Compound Pendulum Lab Report
Compound Pendulum Lab Report
Theory
T =2
I
Mgl
where I denotes the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the horizontal
axis through its center of suspension and lis the distance between the
center of suspension and C.G. of the pendulum.
According to the theorem of parallel axes, if I G is the moment of inertia of
the pendulum about an axis through C.G., then the moment of inertia I
about a parallel axis at a distance l from C.G. is given by
I=IG+MI2
=Mk2+MI2
where k is the radius of gyration of the pendulum about the axis through
C.G. Using Equation (2) in Equation (1), we get
T =2
M k 2 + M l2
Mgl
T =2
k 2+l2
gl
k2
+l
l
T =2
g
T =2
L
g
k2
L= ( )
l
+l
Therefore,
2 L
g=4
T2
Simplifying Equation
l 2+ k 2=0
l1+l2=L
and
l1l2=k2
If a graph is plotted with the time period as ordinate and the distance of the
point of suspension from C.G. as abscissa, it is expected to have the shape
shown in Figure, with two curves which are symmetrical about the C.G. of
the bar.
To find the length L of a simple pendulum with the same period, a horizontal
line ABCDE can be drawn which cuts the graph at points A, B, D and E, all
of which read the same time period. For A as the center of suspension, D is
the center of oscillation (D is at distance of l1+l2=L from the centre of
suspension A). Similarly, for B as the center of suspension, E is the center
of oscillation.
Procedure
1. We balanced the bar on a sharp wedge and marked the position of its
C.G. 2. We fixed the knife edges in
the outermost holes at either end of the bar pendulum. The knife edges
were horizontal and lied symmetrically with respect to centre of gravity of
the bar. 3. We checked with spirit level that
the glass plates were fixed on the suspension wall bracket were horizontal.
The support was rigid.
4. We suspended the pendulum vertically by resting the knife edge at end A
of the bar on the glass plate.
5. We adjusted the lower end of the bar
and put a reference mark on the wall behind the bar to denote its
equilibrium position.
6. We displaced the bar slightly to one side of the equilibrium
position and let it oscillate with the amplitude not exceeding 5 degrees. We
made sure that there was no air current in the vicinity of the pendulum.
7.
We used the stop watch to measure the time for 30 oscillations. The time
was measured after the pendulum had had a few oscillations and the
oscillations were become regular. 8. We
measured the distance l from C.G. to the knife edge.
9. We recorded the results in Table. Repeating
the measurement of the time for 30 oscillations, we took the mean.
10.
We suspended the pendulum on the knife edge of side B and repeated the
measurements in steps 6 to 9 as mentioned above.
11. We fixed the knife edges
successively in various holes on each side of C.G. and in each case,
measuring the time for 30 oscillations and the
Observations
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Acceleration due to gravity (g)
L1=(AD+BE)/2=61.2 cm
g= 9.68 m/sec2
L2=(AD+BE)/2= 62.3 cm
Hence, g= 9.7 m/sec2
Mean value of g = 9.69 m/sec2
k=0.278 m.
Made the following table for calculated values of I 2 and lT2 corresponding to
all the measurements recorded in Table.
1.4
1.2
1
0.92
0.8
Linear ()
0.6 0.59
Linear ()
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
S.No. l2(cm2) lt2(cm/s2)
1 2337.745 128.32
2 1879.245 109.65
3 1463.065 92.32
4 1100.58625 73.345
5 786.805 58.53
6 531.305 51.66
7 324.01 44.35
8 170.3 38.75
9 57.0625 34.7
Estimation of error
Maximum log error
Using Equation
L
g=4 2
T
2 ---------------(5)
g=g ( LL + 2 TT )
where L and T are the least counts of distance and period axes of the
graph between time period and distance from C.G.
Results
The acceleration due to gravity, g= 9.82 m/s2
Actual value = 9.8 m/s2
through it.
Ans. Because it moves as one rigid body and we take into account the
and flexible string from a fixed point about which the pendulum oscillates
Ans. The knife edges are kept symmetrical so that the centre of gravity does
not shift.
THE END
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