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Derivation Integral Equations

A two dimensional integral equation derivation is presented which can be simply extended into three dimensional

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Ratnakar Gadi
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76 views2 pages

Derivation Integral Equations

A two dimensional integral equation derivation is presented which can be simply extended into three dimensional

Uploaded by

Ratnakar Gadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivation of Integral equations

Ratnakar Gadi
March 9, 2017

The derivation for integral equation is revisited here briefly.For more,thorough understand-
ing,works of Lamb[1] and Kellogs[2] can be shed into light.
Consider a 3D simply connected region,u and w be two scalar fields which are second order
continuous,then the greens theorem states:
ZZZ ZZ
u w
(u2 w w2 u)d = [w +u ]dS (1)
S n n

where,n refers to the normal which is out of the (This causes a change in the sign).Now,replacing
u with the unknown potential(()) and w with the Greens function:
1
G(; x) = log | x| (2)
2
Now,let the field point,x where the greens function is logarithmically singular be a point in the
domain or on the boundary.The control domain is pictured in figure 1.The singular point is located
in the domain,and a circle is placed around the point.This circle is made to meet the outer domain
through two surfaces S1 and S2 .Now invoking the definitions for u,v and applying greens theorem
leads to: ZZZ ZZ
2 2 G
[ G G ]d = [ G]dS (3)
dS+S1 +S +S2 n n
Since,the unknown potential and the Greens function satisfy the Laplace equation,the left hand
side of the eq(3) is identically zero.The normal direction on S1 and S2 are opposite and provided
that they are quite close to each other,the difference of values of potential and Greens function,thus
the contributions of these surface are equal and opposite,thus canceling each other.Now,one will
be left with the exterior domain and the surface S .Now,substituting into the eq(3),we have:
ZZ ZZ
G G
[ G]dS + [ G]dS = 0 (4)
dS n n S n n

Now,let us consider the second term of the eq(4) separately.Since,this is circle,dS=rd.where r


refers to the radius of the circle. ZZ
G
[ G]rd (5)
S n n
Also,note that the radius of the circle is exactly in the opposite direction to the normal.Now,substituting
for G and setting the limit as radius tends to zero.So:
G 1
= (6)
n 2r
One needs to note that in this integral is the value on the circle and this whole integral resembles
the contribution of the singular point.Now substituting (6) in (5).The negative sign is due to the
opposite directions of normal and r.
ZZ
1 1
[ log r]rd (7)
S 2r 2 n

Now,as r 0,we get:


Z 2 Z 2
1
lim r 0( [ ]d r log rd (8)
0 2 0 2 n

1
Figure 1: Control domain

The second part of (8) goes to zero as r approaches zero,leaving:


ZZ
G
[ G]rd = (x) (9)
S n n

If the singular point is on the boundary,we only integrate it on the half circle,thus getting eq(10)
for singular point on the boundary.
ZZ
G (x)
[ G]rd = (10)
S n n 2

Now back substituting in eq(4) will yield (11).


ZZ
G 1
[ G]dS (x) = 0 (11)
dS n n 2

Now,by substituting all terms properly,our final integral equation for potential takes the form:
ZZ
(x) G(; x) ()
= [() G(; x)]dS (12)
2 dS n n

In the case of three dimensions,the Greens function changes,but the steps of the derivation will be
essentially same,except that instead of a circle,we have a sphere of radius .The Greens function
for the three dimensional case is just displayed here:
1
G(; x) = (13)
4| x|

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