Design of basic

basic double Gauss

Gauss lenses

Walter Mandler
P.O. Box 453,
P.O. Box 453, Midland, Ontario,
Ontario, Canada,
Canada, L4R
L4R 4L3
4L3
(The work
(The work has been sponsored by
by Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH)

Abstract
A procedure for the
procedure for the design of basic
design of basic Double Gauss lenses
Double Gauss lenses has
has been that uses
been developed that uses
fifth-order
fifth -order interpolating aberrations in
interpolating aberrations in the
theframework
frameworkofofa damped-
a damped-least-squares program.
least - squares program.
It proceeds
It proceeds from aa rough model directly
directly to
to aa solution.
solution.
Introduction

The
The Double Gauss lens
Double Gauss lens and
and its
its variations
variations constitute
constitute a a major
major percentage
percentage of of all
all photo-
photo-
graphic
graphic lenses
lenses currently inin production.
production. However, literature on
However, literature the synthesis
on the synthesis of these
these
lenses is very scarce.
lenses is scarce. In In patents and textbook
patents and textbook articles,
articles, many statements with
many isolated statements with
regard
regard to
to the
the relationship
relationship between
between selected
selected aberrations
aberrations and
and parameters
parameters areare given,
given, but
but II
have
have not been able toto find
find aa formalized
formalized procedure
procedure for
for the
the synthesis
synthesis ofof Double
Double Gauss
Gauss lenses.
lenses.
Matsui and Hirose
Matsui and Hirosel1 describe an approach
describe an approach to
to the
the problem
problem which remains incomplete
which remains incomplete because
because
the
the determination
determination of
of the
the starting
starting data
data for
for the
the inner
inner menisci
menisci is
is not
not given,
given, and
and repeated
repeated
adjustments
adjustments of
of the target values
the target values are
are required
required in
in order
order to
to obtain
obtain aa well
well corrected
corrected lens.
lens.
In the
In the following, a design
following, a design procedure
procedure for
for basic
basic Double
Double Gauss lenses will
Gauss lenses will be demonstrated
be demonstrated
that
that provides
provides the
the starting configurations for
for aa DLS
DLS optimization
optimization program
program and
and leads
leads direct-
direct-
ly
ly to
to aa well lens.
well corrected lens.
The
The basic
basic Double
Double Gauss lens consists
Gauss lens consists of two outer
of two lenses and
outer lenses two inner
and two inner cemented
cemented menisci,
menisci,
regard to
symmetrically arranged with regard to the
the diaphragm.
diaphragm. In a previous paper by by this
this author2,
author 2 ,
the
the special
special case
case of
of equal
equal refractive
refractive index
index for
for the
the main
main wavelength
wavelength of
of the
the two
two elements
elements ofof
the
the cemented
cementer menisci
menisci has treated.
has been treated. (That is,
(That is, both
both menisci are hyperchromatic lenses,
menisci are lenses,
as
as used
used by
by Rudolph the first
Rudolph in the first Planar
Planar lens3.)
lens 3 .) This
This presentation reports
reports the
the main
main results
results
of 22 and extends
extends to
to the
the case
case of
of index
index differences
differences atat the
the cemented
cementedsurfaces
surfacesofoftre
the menisci.
menisci.
Data
Calculation of Starting Data

Disregarding
Disregarding the
the cemented
cemented surfaces
surfaces in
in the
the menisci,
menisci, aa very
very rough
rough approximation ofof the
the
basic
basic Double Gauss lens
Double Gauss lens may
may be
be conceived
conceived as
as aa variation
variation of
of the
the triplet.
triplet. The lens
The centre lens
is seen
is seen to
to be
be replaced
replaced by 2 equal
by 2 equal concentric
concentric menisci,
menisci, arranged
arranged symmetrically with regard
regard
to
to the
the diaphragm and the
diaphragm and the outer lenses
lenses are
are seen
seen asas equal
equal plano-
plano-convex
convex lenses
lenses arranged
arranged
likewise. See Figure 1.
See Figure 1.

-Pi
1P1
-P
1P2 1D3

1.
Figure 1. Triplet Model

222 //SPIE
SPIEVol.
Vol. 237
2371980
1980International
InternationalLens
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 DESIGN
DESIGN OF BASIC DOUBLE
OF BASIC DOUBLE GAUSS
GAUSS LENSES
LENSES

With total
With totalpower
power(I),
0, component powers
component powers $1,
$ i , $2,
<J> 2 , $3
$ 3 and
and spaces
spaces t1
ti and
and t2
t 2 we
we have
have for
for aa
triplet in general
triplet general
(1)
(1) $ == (1)1+
(1) 01+ 4)$ 22 ++ $4) 33 == t11(,+
ti<j>i(cj> 2 $+ 34) 3)) --t23(C1)1+
t 2 4) 3 (4>i +$ 24>2)) ++ t tl 1t t2 2$4)11 $cf) 22 $4)33
For thick
For thick lenses
lenses t1
ti and
and t2
t 2 are
are the
the distances
distances between
between the
the appropriate
appropriate principal
principal points.
points.
If
If the the arrangement
arrangement is to the
is symmetrical to the stop,
stop, we obtain
obtain $1=
4>i = $3;
<j> 3 ; t1=
ti= t2.
t 2 . We
We stipulate
(f)$2=
2 = -$1
-4>i and
and obtain
f13
(2a)
(2a) <D =_ $1-t12$13
(I)
4)i-t 1 2 4) 1 3 2(b)
2(b) ff = ^-
f1 z -t1 2
From (2b)
From (2b) we
we can calculate f1fi if
if ff and
and t1
ti are
are given.
given. In the following for
In the for all
all calcula-
calcula-
tions, assume f=52
tions, we will assume ti - 16;
=52 and t1 16; that
that is,
is, we are looking at the most common
we are common standard
standard
focal
focal length for the
length for the 35
35 mm format
format and
and maintain
maintain an
an approximate
approximate overall
overall length
length of
of 36
36 mm.
mm.
For a given refractive
For refractive index
index nn the
the radii
radii of
of the
the first
first and
and last
last(plano-
(plano-convex) lenses
convex) lenses
are r1=
1*1= fi(n
fi(n-l).
-1). The relationship
The relationship between focal
focal length
length and
and construction
construction data
data for
for the
the
combination
combination of of 22 concentric menisci does
does not
not lead
lead itself
itself to
to aa simple
simple explicit
explicit expression
expression
for one
for one of thethe meniscus radii.
radii. Therefore, they are
Therefore, they are to be determined
determined byby successive
successive approx-
approx-
imations
imations for
for aa meniscus thickness of
meniscus thickness of 77 mm and
and aa distance
distance toto the
the stop
stop of
of 66 mm
mm to
to obtain
obtain aa
table
table of
of data for different refractive
data for refractive indices.
indices.
1.
Table 1. Data
Starting Data

No.
Surface No. 11 2
2 3
3 44 5

(9) (8)
(8) 7)
((7) (6)
(Space)
Thickness (Space) 4.0 0.2 7,,0
7.0 6.0
n == 1.57
n 1 . 57 Radius 26. 02
26.02 or, 18 .61
18.61 11.6
11.61 Stop
n =
n = 1.62
1 .62 Radius 28. 30
28.30 18 .99
18.99 11.9
11.99 Stop
n =
n = 1.66
1 .66 Radius 30. 13
30.13 co 19 .27
19.27 12.2
12.27 Stop
n == 1.69
n 1 .69 Radius 31. 50
31.50 19 .47
19.47 12.4
12.47 Stop
n =
n = 1.75
1 .75 Radius 33. 78
33.78 19 .79
19.79 12.7
12.79 Stop
n =
n = 1.79
1 .79 Radius 36. 06
36.06 co 20 .08
20.08 13.0
13.08 Stop

The rear half of the

The rear the system
system is
is symmetrical.
symmetrical. Therefore, radii 66 through
Therefore, radii through 99 have
have the
the
opposite
opposite signs
signs of radii 11 through 4.
of radii 4.
Table
Table 11 gives
gives us
us starting data
data for
for six
six lenses.
lenses. Later
Later we
we will starting data
will generate starting'data
for
for lenses
lenses consisting different refractive
consisting of elements with different refractive indices
indices by
by taking
taking the
the
appropriate
appropriate data lines of
data from different lines of Table
Table 1.
1. The
The refractive indices
indices in
in Table
Table 11 have
have
they correspond
been selected because they correspond to
to popular
popular glasses.
glasses. The
The ascending indices
indices for
for crown
crown
glasses
glasses have
have become in the
become available in the years indicated.
indicated.
2.
Table 2.

Refractive Index
Refractive Index 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.69 1. 75
1.75 1. 79
1.79

Glass
Glass Type PSK2 SSK4 SSKN5
SSKNS LaF23 LaFN2 LaF21
(SK16) (LAKN9)
Year
Year of Introduction 1890 1920 1930 1947 1952 1956

Monochromatic Fifth
Fifth-Order
-Order Interpolating
Interpolating Aberrations
Aberrations

Designating gg for
for Gaussian
Gaussian image
image size,
size, xx and
and yy for
for ray
ray co-
co-ordinates in the
ordinates in the entrance
entrance
pupil, we introduce
pupil, introduce normalized
normalized co-
co-ordinates:
ordinates:

x
H = P =
gmax xmax
max ymax

SPIE Vol.237
SPIE Vol. 237 1980
1980 International
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 MANDLER
MANDLER

In
In these
these co-ordinates,
co- ordinates, the
the aberrations
aberrations up
up to
to the
the fifth
fifth order
order for
for the
the meridional
meridional and
and main
main
sagittal
sagittal section are given in
section are in equations
equations 33 and
and 4.
4. The
The equations
equations are
are arranged to to give
give an
an
immediate
immediate impression of their effect
effect in
in terms
terms of
of basic
basic aberrations.
aberrations. The The ai
a. . k are
are aberra-
aberra-
tions p, q == 1
tions for H, p, 1 rather than
than aberration
aberration co-
co-efficients.
efficients. 1J

Spherical Asymmetry Focal Distor-

Distor-
Aberration Errors Surfaces tion
(3)
(3) Ay' -_ aoo3g
3 + aa1o2Hg2
102 Hq 2 + a 201 H 2 q
a2o1H2q + a300H3
Meridional
+ ^n,^
aoosg
s +
alo4Hg4 + a401H4g + asooH5 Section

+ 2 3 3q2
azo3H + a3ozH

zp
(4a) Ax !
Ax' =
= ao3op
3 +
az1oH
+ 5 + a
a
410 HII4p
4 pr
aosop 410

+ a H2p3 Main
2 3 0
Sagittal
Section
+
(4b) Ay 1
Ay' == Hp 22
aa12oHp + a
a30oH
300
H33

120 r
4
+ a140Ip
+ a
500 H5
3p2
+ a32oH

a
a
= a
1 3a120 = a102
030
030 003
003

a050 = a005 5a14 = a104

As all aberrations
As all aberrations of third and fifth
fifth order
order are
are represented in the meridional and
and main
sagittal
sagittal section,
section, full
full correction
correction over
over the
the entire
entire pupil
pupil within
within the
the validity the fifth
validity of the fifth
order can
order can be
be obtained without additional
additional information.
information.
However, the numerical
However, the accuracy of this
numerical accuracy this approximation isis insufficient for
for the
the lenses
lenses
under consideration
under consideration if the
the conventional
conventional calculations
calculations from
from two
two first order
order ray
ray traces
traces are
are
applied. ToTo extend the usefulness
extend the the fifth
usefulness of the fifth order
order model,
model, we
we will, in the
will, in the following,
following,
consider all
all a..
a. as
as derived from real
derived from real ray traces, hopefully
ray traces, hopefully toto combine
combine simple structure
structure
and acturacy. In 22 the
and adequate accuracy. the increase
increase inin accuracy
accuracy is
is discussed with regard
regard to
to spherical
spherical
aberration.
Considerations Regarding Correction
Considerations
constant glasses
With constant glasses the basic Double Gauss
Gauss lens
lens (see
(see Figure
Figure 2)
2) provides
provides 20
20 degrees
degrees of
of
freedom: 10 radii, 6
10 radii, 6 thicknesses, 44 air
air spaces.
spaces. This
This number is
is further
further reduced
reduced if
if we
we con-
con-
the following:
sider the following:
1. The
1. The thicknesses
thicknesses of
of the
the outer
outer lenses
lenses and
and the
the adjacent
adjacent spaces
spaces are
are to
to be to minimum
be fixed to minimum
values
values required for manufacture.
2.
2. If
If crown
crown and
and flint
flint component
component of
of the
the menisci
menisci have
have equal
equal refractive index for
refractive index for the
the main
main
wavelength, the
wavelength, the cemented surfaces
surfaces have no effect
effect on
on monochromatic correction.
correction.
3. In order
3. In order to
to strike
strike aa suitable compromise between
suitable compromise lens diameter
between lens diameter and vignetting,
vignetting, aa
maximum
maximum length
length between the outer
between the outer vertices
vertices must
must not
not be exceeded, limiting
be exceeded, limiting the
the range
range of
of
variation for thicknesses and
variation for and spaces.
spaces.
Thus
Thus we
we have
have 88 radii
radii with full range
with full range variation, 2 thicknesses
variation, 2 thicknesses and 22 air
air spaces
spaces with
restricted
restricted ranges
ranges of
of variation
variation available
available for
for correction
correction of
of 14
14 monochromatic aberrations.
monochromatic aberrations.

The
The main
main application
application of the Double
of the Gauss type
Double Gauss type is
is in "standard"
"standard" lenses
lenses for
for the
the 35
35 mm
format. Therefore,
Therefore, allall lenses
lenses considered in the
the following
following will have aa focal
focal length
length of
of
52
52 mm and
and aa speed
speed of
off f/2.
/2.

224 / /SP /E Vol.

SPIE Vol. 237
237 1980
1980 International
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(OSA)

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 DESIGN OF
DESIGN BASIC DOUBLE
OF BASIC LENSES
GAUSS LENSES
DOUBLE GAUSS

r H=1.0

-H = 0.5

titi ta
t3 ts
t5 t7t8t99
t7 -0.2 -0.1 0
12
t2 14
t4 t5
16 18 110
t10

2.
Figure 2. Double Gauss Lens
Double Gauss 3.
Figure 3. Astigmatic Field Curves
Field Curves

At full
At full aperture the lens
aperture the shall produce
lens shall produce an image of
an image of a distant object
a distant on the
object on film surface
the film surface
which
which is be plane and
is assumed to he normal to
and normal the optical
to the axis. The
optical axis. focus for
The best focus parts
all parts
for all
of the field
of the shall be
field shall the same
be the and its
same and variation with
its variation reducing aperture
with reducing shall be
aperture shall moderate.
be moderate.
The distortion shall
The enough as
shall be small enough to be
not to
as not when critical
obvious when
be obvious (e.g. --
objects (e.g.
critical objects
entire format)
architecture filling the entire
architecture photographed.
are photographed.
format) are
considerations show
theoretical considerations
Experience and theoretical that the
show that oblique spherical
the oblique aberrations
spherical aberrations
are the
are stubborn image
most stubborn
the most errors of the
image errors Double Gauss
the Double lens and
Gauss lens variations.
its variations.
and its (Our
(Our
aberrations a 2 so and
aberrations a230 203*) Furthermore,
and a203.) Furthermore, the sagittal
the sagittal
2* field surface
field surface represented by a210 a 2 io and a^io is
and a410 very
is very
difficult
difficult to change,as a forced
to change,as improvement is
forced improvement paid
is paid
for by
for by an aberration. The
zonal spherical aberration.
an increased zonal
residual field
effect of residual curvature can
field curvature moderated by
be moderated
can be by
introducing undercorrection that
introducing that moves the focus
best focus
the best
for the
for the on -axis image
on-axis the lens
to the
closer to
image closer the
lens than the
HH =0 plane. However,
focal plane.
Gaussian focal However, thethe extent this
of this
extent of
measure is limited by
is limited the ensuing
by the of focus
change of
ensuing change with
focus with
aperture. Correction of distortion is
Correction astheti-
always astheti-
is always
cally adequate if it does
cally adequate exceed 1.5%
does not exceed at the
1.5% at corner
the corner
frame. The
of the frame. best compromise for
The best astig-
residual astig-
for residual
matism isis obtained by minimizing the the area weighted
area weighted
astigmatism (see
absolute astigmatism Figure 3).
(see Figure 3). In 22 this
In has
this has
12 been
been shown to require
shown to correction of
require correction of astigmatism for
astigmatism for
0.9.
H == 0.9.
the SCIP
of the
Application of Programme
SCIP Programme
14 H =0.7
H SCIP is an optical
SCIP is for small
design package for
optical design computers
small computers
developed marketed by
and marketed
developed and by Scientific Calculations Inc.,
Calculations Inc.,
York. Its
New York.
Fairport, New section is
Its optimization section is aa
Damped Least Squares programme that operates on
that operates first
on first
and third order
and third order and aberrations. The
ray aberrations.
and selected real ray
theoretical background of the
theoretical ths DLS programme isis
described in
described k ' 5 and details
in 4,s concerning the
details concerning operation
the operation
are
are given in 6 . The
in 6. The real rays available for
real rays optimiza-
for optimiza-
16
16
HH =1
= 1 shown in
tion are shown
tion 4. Asterisks indicate
Figure 4.
in Figure that
indicate that
differential
differential rays along the marked rays
rays along are also
rays are being
also being
traced. The
The rays marked X will
rays marked used in
will be used in the follow-
the follow-
ing calculations.
ing Their respective co-ordinates
respective co- ordinates inin
the entrance pupil
the entrance pupil and the of the
the definitions of SCIP
the SCIP
aberrations for these
aberrations for are given
rays are
these rays Tables 33 and
in Tables
given in 4.
and 4.
4.
Figure 4.
Ray Distribution
Ray Distribution for SCIP

SP
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2371980
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 MANDLER

3.
Table 3.
#
# H p/v q/v v indicates the vignetting.
the vignetting. Different
1*
1* 00 0
0 0.7
3
3 0.7 0
0 0.7 values may be given
values for maximum
given for zonal
and zonal
maximum and
4*
4* 0.77
0. 0
0 00
5
5 0.7 0
0 0.7 image size
image and for
size and meridional
the respective meridional
for the
6*
6* 1.0 0
0 0
0
7
7 1.0 0
0 -0.7
-0.7 and main
and sections.
main sagittal sections.
88 1.0 00 0.7
14 0.7 1.0 0
0

4.
Table 4.

TAZ == Ay 1 !
Ay'1 COMAZ
COMAZ E= -gjjAy
Ay'1 1 l

AZZ
All E 0.5(y'3+
E y' 5)
0.5( y' 3 + )7'S) - y'
- y' 4 AEZ E= 0.5(y
0.5(y'7+ ! 6
y'e) -- yy'e
! 7 + )7'e)

TFCM =
= ^(y ! e) SZZ y'3)
0.5(y' 5 - y'3)
E- 0.5(y'5-

SFCM s lpfy ! e)
- -517(y'6) XZM E
E 4X'
Ax ! 14
llt

PACZ -=ll^ y' X )AX

= (Ay'1)Aa DISTM y' 6 -- g^
DISTM =E y'e
gmax
PLCM ^-(y T e) AX
-E 4T(y'6) AX

The monochromatic
The monochromatic aberrations
aberrations from the above
from the can be
table can
above table the
terms of the
be expressed in terms
aberrations a.
aberrations a..k
. up to
up the fifth
to the by inserting
order by
fifth order appropriate values
the appropriate
inserting the for H,
values for p, qq
H, p,
3. Choosing
Table 3.
to Table
and vv according to
and meridional vignetting
Choosing meridional vignetting factors 0.5 for H =
factors of 0.5 = 11 and
for HH =
0.7 for
0.7 obtain:
= 0.7 we obtain:

TAZ EE 0.354 ar
0.354 a003 + 0.177 ac
0.177 a0o5

0.5
COMAZ EE 0.5
COMAZ a102 0.25
a 102 + 0.25 a,
a104

AZZ
All E 0.226 a102
E 0.226 a:
a 102 + 0.072 a104 ++ 0.113 a,
0.113 a302

AEZ -
E 0.181
0.181 a102 0.03: a104 + 0.181 a302
a 102 + 0.032

TFCM E
E 201 +-H
aa201 a401
SFCM E
E 210 +-j-
aa210 a410
SZZ E 0.28
- 0.14
201 +-^ 0.14
aa201 0.058a
a401 + 0.181 a003 +0.058a005 + 0.09 a
0.09 a203

XZM - 0.5
E 0.5 -t- 0.25
210 +
aa210 a410 + a003 + 0.5
a005 + 0.5 0
a 230

DISTM -E aa 3 nn
0 0
-+<- a500

a.
All alb
All with the exception of a 320 are
of a320 represented. The
are represented. The missing aberration con-
is aa con-
aberration is
tribution to
tribution3 coma which
sagittal coma
to sagittal is not
which is available because
not available only Ax
because only not Ay'
and not
Ax'f and derived
Ay' derived
from rays
from rays 13, 14, 15
13, 14, and 16
15 and are being used
16 are programme.
the programme.
by the
used by In 2
In considerations
2 detailed considerations
are given for
are given for the
the choice
choice of aberrations, their
of aberrations, target values,
their target the use
values, the the "correct"
use of the and
"correct" and
"minimize" mode
"minimize" mode and the aberrations to
the aberrations
for the
the weights for minimized. The
be minimized.
to be set of
The following set
aberrations, targets and
aberrations, targets has been
weights has
and weights and used
derived and
been derived used for examples presented
all examples
for all
later.
later

5.
Table 5. Set Optimization
for Optimization.
Set of Aberrations for
Correct Target Minimize Target Weight

TAZ -0.025 COMAZ 0 2

2

AZZ
All 0
0 AEZ 0 1
1
TFCM -0.03 SZZ -0.025 1
1
SFCM -0.03 XZM 0 1
1
PACZ 00 DISTM 0 0.11
0.
PLCE 0
0 VL 36 0.02
GSHT -18.9

226
225 / /SPIE
SPIEVo/.
Vol. 237
2371980
1980International
InternationalLens DesignConference
LensDesign (OSA)
Conference (OSA)

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 DESIGN OF
DESIGN BASIC DOUBLE
OF BASIC LENSES
GAUSS LENSES
DOUBLE GAUSS

Lens 6666/11
Lens is the
6666/11 is corrected one
best corrected
the best monochromatically. However,
one monochromatically. the colours
However, the 3/4
at 3/4
colours at
field are fanning.
field are This occurs
fanning. This because there
occurs because was no
there was flint glass
no flint good chemical
with good
glass with chemical
stability available that
stability available the recommended
gave the
that gave Abbe-values
ratioofofAbbe
recommendedratio - values of 2/3.
approximately 2/3.
of approximately

In of different
effect of
the effect
In 22 the combinations of
different combinations refractive indices
of refractive indices (while maintaining zero
(while maintaining zero
difference at
difference at the surfaces) has
cemented surfaces)
the cemented been investigated.
has been The main
investigated. The conclusion is
main conclusion that
is that
lowering the
lowering the index of the
index of first lens
the first gives the
lens gives smallest decrease,
the smallest and raising
decrease, and it in
raising it the
in the
last lens,
last the biggest
lens, the improvement in
biggest improvement correction. The
overall correction.
in overall The respective 2444/5
examples 2444/5
respective examples
and are shown
4445/6 are
and 4445/6 in Figures
shown in 14 and
Figures 14 16. These
and 16. These findings are useful
findings are for reducing
useful for the
reducing the
cost of
cost materials while
of materials while maintaining improving image
or improving
maintaining or quality.
image quality.
Finally, we will
Finally, we will briefly the question
address the
briefly address concerning the
question concerning effects that
the effects introduc
the introduc-
that the
of differences
tion of
tion differences inin main
main refractive index at
refractive index the cemented
at the surfaces will
cemented surfaces When
produce. When
will produce.
doing so within
doing so within the group of
the group indices used,
of 66 indices so far
used, so no improvement
far no could be
improvement could obtained. On
be obtained. On
contrary, the
the contrary,
the the state of correction
state of particularly regarding
deteriorated, particularly
correction deteriorated, meridional
the meridional
regarding the
coma for larger
coma for whose variation
apertures whose
larger apertures across the
variation across field became
the field pronounced. As
more pronounced.
became more As
the set of
the set aberrations for
of aberrations optimization had
for optimization been the
had been same as
the same described, the
previously described,
as previously the
introduction
introduction ofof other additional aberrations,
/or additional
and/or
other and targets and
aberrations, targets weights more
and weights to
suited to
more suited
additional degrees
the additional
the degrees of freedom might
of freedom have lead
might have to aa more
lead to optimization. How
effective optimization.
more effective How-
ever, would have
this would
ever, this been outside
have been the scope
outside the of aa single
scope of design procedure
single design in its
procedure in narrowest
its narrowest
sense.
sense. Therefore, limitation to
the limitation
Therefore, the to only
only 6 refractive indices
6 refractive was given
indices was up in
given up order to
in order to
the results
try the
try results of smaller index
of smaller at the
differences at
index differences surfaces.
cemented surfaces.
the cemented

By choosing suitable
By choosing differences, the
small differences,
suitable small meridional coma
the meridional at half
coma at could be
-field could
half-field be
improved.
improved. Differences in
Differences the front
in the meniscus proved
front meniscus be the
to be
proved to most effective
the most ones.
effective ones. (It is
(It is
important to remember
important to all optimization
that all
remember that runs for
optimization runs these examples
for these from data
started from
examples started data
or interpolated
taken or
taken interpolated from Table 1,
from Table than from
rather than
1, rather lenses.)
corrected lenses.)
from corrected

Lens
Lens 33 5SF1 6 (Figure
5SF1 55 6 17) and
(Figure 17) Lens 33 5SF1
and Lens 1.72 66 (Figure
5SF1 1.72 18) are
(Figure 18) given as
are given examples.
as examples.
Lens
Lens 33 5SF1 1.72 66 is
5SF1 1.72 considered to
is considered be the
to be cost-performance
the cost -performance optimum resulting from
optimum resulting this
from this
study.
study. The corresponding
The corresponding data can be
data can found in
be found Table 77 and
in Table Table 8.
and Table 8.
7.
Table 7.
Table Lens Data
Lens Data
Surf.
Surf. #
It 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11
11

5 -SF1 556/5
44 5-SF1 6 /5

rr 33.54
33.54 95.63
95.63 19.93
19.93 85.84
85.84 13.54
13.54 Stop -16.10
Stop -16.10 -49.74
-49.74 -21.98
-21.98 185.72
185.72 -45.52
-45.52

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7.19
7.19 1.30
1.30 5.92
5.92 6.91
6.91 1.30
1.30 5.23
5.23 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.02
31.02

LaF 23
LaF 23 Air
Air LaF N2
LaF N2 SF 11
SF Air
Air Air
Air SF 13
SF 13 LaF N2
LaF N2 Air
Air LaF 21
LaF 21 Air
Air

QZ p(q)
0

Figure 17.
Figure 5 -1.72 55 6/5
Lens 44 5-1.72
17. Lens 6/5
Dist. -0.56% Sag.
Dist. -0.56% Sag. Coma 0.028
Coma 0.028

SP /EVol.
SPIE Vol237
237 1980
1980 International Conference (OSA)
Design Conference
International Lens Design 231
(OSA)// 231

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 MANDLER

_ -- 15,75 / i

-____- 10,5
i ---__--
Axi (Ayl) / A x (Ay I)
1

1,0 (105t
1 ,.
0,2
0,2 p(q) 0,2 p(q)
0,2
0

Figure 5.
Figure 5. Lens 4444/0 (e
Lens 4444/0 (e only)
only) Figure 6.
Figure 6. Lens 4444/5 (e
Lens 4444/5 (e only)
only)

21 21
-
:
15__-
75,.i
-Ji7 15,75
% >-T ^J^JSa.:

%
fr

--------10'5___----- 10,5
Ax' (Ayi)
0,05

Figure 7.
Figure 7. Lens 1111/6
Lens 1111/6 Figure 8.
Figure 8. Lens 2222/6
Lens 2222/6
Dist. 0.00% Sag.
Dist. 0.00% Sag. Coma
Coma -0.002
-0.002 Dist. 0.25% Sag.
Dist. 0.25% Sag. Coma
Coma -0.002
-0.002

,----, 21 i
i
,- 15,75

--_ 10,5

Ax'(Ay 1)
Ax' (Ay') Ax'(Ay')
x (A y i )
-- --
0,05A A
0,05

0,2 p(q)

Figure 9.
Figure 9. Lens Ll
Lens LI (Lee)
(Lee) Figure 10.
Figure 10. Lens L2 (Baker)
Lens L2 (Baker)
Dist. 0.42%
Dist. 0.42% Sag. Coma
Sag. Coma 0.145
0.145 Dist. -0.18%
Dist. -0.18% Sag. Coma -0.033
Sag. Coma -0.033

228 //SP
225 /E Vol
SPIE Vol. 237
2371980
1980International
InternationalLens
LensDesign
DesignConference
Conference (OSA)
(OSA)

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 DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF BASIC DOUBLE
DOUBLE GAUSS LENSES
LENSES

21 21

15.75^.
.

10.5

0.05
Ax'(Ay 1 ) / 0.05
0,051 exi (ay')

0.2 pp (q)
0.2

Figure 11.
Figure 11. Lens 3333/5
Lens 3333/5 Figure 12.
Figure 12. Lens 4444/5
Lens 4444/S
Dist. -0.13% Sag.
Dist. -0.13% Coma 0.011
Sag. Coma 0.011 Dist. -0.43% Sag.
Dist. -0.43% Coma 0.021
Sag. Coma 0.021

21
21 21
i` //

15,75 /.. i
10,5

/
% 0,05

0.2 p (q)
0.2
0

Figure 13. Lens

Figure 13. 5555/5
Lens 5555/5 Figure 14. Lens
Figure 14. 2444/5
Lens 2444/5
Dist. -0.52% Sag.
Dist. -0.52% Coma 0.027
Sag. Coma 0.027 Dist. -0.47% Sag.
Dist. -0.47% Coma 0.035
Sag. Coma 0.035

21
21
21 %

15,75
---- _ 15,75
. ; ---

10.5
10,5
i i )
-
exl (Ay
Ax' (ay')1 ) 0.05 ex i (AY')
0.05
0,054

0,2
0,2 p (q)
p(q)
0,2
0,2 pp (q)
0

Figure 15. Lens

Figure 15. 6666/11
Lens 6666/11 Figure 16.
Figure 16. Lens 4445/4
Lens 4445/4
Dist. -1.00%
Dist. -1.00% Sag. Coma 0.022
Sag. Coma 0.022 Dist. -0.30%
Dist. -0.30% Sag.
Sag. Coma
Coma 0.027
0.027

SPIE Vol 237 1980

SPIE Vol. 1980 International
International Lens
Lens Design Conference (OSA)// 229
Conference (OSA) 229

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 MANDLER

Table 6.
Table 6. Lens
Lens Data
Data

Surf.
Surf. #
# 11 22 33 4
4 55 6
6 77 8
8 9 10
10 11
11

1111/6
1111/6

rr 27.76
27.76 113.73
113.73 18. 50 -133.
18.50 06
-133.06 11.37
11.37 Stop -13.08
Stop -13.08 -189. 65
-189.65 -16.32
-16.32 96.98
96.98 -45.27
-45.27

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7. 40
7.40 1. 30
1.30 6.27
6.27 5.68
5.68 1.30
1.30 6. 36
6.36 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 32.09
32.09

PSK 22
PSK Air
Air PSK
PSK 22 LF 66
LF Air
Air Air
Air LF
LF 66 PSK 22
PSK Air
Air PSK 22
PSK Air
Air

2222/6
2222/6

r
r 28.21
28.21 101.31
101.31 19. 11
19.11 468. 51
468.51 11.91
11.91 Stop -13.52
Stop -13.52 -259. 82
-259.82 -17.76
-17.76 190.75
190.75 -35.26
-35.26

t
t 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7. 15
7.15 1. 30
1.30 5.90
5.90 6.59
6.59 1.30
1.30 5. 79
5.79 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 32.19
32.19

SSK
SSK 44 Air
Air SSK
SSK 44 F
F 22 Air
Air Air
Air FF 22 SSK
SSK 44 Air
Air SSK 44
SSK Air
Air

3333/5
3333/5

rr 29.56
29.56 95.08
95.08 19. 70
19.70 142. 19
142.19 12.51
12.51 Stop -14.17 -115.47
Stop -14.17 -115. 47 -19.01
-19.01 198.46
198.46 -35.74
-35.74

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7. 25
7.25 1. 30
1.30 5.82
5.82 6.82
6.82 1.30
1.30 5. 46
5.46 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.90
31.90

SSK N5
SSK N5 Air
Air SSK N5
SSK N5 SF 51
SF 51 Air
Air Air
Air SF 51
SF 51 SSK N5
SSK N5 Air
Air SSK N5
SSK N5 Air
Air
4444/5
4444/5

rr 30.92
30.92 92.93
92.93 20. 14
20.14 93. 66
93.66 13.00
13.00 Stop -14.81
Stop -14.81 -72. 11
-72.11 -20.12
-20.12 175.02
175.02 -37.76
-37.76
t
t 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7. 47
7.47 1. 30
1.30 5. 75
5.75 6.87
6.87 1.30
1.30 5. 28
5.28 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.32
31.32
LaF 23
LaF 23 LaF 23
LaF 23 SF
SF 88 SF 88
SF LaF 23
LaF 23 LaF 23
LaF 23
5555/5
5555/5

rr 33.73
33.73 91.73
91.73 20. 55
20.55 71. 16
71.16 13.75
13.75 Stop -15.95
Stop -15.95 -52. 21
-52.21 -21.52
-21.52 146.90
146.90 -44.07
-44.07

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7. 64
7.64 1. 30
1.30 5.80
5.80 6.92
6.92 1.30
1.30 5. 00
5.00 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 30.51
30.51

LaF N2
LaF N2 LaF N2
LaF N2 SF 13
SF 13 SF 13
SF 13 LaF N2
LaF N2 LaF N2
LaF N2

6666/11
6666/11

rr 36.03
36.03 90. 71
90.71 20. 07
20.07 29. 61
29.61 13.98
13.98 Stop -16.35
Stop -16.35 -36. 17
-36.17 -21.36
-21.36 156.69
156.69 -49.57
-49.57

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 6. 81
6.81 1. 30
1.30 7.02
7.02 6.84
6.84 1.30
1.30 5. 12
5.12 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.70
31.70

LaF 21
LaF 21 LaF 21
LaF 21 SF 11
SF 11 SF 11
SF 11 LaF 21
LaF 21 LaF 21
LaF 21

230 / /SPIE
SPIEVol.
Vol. 237
2371980
1980International
InternationalLens
LensDesign
DesignConference
Conference (OSA)
(OSA)

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 DESIGN OF
DESIGN BASIC DOUBLE
OF BASIC LENSES
GAUSS LENSES
DOUBLE GAUSS

Lens 6666/11
Lens is the
6666/11 is corrected one
best corrected
the best monochromatically. However,
one monochromatically. the colours
However, the 3/4
at 3/4
colours at
field are fanning.
field are This occurs
fanning. This because there
occurs because was no
there was flint glass
no flint good chemical
with good
glass with chemical
stability available that
stability available the recommended
gave the
that gave Abbe-values
ratioofofAbbe
recommendedratio - values of 2/3.
approximately 2/3.
of approximately

In of different
effect of
the effect
In 22 the combinations of
different combinations refractive indices
of refractive indices (while maintaining zero
(while maintaining zero
difference at
difference at the surfaces) has
cemented surfaces)
the cemented been investigated.
has been The main
investigated. The conclusion is
main conclusion that
is that
lowering the
lowering the index of the
index of first lens
the first gives the
lens gives smallest decrease,
the smallest and raising
decrease, and it in
raising it the
in the
last lens,
last the biggest
lens, the improvement in
biggest improvement correction. The
overall correction.
in overall The respective 2444/5
examples 2444/5
respective examples
and are shown
4445/6 are
and 4445/6 in Figures
shown in 14 and
Figures 14 16. These
and 16. These findings are useful
findings are for reducing
useful for the
reducing the
cost of
cost materials while
of materials while maintaining improving image
or improving
maintaining or quality.
image quality.
Finally, we will
Finally, we will briefly the question
address the
briefly address concerning the
question concerning effects that
the effects introduc
the introduc-
that the
of differences
tion of
tion differences inin main
main refractive index at
refractive index the cemented
at the surfaces will
cemented surfaces When
produce. When
will produce.
doing so within
doing so within the group of
the group indices used,
of 66 indices so far
used, so no improvement
far no could be
improvement could obtained. On
be obtained. On
contrary, the
the contrary,
the the state of correction
state of particularly regarding
deteriorated, particularly
correction deteriorated, meridional
the meridional
regarding the
coma for larger
coma for whose variation
apertures whose
larger apertures across the
variation across field became
the field pronounced. As
more pronounced.
became more As
the set of
the set aberrations for
of aberrations optimization had
for optimization been the
had been same as
the same described, the
previously described,
as previously the
introduction
introduction ofof other additional aberrations,
/or additional
and/or
other and targets and
aberrations, targets weights more
and weights to
suited to
more suited
additional degrees
the additional
the degrees of freedom might
of freedom have lead
might have to aa more
lead to optimization. How
effective optimization.
more effective How-
ever, would have
this would
ever, this been outside
have been the scope
outside the of aa single
scope of design procedure
single design in its
procedure in narrowest
its narrowest
sense.
sense. Therefore, limitation to
the limitation
Therefore, the to only
only 6 refractive indices
6 refractive was given
indices was up in
given up order to
in order to
the results
try the
try results of smaller index
of smaller at the
differences at
index differences surfaces.
cemented surfaces.
the cemented

By choosing suitable
By choosing differences, the
small differences,
suitable small meridional coma
the meridional at half
coma at could be
-field could
half-field be
improved.
improved. Differences in
Differences the front
in the meniscus proved
front meniscus be the
to be
proved to most effective
the most ones.
effective ones. (It is
(It is
important to remember
important to all optimization
that all
remember that runs for
optimization runs these examples
for these from data
started from
examples started data
or interpolated
taken or
taken interpolated from Table 1,
from Table than from
rather than
1, rather lenses.)
corrected lenses.)
from corrected

Lens
Lens 33 5SF1 6 (Figure
5SF1 55 6 17) and
(Figure 17) Lens 33 5SF1
and Lens 1.72 66 (Figure
5SF1 1.72 18) are
(Figure 18) given as
are given examples.
as examples.
Lens
Lens 33 5SF1 1.72 66 is
5SF1 1.72 considered to
is considered be the
to be cost-performance
the cost -performance optimum resulting from
optimum resulting this
from this
study.
study. The corresponding
The corresponding data can be
data can found in
be found Table 77 and
in Table Table 8.
and Table 8.
7.
Table 7.
Table Lens Data
Lens Data
Surf.
Surf. #
It 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11
11

5 -SF1 556/5
44 5-SF1 6 /5

rr 33.54
33.54 95.63
95.63 19.93
19.93 85.84
85.84 13.54
13.54 Stop -16.10
Stop -16.10 -49.74
-49.74 -21.98
-21.98 185.72
185.72 -45.52
-45.52

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7.19
7.19 1.30
1.30 5.92
5.92 6.91
6.91 1.30
1.30 5.23
5.23 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.02
31.02

LaF 23
LaF 23 Air
Air LaF N2
LaF N2 SF 11
SF Air
Air Air
Air SF 13
SF 13 LaF N2
LaF N2 Air
Air LaF 21
LaF 21 Air
Air

QZ p(q)
0

Figure 17.
Figure 5 -1.72 55 6/5
Lens 44 5-1.72
17. Lens 6/5
Dist. -0.56% Sag.
Dist. -0.56% Sag. Coma 0.028
Coma 0.028

SP /EVol.
SPIE Vol237
237 1980
1980 International Conference (OSA)
Design Conference
International Lens Design 231
(OSA)// 231

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 MANDLER

Table
Table 8. Lens Data
Lens Data
Surf.
Surf. ##11 23
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11
11

44 55-SF1 1.72 66 /5
-SF1 1.72 /5
rr 33.10
33.10 94.15
94.15 20.71
20.71 92.11
92.11 13.52
13.52 Stop
Stop -15.92
-15.92 -60.22
-60.22 -21.82
-21.82 203.62
203.62 -43.85
-43.85

tt 4.00
4.00 0.20
0.20 7.23
7.23 1.30
1.30 5.91
5.91 6.89
6.89 1.30
1.30 5.23
5.23 0.20
0.20 4.00
4.00 31.04
31.04

LaF 23
LaF 23 Air
Air LaF N2
LaF N2 SF 11
SF Air
Air Air
Air SF 11
SF LaF N3
LaF N3 Air
Air LaF 21
LaF 21 Air
Air

i
21 /
i
- ---_ 15,75 //
i /
--
--
i

Ax1(y)

Q2 p(q)

Figure 18.
Figure 18. Lens
Lens 44 5-1.72
5 -1.72 1.72 6/5
1.72 6/5
Dist. -0.50%
Dist. -0.50% Sag.
Sag. Coma
Coma 0.0028
0.0028

Conclusion
Conclusion
For smaller
For smaller optimization
optimization programmes, the use
programmes, the of sets
use of sets of
of aberrations
aberrations closely
closely related
related to
to
image
image error
error theory can significantly
theory cah significantly increase
increase the
the effectiveness.
effectiveness.
References
References
1.
1. Y.
Y. Matsui,
Matsui, H.
H. Hirose,
Hirose, Some
Some Experiments
Experiments on on Automatic
Automatic Optical
Optical Design,
Design, Japan
Japan J.J. Applied
Applied
Phys.
Phys. 44 Suppl.
Suppl. 11 (1965)
(1965) p.p. 86
86-92.
-92.
2.
2. W.
W. Handler, liber Die
Mandler, Ober Die Berechnung
Berechnung Einfacher
Einfacher Gauss-
Gauss-Objektive, "Optik",
Objektive, "Optik ", Vol.
Vol. 55,
55, 1980
1980
p. 119
p. 119-140
-140 and 219 - 240.(Thesis
and 219- 240.(Thesis Justus-Liebig-Universitat
Justus - Liebig- UniversittGiefSen
Gieen1979, Fachbereich Physik)
1979,Fachbereich Physik)
3. DRP
3. DRP 92313, 1895, Astigmatisch,
92313, 1895, sphaerisch und
Astigmatisch, sphaerisch chromatisch korrigiertes
und chromatisch korrigiertes Objektiv.
Objektiv.
Inv. P.
Inv. Rudolph, assigned
P. Rudolph, assigned to to Fa.
Fa. Carl
Carl Zeiss.
Zeiss .
4. G.H.
4. G.H. Spencer,
Spencer, AA Flexible
Flexible Automatic Lens Correction
Automatic Lens Correction Procedure,
Procedure, Appl.
Appl. Optics,
Optics, Vol.
Vol. 22
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232 / /SPIE
SPIEVol.
Vol. 237
2371980
1980International
InternationalLens
LensDesign
DesignConference
Conference (OSA)
fOSA)

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