MATERIAL BALANCE

In

OIL & GAS RESERVOIRS

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

For

PRODUCTION FORECASTS

And

RECOVERY FACTOR ESTIMATES

By

Harold L. Irby

May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

TABLE of CONTENTS
MATERIAL BALANCE IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS ....................................................... 1
Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1
Material Balance Equations ........................................................................................................ 1
Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - Water Drive................................................. 1
Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - No Water Drive ........................................... 1
Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - Water Drive ..................................................... 2
Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive ............................................... 2
Under-saturated Oil Reservoir - No Gas Cap - With Water Drive ................................. 2
Under-saturated Oil Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive .................................... 3
General MB Equation Natural Reservoir Energy - Except Pore Volume ............................... 3
DDI & GDI & WDI ........................................................................................................ 3
Gas Reservoir Volumetric Depletion with Water Influx ............................................. 4
Gas Reservoir Volumetric Depletion with out Water Influx ....................................... 4
Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - No Water Drive Gas Injection.................. 5
Equations and/or Relationships - Schlithuis ............................................................................... 6
Equations and/or Relationships - Muskat ................................................................................... 8
Equations and/or Relationships - Tracy...................................................................................... 9
Application - Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive ....................................... 10
Description of Reservoir ........................................................................................................... 10
Description of FORTRAN Program - MATBAL.EXE ............................................................ 10
Input Files and Polynomial Correlations .................................................................................. 10
Material Balance Results Forecasts ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 2-A Qo Np & Np/N vs. Pressure ............................................................................. 17
Figure 2-B Qo Np & Np/N vs. Time .................................................................................. 18
Figure 2-C P Rp Rs vs. Np/N............................................................................................... 18
Figure 3-A Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Pressure ................................................................................ 19
Figure 3-B Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Time ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-A Np/N Qw Wp vs. Pressure ................................................................................ 20
Figure 4-B Np/N Qw Wp vs. Time...................................................................................... 20
Figure 5-A Sg So Sw & Np/N vs. Pressure ........................................................................ 21
Figure 8-A-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & No Water Drive ................... 22
Figure 8-A-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & No Water Drive .................... 22
Figure 8-B-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & With Water Drive ................ 23
Figure 8-B-1 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & With Water Drive ................ 23
Figure 8-C-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & No Water Drive ................ 24
Figure 8-C-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & No Water Drive ................ 24
Figure 8-D-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & With Water Drive............. 25
Figure 8-D-2 Qo Qg &Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & With Water Drive ............... 25
Figure 8-E-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Injection & No Water Drive......... 26
Figure 8-E-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Np With Gas Injection & No Water Drive.......... 26
APPENDIX ONE.......................................................................................................................... 28
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................ 28
Conversions............................................................................................................................... 29
APPENDIX TWO......................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6A Reservoir Schematic ............................................................................................. 30

Harold L. Irby i May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
APPENDIX THREE..................................................................................................................... 31
Exponential Decline.................................................................................................................. 31
Hyperbolic Decline ................................................................................................................... 31
Harmonic Decline ..................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDIX FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 32
Water Influx (We) - Radial Flow and Linear Flow................................................................. 32
Figure 7-A Water Influx (We) ............................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX FIVE......................................................................................................................... 34
Empirical Permeability Relationships....................................................................................... 34
Empirical Relative Permeability Krw & Kro......................................................................... 34
Drainage Regime: ......................................................................................................... 34
Imbibition Regime: ....................................................................................................... 34
Empirical Relative Permeability Kro & Krg ......................................................................... 34
APPENDIX SIX ........................................................................................................................... 36
INPUT FILE: User Defined File Name ................................................................................... 36
OUTPUT FILE: LSQOUT.TXT.............................................................................................. 36
FORTRAN Program Variables Utilized................................................................................ 39
INPUT FILES: Fixed Non-User Defined File Names............................................................. 41
INDEX .......................................................................................................................................... 44

LIST of FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - A SG VS. KG/KO KRO & KRG POLYNOMIAL FITS ......................................................................13
FIGURE 1 - B P(PSI) VS. VO(CP) & VG(CP) POLYNOMIAL FITS......................................................................13
FIGURE 1 - C P(PSI) VS. RS(SCF/BBL) 1/BG(V/V) & BO(V/V) POLYNOMIAL FITS ..........................................14
FIGURE 1 - D SW VS. KRO & KRW POLYNOMIAL FITS ..................................................................................14
FIGURE 2 - A QO NP & NP/N VS. PRESSURE .................................................................................................17
FIGURE 2 - B QO NP & NP/N VS. TIME .........................................................................................................18
FIGURE 2 - C P RP RS VS. NP/N.....................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 3 - A RP RS QG GP VS. PRESSURE ....................................................................................................19
FIGURE 3 - B RP RS QG GP VS. TIME ............................................................................................................19
FIGURE 4 - A NP/N QW WP VS. PRESSURE ...................................................................................................20
FIGURE 4 - B NP/N QW WP VS. TIME ...........................................................................................................20
FIGURE 5 - A SG SO SW & NP/N VS. PRESSURE ............................................................................................21
FIGURE 8A-1 DDI GDI WDI & NP/N VS. P NO GAS CAP & NO WATER DRIVE ..........................................22
FIGURE 8A-2 QO QG & QW VS. NP, GP, WP NO GAS CAP & NO WATER DRIVE ..........................................22
FIGURE 8-B-1 DDI GDI WDI & NP/N VS. P NO GAS CAP & WITH WATER DRIVE ......................................23
FIGURE 8-B-1 QO QG & QW VS. NP, GP, WP NO GAS CAP & WITH WATER DRIVE .....................................23
FIGURE 8-C-1 DDI GDI WDI & NP/N VS. P WITH GAS CAP & NO WATER DRIVE ......................................24
FIGURE 8-C-2 QO QG & QW VS. NP, GP, WP WITH GAS CAP & NO WATER DRIVE ......................................24
FIGURE 8-D-1 DDI GDI WDI & NP/N VS. P WITH GAS CAP & WITH WATER DRIVE ..................................25
FIGURE 8-D-2 QO QG & QW VS. NP, GP, WP WITH GAS CAP & WITH WATER DRIVE ..................................25
FIGURE 8-E-1 DDI GDI WDI & NP/N VS. P WITH GAS INJECTION & NO WATER DRIVE ...................................26
FIGURE 8-E-2 QO QG & QW VS. NP, GP, WP WITH GAS INJECTION & NO WATER DRIVE ...................................26
FIGURE 6 - A RESERVOIR SCHEMATIC ............................................................................................................30
FIGURE 7 - A DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX, CONSTANT TERMINAL PRESSURE CASE, RADIAL FLOW ........33

Harold L. Irby ii May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

LIST of TABLES
TABLE 1-A SG KG/KO KRO & KRG ................................................................................................................11
TABLE 1-B P VS. VO(CP) VG(CP) RS(SCF/BBL) BO(V/V) 1/BG(V/V)...............................................................12
TABLE 1-C SW VS. KRO & KRW ......................................................................................................................12
TABLE 1-D RESERVOIR INPUT PARAMETERS......................................................................................................15
TABLE 2-A PHYSICAL PARAMETER AND REGRESSION EQUATIONS ....................................................................15
TABLE 2-B MATBAL.EXE REGRESSION EQUATIONS.......................................................................................16
TABLE 3-A WATER INFLUX (WE) - RADIAL FLOW AND LINEAR FLOW ............................................................32

LIST of EQUATIONS
EQUATION (0) GENERAL MATERIAL BALANCE (MB) EQUATION .............................................................................1
EQUATION (1) MB OIL RESERVOIR W/ SOLUTION GAS, GAS CAP AND WATER DRIVES ...........................................1
EQUATION (2) MB OIL RESERVOIR W/ SOLUTION GAS, GAS CAP DRIVE AND NO WATER DRIVE ............................2
EQUATION (3) MB OIL RESERVOIR W/SOLUTION GAS, NO GAS CAP DRIVE AND NO WATER DRIVE .......................2
EQUATION (4) MB OIL RESERVOIR W/ SOLUTION GAS DRIVE, NO GAS CAP DRIVE AND NO WATER DRIVE ...........2
EQUATION (5) TWO PHASE FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR.......................................................................................2
EQUATION (6) (INITIAL RESERVOIR FREE GAS VOLUME) / (INITIAL RESERVOIR OIL VOLUME) ...............................2
EQUATION (7) MB UNDER-SATURATED OIL RESERVOIR, ABOVE PB, NO GAS CAP AND WITH WATER DRIVE ........2
EQUATION (8) MB UNDER-SATURATED OIL RESERVOIR, BELOW PB, NO GAS CAP AND WITH WATER DRIVE ........2
EQUATION (9) MB UNDER-SATURATED OIL RESERVOIR, ABOVE PB, NO GAS CAP AND NO WATER DRIVE ............3
EQUATION (10) MB UNDER-SATURATED OIL RESERVOIR, BELOW PB, NO GAS CAP AND NO WATER DRIVE .......3
EQUATION (11) GENERAL MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION ..................................................................................3
EQUATION (12) DEPLETION (SOLUTION GAS) DRIVE INDEX ..................................................................................3
EQUATION (13) SEGREGATION (GAS CAP) DRIVE INDEX .......................................................................................3
EQUATION (14) WATER DRIVE INDEX....................................................................................................................4
EQUATION (15) GAS MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION WATER DRIVE ................................................................4
EQUATION (16) GAS MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION (P/Z) WATER DRIVE .......................................................4
EQUATION (17) GAS MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION WITH COMPRESSIBILITY (P/Z) WATER DRIVE ..................4
EQUATION (18) GAS MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION DEPLETION DRIVE ..........................................................4
EQUATION (19) GAS MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION (P/Z) DEPLETION DRIVE .................................................5
EQUATION (20) GAS FLOW RATE EQUATION- RADIAL FLOW ................................................................................5
EQUATION (21) GAS FLOW RATE EQUATION- HEMISPHERICAL FLOW ...................................................................5
EQUATION (22) VOLUMETRIC GAS IN PLACE .........................................................................................................5
EQUATION (23) GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR ..............................................................................................5
EQUATION (24) MB OIL RESERVOIR WITH SOLUTION GAS, GAS CAP DRIVE WITH GAS INJECTION.......................5
EQUATION (25) DEPLETION (SOLUTION GAS) DRIVE INDEX GAS INJECTION ......................................................6
EQUATION (26) SEGREGATION (GAS CAP) DRIVE INDEX GAS INJECTION ...........................................................6
EQUATION (27) MB OIL RESERVOIR WITH SOLUTION GAS, GAS CAP DRIVE WITH GAS INJECTION.......................6
EQUATION (28) TWO-PHASE FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR .................................................................................6
EQUATION (29) INSTANTANEOUS SOLUTION GAS OIL RATIO ................................................................................7
EQUATION (30) TOTAL LIQUID SATURATION .........................................................................................................7
EQUATION (31) GAS SATURATION .........................................................................................................................7
EQUATION (32) CRITICAL GAS SATURATION .........................................................................................................7
EQUATION (33) MB OIL RESERVOIR W/ SOLUTION GAS DRIVE, NO GAS CAP DRIVE AND NO WATER DRIVE ......7
EQUATION (34) VOLUMETRIC (STOCK TANK) OIL IN PLACE..................................................................................8
EQUATION (35) OIL FLOW RATE INTO WELL-BORE RADIAL FLOW .....................................................................8
EQUATION (36) OIL FLOW RATE INTO WELL-BORE -HEMISPHERICAL FLOW ........................................................8
EQUATION (37) TIME AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE ...................................................................8
EQUATION (38) MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION - MUSKAT..................................................................................9
EQUATION (39) MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION - TRACY ....................................................................................9

Harold L. Irby iii May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

PREFACE
The equations and documentation presented here are brief and serve to point out some of the
basic relationships in the concept of reservoir management from the application of material
balance. In this case, material balance is used as both a history matching tool and a forecasting
tool. A forecast of the reservoirs production can be generated given only test data, basic
reservoir parameters and PVT analysis. Additionally, an estimate of the reservoirs recovery
factor under that drive mechanism can be ascertained.

The subject matter regarding material balance for oil and gas reservoirs is more exhaustive than
presented herein and the reader is referred to other literature on the subject matter. The
equations and relationships involve can all be referenced in the literature, however, the
FORTRAN program MATBAL.EXE and its application is the exclusive work of the author.

Harold L. Irby iv May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

MATERIAL BALANCE IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS

Introduction
This document present some basic relationships and an application of Material Balance as
applied in forecasting and/or history matching the production of petroleum oil and gas reservoirs.
1
The author has written a FORTRAN program, MATBAL.EXE, which is applied in a
sandstone reservoir as the working example in this document. The production profiles generated
can be used as a predictive tool for production profiles for use in reservoir development, business
decisions and economics and development planning.

Material Balance Equations

The fundamental production of an oil reservoir with solution gas cap (expansion) drive and an
aquifer influx may be express as follow: [APPENDIX ONE - equation symbol definitions]

Oil Expansion + Gas Expansion + Water & Matrix Expansion + Water Influx =

Hydrocarbon Production + Water Production

( )
t ti +
Nm ti
( g gi ) + (1 + m) ti c w S wi + c f
[ ]
p + We = p t + (R p Rsi ) g + wW p
gi 1 S wi

Equation (0) General Material Balance (MB) Equation

Neglecting compressibility, the general material balance equation can be written for various
reservoir types as follows:

Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - Water Drive

=
[ ]
P t + (RP Rsi ) g (We wW p )

( t ti ) + m ti ( g gi )
gi

Equation (1) MB Oil Reservoir w/ Solution Gas, Gas Cap and Water Drives

Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - No Water Drive

=
[
P t + (RP Rsi ) g + BwW p ]
( t ti ) + m ti ( gi )

g
gi

1
Some of the equations have been taken from Craft & Hawkins
Applied Petroleum Engineering Second Edition, 1991 Prentice Hall

Harold L. Irby Page 1 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Equation (2) MB Oil Reservoir w/ Solution Gas, Gas Cap Drive and No Water Drive

Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - Water Drive

=
[
P t + (R P Rsi ) g (We wW p ) ]
( t ti )

Equation (3) MB Oil Reservoir w/Solution Gas, No Gas Cap Drive and No Water Drive

Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive

=
[
P t + (R P Rsi ) g ]
( t ti )

Equation (4) MB Oil Reservoir w/ Solution Gas Drive, No Gas Cap Drive and No Water Drive

Where:
(
t = o + Rsi Rs ) g and oi = ti

Equation (5) Two Phase Formation Volume Factor

G gi
m=
N Boi

Equation (6) (Initial Reservoir Free Gas Volume) / (Initial Reservoir Oil Volume)

Under-saturated Oil Reservoir - No Gas Cap - With Water Drive

We W p
(
P 1 + p co )
1 Sw ( )
Boi
=
[
p co + c f S w co c w ( )]

Equation (7) MB Under-saturated Oil Reservoir, Above Pb, No Gas Cap and With Water Drive

=
[ (
N p Bt + B g R p Rsi We W p )] ( )
Bt Boi

Equation (8) MB Under-saturated Oil Reservoir, Below Pb, No Gas Cap and With Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 2 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Under-saturated Oil Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive

Wp
(
P 1 + p co + )
1 Sw ( )
Boi
=
[
p co + c f S w c o c w ( )]

Equation (9) MB Under-saturated Oil Reservoir, Above Pb, No Gas Cap and No Water Drive

=
[
N p Bt + B g (R p Rsi ) + W p ]
Bt Boi

Equation (10) MB Under-saturated Oil Reservoir, Below Pb, No Gas Cap and No Water Drive

General MB Equation Natural Reservoir Energy - Except Pore Volume

Neglecting compressibility, the general material balance equation that includes al natural
reservoir energy except changes in pore volume is:

=
( ) (
P Bo + B g G p N p Rs G B g B gi (We wW p ))
Bo Boi + (Rsi Rs )B g

Equation (11) General Material Balance Equation

DDI & GDI & WDI

Pirson rearranged the MB Equation to obtain a depletion drive index (DDI), a segregation index,
i.e. gas cap index (GDI) and a water drive index (WDI) whose sum is one:

DDI =
(
t ti )
[ (
p t + R p Rsi g ) ]
Equation (12) Depletion (Solution Gas) Drive Index

m ti
gi
( g gi )
GDI =
[
p t + (R p Rsi ) g ]
Equation (13) Segregation (Gas Cap) Drive Index

Harold L. Irby Page 3 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

WDI =
(W e W W p )
[ (
p t + R p Rsi ) ]
g

Equation (14) Water Drive Index

Where:
DDI + GDI + WDI = 1.0

Figure 7 - A shows the dimensionless water influx for the constant terminal pressure case for
radial flow used to derive We. Table 3-A shows the relevant relationships that are required to
apply Figure 7 - A to determine the water influx.

Gas Reservoir Volumetric Depletion with Water Influx

The fundamental production of a gas reservoir with an aquifer influx expressed as material
balance neglecting compressibility is as follow: ( Bgi in FT^3 / SCF )

Gas Production = Gas Expansion + Water Influx - Water Production

G p gf = G ( gf + gi ) + We wW p
Equation (15) Gas Material Balance Equation Water Drive

This is also written as: ( Bgi in (reservoir barrels, rb) rb / scf )

p pi G p
= 1 1 We

Z Z i G B G
gi
Equation (16) Gas Material Balance Equation (p/Z) Water Drive

Should compressibility be determined to be significant in the particular reservoir then the gas
material balance equation becomes: ( Bgi in rb / scf )

( )
p P S wi c w + c f pi G p
1
W
1 e
1 =
Z 1 S wi Z i G B gi G
Equation (17) Gas Material Balance Equation with Compressibility (p/Z) Water Drive

Gas Reservoir Volumetric Depletion with out Water Influx

The fundamental production of a gas reservoir with out an aquifer influx and with no interstitial
water production may be expressed as follow:

Gas Production = Gas Expansion

G p gf = G ( gf + gi )
Equation (18) Gas Material Balance Equation Depletion Drive
Harold L. Irby Page 4 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

This is also written as:

p pi G p
= 1
Z Z i G
Equation (19) Gas Material Balance Equation (p/Z) Depletion Drive

The gas flow rate (MSCF/D) into the well bore in a radial flow system is:

Qg =
(
0.703 k g h Pr 2 Pwf 2 )
g Z TR
( ( ) )
ln re rw 0.5 + S

Equation (20) Gas Flow Rate Equation- Radial Flow

The gas flow rate (MSCF/D) into the well bore in a hemispherical flow system is:

Qg =
(
0.703 k g h Pr 2 Pwf 2 )
g Z TR
((1 re 1 rw ) 0.5 + S )
Equation (21) Gas Flow Rate Equation- Hemispherical Flow

Volumetric gas in place (SCF) is:

(
G = 43560.248 A h 1 S w 1 B gi )( )
Equation (22) Volumetric Gas In Place

Gas formation volume factor in FT^3/SCF is:

Psc TF
Bg =
Tsc P
Equation (23) Gas Formation Volume Factor

Solution Gas Reservoir - Gas Cap Drive - No Water Drive Gas Injection

The incremental oil production for a solution gas reservoir with a gas cap drive, no water drive
and gas injection during a pressure interval, pn to p(n-1) as derived from the material balance
equation is (Bg in rb/scf):

[( ] [ ] [
Boi ) g + mi oi (1 gi ) (1 g ) + Gi n 1 N pn 1 (Bt B g ) Rsi G pn 1]
p =
t

( t B g ) + Rsi + (1 I ) Rav

Equation (24) MB Oil Reservoir with Solution Gas, Gas Cap Drive with Gas Injection

Harold L. Irby Page 5 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Depletion Drive and Gas Cap Drive Indices at pn are:

DDI =
( t oi B g )

[
N pn Bt B g Rsi + G pn ]
Equation (25) Depletion (Solution Gas) Drive Index Gas Injection

(
mi oi 1 gi 1 g + Gin )
GDI =
[( )
pn t g Rsi + G pn ]
Equation (26) Segregation (Gas Cap) Drive Index Gas Injection

Where:
DDI + SDI = 1.0
And:
Np
N pn =
N

i.e. the cumulative oil production to Pn as a fraction of N.

Writing this material balance relationship in conventional terms ( Bg in rb / scf ):

[
N pn ( t B g ) + Rsi + (1 I ) Rav ] N [(1 I ) R ]
pn 1 av
=
( t ) [
Boi B g + mi oi (1 gi ) (1 )] + G G
g i n 1 pn 1

Equation (27) MB Oil Reservoir with Solution Gas, Gas Cap Drive with Gas Injection

To apply this material balance equation, it is assumed that the gas oil contact remains stationary
and that the gas from the gas injection and gas cap expansion diffuses throughout the oil column.

Equations and/or Relationships - Schlithuis

The following relationships are solved in the FORTRAN program MATBAL.EXE which applies
the Schlithuis method of solving the material balance. The total (two-phase) formation volume
factor:

Bt = Bo + (Rs Rsi ) B g

Equation (28) Two-Phase Formation Volume Factor

Harold L. Irby Page 6 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

The instantaneous solution gas oil ratio:

g o Bo
RR = Rs +
o g Bg

Equation (29) Instantaneous Solution Gas Oil Ratio

The total liquid saturation within the reservoir rock:

S L = Sw + So

N p Bo
S L = S w + (1 S w ) 1
N Boi

Equation (30) Total Liquid Saturation

N p B
S g = 1 1
o
(1 S w )
N Boi

Equation (31) Gas Saturation

The critical gas saturation, Sgc, (at which free gas flows) can be used to estimate the pressure at
which the gas oil ratio will begin to increase significantly. This assumes that the reservoir is
allowed to produce without pressure maintenance.

Bt Bo
S gc = (1 S w )
Bt

Equation (32) Critical Gas Saturation

The Schlithuis method of material balance solves the following relationship for Material Balance
Equation 4 is:

P
N
[
t + (RP Rsi ) g ]
1 = 0
( t ti )

Equation (33) MB Oil Reservoir w/ Solution Gas Drive, No Gas Cap Drive and No Water Drive

Similar and/or equivalent equations for used for the other reservoir drive types as indicated in
Material Balance Equations 1 thru 3. Noting that the geologist, geophysicist, petrophysicist and

Harold L. Irby Page 7 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
test engineer, all superb guys, have completed their duties, then a volumetric estimate of the
original oil in place (Bbls) is:

(
N = 7758.358 A h 1 S w Boi )
Equation (34) Volumetric (Stock Tank) Oil In Place

Given that the well has reached a pseudo-steady-state, the oil flow rate (Bbls/d) into the well
bore is:

0.00708 k o h (Pr Pwf )

Qo =
o Bo
(ln (re rw ) 0 . 75 )

Equation (35) Oil Flow Rate Into Well-Bore Radial Flow

The oil flow rate equation also assumes radial flow geometry and an incompressible fluid. For
hemispherical flow, the oil flow rate equation is:

0.00708 k o h (Pr Pwf )

Qo =
o Bo ((1 rw 1 re ) 0.75)

Equation (36) Oil Flow Rate Into Well-Bore -Hemispherical Flow

The time required to produced an increment of oil for a given pressure drop can be found by
dividing the incremental oil produced that occurred for the corresponding pressure drop by the
oil flow rate as computed from Equation (35) :

N p
=
Qo

Equation (37) Time as a Function of Pressure and Flow Rate

For reference and comparison several other relationships for solving the material balance
equation are referenced herein.

Equations and/or Relationships - Muskat

The Muskat form of solving the material balance equation for a solution gas drive reservoir with
no gas cap or water encroachment is as follows:

( )
S o S o ( P ) + S o (K g / K o ) ( P) + 1 S o S w ( P)
=
P ( )(
1 + o g K g Ko )
Harold L. Irby Page 8 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Equation (38) Material Balance Equation - Muskat

Where:

B g Rs
( P) =
Bo P

1 o Bo
( P) =
B g g P

( P) = B g
(
1 Bg )
P

Equations and/or Relationships - Tracy

The Tracy method for solving the material balance for a solution gas drive reservoir with no gas
cap and no water drive is:

1 = N pn on + G pn gn

Equation (39) Material Balance Equation - Tracy

g o Bo
RR = Rs +
o g Bg

N p Bo
S L = S w + (1 S w ) 1
N Boi

Where:
1 N p ( n 1) o G p ( n 1) g
N p =
o + g [RR + RR ( n 1) ] / 2.0

o =
[(B / B ) R ]
o g s

{ [ (B o / Bg ) R ] [(B / B ) R ] }
s oi g si

1
g =
{ [ (B o ) ] [(
/ B g Rs Boi / B g Rsi ) ]}

Harold L. Irby Page 9 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Application - Solution Gas Reservoir - No Gas Cap - No Water Drive

Description of Reservoir

The reservoir to be analyzed is sandstone which produces from two zones separated by a shale
section approximately two feet thick. The reservoir drive mechanism is a volumetric, internal
solution gas drive. The producing zones have an area of approximately 40 acres. The initial
reservoir pressure is estimated at 1350 psi and the average porosity of 31.5% for each productive
zone. The thicknesses of the two intervals are 17 and 14 Feet with absolute permeability of 71
md and 41 md respectively. These and other reservoir attributes are also depicted in the user
defined input file in APPENDIX SIX and in Table 1-D. For comparison of drive efficiencies an
aquifer and a gas cap are conceptually added to the reservoir model as indicated in Figure 6 - A
and the appropriate material balance equations are solved along with a gas re-injection scenario.

Description of FORTRAN Program - MATBAL.EXE

The program requires several ASCII input files that are shown in APPENDIX SIX. The fixed
names of the ASCII files are:

SG_KGKO.TXT
SG_KO.TXT
SG_KG.TXT
PSI_RS.TXT
PSI_VO.TXT
PSI_VOB.TXT
PSI_VG.TXT
PSI_BO.TXT
PSI_BOB.TXT
PSI_BG.TXT
SW_KRO.TXT
SW_KRW.TXT

MATBAL.EXE reads the input files and creates an nth degree polynomial equation which is the
best fit for each of the physical reservoir properties to be used in the material balance
computations. Additional curve fit options are also available.

There only two output files, the first is LSQOUT.TXT and the second is the user defined analysis
output file containing the output data from the material balance calculations. LSQOUT.TXT as
shown in APPENDIX SIX shows the regression coefficients along with the form of equation
applied. The analysis output file is then imported into a spreadsheet program for additional
analysis and display.

Input Files and Polynomial Correlations

Table 1-A is the MS Excel version of the ASCII input files of Kg/Ko and the relative perm
abilities of the oil and gas phases as a function of gas saturation, Sg.

Harold L. Irby Page 10 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 1 - A shows a plot of the relative permeability oil to gas (Kg/Ko) and the relative
permeability of the oil and gas phases as a function of gas saturation (Sg) and the polynomial
equations that have been fitted as a result of running the FORTRAN program.

The ASCII files for the relative permeability of oil to gas (Kg/Ko) and the relative permeability
of the oil and gas phases as a function of gas saturation (Sg) are shown in APPENDIX SIX.

Input Data (ASCII file is input to FORTRAN program)

Sg (v/v) Kg/Ko Kro{Sg} Krg{Sg}
0.34 95.0000 0.0080 0.7600
0.32 65.0000 0.0100 0.6500
0.30 40.2985 0.0134 0.5400
0.28 20.6814 0.0209 0.4322
0.26 11.7696 0.0284 0.3343
0.24 6.6979 0.0360 0.2411
0.22 3.8117 0.0435 0.1658
0.20 2.1692 0.0555 0.1204
0.18 1.2345 0.0721 0.0890
0.16 0.7025 0.0887 0.0623
0.14 0.3998 0.1156 0.0462
0.12 0.2275 0.1503 0.0342
0.10 0.1170 0.1880 0.0220
0.08 0.0520 0.2590 0.0135
0.06 0.0119 0.3532 0.0042
0.04 0.0024 0.5220 0.0013
0.02 0.0002 0.7600 0.0001
0.00 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Sg (v/v) Kg/Ko Kro{Sg} Krg{Sg}

Table 1-A Sg Kg/Ko Kro & Krg

Table 1-B is the MS Excel version of the ASCII input files of pressure verses oil and gas
viscosity, solution gas oil ratio, oil formation volume and gas formation volume factors. Table
1-C is the MS Excel version of the ASCII file of connate water saturation (Sw) versus relative
permeability of oil, (Kro), and relative permeability of water, (Krw).

Figure 1 - B shows a plot of the pressure versus oil and gas viscosities. Figure 1 - C shows a
plot of the pressure versus solution gas oil ratio, oil formation volume and gas formation volume
factors. Figure 1 - D shows a plot of water saturation versus oil and gas relative permeability.

The ASCII files for the pressure versus oil and gas viscosities, solution gas oil ratio, oil and gas
formation volume factors; water saturation versus oil and gas relative permeability are shown in
APPENDIX SIX.

APPENDIX FIVE depicts some empirical relative permeability relationships that can be applied
in the absence of core data. Applications of these relationships are very dependent on expert
petrophysical analysis.

Harold L. Irby Page 11 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Input Data (ASCII file is input to FORTRAN program)

P(psi) Vo(cp) Vg(cp) Rs(scf/bbl) Bo(rb/stb) 1/Bg(scf/ft^3)
850.0 1.390 0.0125 247.67 1.141 348.31
800.0 1.447 0.0124 237.03 1.136 326.45
750.0 1.504 0.0122 226.28 1.131 304.81
700.0 1.560 0.0120 215.42 1.127 283.40
650.0 1.617 0.0119 204.47 1.122 262.22
600.0 1.674 0.0117 193.40 1.118 241.26
550.0 1.730 0.0115 182.23 1.113 220.53
500.0 1.787 0.0113 170.96 1.108 200.03
450.0 1.844 0.0112 159.58 1.104 179.75
400.0 1.900 0.0110 148.09 1.099 159.70
350.0 1.957 0.0108 136.51 1.094 139.87
300.0 2.014 0.0107 124.81 1.090 120.27
250.0 2.071 0.0105 113.01 1.085 100.90
200.0 2.127 0.0103 101.11 1.081 81.76
150.0 2.198 0.0101 88.51 1.074 64.01
100.0 2.308 0.0095 70.66 1.064 45.63
50.0 2.465 0.0087 46.82 1.050 27.25
P(psi) Vo(cp) Vg(cp) Rs(scf/bbl) Bo(rb/stb) 1/Bg(scf/ft^3)

Table 1-B P vs. Vo(cp) Vg(cp) Rs(scf/bbl) Bo(v/v) 1/Bg(v/v)

( ASCII file input to

Input Data FORTRAN program)
Sw (v.v) Kro = Ko/K Krw = Kw/K
0.05 1.025 0.006
0.10 0.999 0.007
0.15 0.96 0.008
0.20 0.885 0.009
0.25 0.775 0.011
0.30 0.650 0.022
0.35 0.525 0.033
0.40 0.430 0.055
0.45 0.320 0.088
0.50 0.220 0.122
0.55 0.150 0.188
0.60 0.100 0.222
0.65 0.065 0.288
0.70 0.050 0.355
0.75 0.040 0.444
0.80 0.035 0.511
0.85 0.025 0.600
0.90 0.015 0.722
0.95 0.005 0.855
Sw (v/v) Kro = Ko/K Krw = Kw/K

Table 1-C Sw vs. Kro & Krw

Harold L. Irby Page 12 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Kg/Ko Lsq Kg/Ko Kro{Sg} Lsq Kro{Sg} Lsq Krg{Sg} Krg{Sg}

1.0E+05 1.10

1.0E+04 1.00

1.0E+03 0.90

1.0E+02 0.80

1.0E+01 0.70

Kro{Sg} & Krg{Sg}

1.0E+00 0.60
Kg/Ko

1.0E-01 0.50

1.0E-02 0.40

1.0E-03 0.30

1.0E-04 0.20

1.0E-05 0.10

1.0E-06 0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Sg

Figure 1 - A Sg vs. Kg/Ko Kro & Krg Polynomial Fits

Uo (cp) Lsq Uo (cp) Ug (cp) Lsq Ug (cp)

3.0 0.014

2.8 0.013

2.6
0.012

2.4
0.011
2.2
0.010
Uo (cp)

Ug (cp)

2.0
0.009
1.8
0.008
1.6

0.007
1.4

1.2 0.006

1.0 0.005
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
P (psi)

Figure 1 - B P(psi) vs. Vo(cp) & Vg(cp) Polynomial Fits

Harold L. Irby Page 13 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Rs (scf/bbl) Lsq Rs (scf/bbl) 1/Bg (scf/ft^3) Lsq 1/Bg (scf/ft^3) Bo (rb/stb) Lsq Bo (rb/stb)
700.0 1.18

1.16
600.0

1.14

500.0
Rs (scf/bbl) & 1/Bg (scf/ft^3)

1.12

400.0

Bo (rb/stb)
1.10

300.0 1.08

1.06
200.0
1.04

100.0
1.02

0.0 1.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
P (psi)

Figure 1 - C P(psi) vs. Rs(scf/bbl) 1/Bg(v/v) & Bo(v/v) Polynomial Fits

Kro = Ko/K Lsq Kro = Ko/K Krw = Kw/K Lsq Krw = Kw/K

1.00 1.00

0.90 0.90

0.80 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60
Krw = Kw/K
Kro = Ko/K

0.50 0.50

0.40 0.40

0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10

0.00 0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Sw (v/v)

Figure 1 - D Sw vs. Kro & Krw Polynomial Fits

Harold L. Irby Page 14 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Table 1-D depicts the reservoir input parameters for up to seven zones; two for this example

Input Data (ASCII file input to FORTRAN program)

Variable Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Units
PI 1350.0 psia
PBP 850.0 psia
DP 20.0 psia
RW 0.25 Ft.
RE 660.0 Ft.
PW 25.0 psia
THTA 360.0 Degrees
RDSR 744.7 Ft.
RDSA 2234.2 Ft.
MBEQ 4.0 #
GCAP 1.0 v/v
PHI(I) 0.315 0.315 v/v
SW(I) 0.200 0.200 v/v
H(I) 17.0 14.0 Ft.
K(I) 71.0 41.0 md.
ACRE(I) 40.0 40.0 acre
RW75(I) 0.100 0.100 ohm-m
RTEM(I) 199.9 199.9 DegF
Variable Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Units
Calculated Data
OOIP(I) 1712.0 965.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2137.2Mbbl

Table 1-D Reservoir Input Parameters

Table 2-A presents the physical parameters and the form of the polynomial equations used in
Figure 1 - A through Figure 1 - D . The subscript ob refers to above bubble point pressure.

Table 2-A Physical Parameter and Regression Equations

Form of Regression Equation
Kg/Ko A(0)*EXP[A(1)*Sg+A(2)*Sg^2+A(3)*Sg^3+A(4)*Sg^4+A(5)*Sg^5+A(6)*Sg^6+A(7)*Sg^7]
Ko A(0)+A(1)*Sg+A(2)*Sg^2+A(3)*Sg^3+A(4)*Sg^4+A(5)*Sg^5+A(6)*Sg^6+A(7)*Sg^7
Kg A(0)+A(1)*Sg+A(2)*Sg^2+A(3)*Sg^3+A(4)*Sg^4+A(5)*Sg^5+A(6)*Sg^6+A(7)*Sg^7
Vo A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Vob A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Bo A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Bob A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Krg A(0)+A(1)*Sg+A(2)*Sg^2+A(3)*Sg^3+A(4)*Sg^4+A(5)*Sg^5+A(6)*Sg^6
Vg A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
1/Bg A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Rs A(0)+A(1)*P+A(2)*P^2+A(3)*P^3+A(4)*P^4+A(5)*P^5+A(6)*P^6+A(7)*P^7
Kro A(0)+A(1)*Sw+A(2)*Sw^2+A(3)*Sw^3+A(4)*Sw^4+A(5)*Sw^5+A(6)*Sw^6+A(7)*Sw^7
Krw A(0)+A(1)*Sw+A(2)*Sw^2+A(3)*Sw^3+A(4)*Sw^4+A(5)*Sw^5+A(6)*Sw^6+A(7)*Sw^7

Harold L. Irby Page 15 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Table 2-A is specific to the example in this document; MATBAL.EXE has the facilitiy to curve
fit any of the input curves with one of nine different correlations as shown in Table 2-B.

Table 2-B MATBAL.EXE Regression Equations

NTYPE
1 Y vs X Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+ ...
2 LN(Y) vs X Y = A*EXP(B*X+C*X**2+ ... (Y > 0)
3 LN(Y) vs LN(X) LN(Y) = A+B*LN(X)+C*LN(X)**2+ ... (X & Y>0)
4 Y vs LN(X) Y = A+B*LN(X)+C*LN(X)**2+ ... (X > 0)

5 Y vs X Y = A+B*X v1
6 LN(Y) vs X Y = A*EXP(B*X) (Y > 0) v1
7 LN(Y) vs LN(X) LN(Y) = A+B*LN(X) (X & Y>0) v1
8 Y vs LN(X) Y = A+B*LN(X) (X > 0) v1

9 Y vs X Y = A+B*X v2
10 LN(Y) vs X Y = A*EXP(B*X) (Y > 0) v2
11 LN(Y) vs LN(X) LN(Y) = A+B*LN(X) (X & Y>0) v2
12 Y vs LN(X) Y = A+B*LN(X) (X > 0) v2

Regression equations 9 through 10 are anlagous to regression equations 5 through 8 which are in
turn analogous to regression equations 1 through 4. The difference is internal to MATBAL.EXE
but the flexibility has been added to compensate for the data inputs which do not always yield a
regression fit. For example if you determine that you equation is plolynomial and chose to fit
your input data with equation 1 and it fails to make a fit, then try equation 5; if that should fail to
fit then choose regression equation 9.

Harold L. Irby Page 16 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Material Balance Results Forecasts

The oil production profile as a function of pressure drop is shown in Figure 2 - A and was
generated from importing the output ASCII file from MATBAL.EXE into a MS Excel
spreadsheet. The material balance program solved for the production profile above and below
the bubble point pressure and decline curve analysis was used to forecast the profile to lower
pressures and hence later time. Fundamental relationships for Exponential, Hyperbolic and
Harmonic Decline cures are given in APPENDIX THREE for reference. Variations in decline
analysis can be applied to create numerous production profiles for sensitivity analysis etc.

Figure 2 - B shows the oil production profile with the pressure axis converted to time. Figure 2
- C clearly depicts the reservoirs primary recovery factor, which is approximately 20%. The
solution gas production profile is shown in Figure 3 - A along with the solution gas oil ratios.
Figure 3 - B shows the gas production profile as a function of time. Figure 4 - A shows the
water production profile as a function of pressure and Figure 4 - B as a function of time.

Should production data from the reservoir be known and/or available then the relative input
parameters could be adjusted to match the production and hence predict the future production
with additional confidence.

Figure 2-A Qo Np & Np/N vs. Pressure

Qo(bbl/d) Np(Mbbl) Np/N(v/v)

0.40 10000
Material Balance~ Forecast~
0.35

0.30 1000

0.25

0.20 100

0.15

0.10 10

0.05

0.00 1
1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 2 - A Qo Np & Np/N vs. Pressure

Harold L. Irby Page 17 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 2-B Qo Np & Np/N vs. Time

Qo(bbl/d) Np(Mbbl) Np/N(v/v)

10,000 0.40

0.35

1,000 0.30

0.25

100 0.20

0.15

10 0.10

0.05

1 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time(Yr)

Figure 2 - B Qo Np & Np/N vs. Time

Figure 2-C P Rp Rs vs. Np/N

Np/N(v/v) Rp(scf/bbl) Rs(scf/bbl)

1600 2,500

1400

2,000
1200

1000
1,500
Rp(scf/bbl)
P (psi)

800

1,000
600

400
500

200

0 0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Np/N(v/v)

Figure 2 - C P Rp Rs vs. Np/N

Harold L. Irby Page 18 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 3-A Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Pressure

Rp(scf/bbl) Rs(scf/bbl) Qg(MMscf/d) Gp(Bscf)

180 10000

160

140
1000

120

100
100
80

60

10
40

20

0 1
1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 3 - A Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Pressure

Figure 3-B Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Time

Qg(MMscf/d) Gp(Bscf) Rp(scf/bbl) Rs(scf/bbl)

1,000 3000

2500

100 2000

1500

10 1000

500

1 0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time(Yr)

Figure 3 - B Rp Rs Qg Gp vs. Time

Harold L. Irby Page 19 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 4-A Np/N Qw Wp vs. Pressure

Qw(bbl/d)Prjctd Wp(Mbbl)Prjctd Np/N(v/v)Prjctd

0.30 1000

0.25

0.20 100

0.15

0.10 10

0.05

0.00 1
1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 4 - A Np/N Qw Wp vs. Pressure

Figure 4-B Np/N Qw Wp vs. Time

Qw(bbl/d) Wp(Mbbl) We(Mbbl) Np/N(v/v)

1,000 0.30

0.25

100 0.20

0.15

10 0.10

0.05

1 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time(Yr)

Figure 4 - B Np/N Qw Wp vs. Time

Harold L. Irby Page 20 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 5-A Sg So Sw & Np/N vs. Pressure

Sg(v/v) So(v/v) Sw(v/v) Np/N(v/v)

120% 0.60

100% 0.50

80% 0.40

60% 0.30

40% 0.20

20% 0.10

0% 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 5 - A Sg So Sw & Np/N vs. Pressure

And of course, any petrophysicist / reservoir engineer / production engineer would be interested
in the saturation profile. Figure 5 - A depicts the fluid saturation profile as a function of
reservoir pressure above and below the bubble point pressure, superimposed with Np/N.

The drive indexes for the pressure interval less than the bubble point with superimpose Np/N
(recovery) is shown in Figures 8-A thru 8-E for comparison of the different types of drive
mechanism indicated in the Material Balance Equations as indicated. The relationship between
the drive mechanism and the primary recovery factor can easily be seen. Water drive serves to
enhance production earlier with respect to time and gas drive definitely increases the primary
recovery significantly. The improvement in recovery with respect to increased reservoir energy
is intuitive. The following table illustrates the various drive mechanisms and the Material
Balance equation switch, MBEQ, used in the FORTRAN program.

Solution Gas Oil Reservoir Material Balance Equation Switch MB Equation

MBEQ 0 With Gas Cap No Water Drive With Gas Injection
MBEQ 1 No Gas Cap No Water Drive
MBEQ 2 No Gas Cap With Water Drive
MBEQ 3 With Gas Cap No Water Drive
MBEQ 4 With Gas Cap With Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 21 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 8-A-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & No Water Drive
DDI GDI WDI Np/N(v/v)

1.20 0.60

1.00 0.50

0.80 0.40

0.60 0.30

0.40 0.20

0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8A-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Figure 8-A-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Qo(bbl/d)Prjctd Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d)

10000

1000
Qo(bbl/d)

100

10

1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d) vs. Np(Mbbl) Gp(Bscf) Wp(Mbbl)
[ No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8A-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 22 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 8-B-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & With Water Drive
DDI GDI WDI Np/N(v/v)

1.20 0.60

1.00 0.50

0.80 0.40

0.60 0.30

0.40 0.20

0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ No Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-B-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P No Gas Cap & With Water Drive

Figure 8-B-1 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & With Water Drive

Qo(bbl/d)Prjctd Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d)

10000

1000
Qo(bbl/d)

100

10

1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d) vs. Np(Mbbl) Gp(Bscf) Wp(Mbbl)
[ No Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-B-1 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp No Gas Cap & With Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 23 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 8-C-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & No Water Drive
DDI GDI WDI Np/N(v/v)

1.20 0.60

1.00 0.50

0.80 0.40

0.60 0.30

0.40 0.20

0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-C-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Figure 8-C-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Qo(bbl/d)Prjctd Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d)

10000

1000
Qo(bbl/d)

100

10

1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d) vs. Np(Mbbl) Gp(Bscf) Wp(Mbbl)
[ With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-C-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & No Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 24 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 8-D-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & With Water Drive
DDI GDI WDI Np/N(v/v)

1.20 0.60

1.00 0.50

0.80 0.40

0.60 0.30

0.40 0.20

0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ With Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-D-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Cap & With Water Drive

Figure 8-D-2 Qo Qg &Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & With Water Drive
Qo(bbl/d)Prjctd Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d)

10000

1000
Qo(bbl/d)

100

10

1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d) vs. Np(Mbbl) Gp(Bscf) Wp(Mbbl)
[ With Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-D-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Cap & With Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 25 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Figure 8-E-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Injection & No Water Drive
DDI GDI WDI Np/N(v/v)

1.20 0.60

1.00 0.50

0.80 0.40

0.60 0.30

0.40 0.20

0.20 0.10

0.00 0.00
1350 1150 950 750 550 350 150
P(psia) [ With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - With Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-E-1 DDI GDI WDI & Np/N vs. P With Gas Injection & No Water Drive

Figure 8-E-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Np With Gas Injection & No Water Drive

Qo(bbl/d)Prjctd Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d)

10000

1000
Qo(bbl/d)

100

10

1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Qo(bbl/d) Qg(MMscf/d) Qw(bbl/d) vs. Np(Mbbl) Gp(Bscf) Wp(Mbbl)
[ With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - With Gas Injection ]

Figure 8-E-2 Qo Qg & Qw vs. Np, Gp, Wp With Gas Injection & No Water Drive

Harold L. Irby Page 26 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

The expected primary recovery for the reservoir with gas re-injection is significantly improved
with respect to the drive mechanisms with out gas re-injection. In practice, a cost benefit
analysis should be completed before installing gas injection facilities.

Harold L. Irby Page 27 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX ONE
Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

1/Bgf Final Gas Formation Volume Factor SCF/FT^3
1/Bgi Initial Gas Formation Volume Factor SCF/FT^3
A Reservoir Area Acres
Bg Gas Formation Volume Factor SCF/FT^3
Bgr Gas Formation Volume Factor SCF/rb
Bgi Initial Gas Formation Volume Factor SCF/FT^3
Bo Oil Formation Volume Factor Bbl/STB
Boi Initial Oil Formation Volume Factor Bbl/STB
Bt Total or 2-Phase Oil Formation Volume Factor Bbl/STB
Bti Initial Total or 2-Phase Oil Formation Volume Factor Bbl/STB
Bw Water Formation Volume Factor Bbl/STB
Cf Formation Isothermal Compressibility Factor or ( co ) 1/psi
Cw Water Isothermal Compressibility Factor or ( cw ) 1/psi
Np Oil Production from pressure interval pn-1 to pn Bbl
p Change in Average Reservoir Pressure psia
G Initial Reservoir Gas In Place SCF
Gf Volume of Free Gas (Gas Cap) in Reservoir SCF
Gi(n-1) Cumulative gas injection to p(n-1), fraction of Gp SCF
Gp Cumulative Produced Gas SCF
Gp(n-1) Cumulative Gas Production to p(n-1) SCF
h Reservoir Height Ft
I Fraction of Produced Gas Injected into Gas Cap v/v
m (Initial Reservoir Free Gas Volume) / (Initial Reservoir Volume) v/v
N Initial Reservoir Oil In Place Bbls (STB)
Np Cumulative Produced Oil Bbls (STB)
Np(n-1) Cumulative Oil Production to p(n-1) Bbls
Pr Average Reservoir Pressure psia
Pwf Pressure Well Flowing psia
Psc Pressure Standard Conditions ( 14.6960 psia ) psia
Water Encroachment Angle (theta) degrees
Qg Gas Flow Rate MMscf/d
Qo Oil Flow Rate Bbls/d

Harold L. Irby Page 28 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
Rave (R R (n-1) + R R (n) ) /2.0 Average Instantaneous GOR SCF/STB
re Effective Radius of Reservoir Pressure Drawdown Ft
re Reservoir Radius Ft
re/rd (reD) Dimensionless Radius
ro Aquifer Radius Ft
Rp Cumulative Produced Gas Oil Ratio SCF/STB
Rr Instantaneous Solution Gas Oil Ratio SCF/STB
Rs Solution Gas Oil Ratio SCF/STB
Rsi Initial Solution Gas Oil Ratio SCF/STB
Rsi Initial Solution Gas to Oil Ratio SCF/STB
rw Radius of Well Bore Ft
Sg Gas Saturation (function of pressure and/or time) v/v
SL Total or 2-Phase Liquid Saturation v/v
So Oil Saturation (function of pressure and/or time) v/v
Sw Water Saturation (function of pressure and/or time) v/v
Swi Initial Water Saturation v/v
Tsc Temperature at standard conditions ( 60.0 F ) DegF
ug Gas Viscosity cp
uo Oil Viscosity cp
Vf Initial Void Space Bbl
W Initial Reservoir Water Bbl
We Water Influx into Reservoir Bbl
Wp Cumulative Produced Water STB

Conversions
Bg 0.02829 (z T / p) FT^3/SCF
Bg 0.00504 (z T / p) rbbl/SCF
Bg 35.35 (p / z T) SCF/FT^3
Bg 198.4 (p / z T) SCF/rbbl

Harold L. Irby Page 29 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX TWO
Figure 6A Reservoir Schematic

2
Figure 6 - A Reservoir Schematic

The reservoir schematic is general and serves only to illustrate terms and provide a reference.
Each reservoir is structurally unique and has its own distinct fluid characteristics and properties.
Along with actual laboratory measurements, numerous petroleum fluid property correlations can
be used to approximate the PVT (Pressure Volume Temperature) relationships can be
ascertained with accuracy to a degree consistent with petroleum engineering applications and
development planning.

2
Woody, L. D. Jr., & Moscrip, Robert III, Performance Calculations for Combination Drive Reservoirs,
Trans. AIME, 1956, pp 210, 125
Craft, B. C., & Hawkins, Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

Harold L. Irby Page 30 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program - MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX THREE

Exponential Decline
q = qi e Dt where D > 0

D = ln q t
qi

t = ln q D
qi

t = N p ln q qi q ( )
qi
(
N p = qi q D )
(
q
N p = t qi q ln i )
q
D = (qi q ) N p

Hyperbolic Decline

(
q = qi 1 + b Di t )( 1 b )
where 0 <= b <= 1.0 ; Di > 0

Di = [ (q i q 1) b
] (b t )
t=[ (q q) 1 ] (b D )
i
b
i

N = { q [(1 b ) D ] } [q
p
b
i q ] i
(1b )
i
(1b )

N = t q [(1 b ) b] [(q q ) ] 1 [q (1 b )
q (1 b ) ]
b b

p i i i

D = { q [(1 b ) N ] } [q
i
b
i q ] p
(1 b )
i
(1 b )

Harmonic Decline

q = qi ( 1+ D t ) i as Hyperbolic Decline with b = 1.0 , Di > 0

D = (q N ) ln (q q )
i i p i

t = [ (q q ) 1 ] D
i i

N = (q D ) ln (q q )
p i i i

N = [ (t q ) (q q 1) ] ln (q q )
p i i i

Harold L. Irby Page 31 / 47 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program - MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX FOUR

Water Influx (We) - Radial Flow and Linear Flow

Figure 7 - A shows the dimensionless water influx for the constant terminal pressure case for radial flow used to derive We. Table 3-A shows the
relevant relationships that are required to apply Figure 7 - A to determine the water influx.

Radial Flow Linear Flow

K t K t
tD = F tD = F
c ro2 c L2o
F = 0.000264 t in hours F = 0.000264 t in hours
F = 0.00634 t in days F = 0.00634 t in days
F = 2.309 t in years F = 2.309 t in years
c = cw + c f c = cw + c f
U = 1.119 f h c r o
2
(bbl/d/psi) U = 0.1781 w L h c (bbl/d/psi)
f = 360 or f = / 2 radians = encroachment angle w = Width; L = Length; h = Height
reD = re/ro (Aquifer Radius)/(Reservoir Radius) reD = Le/Lo (Aquifer Length)/(Reservoir Length)
reD = re ro reD = re ro

{} [ Figure 7 - A ]
WD = WD t D , reD {} [ Figure 7 - A ]
WD = WD t D , reD

W = U p W { t , r } (Bbls)
e D D eD W = U p W { t , r } (Bbls)
e D D eD

= U ( p p ) W { t , r } (Bbls) = U ( p p ) W { t , r } (Bbls)
n n
We j 1 j D D eD We j 1 j D D eD
j =1 j =1

Table 3-A Water Influx (We) - Radial Flow and Linear Flow

Harold L. Irby Page 32 / 46 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program - MATBAL.EXE

3
Figure 7-A Water Influx (We)

1000.00
reD_INF

reD25

100.00
reD15

reD10
WD

10.00
reD5.0

reD2.5

1.00

reD1.5

0.10
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00
tD

Figure 7 - A Dimensionless Water Influx, Constant Terminal Pressure Case, Radial Flow

3
Drake, L. P. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 1978, pp. 308-312

Harold L. Irby Page 33 / 46 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX FIVE

Empirical Permeability Relationships

1 S wirr
K 2 = C1 PHIE 3

S wirr

(
C 2 1 Vcl PHIE 3
K =
) 2

S
wirr

PHIE is effective porosity and Vcl is clay volume as determined from the petrophysical and/or
core analysis. The various constants are best determined from linear regression of the log
derived data and any available core analysis data. 4
Empirical Relative Permeability Krw & Kro

S S wirr
k rw = w
1 S wirr
(1 S ) [ S + (1 S ) ]

w w w 5 S wirr
k ro =
(1 S )

wirr

Drainage Regime:
2
S S wirr S w2 2 +1 S wirr
2 2 +1
k rw = w
1 S wirr 1 S 2 2 +1
wirr
1
S S wirr 1 S w2 1 +1
k ro = 1 w
1 S wirr 1 S 2 1 +1
wirr
Imbibition Regime:
0.5
S S wirr
k rw = w ( )
Sw
4

1 S wirr
2
S w S wirr
k ro = 1 (
1.08 1.11 S wirr 0.73 S wirr
2
)
1 S wirr S or
Empirical Relative Permeability Kro & Krg

[ (
k ro = 1 S g 1 S wirr )]

= [ (S + )]

k rg g 2 S wirr

4
K equation is the Wyllie-Rose equation (1950) with correction for clay volume effects added.
Harold L. Irby Page 34 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

Another empirical relationship for gas and oil relative permeability that is a function of both gas
saturation and/or liquid saturation and is more sensitive to Swirr is:

( )
4
k ro = S L + 3 S wirr

(S g ) (1 S wirr ) (S L 4 S wirr )

k rg =
(1 S )

wirr

5
The coefficients and exponents are determined by the reservoir engineer and/or petrophysicist.

5
Typical values for the constants in the relative permeability equations for the reservoir herein are:
5.00 2.33 1 -.080
3.70 2.66 2 0.100
4.00 3 0.000
4.00 7.33 4 0.000
3.88 1.44 4 0.222
2.00 0.900
1 0.800 1 0.300
2 0.020 2 1.100
Harold L. Irby Page 35 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

APPENDIX SIX

INPUT FILE: User Defined File Name

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----
C INPUT.TXT (ASCII File Name User Defined)
C------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-------10--------20--------30--------40--------50--------60--------70--------8
C--------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|--------|
PI 1350.0
PBP 850.0
DP 20.0
RW 0.25
RE 660.0
PW 25.0
THTA 360.0
RDSR 744.7
RDSA 2234.2
MBEQ 1.0
GCAP 1.0
GNJR 0.50
PHI(I) 0.315 0.315
SW(I) 0.200 0.200
H(I) 17.0 14.0
K(I) 71.0 41.0
ACRE(I) 40.0 40.0
RW75(I) 0.100 0.100
RTEM(I) 199.9 199.9
C--------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|--------|
C-------10--------20--------30--------40--------50--------60--------70--------8
C------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OUTPUT FILE: LSQOUT.TXT

CurveFit SG_KGKO.TXT LN(Y)~X NTYPE= 2 Y = A*EXP(B*X+C*X**2+...)

A(0)= .7876544E-05 A(0)= .0000079

A(1)= .1889570E+03 A(1)= 188.9570000
A(2)= -.1388812E+04 A(2)= -1388.8120000
A(3)= .5531615E+04 A(3)= 5531.6150000
A(4)= -.1006028E+05 A(4)= -10060.2800000
A(5)= .6523354E+04 A(5)= 6523.3540000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = 1.0000000 AveDev= 4.1469870 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit SG_KO.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .1008045E+01 A(0)= 1.0080450

A(1)= -.1536408E+02 A(1)= -15.3640800
A(2)= .9084401E+02 A(2)= 90.8440100
A(3)= -.1668596E+03 A(3)= -166.8596000
A(4)= -.4402498E+03 A(4)= -440.2498000
A(5)= .2095331E+04 A(5)= 2095.3310000
A(6)= -.2173654E+04 A(6)= -2173.6540000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999042 AveDev= 17.3424900 % PolyDeg= 6

Harold L. Irby Page 36 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
CurveFit SG_KG.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .3213808E-02 A(0)= .0032138

A(1)= -.4826481E+00 A(1)= -.4826481
A(2)= .1589832E+02 A(2)= 15.8983200
A(3)= -.1472263E+03 A(3)= -147.2263000
A(4)= .6288443E+03 A(4)= 628.8443000
A(5)= -.7689434E+03 A(5)= -768.9434000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999639 AveDev= 81.5201300 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit PSI_VO.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .2653865E+01 A(0)= 2.6538650

A(1)= -.4571421E-02 A(1)= -.0045714
A(2)= .1426655E-04 A(2)= .0000143
A(3)= -.2736485E-07 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= .2465005E-10 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= -.8442764E-14 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9998388 AveDev= .1837955 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit PSI_VOB.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .2008922E+00 A(0)= .2008922

A(1)= .1399091E-02 A(1)= .0013991
A(2)= .0000000E+00 A(2)= .0000000
A(3)= .0000000E+00 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= .0000000E+00 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .0000000E+00 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999999 AveDev= .0013972 % PolyDeg= 1

CurveFit PSI_BO.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .1032752E+01 A(0)= 1.0327520

A(1)= .4226366E-03 A(1)= .0004226
A(2)= -.1360643E-05 A(2)= -.0000014
A(3)= .2608217E-08 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= -.2358473E-11 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .8136891E-15 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999092 AveDev= .0262600 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit PSI_BOB.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .1260779E+01 A(0)= 1.2607790

A(1)= -.1409399E-03 A(1)= -.0001409
A(2)= .0000000E+00 A(2)= .0000000
A(3)= .0000000E+00 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= .0000000E+00 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .0000000E+00 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9994282 AveDev= .0240355 % PolyDeg= 1

CurveFit PSI_RS.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .1982384E+02 A(0)= 19.8238400

A(1)= .6384298E+00 A(1)= .6384298
Harold L. Irby Page 37 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
A(2)= -.1704529E-02 A(2)= -.0017045
A(3)= .3337653E-05 A(3)= .0000033
A(4)= -.3101089E-08 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .1094481E-11 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999068 AveDev= .5060760 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit PSI_VG.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .7626730E-02 A(0)= .0076267

A(1)= .2637659E-04 A(1)= .0000264
A(2)= -.9411491E-07 A(2)= -.0000001
A(3)= .1777481E-09 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= -.1575048E-12 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .5305303E-16 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9996979 AveDev= .2223095 % PolyDeg= 5

CurveFit PSI_BG.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .9870148E+01 A(0)= 9.8701480

A(1)= .3478291E+00 A(1)= .3478291
A(2)= .7255743E-04 A(2)= .0000726
A(3)= -.1582220E-07 A(3)= .0000000
A(4)= .0000000E+00 A(4)= .0000000
A(5)= .0000000E+00 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999986 AveDev= .1769580 % PolyDeg= 3

CurveFit SW_KRO.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .1025815E+01 A(0)= 1.0258150

A(1)= .9878426E+00 A(1)= .9878426
A(2)= -.1220467E+02 A(2)= -12.2046700
A(3)= .1805919E+02 A(3)= 18.0591900
A(4)= -.7876586E+01 A(4)= -7.8765860
A(5)= .0000000E+00 A(5)= .0000000
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9995065 AveDev= 31.1262500 % PolyDeg= 4

CurveFit SW_KRW.TXT Y ~X NTYPE= 1 Y = A+B*X+C*X**2+...

A(0)= .5465746E-04 A(0)= .0000547

A(1)= .3721613E+00 A(1)= .3721613
A(2)= -.3692003E+01 A(2)= -3.6920030
A(3)= .1244712E+02 A(3)= 12.4471200
A(4)= -.1394124E+02 A(4)= -13.9412400
A(5)= .5842241E+01 A(5)= 5.8422410
A(6)= .0000000E+00 A(6)= .0000000
A(7)= .0000000E+00 A(7)= .0000000

R^2 = .9999766 AveDev= 17.8637900 % PolyDeg= 5

Harold L. Irby Page 38 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

FORTRAN Program Variables Utilized

C------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C VO = Viscosity of oil = f(P...), Vo cp
C VG = Viscosity of gas = f(P...), Vg cp
C VW = Viscosity of water = f(P...), Vw cp
C RVKH = Reservoir Permeability Feet, K*H md
C KGO = Relative permeability of Oil Phase f(Sg) md
C KGG = Relative permeability of Gas Phase f(Sg) md
C RKGKO= Oil/Gas permeability ratio f(Sg) md
C KO = Permeability of oil phase, Ko = Kro*K md
C KW = Permeability of water phase, Kw = Krw*K md
C KG = Permeability of gas phase, Kg = Krg*K md
C KRO = Relative permeability of oil phase, Rko md
C KRW = Relative permeability of water phase, Rkw md
C KRG = Relative permeability of gas phase, Rkg md
C OOIP = Initial oil in place, N bbl
C NOPN = Fraction oil recovery = Np/N v/v
C NP = Bbls stock tank oil produced @ P and RP, Np bbl
C BG = Gas formation volume factor = f(P...) rcf/scf
C BO = Oil formation volume factor = f(P...) bbl/STB
C BW = Water formation volume factor = f(P...) bbl/STB
C BT = Total BO or 2-phase BO or active BO bbl/STB
C reservoir volume of 1 STB of oil and its
C original complement of dissolved gas, Bt
C TOPP = Total oil produced during delta pressure bbl
C TGPP = Total gas produced during delta pressure scf
C NGPX = Gas produced @ P and RP, Gp scf
C DNPT = Incremental oil production time yrs
C DLMB = Delta material balance, used in iteration
C DLOP = Delta oil production fraction bbl
C DLGP = Delta gas production fraction scf
C TFNP = Time as a function of production, i.e. pressue yrs
C RR = Instantaneous (2-Phase) Solution gas/oil ratio scf/bbl
C f(Rs,Kg,Uo,Bo,Ko,Ug,Bg)
C RP = Produced or cumulative gas/oil ratio scf/STB
C RS = Solution gas/oil ratio = f(P), Rs scf/bbl
C QO = Oil flow rate into wellbore, Qo bbl/day
C QG = Gas flow rate into wellbore, Qg scf/day
C QW = Water flow rate into wellbore, Qw bbl/day
C GP = Cumulative gas production scf
C PP = Reservoir pressure, P psia
C SL = Total liquid saturation v/v
C SG = Gas saturation, Sg, function of SL v/v
C SGX = Gas saturation, Sg, function of P and/or Time v/v
C SOX = Oil saturation, So, function of P and/or Time v/v
C SLX = Total liquid saturation, function of P and/or T v/v
C SWX = Water Saturation, Sw, function of P and/or Time v/v
C TDX = Dimensionless time
C WDX = Dimensionless water influx
C WE = Water influx Bbls
C GI = Gas Injected GI(i) = GNJR * GP(i) scf
C DDI = Depletion (Solution Gas) Drive Index v/v
C WDI = Water Drive Index v/v
C GDI = Segregation (Gas Cap) Drive Index v/v
C BTNJ = Total BO used with MBEQ=0
C BGNJ = BGNJ=1.0/(BG/5.614583) BG in (rb/scf) for MBEQ=0 rb/scf
C---------
C MBEQ = 0 Reservoir With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - With Gas Injection
C MBEQ = 1 Reservoir No Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection
C MBEQ = 2 Reservoir No Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection
C MBEQ = 3 Reservoir With Gas Cap - No Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection
C MBEQ = 4 Reservoir With Gas Cap - With Water Drive - w/o Gas Injection
C---------
C PI = Initial reservoir pressure psia
C PBP = Buble Point (reservoir oil) pressure psia
Harold L. Irby Page 39 / 44 May 2000
 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE
C DP = Delta pressure; pressure increment psia
C RW = Wellbore radius; rw Ft.
C RE = Wellbore drainage radius; re Ft.
C RDSA = Radius of aquifer used in water influx Ft.
C RDSR = Radius of reservoir used in water influx Ft.
C THTA = Water enchroachment angle 0 - 360 deg
C PW = Pressure well flowing; Pwf psia
C GCAP = Ratio of free gas cap to reservoir volume (m) v/v
C GNJR = Gas injection ratio; portion of Gp reinjected v/v
C PHI(i) = Average reservoir porosity v/v
C SW(i) = Average reservoir water saturation v/v
C KK(i) = Absoluute or average reservoir permeability md
C HH(i) = Height of reservoir interval Ft.
C ACRE(i)= Drainage area acre
C RW75(i)= Formation water resisitivity at 75 DegF ohm-m
C RTEM(i)= Formation temperature DegF
C------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Harold L. Irby Page 40 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

INPUT FILES: Fixed Non-User

Defined File Names

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C SG_KGKO.TXT (ASCII File Name) C SG_KG.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I) C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C Sg Kg/Ko C Sg Kg
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
0.34 95.0000 1.0 0.34 0.8075 1.0
0.32 65.0000 1.0 0.32 0.6500 1.0
0.30 40.2985 1.0 0.30 0.5400 1.0
0.28 20.6814 1.0 0.28 0.4327 1.0
0.26 11.7696 1.0 0.26 0.3347 1.0
0.24 6.6979 1.0 0.24 0.2409 1.0
0.22 3.8117 1.0 0.22 0.1657 1.0
0.20 2.1692 1.0 0.20 0.1204 1.0
0.18 1.2345 1.0 0.18 0.0890 1.0
0.16 0.7025 1.0 0.16 0.0623 1.0
0.14 0.3998 1.0 0.14 0.0462 1.0
0.12 0.2275 1.0 0.12 0.0342 1.0
0.10 0.1170 1.0 0.10 0.0220 1.0
0.08 0.0520 1.0 0.08 0.0135 1.0
0.06 0.0119 1.0 0.06 0.0042 1.0
0.04 0.0024 1.0 0.04 0.0013 1.0
0.02 0.0002 1.0 0.02 0.0001 1.0
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C SG_KO.TXT (ASCII File Name) C PSI_VO.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I) C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C Sg Ko C P psi Vo cp for P < PBP
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
0.40 0.0040 1.0 850.0 1.3901
0.38 0.0050 1.0 800.0 1.4468
0.36 0.0060 1.0 750.0 1.5035
0.34 0.0080 1.0 700.0 1.5602
0.32 0.0100 1.0 650.0 1.6169
0.30 0.0134 1.0 600.0 1.6736
0.28 0.0209 1.0 550.0 1.7303
0.26 0.0284 1.0 500.0 1.7870
0.24 0.0360 1.0 450.0 1.8437
0.22 0.0435 1.0 400.0 1.9004
0.20 0.0555 1.0 350.0 1.9571
0.18 0.0721 1.0 300.0 2.0138
0.16 0.0887 1.0 250.0 2.0705
0.14 0.1156 1.0 200.0 2.1272
0.12 0.1503 1.0 150.0 2.1980
0.10 0.1880 1.0 100.0 2.3080
0.08 0.2590 1.0 50.0 2.4654
0.06 0.3532 1.0 C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
0.04 0.5220 1.0
0.02 0.7600 1.0
0.00 1.0000 1.0
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

Harold L. Irby Page 41 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C PSI_VOB.TXT (ASCII File Name) C PSI_BO.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I) C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C P psi Vob cp for P > PBP C P psi Bo v/v for P < PBP
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
850.0 1.3901 850.0 1.1407
860.0 1.4041 800.0 1.1361
870.0 1.4181 750.0 1.1314
880.0 1.4321 700.0 1.1268
890.0 1.4461 650.0 1.1222
900.0 1.4601 600.0 1.1175
910.0 1.4741 550.0 1.1129
920.0 1.4881 500.0 1.1083
930.0 1.5020 450.0 1.1037
940.0 1.5160 400.0 1.0990
950.0 1.5300 350.0 1.0944
960.0 1.5440 300.0 1.0898
970.0 1.5580 250.0 1.0851
980.0 1.5720 200.0 1.0805
990.0 1.5860 150.0 1.0741
1000.0 1.6000 100.0 1.0640
1010.0 1.6140 50.0 1.0503
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C PSI_VG.TXT (ASCII File Name) C PSI_BOB.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I) C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C P psi Vg cp C P psi Bob v/v for P > PBP
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
850.0 0.01254 850.0 1.1407
800.0 0.01237 860.0 1.1394
750.0 0.01220 870.0 1.1381
700.0 0.01203 880.0 1.1368
650.0 0.01185 890.0 1.1355
600.0 0.01168 900.0 1.1342
550.0 0.01151 910.0 1.1329
500.0 0.01135 920.0 1.1316
450.0 0.01118 930.0 1.1303
400.0 0.01101 940.0 1.1277
350.0 0.01084 950.0 1.1264
300.0 0.01067 960.0 1.1251
250.0 0.01051 970.0 1.1238
200.0 0.01034 980.0 1.1225
150.0 0.01006 990.0 1.1212
100.0 0.00951 1000.0 1.1199
50.0 0.00869 1010.0 1.1186
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- 1020.0 1.1173
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

Harold L. Irby Page 42 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|---- C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C SW_KRO.TXT (ASCII File Name) C PSI_RS.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I) C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C Sw Kro=Ko/K C P psi Rs scf/b for P < PBP
C-------------------------------------- C--------------------------------------
0.00 1.040 1.0 850.0 247.6742
0.05 1.020 1.0 800.0 237.0292
0.10 0.955 1.0 750.0 226.2794
0.15 0.988 1.0 700.0 215.4247
0.20 0.900 1.0 650.0 204.4652
0.25 0.800 1.0 600.0 193.4008
0.30 0.700 1.0 550.0 182.2316
0.35 0.560 1.0 500.0 170.9575
0.40 0.400 1.0 450.0 159.5786
0.45 0.277 1.0 400.0 148.0948
0.50 0.200 1.0 350.0 136.5062
0.55 0.140 1.0 300.0 124.8127
0.60 0.100 1.0 250.0 113.0144
0.65 0.066 1.0 200.0 101.1112
0.70 0.044 1.0 150.0 88.5100
0.75 0.033 1.0 100.0 70.6600
0.80 0.025 1.0 50.0 46.8200
0.85 0.015 1.0 C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
0.90 0.011 1.0
0.95 0.005 1.0
0.99 0.001 1.0
1.00 0.000 1.0
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----
C SW_KRW.TXT (ASCII File Name)
C--------------------------------------
C X(I) Y(I) W(I)
C Sw Krw=Kw/K
C--------------------------------------
0.00 0.003 1.0
0.01 0.005 1.0
0.05 0.006 1.0
0.10 0.007 1.0
0.15 0.008 1.0
0.20 0.009 1.0
0.25 0.011 1.0
0.30 0.022 1.0
0.35 0.033 1.0
0.40 0.055 1.0
0.45 0.088 1.0
0.50 0.122 1.0
0.55 0.188 1.0
0.60 0.222 1.0
0.65 0.288 1.0
0.70 0.355 1.0
0.75 0.444 1.0
0.80 0.511 1.0
0.85 0.600 1.0
0.90 0.722 1.0
0.95 0.855 1.0
0.99 0.995 1.0
C---|----1----|----2----|----3----|----

Harold L. Irby Page 43 / 44 May 2000

 Material Balance / Forecast / History Match FORTRAN Program MATBAL.EXE

INDEX

Drake, 33 Schlithuis, 6, 7
Muskat, 8 Tracy, 9
Pirson, 3

Harold L. Irby Page 44 / 44 May 2000