Energy: Emrah Özahi, Hac Imurat Demir
Energy: Emrah Özahi, Hac Imurat Demir
Energy: Emrah Özahi, Hac Imurat Demir
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: An original model for thermodynamic analysis of a batch type uidized bed dryer is proposed herein
Received 9 March 2013 considering two separate systems comprised of drying air medium as a control volume and particles to
Received in revised form be dried as a control mass. By means of the proposed model, energetic and exergetic analyses of a drying
30 June 2013
column of a batch type uidized bed dryer are carried out as an original contribution to literature since
Accepted 1 July 2013
Available online xxx
there is no such like model in which the analyses are performed considering two separate systems. The
energetic efciencies evaluated by means of the proposed model using the data in literature are
compared with those in literature and a good conformity is satised with an acceptable error margin of
Keywords:
Fluidized bed dryer
9%. A new correlation is also developed with a mean deviation of 10% in order to evaluate the en-
Thermodynamic analysis ergetic efciency for not only corn drying process but also drying processes of other particles at inlet air
Energetic efciency temperature of 50 C. Effects of air mass ow rate, mass of particle and ambient temperature on ener-
Exergetic efciency getic and exergetic efciencies are analyzed and some concluding remarks are highlighted for further
Drying air studies.
Drying time 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0360-5442/$ e see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
2 E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8
mathematical model developed in their previous study. The Recently Aghbashlo et al. [11] reviewed the studies related to
agreement of model prediction and experimental data showed that exergy analysis in drying operations and identied some prospects
the model was fully predictable for drying of other materials in the for future researches. They noticed that exergy analysis had been
uidized bed with no restriction in the range of operational con- already applied for few number of drying systems.
ditions such as the air temperature and the relative humidity. As can be understood from the literature survey, there are some
Nazghelichi et al. [3] performed energy and exergy analyses of proposed models for thermodynamic analyses of drying processes.
uidized bed drying of carrot cubes. Their results showed that small However, in this paper, a new model is proposed for energetic and
particles, deep beds and high inlet air temperatures increased en- exergetic analyses of batch type uidized bed drying process
ergy utilization, energy utilization ratio, and exergy loss due to high considering two separate systems as a different methodology.
value of heat and mass transfer.
Diner [4] analyzed energetic, exergetic and environmental as- 2. Utilized model for thermodynamic analyses of batch type
pects of drying systems giving illustrative examples. Exergy was uidized bed dryer
found to be an appropriate technique in order to improve the goal
of more efcient energy-resource use and to be one of the most The most important component of a uidized bed dryer system
powerful tools in addressing and solving environmental problems is known as a drying column in which hydrodynamics and ther-
for design and analysis of drying systems. modynamics interactions take place. Hence the modeling of drying
Syahrul et al. [5e8] carried out a thermodynamic analysis of column in batch type uidized bed dryer which is represented in
uidized bed drying process in order to optimize process condi- Fig. 1 is the scope of this paper.
tions considering inlet air temperature, uidization velocity and For thermodynamic analysis of a batch type uidized bed dryer,
initial moisture content on energy and exergy efciencies for a new model is proposed as is seen in Fig. 1. The originality of the
different materials. They found a good agreement between the proposed model can be pronounced such that the process in the
experimental data and the model predictions. drying column is handled as two separate systems consisted of a
Diner and Sahin [9] presented a new model for thermody- control volume for the drying air stream and a control mass for the
namics analysis of a drying process considering mass, energy and particles to be dried. The mass balance and the energy-exergy an-
exergy balance equations. They derived exergy efciencies as a alyses are performed separately for both proposed systems.
function of heat and mass transfer parameters. They stated that the Therefore heat and mass transfers between these two systems can
presented model could be useful in order to optimize design of be well-understood analyzing them separately. Then unique ana-
drying systems and their components and to identify proper ap- lyses for both energetic and exergetic efciencies are carried out
plications and optimal congurations for drying systems. considering the whole drying column.
Diner [10] analyzed efciencies of energy and exergy of drying
systems in terms of performance evaluation. He stated that higher 2.1. Mass balance
air mass ow rate resulted in less energy and exergy efciencies as
the input energy/exergy of the system increased while the outlet The physical law concerning the conservation of mass says that
energy/exergy remained constant. Furthermore, it was seen that mass cannot be created or destroyed. This statement can be rep-
both energy and exergy efciencies decreased with increasing inlet resented mathematically considering all masses ow into and out
air temperature since the properties of other points were assumed of control volume and the net increase of mass within the control
unaltered. volume [12]. The general expression for mass balance can be
Moist air
(Air + water vapor)
CV1: control volume (open system) for drying air stream
FBD FBD
+
i State 1
1) Wet particle (particle + liquid water)
Drying air State 2
(Air + water vapor)
2) Dried particle (particle + liquid water)
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8 3
written as Rate of change in out for particles, dry air and the drying air stream to the particles and the second one is Q_ loss1 to
water vapor inside the atmospheric drying air as follows; the surrounding.
Mass balance for particles to be dried in the control mass:
Q_ loss1 Q_ dry m
_ a he m
_ a hi (4c)
Particle : mp1 mp2 mp (1a)
The specic enthalpy of water vapor inside the air stream can be
Mass balance for drying air stream in the control volume: approximated as the specic enthalpy of saturated vapor at the
Considering steady state single inlet and single exit ow; related temperature as follows;
Air : 0 m _ ai m
_ ae hi hai ui hvi yhai ui hgi@T (5a)
_ ai m_ ae m _a (1b)
m i
f
Pv Q_ loss Q_ loss1 Q_ loss2 yQ_ loss1 (7d)
(3c)
Pg@Tmix
The change in the total energy for the control mass of the par-
The energy transfer through the control volume is due to the ticles in the drying column is composed of the internal energy
enthalpy of drying air stream, h at the inlet and exit of the drying change of the particles and of the liquid water inside the particles as
column, heat loss from the drying column to the surrounding, Q_ loss is given in Eq. (8a);
and heat transfer from the air stream to the particles to be dried,
Q_ dry which also includes the evaporation heat transfer for the d mp u2 u1 mw2 ul2 mw1 ul1
Q_ dry (8a)
phase change of water inside the particles. Therefore the energy dt
balance for drying air stream is utilized in general form as;
The specic internal energies of the liquid water inside the par-
X X ticles can be approximated as those of saturated liquid water at the
dEcv
Q_ W
_ _ i hi
m _ e he
m (4a) related temperatures. Also the change in the specic internal energy
dt
of the particles can be dened by means of the specic heat, initial
For steady state single inlet and single exit drying air stream and and nal temperatures of the solid particles. Therefore the energy
considering that there is neither any kind of external work inter- equation for the particles to be dried is given below in the nal form;
acting through the control volume nor boundary work, Eq. (4a) is
reduced to; _ mp cav T2p T1p mw2 ul2 mw1 ul1
Q dry (8b)
Dt
Q_ m _ i hi
_ e he m (4b)
The magnitude of Q_ dry which has been previously derived for
The heat transfer for the control volume of the uidized bed the drying air stream in the control volume (Eq. (6b)) is also equal
dryer column occurs in two ways such that one of them is Q_ dry from to that in Eq. (8b).
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
4 E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8 5
100 energetic efciency of the drying column can be derived as the ratio
Experimental data in [7], Ti=50 C of the rate of the energy transferred to the particles to the rate of
90 the energy supplied by the drying air, which is given as the
Experimental data in [2], Ti= 50 C
following expression;
80 Present model using data in [2, 7]
1 TT0b mp cav T2p T1p mw2 ul2 mw1 ul1
h i (18b)
Dt m _ a ue hge ui hgi m
_ a cpav Te Ti m _ a T0 cpav ln TTe Rln PPe m
i i
_ a T0 ue sge ui sgi
h i
T2p
mp cav T2p T1p T0 cav ln T1p 3. Results and discussion
Dt
mw2 ul2 u0 T0 sl2 s0 In this paper, the proposed model is veried using some
Dt
experimental data available in the literature [2,7]. The energetic
mw1 ul1 u0 T0 sl1 s0 efciency, he with respect to the normalized moisture content,
MC(t)/MCi and the exergetic efciency, with respect to the
Dt ambient temperature, T0 and air mass ow rate, m _ a are analyzed
T0 _
1 Q loss m_ a cpav Ti Te m_ a ui hgi ue hge using the proposed model and the data available in the literature.
Tb
Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the energetic efciency, he evalu-
T P
m_ a T0 cpav ln e R ln e m _ a T0 ui sgi ue sge ated by means of the proposed model and the data in Refs. [2,7]
Ti Pi
0 1 using Eq. (17) with the experimental data available in the litera-
ture [2,7] for the corn drying at T 50 C. Also, the experimental
B C
T0 @ S_ gen1 S_ gen2 A data in Refs. [2,7] and the evaluated ones in terms of energetic ef-
|{z} ciency were plotted with respect to MC(t)/MCi. As can be noticed,
S_ gen;tot there is a good agreement between the data evaluated using the
(16) proposed model and the experimental data in Refs. [2,7] with a
common relationship. The variations of the energetic efciencies
are analyzed in terms of the normalized moisture content, MC(t)/
MCi which is the ratio of instantaneous to initial moisture contents.
2.4. Energetic efciency There is a good conformity between the evaluated data in Eq. (17)
and the experimental data in Refs. [2,7] with a mean deviation of
The performance of a uidized bed dryer is strongly dependent 9%. This conformity veries the accuracy and usefulness of the
on efcient use of energy which results in efciency analyses. En- proposed model. It can be seen from the gure that energetic ef-
ergetic efciency is based on the rst law of thermodynamics. The ciency of a uidized bed dryer decreases dramatically during
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
6 E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8
Table 1
The variations of evaluated exergetic efciency at different ambient temperatures using the proposed model and the experimental data in [2,7].
9 264 0.7 0.3 0.18 0.00278 333 328 0.015 0.027 3600 18.63
5 268 16.39
3 270 15.28
0 273 13.69
5 278 11.17
10 283 8.83
15 288 6.71
22 295 4.12
25 298 3.16
28 301 2.31
36 309 0.59
40 313 0.08
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8 7
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001
8 E. zahi, H. Demir / Energy xxx (2013) 1e8
e exit [7] Syahrul S, Hamdullahpur F, Dincer I. Thermal analysis in uidized bed drying
of moist particles. Appl Therm Eng 2002;22:1763e75.
g saturated vapor state
[8] Syahrul S, Dincer I, Hamdullahpur F. Thermodynamic modelling of uidized
i inlet bed drying of moist particles. Int J Therm Sci 2003;42:691e701.
l liquid [9] Dincer I, Sahin AZ. A new model for thermodynamic analysis of a drying
p particle process. Int J Heat Mass Tran 2004;47:645e52.
[10] Dincer I. Exergy as a potential tool for sustainable drying systems. Sustainable
v vapor Cities Soc 2011;1:91e6.
w water [11] Aghbashlo M, Mobli H, Raee S, Madadlou A. A review on exergy analysis of
0 dead state drying processes and systems. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2013;22:1e22.
[12] engel YA, Boles MA. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. 3rd ed. NJ:
1 initial state McGraw-Hill; 1998.
2 nal state
Emrah zahi was born in Gaziantep, Turkey in 1979. He graduated as a Mechanical
Engineer from University of Gaziantep in 2002. He has M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
References Mechanical Engineering from University of Gaziantep in 2006 and 2011, respectively.
He is now working as an Assistant Professor at University of Gaziantep, Department of
[1] Mujumdar AS. Handbook of industrial drying. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Mechanical Engineering. His main research interests are Flow Dynamics in Pipelines,
Dekker; 2006. Flow Dynamics in Packed and Fluidized Beds, Flow Measurement and Calibration,
[2] Hajidavalloo E, Hamdullahpur F. Thermal analysis of a uidized bed drying Uncertainty Analysis of Experimental Measurements, Unsteady-Pulsatile Flow Dy-
process for crops part II: experimental results and model verication. Int J namics, Flow Meters, Two-Phase Flows, Fluidized Bed Drying and Thermodynamic
Energy Res 2000;24:809e20. Analysis. He has some articles in these elds.
[3] Nazghelichi T, Kianmehr MH, Aghbashlo M. Thermodynamic analysis of
uidized bed drying of carrot cubes. Energy 2010;35:4679e84.
[4] Dincer I. On energetic, exergetic and environmental aspects of drying systems. Hacmurat Demir was born in Ig dr, Turkey in 1987. He graduated as a Mechanical
Int J Energy Res 2002;26:717e27. Engineer from University of Gaziantep in 2012. He is a M.Sc. student now in Me-
[5] Syahrul S, Hamdullahpur F, Dincer I. Energy analysis in uidized bed drying of chanical Engineering in University of Gaziantep. He is working as a Research Assistant
large wet particles. Int J Energy Res 2002;26:507e25. in Aksaray University, Department of Mechanical Engineering. His main research in-
[6] Syahrul S, Hamdullahpur F, Dincer I. Exergy analysis of uidized bed drying of terests are Flow Dynamics in Fluidized Beds, Flow Measurement and Calibration,
moist particles. Exergy Int J 2002;2:87e98. Uncertainty Analysis of Experimental Measurements and Fluidized Bed Drying.
Please cite this article in press as: zahi E, Demir H, A model for the thermodynamic analysis in a batch type uidized bed dryer, Energy (2013),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.001