrete, provided it is sound(
Baker, 1931). This view has unfortunately prevailed up to the present time
among engineers.
We now know that fine aggregates can have very profound influences on the
physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete. Different aggregate
types may interact differently with the matrix and these differences may be
technically important depending on the magnitude of the influence. On
occasions, improvements in strength induced by use of different aggregates may
be economically important, by permitting significant reductions in cement content.
Whether engineers can exploit such effects will depend on geographical
proximity of different fine aggregates sources to a construction site and their cost.
Technical and economical exploitation is possible where fine aggregates are
derived from dedicated quarries producing a rock type of assured consistency.
Some alternative materials have already been used as an alternative of natural

sand. For example, fly ash, slag, and limestone and siliceous stone powder can
be used in
concrete mixtures as a partial replacement of natural sand. Similarly, quarry
waste fine aggregate could be an alternative of natural sand. It is a byproduct
generated from quarrying activities involved in the production of crushed coarse
aggregates. Quarry waste fine aggregate, which is generally considered as a
waste material, causes an environmental load due to disposal problem. Hence,
the use of quarry waste fine aggregate in concrete mixtures will reduce not only

the demand for natural sand but also the environmental burden. Moreover, the
incorporation of quarry waste fine aggregate will offset the production cost of
concrete.
In brief, the successful utilization of quarry waste fine aggregate will turn this
waste material into a valuable resource. Unfortunately, limited research has been
conducted to explore the potential utilization of quarry waste fine aggregate in
concrete mixtures. This study has used quarry waste fine aggregate in concrete
mixtures as a partial and full replacement of natural sand. In addition, this study
has examined the effect of the use of quarry waste fine aggregate on
compressive strength, durability of hardened concrete.
2.1 EARLY HISTORY OF THE USE OF QUARRY DUST.
For centuries, construction aggregates or crushed stone, sand and gravel have
been sold commercially for residential and commercial building construction.
These materials have fundamentally improved mankinds security, safety and
mobility and enhanced the quality of life. During the Greek and Roman periods,
sand, gravel and volcanic rock and dust were used to make concrete-like
material for use in building. Some of these structures remain standing to this day.
In ancient times, a form of concrete was made from a conglomerate of gravel and
broken stone with sand and lava. Vitruvius, a Roman architect and engineer, and
Pliny, a Roman scholar, designed cisterns from this material for storing large
amounts of water. It was not unusual for Roman roads to be made of broken
stone, and some of those roads still carry traffic today. In medieval Europe,
castles and cathedrals were built by stonemasons of various types of stone.

2.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Quarry dust
The research and development carried out on Quarry dust in countries

currently using it show that Quarry dust has the following advantages and
disadvantages:
2.2.1.1 Advantages of quarry dust use

1. Quarry waste fine aggregate, which is generally considered as a waste
material, causes an environmental load due to disposal problem. Hence,
the use of quarry waste fine aggregate in concrete mixtures will reduce not
only the demand for natural sand but also the environmental burden.
2. Moreover, the incorporation of quarry waste fine aggregate may offset the
production cost of concrete.
3. In brief, the successful utilization of quarry waste fine aggregate will turn
this waste material into a valuable resource.
4. The main advantage of quarry dust is the consistency in its quality both in
gradation and lack of contaminants.

2.2.1.2 Disadvantages of quarry dust harvesting
1. Large dump trucks used to carry aggregate may increase traffic, affect
road safety, create dust and increase road maintenance requirements.
2. By their nature, aggregate operations disturb the land, and the

appearance of the site from adjacent areas may be unattractive.
3. Extraction of aggregates requires the removal of vegetation and the

exposure of soils and can alter storm water drainage patterns. This
exposed soil may pick up sediment if not managed properly.
4. Storm water flowing across exposed soils can pick up fine clays and silt
which, if not managed properly, will negatively impact offsite water quality.
Quarry rock may have acid generating capabilities.

2.2 AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS
Aggregate characteristics have a significant effect on the behavior of fresh and

hardened concrete. The impact of some particle characteristics on the
performance of concrete is different for microfines, fine and coarse aggregates
as well as the characterization tests required for each of these fractions.
The main characteristics of aggregate that affect the performance of fresh and
hardened concrete are:
Shape and texture

Grading
Absorption
Mineralogy and coatings
Strength and stiffness
Maximum size
Specific gravity
Soundness
Toughness
2.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FINE AGGREGATES
(Source American standards AM 33 section 800)

The fine aggregates consists of natural sand or, subject to approval, other inert
materials with similar characteristics, or combinations having hard, strong,
durable particles
2.3.1 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1.1 Deleterious Substances:
A. Deleterious Substances: The amount of deleterious substances should not
exceed the following limits by dry weight:
Clay lumps........................................... 0.5%
Coal and lignite.................................... 0.3%

Shale and other materials having a
specific gravity less than 1.95............. 1.0%
Other deleterious substances (such as
alkali, mica, coated grains, soft
and flaky particles).............................. 1.0%
The maximum amount of all deleterious substances listed above should not
exceed 2.0 percent by dry weight.
2.3.1.2. Soundness
This is a term used to describe the ability of an aggregate to resist excessive
changes in volume as a result of changes in physical conditions .Lack of
soundness is thus distinct from expansion caused by chemical reactions between
the aggregate and the alkalis in the cement.
The physical causes of large or permanent volume changes of aggregates are
freezing and thawing, thermal changes at temperatures above freezing point and
altering wetting and drying.
Aggregate is said to be unsound when volume changes, induced by the above
causes result in deterioration of the concrete .This may range from local scaling
and so-called pop-outs to extensive surface cracking and to disintegration over a
considerable depth, and can thus vary from no more than impaired appearance
to a structurally dangerous situation.
Unsoundness is exhibited by porous flints and cherts especially the light weight
ones with a fine textural pore structure.
A British test on soundness of fine aggregates is prescribed in BS 812: part
121:1989.This determines the percentage of aggregate broken up in
consequence of five cycles of immersion in a saturated solution of magnesium
sulphate alternating with oven drying When the fine aggregate is subjected to five

cycles of the magnesium sulfate soundness test, the weighted loss should not
exceed ten percent by weight.
A satisfactory soundness record for deposits from which material has been used
in concrete for five years or more, may be considered as a substitute for
performing the magnesium sulfate soundness test.
2.3.1.3 Effect of Absorption

Aggregate porosity may affect durability as freezing of water in pores in
aggregate particles can cause surface popouts [Popovics, 1998; Helmuth, 1994].
However, Forster [1994] states that relationship between absorption and freeze-
thaw behavior has not proven to be reliable. Nevertheless, absorption can be
used as an initial indicator of soundness. Furthermore, aggregates with low
absorption tend to reduce shrinkage and creep [Washa, 1998].
2.3.1.4 Organic Impurities:

Fine aggregates should be free from injurious amounts of organic impurities.
Aggregates subjected to the colorimetric test for organic impurities and producing
a color darker than the standard number 3 should be rejected. Should the
aggregate show a darker color than samples originally approved for the work, it
shall not be used until tests have been made to determine whether the increased
color is indicative of an injurious amount of deleterious substances.
2.3.1.5 Grading of fine aggregates

One of the most important factors of producing workable concrete is good
gradation of aggregates. A good gradation implies that a sample of aggregates
contains all standard fractions of aggregates in the required proportion such that
the sample contains minimum voids. A sample of the well graded aggregate

containing minimum voids will require minimum (Shetty) paste to fill up the voids
in the aggregates. Minimum paste will mean less quantity of cement and less
quantity of water which will further mean increased economy, higher strength,
lower shrinkage and greater durability. Blending of fine aggregate is allowed at
times to correct the gradation.
Figure 1: LIMITS FOR GRADATION CURVES FOR FINE AGGREGATES

Source: American Standards

CEMENTATION PROPERTIES OF QUARRY DUST
It has been established (P. V. Beresnevich, 1975) that the self-adhesion of rock
dusts greatly depends on the particular type of dust, the moisture content, and
the degree of compaction. With an increase in the compaction and moisture
content of the rock (up to a specific value), self-adhesion of the particles
increases.
A quantitative assessment (P. V. Beresnevich, 1975) was also made of the self-
adhesion force for fields of magnetite and oxidized hornfels, shales, and
limestones, and their specific gravity. It was found that the specific gravity of dust
from a rock surface decreases with an increase in self-adhesion.
2.4 CONTAMINATION OF FINE AGGREGATES
Both fine and course aggregates should be free from impurities and deleterious
substances which are likely to interfere with the process of hydration, prevention
of effective bond between the aggregate and the mix. Impurities sometimes
reduce the durability of the aggregate.
Generally, fine aggregates obtained from natural sources are likely to contain
organic impurities in the form of silt and clay. Quarry rock dust does not normally
contain organic materials. But it may contain excess of fine crushed stone dust.
Course aggregate stacked in the open and unused for along time may contain
moss and mud in the lower level of the stack.
Sand is normally dredged from river beds and streams in the dry season, when
the river bed is dry or when there is not much flow in the river. Under such
situation along with the sand, decayed vegetable mater, humus, organic mater
and other impurities are likely to settle down. But if sand is dredged when there is
good flow of water from very deep bed the organic matter is likely to be washed
away at the time of dredging. The organic matter will interfere with the setting
action of cement and also interfere with the bonding characteristics with

aggregates. The presence of moss of algae will also result in entrainment of air in
the concrete which reduces its strength.
Sometimes excessive silt and clay contained in the fine or course aggregate may
result in increased shrinkage or increased permeability in addition to poor bond
characteristics. The excessive silt and clay may also necessitate greater water
requirements for a given workability.
2.4.1 Clay and silt

The quantity of clay, fine silt and fine dust are determined by sedimentation
method. In this method a sample of aggregate is poured into a graduated
measuring jar and the aggregate is nicely rodded to dislodge particles of clay and
silt adhering to the aggregate particles. The jar with the liquid is completely
shaken so that all the clay and silt particles get mixed with water and then the
whole jar is kept in undisturbed condition. After a certain time interval the
thickness of the layer of sand and silt particles over the fine aggregate particles
will give a fair idea of the percentage of clay and silt content in the sample of
aggregate under test. The limits of deleterious materials as given in IS 383-1970
in table 5

Table 2: Limits for deleterious materials
Fine Fine
aggregate Fine Fine aggregate
percentage aggregate aggregate percentage
Sr Deleterious Method of
by weight percentage percentage by weight
No. substances test
by weight by weight
Uncrushed Crushed Uncrushed Crushed

IS:
(i) Coal and lignite 2386(Part 1 1 1 1
II) 1963
IS:
(ii) Clay lumps 2386(Part 1 1 1 1
II) 1963
Materials finer IS:
(iii) than 75-micron IS 2386(Part 3 15 3 3
sieve I) 1963
IS:
(iv) Soft fragments 2386(Part - - 3 -
II) 1963
IS:
(v) shale 2386(Part 1 - - -
II) 1963
Total percentages
of all deleterious
materials(except
mica) including
Sr. No (i) to (v) for 5 2 5 5
(vi)
column 4,6 & 7
and Sr No.(i) and
(ii) for column 5
only
Source : Indian standards IS 383: 1970
2.4.2 Sodium chloride in fine aggregates

Fine aggregates from tidal river or from pits near the sea shore will generally
contain some percentage of NaCl. The contamination of aggregates by salt will
affect the setting properties and the ultimate strength of concrete. NaCl being
hygroscopic, will cause efflorescence and unsightly appearance. Opinions are
divided on the question whether the NaCl contained in aggregates would cause

corrosion of reinforcement. But studies (Shetty)have indicated that the usual
percentage of NaCl generally contained in fine aggregates will not cause
corrosion in any appreciable manner. However, it is good practice not to use
sand containing more than 3 per cent.
The presence of mica in the fine aggregate has been found to reduce
considerably the durability and compressive strength of concrete and further
investigations are underway to determine the extent of the deleterious effect of
mica. Other deleterious materials include injurious quantities of flaky particles,
soft shales, organic matter, clay lumps, moisture and other foreign matter .
2.5 ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
For a long time aggregates have been considered as inert materials but later on
particularly , after 1940s it was clearly brought out that the aggregates are not
fully inert. Some of the aggregates contain reactive silica, which reacts with
alkalis present in cement i.e. sodium oxide and potassium oxide.
In the US it was found for the first time that many failures of concrete like
pavement, piers and sea walls could be attributed to the alkali-aggregate
reaction. Since then a systematic study has been made in this regard and now it
is proved beyond doubt that certain types of reactive aggregates are responsible
for promoting aggregate-alkali reaction.
The types of rocks which contain reactive constituents include traps, andesites,
rhyolites, siliceous limestones and certain types of sandstones. The reactive
constituents may be in the form of opals, cherts, chalcedony, volcanic glass,
zeolites etc.
The reaction starts with attack on the reactive siliceous minerals in the
aggregates by the alkaline hydroxide derived from the alkalis in the cement. As a
result, the alkalis silicate gels of unlimited swelling type are formed. When the
conditions are congenial, progressive manifestation by swelling takes place
which results in disruption of concrete with the spreading of pattern cracks and
eventual failure of concrete structures. The rate of deterioration may be slow or

fast depending on the conditions. There may be cases where concrete may
become unserviceable in about a years time.
Factors promoting the alkali aggregate reaction
I. Reactive type of aggregate

II. High alkali content in cement
III. Availability of moisture
IV. Optimum temperature conditions
2.6 EFFECT OF SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF FINE AGGREGATE
Shape and texture of fine aggregate have an important effect on workability of

fresh concrete and have an effect on strength and durability of hardened
concrete. In fact, the effects of shape and texture of fine aggregate are much
more important than the effects of coarse aggregate. Equant (cubical) or
spherical particles have less specific surface area than flat and elongated
particles. Consequently, cubical or spherical particles require less paste and less
water for workability [Shilstone, 1999; Dewar, 1992].
Flaky and elongated particles as shown in figure 2.1 negatively affect workability,
producing very harsh mixtures. For a given water content these poorly shaped
particles lead to less workable mixtures than cubical or spherical particles.
Conversely, for given workability, flaky and elongated particles increase the
demand for water thus affecting strength of hardened concrete. Spherical or
cubical particles lead also to better pumpability and finishability as well as
produce higher strengths and lower shrinkage than flaky and elongated
aggregates [Shilstone, 1990].

Figure 2.1:Visual Assessment of Particle Shape measurements of sphericity and
roundness
Source: International Center for Aggregates Research (ICAR)
According to Hudson [1997], regarding specific surface, Murdocks Surface Index

indicates that particles between 4.75 mm (No. 4) and 150 m (No 100) appear to
be the most critical; consequently particle shape will have more impact in this
range. On the other hand, according to Shilstone [1990], shape has a major
effect. According to the Compressible Packing Model [de Larrard, 1999] the
effect of packing density has increasing importance for smaller sizes.
Angularity affects the voids content. In fact, angular particles tend to increase the
demand for water as they have higher void content than round particles.
Research by Kaplan [1959] indicates that compressive and flexural strengths of
concrete seem to depend on angularity: angular particles tend to increase
strengths. Surface texture has an effect on workability but it is not as important
as grading and shape [Galloway, 1994]. Rough aggregate tends to increase the
water demand for given workability. Surface texture affects particle-packing
efficiency, since rough particles have higher void content; the impact of surface
texture on concrete behavior becomes more important as particles get smaller
[Hudson, 1999].

On the other hand, surface texture has a significant effect on strength, as rough
surfaces enhance the bond between particles and paste, thus increasing
strength, particularly flexural strength [Galloway, 1994].Penetration of the
aggregate by cement slurry is conducive to good bond, but the porosity implied
by very high penetrability may involve low tensile and shearing strength of the
aggregate, with the loss in strength of the concrete. According to some
investigators, fine aggregates with very low absorption generally develop lower
strength bonds and produce less durable mortars than those with slightly higher
absorption.
The interrelation between bond and absorption may account in part for the poor
correlation between the durability of concrete and absorption, because the
strength of bond increases as absorption increases, whereas the durability of
concrete tends to decrease as absorption increases. Thus, the absorption
characteristics of aggregates alone cannot be considered a reliable indication of
bonding characteristics, for capillaries of extremely small size may not permit
penetration of the slurry into the aggregate particles but may permit considerable
penetration of water. From the standpoint of durability and bond, penetrable
voids of very small size are the least desirable [Dolar-Mantuani, 1983; Ahn,
2000].
The strength and permanence of the bond between the cement and aggregate
are functions not only of the surface texture, but also of the chemical
characteristics of the aggregate. The integrity of bond will be lost if chemical
reactions, such as that between high-alkali cement and reactive aggregates,
subsequently take place. On the other hand, some types of chemical superficial
interactions between the aggregate and the cement paste may be beneficial in
effecting a more intimate and stronger union. Since natural sands are often
rounder and smoother than manufactured sands, natural sands usually require
less water than manufactured sands for given workability. However, workable
concrete can be made with angular and rough particles if they are cubical and
they are well graded. Manufactured sands that do not have cubical shape and
that are very rough may negatively affect workability or water demand and should

be avoided [Hudson, 1999]. Bleeding is significantly affected by angular, flaky,
and elongated particles. As a result, crushed aggregates tend to increase
bleeding, as they tend to increase the water demand [Washa, 1998; Kosmatka,
1994]. However, this could be counteracted by proper grading. Durability is also
affected by shape and texture since durability is associated with low water
content.
2.7: THE USE OF QUARRY DUST IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION.
Concrete pavements (specifically, Portland cement concrete) are created using a

concrete mix of Portland cement, gravel, and quarry dust. The material is
applied in a freshly-mixed slurry, and worked mechanically to compact the
interior and force some of the thinner cement slurry to the surface to produce a
smoother, denser surface free from honeycombing as shown in figure 3.
Figure 2.2: Concrete road under construction

Concrete pavements have been refined into three common types:
This are
1. Jointed plain (JPCP)

2. Jointed reinforced (JRCP)
3. Continuously reinforced (CRCP).
The one item that distinguishes each type is the jointing system used to control
crack development.
Quarry dust is widely used in the construction of concrete roads because it

comes from the quarry which is meant to produce the course aggregates that is
used in road construction. River sand is rarely used in the construction of
concrete roads and this might be due to the economic and durability factors that
have been taken into consideration.
Concrete roads have a large number of advantages over bituminious ones.

These advantages include:
Fuel Saving: Concrete roads are rigid pavements, which do not deflect
under loaded trucks, unlike bitumen pavements. Hence load carriers
require less energy when travelling on concrete roads (since no effort is
expended in getting out of deflection 'ruts'). Trials carried out in the USA
by the Federal Highway Administration and in India by the Central Road
Research Institute, have shown that laden goods carriers consume 15-
20% less fuel on concrete roads as compared to bituminious ones.
Considering the fact that a considerable amount of our country's goods
traffic moves by road, construction of a nation-wide network of concrete
roads could thus save us hundreds of shillings worth of foreign exchange
now being spent on importing petroleum products.

Long Maintenance-Free Life: Concrete roads have a life of 40 years or
more, compared to 10 years for bituminious ones. In addition, concrete
roads require almost no maintenance, whereas bituminious ones need
frequent repairs due to damage by traffic, weather, etc.
Resistance to Weather, Oil Spills, etc.: Concrete roads are neither

damaged by rain (being waterproof), nor softened and distorted by heat.
They also do not lose their binder due to leakage of oil from vehicles.
Hence they remain damage free under most adverse conditions.
Economy in use of materials: For the same traffic load conditions,

concrete pavements are thinner than bituminious ones. Where the load
bearing capacity of the soil is poor, a bituminious pavements may have to
be made more than one-and-a-half times thicker than a concrete one.
Concrete roads thus use less aggregates, which are in short supply or
difficult to procure in many places.
Use of Indigenous Materials: Concrete roads use cement, which is

manufactured from indigenously available materials like limestone, of
which a plentiful supply is available. Bituminious roads need bitumen,
which is obtained from imported crude oil (since Indian crude contains
almost no bitumen). Besides which, availability of crude oil both in Kenya
and abroad is likely to reduce in the near future , thus jeopardising
bitumen supplies required to repair existing bituminious roads.

Concrete roads, however, have one disadvantage vis-a-vas bituminious ones,
in that they are initially costlier to construct. However, with the price of
bitumen going up steadily, and the use of quarry dust in making concrete
mixes for pavements now being accepted, the relative cost of these two types
of pavements could become quite comparable.
When life-cycle costs are considered (as recommended by the BIS, for all
competing technologies), concrete pavements with their long life and negligible
maintenance, come out invariably superior to bituminious ones.
2.7 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
2.7.1 Strength of concrete

Strength of concrete is commonly considered the most valuable property,
although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability and
permeability, may infact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives
an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is directly related to
the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Moreover the strength of concrete is
almost invariably a vital element of structural design and is specified for
compliance purposes.
There are two classical theories of hardening or development of strength of
cement. That put forward by Le La Chatelier in 1882 states that the products of
hydration of cement have a lower solubility than the original compounds.
In engineering practice, the strength of concrete at a given age and cured in
water at a prescribed temperature is assumed to depend primarily on two factors
only
1. The water cement ratio
2. The degree of compaction

When concrete is fully compacted, its strength is taken to be inversely
proportional to the water cement ratio. It may be recalled that the water/cement
ratio determines the porosity of the hardened cement paste at a given stage of
hydration. Thus the water cement ratio and the degree of compaction both affect
the volume of voids in concrete
For a given concrete mix, the strength that may be developed by a workable,
properly placed mixture of cement, aggregate and water is influenced by
1. Ratio of cement to mixing water
2. Ratio of cement to aggregate
3. Grading, surface texture, shape, strength and stiffness of aggregate
particles
4. Maximum size of the aggregate
2.7.1.1 Testing of hardened concrete

The most common of all tests on hardened concrete is the compressive strength
test, particularly because it is an easy test to perform and particularly because
many, though not all of desired characteristics of concrete are quantitatively
related to its strength. But mainly because of the intrinsic importance of the
compressive strength of concrete in structural design. Although invariably used in
construction, the compressive strength test has some disadvantages. The
strength test may be affected by a number of factors. This includes
1. The variation in type of specimen

2. Specimen size
3. Type of mould
4. Curing
5. Preparation of end surface
6. Rigidity of the testing machine
7. Rate of application of stress

For this reasons, testing should follow a single standard Compressive strength
tests on specimens treated in a standard manner which includes full compaction
and wet curing for a specified period to give results representing the potential
quality of concrete.The concrete in the structure may be inferior due to
inadequate compaction, segregation or poor curing. These effects are of
importance if we want to know when the formwork may be removed.
2.7.2 Workability
Concrete which can be readily compacted is said to be workable, but to say
merely that workability determines the ease of placement and the resistance to
segregation is too lose a description of this vital property of concrete(Neville
2000). Furthermore, the desired workability in any particular case would depend
on the means of compaction available. Likewise workability suitable for mass
concrete is not necessarily suitable for thin, inaccessible or heavily reinforced
sections. For this reasons workability should be defined as a physical property of
concrete alone without reference to the circumstances of a particular type of
construction.
The aggregate characteristics, texture, shape, and size distribution play a major
role in the workability of concrete.

2.7.2.1 Need for sufficient workability
Workability has so far been discussed merely as a property of fresh concrete. It
is however, also a vital property as far as a finished product is concerned
because concrete must have a workability such that compaction up to maximum
density is possible with a reasonable amount of work or with the amount that the
engineer is prepared to put in under given conditions.
The need for compaction becomes apparent from a study of the relationship
between the degree of compaction and the resulting strength. It is convenient to
express the former as a density ratio, i.e. a ratio of the actual density of the given
concrete to the density of the same mix when fully compacted .Likewise the ratio
of the strength of the concrete that is partially compacted to the strength of the
same mix when fully compacted can be called the strength ratio.
.
2.7.2.2. Factors affecting workability

The main factor affecting workability is the water content of the mix, expressed in
kilograms of water per cubic meter of concrete .It is convenient, though
approximate, to assume that for a given type and grading of aggregate and
workability of concrete, the water content is independent of the
aggregate/cement ratio or of the cement content of the mix.
If the water content and other mix proportions are fixed, workability is governed
by the maximum size of the aggregate, its grading, shape and texture. In
particular, the higher the water/cement ratio, the finer the grading required for the
highest workability.

2.7.2.3 Measurement of workability
Unfortunately there is no acceptable test which will measure directly the
workability of a concrete mix(Neville 2000). Tests used to measure workability
include
1. Slump test
2. Compacting factor test
3. The Vebe test
2.7.3 Durability of concrete

It is essential that every concrete structure should continue to perform its
intended functions, that is maintain its required strength and serviceability, during
the specified or traditional expected service life. It follows that concrete must be
able to withstand the process of deterioration for which it can be expected to be
exposed. Such concrete is said to be durable.
Within limits, the less paste at a constant water-cement ratio, the more durable
the concrete [Shilstone, 1994].It is worth adding that durability does not mean an
indefinite life, nor does it mean withstanding any action on concrete. Moreover it
is nowadays realized, although it is not so in the past that, in many situations,
routine maintenance of concrete is required.
There is an assumption that strong concrete is durable concrete. It is now known
that for many considerations of exposure of concrete structures, both strength
and durability have to be considered explicitly at the design stage.

2.7.3.1 Causes of inadequate durability
Inadequate durability manifests itself by deterioration which can be due either to
external factors or to internal causes within the concrete itself. The various
actions can be physical, chemical or mechanical.
Mechanical damage is caused by impact, abrasion or erosion.
The chemical causes of deterioration include the alkali-silica and alkali-carbonate
reactions which is external chemical attack occurs mainly through the action of
aggressive ions, such as chlorides, sulphates or of carbon dioxide as well as
many natural and industrial liquids and gases.
The physical causes of deterioration include effects of high temperature or the
difference in thermal expansion of the aggregate and of the hardened concrete.
2.7.4 Abrasion of concrete

Under many circumstances, concrete surfaces are subjected to wear. This may
be due to attrition by sliding, scraping or percussion. In the case of hydraulic
structures, the action of hydraulic materials carried by water leads to erosion
Resistance of concrete to abrasion is difficult to assess because the damaging
action varies depending in the exact cause of the wear and no one test
procedure is satisfactory in evaluating all the conditions.

2.7.5 Effect of maximum size of aggregates in concrete
Maximum size of aggregate, MSA, influences workability, strength, shrinkage,
and permeability. Mixtures with large maximum size of coarse aggregate tend to
produce concrete with better workability, probably because of the decrease in the
surface [Washa, 1998]. There is an optimal maximum size of coarse aggregate
that produces the highest strength for a given consistency and cement content
[Popovics, 1998], [Washa,1998]. For example, in high-performance concrete
(HPC) with low water-cement ratio and high cement content, a high value of MSA
tends to reduce strength. This can be explained by the observation that bond
with large particles tends to be weaker than with small particles due to smaller
surface area-to-volume ratios. Mixtures with coarse aggregate with large
maximum size tend to have reduced shrinkage and creep [Washa, 1998]. Finally,
for a given water-cement ratio, the permeability increases as the maximum size
of the aggregate increases [Helmuth, 1994].

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of this research work, the quarry dust samples were obtained
from Sirikwa Quarry and the river sand was obtained from Kisumu. In order to
achieve the aim and specific objectives made in chapter one, the use of a
combination of various approaches were considered to be inevitable. These
approaches included:
1. Literature review: to establish the level of current thinking and knowledge

and to provide the intellectual context for the research.
2. Laboratory experimentation and testing:

This will involve the compressive strength tests , magnesium sulphate soundness
and the slump tests on concrete of class 20.
3. Visits to different construction sites in Eldoret to establish the type of fine

aggregates that they use and why.

3.1 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION AND TESTING
3.1.1 British Method of mix selection

The British method of concrete mix design, popularly referred to as the "DOE
method", is applicable to normal weight concrete made with portland cement.
The DOE Method divides concrete mix design into five stages.
3.1.1.1 Mix Design Stages
The mix design is carried out according to the DOE Method in the following five
stages.
Stage (I). Determine Free Water/Cement Ratio Required for Strength
Stage (II). Determine Free Water Content Required for Workability
Stage (III). Determine Required Cement Content
Stage (IV). Determine Total Aggregate Content
Stage (V). Determine Fine Aggregate Content
3.1.2 Compressive strength test
The compressive strength test is used to measure the strength of concrete. The
procedure for preparation of the concrete involves taking a sample of the mix and
curing it in laboratory conditions to ensure full testing strength is achieved.
The concrete should be thoroughly mixed before placing in the oiled cube. The
mix is compacted in three layers, the first being about a third full, with at least 35
strokes of the tamping rod on each layer. The cube is then cured at 20C in a
controlled environment such as a curing tank. When a prescribed time has
elapsed the cubes are then subjected to the 'crushing test'

3.1.3 Magnesium Sulphate soundness test
This is the repeated immersions of aggregate samples in magnesium or sodium
sulphate solutions and alternating with oven. After each drying cycle, the sodium
or magnesium sulphate salt rehydration precipitated in the aggregate causes
expansion during the soaking cycles. This expansion is said to simulate the
expansion of water upon freezing .Soundness is a general descriptor for the
ability of an aggregate to resist weathering. The sulphate soundness test is
designed to simulate the physical effects of freezing and thawing.
3.1.4 Slump test

The slump test is the simplest and the most commonly used test for workability
The freshly mixed concrete is packed into a 300mm high cone 200mm wide at
the bottom and 100mm wide at the top, which is open. The concrete is smoothed
off level at the top rim of the cone and the cone is then carefully lifted so that the
concrete is left unsupported. The slump is the distance that the centre of the
cone top settles .In a so called true slump test the base of the concrete does not
spread excessively. If the concrete collapses or shears to one side the test
results will be unreliable.
Although the slump test does not measure the work needed to compact the
concrete, it gives a reasonable indication of how a mix can be placed and is
simple to perform. This test is only suitable for reasonably workable and cohesive
mixes.

CHAPTER 4
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
To accomplish the objectives, the project was divided in the following four
studies:
1. Sieve analysis
2. Compressive strength tests
3. Slump test
4. Magnesium sulphate soundness test
TABLE 4.1 :SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR QUARRY DUST

SIEVE SIZES WEIGHT % RETAINED % PASSING
RETAINED 100
2.36 mm 689 45.45 54.55
2.0 mm 104 6.9 47.65
1.18 mm 253 16.7 30.95
600 m 245 16.7 15.25
425 m 59.5 4.2 10.64
300 m 49 3.2 6.85
212 m 41 2.7 4.15
150 m 27 1.8 2.35
75 m 25 1.6 0.74
63m 15 0.9 0.56
PAN 5 0.3 0.3

GRADATION CURVE FOR QUARRY DUST
100
percentage passing
80
60
y
40
20
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
x
sieve sizes(log)
FIGURE 4.1: Gradation Curve for quarry dust
TABLE 4.2: SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR RIVER SAND

SIEVE SIZES WEIGHT % RETAINED % PASSING
RETAINED(g) 100
2.36 mm 168 11.2 88.8
2 mm 80 5.3 83.5
1.18 mm 327.5 21.78 61.72
600 m 503.0 33.35 28.37
425 m 110 7.32 18.85
300 m 48 3.2 10.85
212 m 105.5 7 5.75
150 m 77 5.1 3.09
75 m 40 2.66 1.59
63 m 23 1.5 0.59
PAN 1 0

GRADATION CURVE FOR RIVER SAND
100
Percentage passing
80
60
y
40
20
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
x
Sieve sizes (log)

FIGURE 4.2: Gradation Curve for river sand
TABLE 4.3: SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COURSE AGGREGATE

(20mm)
SIEVE WEIGHT % RETAINED % PASSING

SIZES RETAINED(g) 100
20mm 800 23.12139 76.87
14mm 2060 59.53757 17.34
10mm 480 13.87283 3.48
6.30mm 100 2.890173 0.57
5mm 10 0.289017 0.289
3.35mm 10 0.289017 0

GRADATION CURVE FOR 20mm COURSE AGGREGATES
100
percentage passing
80
60
y
40
20
0
1 10 100
x
sieve sizes (mm)

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
TABLE 4.4: MIX DESIGN CALCULATION FOR CLASS 20 CONCRETE (SAND)
STEP ITEM REFERENCE CALCULATIONS AND VALUES
1 Characteristic strength Specified Compressive 20 N / mm2 at 28 days
Proportion defective = 5%
Standard deviation Fig 3 4 N / mm2
Margin C1 (k= 1.64) 1.64 * 4= 6.56 N / mm2
Target mean strength C2 20+6.56 = 26.56 N / mm2
Cement type Specified OPC
Aggregate type: coarse specified crushed
Aggregate type: fine specified natural river sand
Free water/cement ratio Table 2 fig 4 0.5
Maximum free
0.48
water/cement ratio
2 Slump Specified Slump 10-30
Maximum aggregate size Specified 20mm
Free water content Table 14.10 190 kg / m 3
3 Cement content C3 190/0.48 = 395 kg / m 3
Maximum cement content Specified 350 kg / m 3
Minimum cement content specified 280 kg / m 3
4 Relative density of C4 2.64
aggregate (SSD)
concrete density 2400 kg / m 3
Total aggregate content 2400-190-395=1815 kg / m 3
5 Grading of fine aggregate BS 882:1992 28% Passing 600m sieve
Proportion of fine aggregate Fig 6 40%
Fine aggregate content C5 (1815*40/100)=726 kg / m 3
Coarse aggregate content 1815-726 = 1089 kg / m 3

TABLE 4.5: WEIGHED RATIOS OF THE CONCRETE MIX
CEMENT WATER FINE AGGREGATE COURSE AGGREGATE

395 kg/m3 190 kg/m3 726 kg/m3 1089 kg/m3
TABLE 4.6: CONCRETE RATIOS
CEMENT FINE AGGREGATE COURSE AGGREGATE
1 1.83 2.75
4.1.1 Preparation of Fresh Concrete:

The fresh concrete was prepared using a 50L rotating mixer. At first, the course
aggregates were added into the mixer followed by the fine aggregates, then
followed by the cement. The specified amount of water was then added into the
mix. The entire mixing operation was completed in 5 minutes.
4.1.2 Testing of Fresh Concrete:

The fresh concretes were tested for slump. The slump and slump flow were
determined based on BS 1881: Part 106.

4.1.3 Preparation of Concrete:
Cube specimens were prepared from the fresh concrete. 150 mm cube
specimens were cast for use in testing of compressive strength. After casting, the
specimens were left in the laboratory awaiting curing. The specimens were
removed from their moulds at the age of 242 hours and cured in water until the
day of testing. The curing temperature was maintained at 202C.
4.1.4 Testing of Hardened Concretes:

The hardened concrete was tested at the age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to
determine compressive strength. The compression test was performed according
to Bs 1881 Part 119: 1983
TABLE 4.7: 100% SAND MIX
7 DAY 14 DAY 21 DAY 28 DAY
DATE OF CASTING 5/03/2008 06/03//2008 10/03/2008 04/03/2008

DATE OF TESTING 13/03/2008 21/03/2008 01/04/2008 02/04/2008
LOADING 350KN 530KN 560KN 600KN
COMMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 15.55 N/mm2 23.55 N/mm2 24.88 N/mm2 26.67 N/mm2

TABLE 4.8: 25% SUBSTITUTION OF SAND WITH QUARRY DUST
DATE OF CASTING 5/03/2008 5/03/2008 03/03/2008 19/03/2007

DATE OF TESTING 13/03/2008 20/03/2008 25/03/2008 17/04/2007
COMMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 13.33N/mm2 21.33N/mm2 22.66N/mm2 24.44 N/mm2

DATE OF CASTING 5/03/2008 12/03/2008 06/03/2008 21//02/2008

DATE OF TESTING 13/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 21/03/2008
COMMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 13.77N/mm2 20.44N/mm2 22.44 N/mm2 22.66 N/mm2
(QUARRY DUST)CONCRETE 7 DAY 14 DAY 21 DAY 28 DAY
DATE OF CASTING 5/03/2008 5/03/2008 03/03/2008 28/02/2008

DATE OF TESTING 13/03/2008 20/03/2008 25/03/2008 28/03/2008
COMMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 13.77N/mm2 18.22N/mm2 20.44N/mm2 20.66 N/mm2

CONCRETE CLASS 20 COMPARISON CHART
Compressive strength(N/mm2)
30
25 100% SAND MIX
20 25% SAND
SUBSTITUTION
15
50% SAND
10 SUBSTITUTION
100% SAND
5 SUBSTITUTION
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NO. of days
FIGURE 4.3: Comparison chart for class 20 Concrete
CONCRETE CLASS 20 AT THE SITE:

RATIO 1:2:4
TABLE 4.11: 100% SAND MIX
DATE OF CASTING 15/04/2008 26/04/2008 22/04/2008 17/04/2008

DATE OF TESTING 23/04/2008 10/05/2008 14/05/200/ 16/05/2008
LOADING 280KN 430 KN 525 KN 560 KN

TABLE 4.12: 50% SUBSTITUTION OF SAND WITH QUARRY
DUST
DATE OF CASTING 16/04/2008 30/04/2008 24/04/2008 21/03/2008

DATE OF TESTING 24/04/2008 15/05/2008 16/05/2008 20/03/2008
LOADING 2 75 KN 400 KN 475 KN 480KN

DATE OF CASTING 21/04/2008 28/04/2008 16/04/2008 22/04/2008

DATE OF TESTING 29/04/2008 13/05/2008 8/05/2008 21/05/2008
LOADING 265 KN 350 KN 400 KN 410 KN


CONCRETE MIX OF RATIO 1:2:4
30
concrete strength (N/mm2)
25
20 100% sand mix
15 50% sand substitution

100% sand substitution
10
5
0
7 14 21 28
no of days
FIGURE 4.4: Comparison chart for concrete mix 1:2:4
4.3:COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The presence of voids in concrete greatly reduce its strength.5 per cent of voids
can lower strength by as much as 30 per cent , and even 2 per cent in voids
can result to a drop in strength of more than 10 per cent. This is in agreement
with Frets expression relating strength to the sum of the volumes of water and
in the hardened cement paste.
From table 4.7 TO 4.10 it is manifest that the compressive strength of concrete
decreased successively with increase in quarry dust content. Also from the
results of table A5 it was concluded that grading for maximum density gives the
highest strength and that the grading curve of the best mixture resembles a
parabola (Filler and Thompson).

Figure 4.5: Compressive strength test
Source: Prof. Huissmans laboratories

4.4 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE SOUNDNESS
4.4.1 Theoretical background

This test describes the method for determining the soundness of aggregates by
subjecting the aggregate to cycles of immersion in a saturated solution of
magnesium sulphate followed by oven drying. This test was done according to
BS 812 Part 121:1989.
.This subjected the sample of aggregate to the disruptive effects of the repeated
crystallization and rehydration of magnesium sulphate within the pores of the
aggregate .The degree of degradation resulting from the disruptive effects was
measured by the extent to which the material finer than 1.18mm in particle size is
produced.
The Soundness test was performed on both quarry dust and river sand.
4.4.2 Apparatus
1. Test Sieves of sizes 2.36mm and 1.18mm and a woven wire 1.15mm test
sieves
2. A balance of at least 500g capacity accurate to 0.05g
3. At least 2 brass or stainless steel mesh brackets for immersing aggregate
specimens
4. An oven capable of being heated continuously at 105 to 110c.
5. A density hydrometer complying with Bs 718 1979 type
4.4.3 Reagents
1. A supply of distilled or deionized water
2. Barium chloride 5% solution dissolve 5g of barium chloride in 100ml of
distilled water

3. A saturated solution of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O).
Preparation of test portions and specimens

A solution was prepared by slowly adding 1500g mass of crystalline
MgSO4.7H2O to each liter of water .During preparation the temperature was
maintained at between 25-30c and stirred thoroughly during the addition of the
crystals after preparation. Lower the temperature to 20+- 2c and maintain at
this temperature for at least 48 hours before use.
Prior to use check that the solution has achieved a density of 1.292 +- 0.008g/mL
using the density hydrometer.
Procedure
1. Immerse the basket containing the specimen under the test in a container
holding the saturated solution of magnesium sulphate so that the
aggregate is completely immersed for a period of 17H+_ 30 mins.
Suspend each basket so that there is a minimum of 20mm of solution
above the specimen and 20mm separation from any salt cake
accumulation or from any other basket. Cover the container holding the
solution and the test specimen to reduce evaporation and to prevent
ingress of foreign matter.
2. At the end of the immersion period remove the basket from the solution,
cover the container and leave the basket to drain for a period of 2h+_15
min. Place the basket in the oven maintained at 105c to 110c for at
least 24 hours
3. Remove the basket from the oven and leave to cool to lab temperature for
5H+_ 15 min.

4. Immerse the basket in the saturated solution of magnesium sulphate and
repeat the process of immersion, drainage, oven drying cooling and
agitation described above until 5 cycles have been completed .When the
specimen has cooled after the last cycle of the test wash the aggregate in
the basket with water until it is free from any magnesium sulphate Ensure
that no magnesium sulphate remains by adding a few drops of barium
chloride solution to a 10ml aliquot of the washing and comparing the
turbidity of this with the turbidity of an equal volume of fresh tap water
5. Dry the specimen in an oven at 105 to 110c to constant mass and allow
to cool in the dessicator to cool at laboratory temperature Hand sieve the
specimen on a 1.18mm sieve and record the mass (M2) of the material
retained on the sieve to the nearest 0.1g
Calculation and expression for test results

The soundness value S (in %) of each specimen was calculated from
the following equation recording each value to the first decimal place.
S=100M2/M1
Where M1 is the initial mass of the test specimen.

M2 is the mass of material retained on the 10mm sieve at
the end of the test.
The mean of the two results was calculated and the magnesium sulphate
soundness value (MSSV) to the nearest whole number was obtained.

Soundness value for river sand
S=100M2/M1
Where M1 =110g
M2 = 90.4g
S=
=82.14%
the weighted loss=100-82.18
=17.18%
Soundness value for quarry dust

S=100M2/M1
Where M1 =110g
M2 = 99.4g
S=
=90.36%
the weighted loss=100-90.36
=9.63%
Discussion
The soundness test on aggregates can be performed using either magnesium
sulphate or sodium sulphate. The British method of doing the soundness test
uses only magnesium sulphate while the American method uses both sodium
sulphate or magnesium sulphate. The five-cycle sulfate test with magnesium is
more severe and often causes a higher loss percentage than sodium. ASTM
Specification C 33 recognizes this by allowing a higher limit for magnesium.

The value of the weighed loss of aggregate in sand was 17.18%. This is
compared to the weighed loss of quarry dust which was 9.63% .This shows that
quarry dust can resist weathering effectively compared to river sand.
After each drying cycle, the magnesium sulfate salt re-hydration precipitated in
aggregate pores causes expansion during soaking cycles. This expansion is said
to simulate the expansion of water upon freezing. Soundness is a general
descriptor for the ability of an aggregate to resist weathering
.
4.4.4: ASTM C 33 sulfate soundness limits percentage loss

Coarse Aggregate 12% loss for sodium sulfate and 18% loss for
magnesium sulfate.
Fine Aggregate 10% loss for sodium sulfate and 15% loss for
magnesium sulfate.
4.5: SLUMP TEST
The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to
characterize the workability of fresh concrete. The inexpensive test, which
measures consistency, is used on job sites to determine rapidly whether a
concrete batch should be accepted or rejected .The workability of the concrete
mix was assessed by the slump test conducted following the Bs 1881 102 1983
standard . For this test, an inverted cone was cast in three layers; each one
compacted by 25 strokes of the 5/8-in. rod. The concrete cone was then leveled
at the top. The slump cone was then removed vertically then the slump height
was measured using a tape measure.

True Zero Collapsed Shear
Figure 4.6: Forms of slump
TABLE 4.14: slump test results
SLUMP HEIGHT
100% QUARRY DUST MIX 11mm
50% SAND MIX 12mm
75% SAND MIX 13mm
100% SAND MIX 15mm
4.5.1 Discussion
The aggregate characteristics, texture, shape, and size distribution play a major
role in the workability of concrete. The target range for workability was 10mm to
30 mm. The low slump of the concrete made from quarry dust is a pointer to the
fact that quarry dust produces concrete of low workability. However an increase

in the amount of sand from the resulting blending of sand with quarry dust results
to an improvement in workability of the concrete.
However, some researchers, Popovics [1994] states that the slump test does
provide some information about workability and qualitative information with
regard to mix cohesiveness on a within-batch basis. That is to say that the test
offers results when comparing a sample at the front of a batch to one taken at the
end of the same batch.
4.6: FINDINGS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
The quarry dust around Eldoret comes from three quarries namely,
1. Sirikwa quarry
2. Kaptinga quarry
3. Gituru quarry
From the questionnaire findings it was established that most construction sites
around Eldoret prefer river sand compared to quarry dust in the production of
concrete .This is because river sand is perceived to produce concrete having a
higher compressive strength compared to quarry dust. The quarry dust was also
supplied with a larger amount of particles ranging between 2mm to 5 mm and
therefore making it inadequate to fill the voids in concrete to produce stronger
concrete.
The amount of large particles in quarry dust also made it inappropriate for quarry
dust to be used in making motar for plastering walls. The workability of concrete
made with quarry dust was also found to be wanting as it is indicated by the low
slump values.
However quarry dust was widely used in the making of concrete blocks. This is
because , due to its cementations properties, quarry dust needs a small amount
of cement to be able to form a strong bond.

CHAPTER FIVE
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
The research was carried out successfully considering the stated

objectives and was completed within the time frame stipulated. From the analysis
and design procedures carried out in this work, several conclusions could be
drawn as given below.
For a constant W / C ratio, concrete produced with river sand was 23% stronger
than the concrete produced with quarry dust .This was mainly due to the capacity
of river sand to be able to fill the voids in concrete better than quarry dust.
However with blending of quarry dust with river sand, the difference in
compressive strength was very minimal. The results indicate that quarry dust
can be used effectively to replace natural sand in concrete and the use of a
certain percentage of quarry dust can further enhance its quality.
The grading curve of the best mixture resembles a parabola (Filler and
Thompson). The laboratory results indicate that quarry dust produced a harsher
mix and formed a lower slump compared to river sand. This is because
workability is governed by grading, shape and texture of the aggregates. The
workability of quarry dust improved with the substitution of quarry dust with river
sand.
The weighted loss of river sand in the magnesium sulphate soundness test was
17.81% while the weighted loss of quarry dust was 9.63%.This shows that the
concrete made from quarry dust will be more durable compared to the concrete
made from river sand. Thus, it can be concluded that quarry dust can efficiently

replace river sand in the concrete industry, and proper quality control while using
quarry dust can result in better results.
The cost of quarry dust ranges between Ksh. 500 to Ksh. 600 per ton while the
cost of river sand ranges between 1100 Ksh. to 1200 Ksh. per ton. The findings
of this research indicate that the higher compressive strength and better
workability of river sand in concrete outstripped the economic consideration and
higher soundness value of quarry dust thus making sand to be preferred in many
construction sites.
Recommendations
1. Further research should be conducted on concrete class 30 and 40 to
establish if the findings conform to the results of this research.
2. The quarry dust from Sirikwa quarry has a higher soundness value
compared to river sand and therefore it is recommended to be used in
road construction because ,since it is more durable, it will resist abrasion
effectively .
3. It is recommended that the organic test should be done on both quarry
dust and river sand to determine the amount of organic content in each.
4. In the production of concrete it is highly recommended that quarry dust be
blended with river sand to improve on its workability and compressive
strength.

REFFERENCE
1. Blanks, R. F., Good Concrete Depends on Good Aggregate, Civil
Engineering,122 No. 9 : 651 655. 1952.
2. Aggregates for concrete BS EN 12620:2002
3. Neville A. M., Properties of Concrete, Pearson Education Asia, 2000.
4. Neville A. M., Properties of Aggregates, Pitman Books Limited, 1981.
5. Shetty. M .S , Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice, S. Chand,2005
6. Klieger P and Lamond J.F ,Significance of Tests and Properties of
Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials,Technology - Page 393 ,1994
7. Murdock, L. J.. The Workability of Concrete, Magazine for Concrete
Research, 36: 135 144, 1960.
8. BSI, BS 882: Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for
Concrete, 1992.
9. Prabin P K. , An alternative to natural sand Surface Water Division
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM)
Kunnamangalam, Calicut 673 571
10. Building Research Establishment (BRE) Digest No 330 (revised 1991)
Alkali aggregate reactions in concrete
11. Safiuddin M. D, 1 Raman S.N. and. Zain M.F.M ,Utilization of Quarry

Waste Fine Aggregate in Concrete Mixtures, Journal of Applied Sciences
Research, 3(3): 202-208, 2007
12. Pedro Nel Quiroga, the Effect of the Aggregates Characteristics on the
Performance of Portland cement Concrete, The University of Texas at
Austin December, 2003.
13. Eric P. Koehler and David W. Fowler, ICAR Project 108: Aggregates in
Self-Consolidating Concrete Aggregates Foundation for Technology,
Research, and Education (AFTRE)International Center for Aggregates
Research (ICAR)The University of Texas at Austin, March 2007

14. Roshazita Che Amat and Khairun Azizi M.Azizli ,Manufactured sand as a
substitute for natural sand in high technology concrete, School of
Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
15. BSI, BS 882: Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for
Concrete, 1989.
16. Prof. David Manning ,Exploitation and Use of Quarry Fines,19th March
2004.

CHAPTER SIX
APPENDICES
Appendix 1:
TABLE A1:Fine aggregate gradation chart.
TABLE A2:Course aggregate gradation chart.

TABLE A3: Combined gradation of both course and fine aggregates.
TABLE A4: Recommended test sieves
Reccomended test sieves , mesh baskets and mass of specimens for testing
aggregates outside the range 10.0mm to 14.0mm
Size fraction Mass of test Test sieve Mesh baskets

specimen
% % Mesh size Height Diameter
Passing retained
g mm mm mm mm mm
Larger than 800-830 28.0 20.0 3.35 160 120

14.0mm 600-630 20.0 14.0 3.35 160 120
10.0mm to 14.0mm 400-420 14.0 10.0 3.35 160 120
Smaller than 10.0mm 300-310 10.0 6.30 1.18 120 95
200-210 6.30 5.0 1.18 120 95
200-210 5.0 3.35 0.60 120 95
200-210 3.35 2.36 0.60 120 95
100-110 2.36 1.18 0.15 80 65
100-110 1.18 0.6 0.15 80 65
100-110 0.6 0.3 0.15 80 65

TABLE A5:CONCRETE WEIGHTS IN WATER AND IN AIR
WEIGHT IN AIR(g) WEIGHT IN WATER(g)
100% QUARRY DUST MIX 7695 4360
50% SAND MIX 7770 4400
75% SAND MIX 7798 4634
100% SAND MIX 7850 4960
TABLE A6: CONCRETE DENSITIES

- (SAND) 50- 50 MIX Quarry dust
WEIGHT(g) 7907 7846 7680

DENSITY(KG/m3 ) 2342 2324 2275

Appendix 7:Picture of a concrete cube being weighed
Appendix 8: Picture of a slump cone.

Appendix 9:

Appendix 9 :DOE method assumptions
The DOE method is based on various assumptions and requirements:
1. Mixes are specified by the weights of the different materials contained in a

given volume of fully compacted concrete.
1. It is assumed that the volume of freshly mixed concrete equals the sum of
the air content and of the absolute volumes of its constituent materials.
The method therefore requires that the absolute densities of the materials
be known in order that their absolute volumes may be calculated.
2. It is assumed that the strength of a concrete mix depends on:
The Free water/Cement Ratio;

The Coarse Aggregate Type;
The Cement Properties.
3. It is assumed that the workability of a concrete mix depends primarily on:

The Free Water Content;
The Fine Aggregate Type and, to a lesser degree, the Coarse
Aggregate Type;
The Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate.
4. It is assumed that the workability of a concrete mix depends secondarily
on:
The Percentage of the Fine Aggregate as a proportion of the total
aggregate content.
The Grading of the Fine Aggregate.
The Free water/Cement Ratio;

QUESTIONNAIRE
PROJECT TITLE: QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE USE OF SAND AND QUARRY
DUST IN DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION SITES AROUND ELDORET
General information
1. Name of respondent.....
2. Job title(optional)...
3. Contact details(optional)
1.Which type of fine aggregates is used in this construction site

1
2
2. Which sources do you get your quarry dust from?

1
2
3
3. Which sources do you get your river sand from?

1
2
3
4. Are there any particular structural places in buildings where river sand or
quarry dust is preferred

..
5. If you compare the workability of concrete made with river sand or quarry dust,
which one is better?
6. Which classes of concrete is in use in your construction site PS. State also
the ratios?

.
7. According to you , between river sand and quarry dust which one makes
stronger concrete and why?

.
8. If you compare the cost of river sand and quarry dust, which one is more
economical? Please indicate the figures

9:Do river sand and quarry dust conform to the gradation requirements of
BS 882:1992


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MOI UNIVERSITY

Telephone: +254 53 - 43620 PO BOX 3900

COURSE CODE: CVS 590

COURSE TITLE: PROJECT

THIS REPORT IS SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

2007/2008 ACADEMIC YEAR

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 i

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 ii

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 iii

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 iv

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 v

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 vi

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 vii

1. VMA Voids in Mineral Aggregate

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 viii

CVS 590: CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 1

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 1

1.1.1 Experimental Significance

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 2

Table 1: Chemical Composition for the Ordinary Portland Cement.

Chemical components Values(%)

Silicium Dioxide(SiO2) 20.04

Aluminium Oxide(Al2O3) 5.61

Ferrite Oxide(Fe2O3) 3.27

Calcium Oxide(CaO) 63.01

Magnessium Oxide(MgO) 2.49

Sulphur trioxide(SO3) 2.26

Source: Frat University, Technical Education Faculty, TURKEY

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 3

1. To establish the benefits of using quarry dust over river sand

2. To establish why most construction sites in Eldoret prefer river

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 4

Conventionally, concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

An alternative should be found to be able to cater for the dwindling sand

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 5

2.1 BACKGROUND INFOMATION

Some alternative materials have already been used as an alternative of natural

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 6

2.1 EARLY HISTORY OF THE USE OF QUARRY DUST.

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 7

The research and development carried out on Quarry dust in countries

2.2.1.1 Advantages of quarry dust use

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 8

2. By their nature, aggregate operations disturb the land, and the

3. Extraction of aggregates requires the removal of vegetation and the

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 9

Aggregate characteristics have a significant effect on the behavior of fresh and

Shape and texture

2.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FINE AGGREGATES

(Source American standards AM 33 section 800)

2.3.1 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 10

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 11

2.3.1.3 Effect of Absorption

2.3.1.4 Organic Impurities:

2.3.1.5 Grading of fine aggregates

CVS 590:CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT. CSE/71/03 12