Prof.

Rana Hassan Tariq

CHAPTER:05
1. Voltage inside a discharge tube which is very necessary for production of cathode rays is:
(a) 5001000 volts (b) 500800 volts
(c) 500010000 volts (d) 50002000 volts
2. Pressure of residual gas in the discharge tube is:
(a) 1000 torr (b) 0.001 torr
(c) 0.01 torr (d) 0.0001 torr
3. Cathode rays can cause a shadow of object which is opaque because:
(a) they are rays (b) possess momentum
(c) negatively charged (d) move in straight line
4. Cathode rays can cause a type of chemical reaction:
(a) Neutralization (b) Oxidation
(c) Reduction (d) Decomposition
5. e/m of cathode rays shows that they are:
(a) Electrons (b) Protons
(c) Neutrons (d) None of these
6. Who studied the deflection of cathode rays in magnetic field?
(a) J.J. Thomson (b) J. Perrin
(c) William Crooks (d) E. Goldstein
7. When Al2O3 (alumina) is placed in path of cathode rays, it glows:
(a) Yellow (b) Violet
(c) Red (d) Orange
8. When Tin stone (SnO2) is placed in their path, it glows.
(a) Yellow (b) Violet
(c) Red (d) Orange
9. Cathode rays can drive a paddle wheel placed in their path. It shows that they possess:
(a) Charge (b) Velocity only
(c) Mass only (d) Momentum
10. Gases present in discharge tube can conduct electricity at:
(a) High pressure (b) Low pressure
(c) Normal pressure (d) Atmospheric pressure
11. e/m ratio of canal rays produced by which gas has a maximum value:
(a) Hydrogen (b) Helium
(c) Nitrogen (d) Oxygen
12. A proton is identical with:
(a) Alpha particle (b) Beta particle
(c) Ionized hydrogen atom (d) None of these
13. Origin of positive rays is from:
(a) Anode (b) Cathode
(c) Residual gas (d) Glass of discharge tube
14. Positive rays were discovered by:
(a) J. Perrin (b) E. Goldstein
(c) William Crooks (d) J.J. Thomson
15. e/m of Hydrogen gas is how much times less than that of electrons:
(a) 1.836 (b) 18.36
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

(c) 183.6 (d) 1836

16. Neutrons were discovered through artificial radioactivity by:
(a) J.J. Thomson (b) Rutherford
(c) Chadwick (d) E. Goldstein
17. During artificial radioactivity -particle are bombarded on Beryllium nucleus to obtain:
(a) 12 6C
(b) 13 6C
14
(c) 6 C (d) None of these
18. Neutron can decompose to give:
(a) Neutrino (b) Positron
(c) Hyperon (d) Anti positron
19. In a nuclear reaction 4Be + 2He 12
9 4
6C+?
(a) Positron (b) Electron
(c) Neutron (d) Neutrino
20. A fast moving neutron has an energy of:
(a) 1 ev (b) 1.2 ev
(c) 1 Mev (d) 1.2 Mev
14 1 11
21. 7 N + 0n 5 B + ? What is the other product of this reaction:
(a) -particle (b) -particle
(c) -rays (d) x-rays
22. -particles are nothing but:
(a) Electrons (b) Protons
(c) Helium nuclei (d) None of these
66 66
23. 29Cu 30Zn + ? give the name of other product:
(a) -rays (b) -rays
(c) -rays (d) None of these
24. Millikans oil drop experiment measures:
(a) e/m of e (b) Charge of electron
(c) Mass of e (d) None of these
25. Charge on one kilogram of electron is:
(a) 1.602 1019 C (b) 1.602 1019 C
(c) 1.7588 1011 C (d) 1.7588 1011 C
26. Mass of an electron is:
(a) 1.602 1019 kg (b) 9.1095 1031 kg
(c) 1.7588 1011 kg (d) 6.626 1034 kg
27. During Millikans oil drop method the velocity of uncharged particle (V1) depends upon:
(a) Strength of electric field (b) Strength of magnetic
field
(c) Weight of droplet (d) None of these
28. Rutherford experiment of -particle scattering showed for the first time that atoms contain:
(a) Electron (b) Proton
(c) Neutron (d) Nucleus
29. Who predicted that some neutral particle having a mass equal to that of proton is also
present in atom:
(a) Planck (b) Bohr
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

(c) Rutherford (d) Stoney

30. Value of Plancks constant is:
(a) 6.02 1019 Js (b) 1.7588 1011 Js

(c) 9.1095 10 31 Js (d) 6.626 1034 Js
31. Packet of energy or quantum related to light is:
(a) Quanta (b) Positron
(c) Proton (d) Photon
32. Which of the following is not unit of wavelength:
(a) km1 (b)
(c) mm (d) pm
33. Number of waves passing through a point per second is called:
(a) Wavelength (b) Frequency
(c) Wave number (d) Energy
34. Plancks equation is:
(a) E = mc2 (b) E = h
(c) E = h (d) None of these
35. Vaccum permitivity has a value of:
(a) 6.626 1034 C2 J1 m1 (b) 8.84 1012 C2 J1 m1
(c) 9.1095 1031 C2 J1 (d) 1.622 1019 C2 J1 m1
m 1
36. Radius of 1st orbit of Hydrogen is:
(a) 0.529 oA (b) 2.11 oA
(c) 4.75 oA (d) 8.4 oA
37. Bohrs theory is not applicable to a species:
(a) H (b) H+
(c) Li+2 (d) He+
38. Splitting of spectral lines when they are subjected to strong magnetic field is called:
(a) Stark effect (b) Compton effect
(c) Zeeman effect (d) Photo electric effect
39. At infinite distance from nucleus, potential energy of electron is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) Infinity
40. Ionization energy for Hydrogen atom can be calculated by a relation:
(a) E2 E1 (b) E1 E
(c) E E1 (d) E E2
41. Bohrs model is not be able to explain:
(a) Zeeman effect (b) Stark effect
(c) Origin of fine spectrum (d) All of these
42. Energy of electron in first orbit of Hydrogen is:
(a) 0 KJ mol1 (b) 1 KJ mol1
(c) 1 KJ mol1 (d) 1313.31 KJ mol1
43. Value of Rydberg constant is:
(a) 1.57 107 m1 (b) 1.9678 107 m1
(c) 1.6789 m1 (d) 1.09678 107 m1
44. Correct order of difference between two adjacent radii according to Bohrs equation is:
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

(a) r2 r1 > r3 r2 > r4 r3 >

(b) r1 r2 > r2 r3 > r3 r4 >
(c) r2 r1 = r2 r3 > r3 r4 = r4 r5
(d) r2 r1 < r3 r2 < r4 r3 <
45. To calculate wave number of a photon by Bohrs equation, a constant is used:
(a) Vacuum permitivity (b) Plancks constant
(c) Rydbergs constant (d) General gas constant
46. Visible light has a range of wavelength:
(a) 100 500 nm (b) 400 750 nm
(c) 800 1200 nm (d) 1000 1500 nm
47. Correct order of frequency is:
(a) Microwave > infrared > visible > ultraviolet
(b) Ultraviolet > visible > infrared > microwave
(c) Visible > Ultraviolet > microwave > infrared
(d) Microwave > visible > infrared > ultraviolet
48. Line spectrum obtained by sodium atom is in visible range of colour:
(a) Orange (b) Yellow
(c) Red (d) Green
49. Visual display of dispersion of white light is called:
(a) Atomic spectrum (b) Emission spectrum
(c) Absorption spectrum (d) Spectrum
50. Which of the following energy level allows Hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not emit
a photon:
(a) K (b) L
(c) M (d) N
51. Lyman series is present in a region:
(a) Microwave (b) Ultraviolet
(c) Visible (d) Infrared
52. Line spectrum formed when electron jumps from any higher orbit to L.Shell is:
(a) Balmer series (b) Lyman series
(c) Brackett series (d) Pfund series
53. Visible spectral series of Hydrogen is called:
(a) Lyman series (b) Paschen series
(c) Pfund series (d) Balmer series
54. Spectrum of light emitted by excited Hydrogen is called:
(a) Continuous spectrum (b) Emission spectrum
(c) Absorption spectrum (d) None of these
55. Limiting line of Balmer series lies in a region:
(a) IR (b) Visible
(c) UV (d) x-rays
56. Atomic numbers of rare earth elements have been determined by:
(a) Hunds rule (b) Aufbaus principle
(c) Moseleys law (d) Boyles law
57. Frequency of emitted x-rays depends upon:
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

(a) Atomic mass of element (b) Atomic number of

target metal
(c) Nature of gas (d) Cathode rays
h
58. The equation = was given by:
mv
(a) Planck (b) Heisenberg
(c) Schrodinger (d) de Broglie
59. According to de Broglies equation, wavelength of a body is inversely proportional to:
(a) Mass only (b) Velocity
(c) Momentum (d) None of these
60. When electron moves with a velocity of 2.18 106 ms1 and its wavelength is 0.33 nm. It is
comparable to:
(a) -rays (b) -rays
(c) Positive rays (d) x-rays
61. Uncertainty principle was given by:
(a) Heisenberg (b) Schrodinger
(c) de Brogle (d) Dirac
62. Concept of elliptical orbits was given by:
(a) Bohr (b) Sommerfeld
(c) Schrodinger (d) Dirac
63. Probability of finding the electron around Hydrogen atom is maximum at a distance of:
(a) 0.53 nm (b) 0.0529 nm
(c) 0.053 nm (d) 0.054 nm
64. Region around the nucleus, where the probability of finding electron is maximum:
(a) Shell (b) Orbit
(c) Energy level (d) Orbital
65. d-sub shell consists of orbitals:
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
66. When 3d orbital is complete the entering electron goes to:
(a) 4 s (b) 4 p
(c) 4 d (d) 4 f
67. Two electrons at maximum can accommodate in K-shell. They differ in which quantum
number:
(a) n (b)
(c) m (d) s
68. Which quantum number has +1/2 and 1/2 value:
(a) (b) n
(c) s (d) m
69. Nitrogen atom has three unpaired electrons in outer most shells according to:
(a) Aufbaus rule (b) Hunds rule
(c) Paulis rule (d) None of these
70. Which energy level is filled first:
(a) 4 s (b) 2 p
(c) 3 d (d) 4 f
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

71. In an atom, no two electrons have same set of quantum numbers. It is called:
(a) Paulis Exclusion (b) Hunds rule
principle
(c) Aufbau rule (d) (n + ) rule
72. Maximum electrons which can accommodate in d-sub shell is:
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 10 (d) 14
73. Shape of orbital is determined by:
(a) m (b) s
(c) n (d)
74. A quantum number which is not obtained by solving Schrodinger equation is:
(a) n (b)
(c) m (d) s
75. Sub shell which contain only one orbital is:
(a) f (b) d
(c) p (d) s
76. Magnetic quantum number explains:
(a) Shape (b) Orientation
(c) Size (d) Spin
77. Number of orbitals in a sub shell is calculated by:
(a) (3 + 2) (b) (2 + 1)
(c) 2(2 + 1) (d) (4 + 2)
78. Number of electrons in a sub shell is given by:
(a) (3 + 2) (b) (2 + 1)
(c) 2(2 + 1) (d) (4 + 2)
79. After complete filling of 4f, which orbital is filled:
(a) 5 p (b) 5 d
(c) 5 s (d) 5 f
80. The d-orbital which has only two lobes:
(a) dxy (b) dz2
(c) d x y
2 2 (d) dyz
81. An electron has n = 3, = 2 will be in orbital:
(a) 3 p (b) 3 d
(c) 3 s (d) 3 f
82. Electrons in degenerate orbitals are filled by:
(a) Hunds rule (b) Paulis rule
(c) (n + ) rule (d) None of these
83. Orbital with lowest energy is:
(a) 3 d (b) 4 s
(c) 3 p (d) 4 f
84. 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p is electronic configuration of chlorine. No. of unpaired electrons in
2 2 6 2 5

valence shell are:

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

ANSWERS

1. c 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. a
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. b
11. a 12. c 13. c 14. b 15. d
16. c 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. d
21. a 22. c 23. b 24. b 25. d
26. b 27. c 28. d 29. c 30. d
31. d 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. b
36. a 37. b 38. c 39. c 40. c
41. d 42. d 43. d 44. d 45. c
46. b 47. b 48. b 49. d 50. a
51. b 52. a 53. d 54. b 55. a
56. c 57. b 58. d 59. c 60. d
61. a 62. b 63. b 64. d 65. a
66. b 67. d 68. c 69. b 70. b
71. a 72. c 73. d 74. d 75. d
76. b 77. b 78. c 79. b 80. b
81. b 82. a 83. c 84. a
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

SHORT ANSWERS TO EXERCISE

Q4a. Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get cathode
rays?
Ans. At normal pressure, the gas molecules are congested in discharge tube. Pressure is reduced
to decrease number of gas molecules so that hindrance in the way of electrons of cathode
rays become minimized. At a pressure of 0.01 torr, the molecules are very isolated and apart
from each other. This creates a conducting medium for the passage of cathode rays.
Q4b. Which ever gas is used in discharge tube, the nature of cathode rays remains same.
Why?
Ans. As cathode rays are made up of electrons which are fundamental particles of atoms of every
element. Therefore the production of cathode rays results always in production of electrons
with same e/m value.
Hence, nature of cathode rays remain the same, which ever gas is used.
Q4c. Why e/m of cathode rays is equal to that of electron?
Ans. Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897, by a series of experiments determined e/m of particles of cathode
rays. It was found to be
1
1.7588 10 C kg . This value was exactly same as that of e/m of electron. So it was
11

concluded that cathode rays are stream of negatively charged particles called electrons.
Q4d. How bending of cathode rays in electric and magnetic field shows their negative
nature?
Ans. In the absence of any electric or magnetic field, cathode rays move in straight line
perpendicular to the surface of cathode.
In 1895, J. Perrin showed that when cathode rays are passed between poles of a magnet, the
path of cathode rays is changed/deflected which showed that they have charge.
In 1897, Sir J.J. Thomson established their electric charge by the application of electric field.
The cathode ray deflected towards positive plate showing their negative nature.
Q4e. Why positive rays are called canal rays?
Ans. E. Goldstein discovered positive rays by using a perforated cathode in discharge tube. He
observed that not only cathode rays are formed in discharge tube but some rays after
passing through the perforated cathode produce a glow on the wall opposite to anode. Since
the rays pass through holes or canals of perforated cathode, they are called canal rays.
Q4f. e/m value of positive rays for different gases are different but e/m value of cathode
rays is always same. Justify it.
Ans. As positive rays are formed by ionization of gas molecules inside the discharge tube, every
gas has different nature of positive ion produced. Therefore e/m of positive rays depends
upon nature of gas. Lighter the gas, greater the value of e/m and vice versa.
Whereas cathode rays are only electrons whose nature remains same whichever gas is used
in discharge tube. So e/m value of cathode rays always remains same. No matter which gas
is used.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

Q4g. e/m of hydrogen gas positive rays is 1836 times smaller than that of cathode rays.
Justify it.
Ans. An atom of hydrogen consists of a proton and an electron.
When hydrogen gas is taken in the discharge tube, the positive ray particles are just protons.
On the other hand cathode ray particles are electrons. Since, a proton is 1836 times heavier
than an electron, therefore e/m of hydrogen gas positive rays is 1836 times lesser than that
of cathode rays.
Q5c. Calculate the mass of an electron by the help of e/m and charge value.
Ans. Given data:
e/m of electron = 1.7588 1011 C kg1
charge of electron = 1.6022 1019 C
Requirement:
Mass of electron = ?
Solution:
charge of electron
e/m =
mass of electron
charge of electron
mass of electron =
e/m value
1.6022 1019 C
= 1
9.1095 1031 kg
1.7588 10 C kg
11

Mass of electron = 9.1095 1031 kg

Q7a. Which postulate of Bohrs model tells us that orbits are stationary and quantitized?
Ans. 1st Postulate of Bohrs Model:
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in one of the circular orbits. Each orbit has a fixed energy &
a quantum number is assigned to it.
So, 1st postulate tells us that an orbit is stationary. By putting the value of n = 1, 2, 3, in
Bohrs equation for radius and energy, one can find the radius and energy corresponding to
that orbit in which an electron is revolving. In other words, we can say that orbits are
quantized.
Q7c. How does Bohrs equation tell you that radius?
(a) is directly proportional to the square of the number of orbit.
Ans. According to Bohrs equation
o n 2 h 2
rn =
mZe2
where o, h2, , m, e2 are constant values.
By putting the values of these constants and solving Bohrs equation we obtain
n2 o
rn 0.529 A
Z
This equation simply relates radius of an orbit with its principle quantum number as
rn n2
So, we can say that radius is directly proportional to square of number of orbit (n).
Q7c. (ii) How does Bohrs equation tell that radius is inversely proportional to the number
of protons in the nucleus?
Ans. According to Bohrs equation:
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

o n 2 h 2
rn =
mZe2
where o, h2, , m, e2 are constants.
By putting their values in equation, we get
n2 o
rn 0.529 A
Z
1
rn
Z
[Z is the number of proton in nucleus]
We can conclude from the above relation that greater the number of protons in nucleus (Z),
smaller will be the radius and vice versa.
Q7d. How do you come to know that velocities of electrons in higher orbits are less than
those in lower orbits of Hydrogen atom?
Ans. According to Bohrs equation, a moving electron in an orbit faces two equal but opposite
forces i.e., a centripetal force and a centrifugal force. By equating these forces we get
Ze 2 mv 2
=
4o r 2 r
1 4o mv2
=
r Ze2
Ze 2
so r =
4o mv 2
Here Z, e2, , o, m are constants for hydrogen, so
1
r
v2
This equation tells that velocities of electron in lower orbits are faster and vice versa.
Because kinetic energy increases.
Q7e. Justify that the distance gaps between orbits go on increasing from lower to higher
orbits.
o n 2 h 2
Ans. Bohrs equation for radius rn =
mZe2
After solving the values of constants
n2
Bohrs equation for rn = 0.529
Z
To prove the asked statement, we can apply this equation on Hydrogen atom.
Z for hydrogen = 1
n = 1, 2, 3,
rn = r1, r2, r3, r4,
for n=1 , r1 = 0.529
n=2 , r2 = 2.11
n=3 , r3 = 4.75
n=4 , r4 = 8.4
n=5 , r5 = 13.22
Now, we can calculate the distance gaps between two orbits i.e.,
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

r2 r1 = 2.11 0.529 = 1.58

r3 r2 = 4.75 2.11 = 2.64
r4 r3 = 8.4 4.75 = 3.65
r5 r4 = 13.22 8.4 = 4.82
We can say that distance gaps between orbits go on increasing i.e.,
(r2 r1) < (r3 r2) < (r4 r3) < (r5 r4)
Q8a. Why potential energy of bounded electron is negative?
Ans. At infinity, the electron is not being attracted by anything and the potential energy of system
is zero. Whereas at a point nearer to nucleus, it will be attracted by nucleus and potential
energy of system becomes less than zero. (Attractive forces decrease the P.E.)
The quantity less than zero is ive therefore P.E. of electron is negative when it is brought
from infinity to a point at a distance r from nucleus.
Q8b. Total energy of bounded electron is negative.
Ans. We know that total energy of a system is sum of its potential energy and kinetic energy.
E = K.E. + P.E.
By solving the K.E. + P.E. for electron the values, we get
Ze2 Ze2
En =
8o r 4o r
as value of P.E. is greater so its negative sign is used with total energy by subtraction
Ze2
En = so En has a ive sign.
8o r
Q8c. Energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n2 but energy of higher orbits are
always greater than lower orbits.
Ans. According to Bohrs equation for energy of e
mZ2e 4
En =
8o2 n 2 h 2
For an atom values of m, Z2, e4, o2 , h2 are constants. So
1
E
n2
From the above relationship, it is concluded that smaller the value of n, greater will be the
value of E with ive sign and vice versa.
Less negative values are actually larger while more negative values are smaller.
For hydrogen Z = 1 the values of E1, E2 are as follows
for n = 1, E1 = 1313.315 KJ mol1
n = 2, E2 = 328.32 KJ mol1
(E2) 328.32 value is greater than (E1) 1313.315.
Q8d. Energy difference between two adjacent levels goes on decreasing. How?
Ans. According to Bohrs equation En is
1
En = 1313.315 2 KJmol1 [Z for H = 1]
n
Substituting the value of n = 1, 2, 3, 4, we can calculate
E1 = 1313.315 kJ mol1
E2 = 328.32 kJ mol1
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

E3 = 145.92 kJ mol1
E4 = 82.08 kJ mol1
Values of energy difference between two adjacent orbits can be calculated as
E2 E1 = (328.32) (1313.315) = 984.99 kJ mol1
E3 E2 = (145.92) (328.32) = 182.40 kJ mol1
E4 E3 = (82.08) (1459.2) = 63.84 kJ mol1
We conclude that energy difference between two levels goes on decreasing from lower to
higher orbits
(E2 E1) > (E3 E2) > (E4 E3) >
Q9a. (i) Give an expression for energy difference between two levels n1, and n2 for
Hydrogen atom.
Ans. According to Bohrs equation
mZ2 e4
En
8o2 h 2 n 2
We can deduce the values of E1 and E2 for n1 and n2 as follows:
Z for Hydrogen = 1
me4
for n=1 , E1 =
8o2 h 2 n12
me4
n=2 , E2 = 2 2 2
8o h n 2
E = E2 E1
We can say that
me4 me4
E =
2 2 2 2 2 2
8
o h n 2 8o h n1

me4 1 1
E = 2 2
8o2 h 2 n1 n 2
Q9a. (ii) How expression for E from Bohrs equation can be used to calculate the
frequency of emitted or absorbed photon.
Ans. According to Bohrs equation
E = h(i) Another equation for E
Z2 me4 1 1
E = 2 2 2
2 (ii)
8o h n1 n 2
But Z = 1 for Hydrogen S atom
me4 1 1
E = 2 2
8o2 h 2 n1 n 2
We can substitute the value of E from eq. (i) in eq. (ii)
me4 1 1
h = 2 2
8o2 h 2 n1 n 2
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

me4 1 1
=
8o2 h 3 n12 n 22
So frequency of emitted or absorbed photon can be calculated.
Q9a. (iii) How wave number is calculate from Bohrs equation?
Ans. According to Bohrs equation for frequency of a photon
me4 1 1
= 2 3 2 2 [ = c ]
8o h n1 n 2
me4 1 1
c = 2 3 2 2
8o h n1 n 2
me4 1 1
= 2 3 2 2
8o h c n1 n 2
After calculating the constants of the equation we obtain
1 1 1
= 1.09678 107 2
2
m
n1 n 2
So wave number of photon can also be calculated.
Q10a. What is spectrum? Differentiate between continuous spectrum and line spectrum.
Ans. Visual display or dispersion of components of white light, when it is passed through a prism
is called spectrum.
Comparison of continuous and line spectra
Continuous spectrum Line spectrum
1. In this spectrum, the 1. In this spectrum, we see
boundary line between the distinct coloured lines.
colours cannot be marked.
2. One colour merge into other 2. Distinct coloured lines are
without any dark space. separated by dark spaces.
3. It is a characteristic of 3. It is the characteristic of
matter in bulk. atom.
4. e.g., Rainbow, white light of 4. e.g., (i) Spectrum obtained
sun and light from an for H2 (ii) Na-spectrum
incandescent source.
Q10b. Compare line emission and line absorption spectra.
Ans. Differences between emission and absorption spectra
Line emission spectrum Line absorption spectrum
1. It is spectrum formed by 1. When beam of white light is
elements or their passed through vapours of
compounds when they are element, it absorbs certain
heated in flame or subjected wavelengths, rest of
to electric discharge. wavelength pass thrown it.
2. Sample is in gaseous and 2. Sample is in gaseous, liquid
excited state. or solid state.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

3. Spectrum of this radiation 3. Here spectrum appears in

consists of bright lines the form of dark lines on
against a dark background. bright background.
(b) Similarities of emission and absorption spectra:
(i) Absorption spectrum is the photographic negative of emission spectrum.
(ii) The dark lines in absorption spectrum appears exactly at the same position where
the bright lines appear in emission spectrum for a same sample.
(iii) Both spectra are actually the finger prints of atoms of various elements and help in
identification of elements.

Diagram of EAS Diagram of AAS

Q10c. What is the origin of line spectrum?

Ans. According to Bohrs atomic model, the energy of an electron remains constant in an orbit. If
it jumps to higher orbit, it absorbs energy and during de-excitation it emits energy.
Absorbed energy is in the form of dark lines obtained in absorption spectrum while emitted
energy is in the form of bright lines of emission spectrum. In this way line spectrum is
formed.
Q11a. Hydrogen atom and He+ are mono electronic system but the size of He+ is much
smaller than H why?
Ans. Although both H atom and He+ are mono electronic system means containing one electron,
yet size of He+ is smaller than H because
no. of protons in He+ nucleus =2
no. of protons in H nucleus =1
Force of attraction between two protons of He+ for one electron is greater than force of
attraction between one proton and one electron in H-atom. Therefore, size of He+ is smaller
than H-atom.
We can prove this by Bohrs equation as well.
n2 o
rn = 0.529 A
Z
radius of first orbit for both atoms is
12 o
rH = 0.529 0.529 A
1
12 o
rHe = 0.529 0.2645 A
2
so rHe < rH is proved.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

Q11b. Do you think the size of Li+2 is even smaller than He+. Justify with calculations.
Ans. Yes size of Li+2 is much smaller than He+ because of difference in forces of attraction between
nuclei and electrons for both atoms.
no. of protons in Li+2 = 3
no. of protons in He+1 = 2
Li+2 nucleus holds the electron tightly so its radius is smaller than He+.
It can be proved mathematically
n2 o
rn 0.529 A [Bohrs equation for radius]
Z
12 o
rHe 0.529 0.2645 A (Z = 2 for He+1)
2
12 o
rLi2 0.529 0.176 A (Z = 3 for Li+2) So rHe+ > rLi+2
3
Q14a. Compare orbit and orbitals.
Ans. Orbit Orbital
1. It is a definite path in 1. It is three dimensional
which an electron moves space around nucleus
around nucleus as where the probability of
proposed by Bohr. finding electron is
maximum (95%).
2. Orbits are circular in 2. Orbitals have different
shape. shapes e.g., s-orbital is
spherically symmetrical,
p-orbitals are dumb bell
shaped etc.
3. Orbits do not have a 3. All orbitals have
directional character. directional characters
except s-orbital.
4. In an orbit, exact 4. In an orbital, exact
position and momentum position and momentum
of an electron can be of an electron can not be
measured with certainty measured with
(violation against certainty. (obeying
Heisenbergs Heisenbergs
uncertainty principle.) uncertainty principle).
5. It represents planar 5. It represents three
motion of electrons. dimensional motion of
electrons.
6. Maximum no. of 6. An orbital can have a
electrons in an orbit is maximum of 2 electrons.
given by 2n i.e., in 1, 2, 3
2

orbit electrons are 2, 8,

18.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

Q14c. When azimuthal quantum number has a value 3, then there are seven values of
magnetic quantum number, give reasons.
Ans. Magnetic quantum number values are related to azimuthal quantum number as
m = (2 + 1)
as = 3 so
m = (2 3 + 1) = 7
as = 3 , subshell is f
So f subshell has 7 different ways of orientation in space because it has 7 values of
magnetic quantum number
When = 3, then m = 0, +1, +2, +3 = 7 values
(i) f x3 (ii) f y 3 (iii) f z (iv) f xyz3

(v) f x 2
y2
(vi) f y z2 2 (vii) f x 2
z 2

Q15b. (i) What is (n + ) rule? (ii) Arrange orbitals according to this rule. (iii) Do you think
that this rule is applicable to degenerate orbitals.
Ans. (i) n is principle quantum number while is azimuthal quantum number. (n + ) rule
means a rule based on sum of n and values of subshells.
Rule states that
(i) Sub-shell are arranged in increasing order of (n + ) value.
(ii) If any two or more subshells have same (n + ) value then subshell with smaller n
value is placed first.
(iii) According to this rule the arrangement of subshell is
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s
(iv) The orbitals which have same energy are called degenerate orbitals.
(n + ) rule is not applicable to degenerate orbitals because
(a) Degenerate orbitals have same values of n and e.g., 2p subshell has n = 2, = 1
value for 2px, 2py and 2pz so (n + ) value for all three degenerate orbitals is same.
(b) Degeneracy of orbitals is explained by magnetic quantum number not by n or
quantum no.
To fill degenerate orbitals Hunds rule is applied.
Q15c. Distribute the electrons in the following atoms:
Ans. (i) 57La : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f0, 5d1.
(ii) 29Cu : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10.
(iii) 24Cr : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5.
(iv) 79Au : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s1, 4f14, 5d10.
(v) 53I : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p5,
(vi) 86Rn : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10,
6p6.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the reason for the production of positive rays?
Ans. When high speed electrons of cathode rays strike the molecules of residual gas on discharge
tube, they knock out electrons from the outer most shells of atoms/molecules and positive
ions are produced which start moving toward cathode as positive rays.
M + e M+ + 2e

Q2. What are the products of decay of a free neutron.

Ans. A free neutron decays into a proton (1 P) with the emission of an electron o1 e and a neutrino
(oo n) .
1
on 1
P o e oo n

Q3. Compare fast and slow moving neutrons.

Ans. Fast neutron Slow neutron
(i) They travel with an energy of 1.2 MeV. They travel with an energy less then 1 eV.
(ii) They are less effective in fission They are more effective in fission
reaction. reactions.
(iii)They mostly produce -particles. e.g., They produce and -rays. e.g.,
Reaction of fast neutron with Reaction of slow neutron with 65
29Cu
14
7N
65 1 66
29Cu + 0n 29Cu + h (-rays)
14 1 11 4
7 N + 0n 5 B + 2He (-particle) 66 66 o
29Cu 30Zn + e (-rays)

Q4. Give postulates of Plancks quantum theory.

Ans. In 1900, Max Planck proposed a revolutionary theory called quantum theory.
Main points of theory are:
(i) Energy is absorbed or emitted in a discontinuous manner in the form of packets of
energy (quanta). In case of light, the quantum is called photon.
(ii) Energy of quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of radiation.
E
E = h
where h is Plancks constant = 6.626 1034 Js.
(iii) A body can emit or absorb energy only in the form of quantas.
Q5. Define frequency, wavelength and wave number
Ans. (i) Frequency: It is number of waves passing through a point per second. Denoted by and
its unit is either Hertz or cycle/reduction per second.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

(ii) Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs is called
wavelength. Its symbol is (lambda) units are meter (m), centimeter (cm), picometer (pm)
angstrom () etc. Wavelength determines the nature of electromagnetic radiations. It also
helps in determining the colour of beam of visible light where as amplitude determines the
brightness.

(iii) Wave number: Number of waves per unit length is called wave number It is reciprocal
to wavelength. It is denoted by and units are m1, cm1, pm1 (reciprocal of units of length).

Q6. Which postulate of Bohrs model corrects the defects of Rutherfords atomic model?
Ans. According to Rutherfords atomic model, revolving electron constantly radiate energy.
But according to 2nd postulate of Bohrs atomic model.
Electron present in a particular orbit does not radiate energy. The energy is only emitted
or absorbed when an electron jumps from one orbit to another.
So 2nd postulate of Bohrs atomic model corrects the defect in Rutherfords atomic model.

Q7. How Bohr quantized the angular momentum of moving electron?

Ans. According to 4th postulate of Bohrs model.
Electron can revolve only in those orbits having a fixed angular momentum.
Angular momentum of an orbit depends upon its quantum number and integral multiple of
the factor h/2 i.e.,
mvr = nh/2
where n = 1, 2, 3,
Permitted values of angular momentum are
h
for n = 1
2
h
for n = 2

3h
for n = 3
2
An electron is bound to remain in one of these orbits and not between than so angular
momentum is quantized.

Q8. What are Zeeman and Stark effect?

Ans. Zeeman effect: When excited atoms which give an emission line spectrum are placed in a
magnetic field, their spectral lines are further split up into closely spaced lines. It is called
Zeeman effect.
Magnetic quantum number m explains the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field is
due to different orientations of a sub-shell in space.
Stark effect: When excited atoms which give an emission line spectrum are placed in an
electrical fields, their spectral lines split up into closely spaced lines.
This splitting of spectral lines is called stark effect.
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

Spin quantum number s explains this effect is due to opposite spins of two electrons in
same orbital around their axes.

Q9. Give origin of Lyman and Balmer series of spectra.

Ans. If Hydrogen gas is subjected to electric discharge, it will produce emission atomic spectrum.
It can be grouped into different spectral series. The two important spectral series are
Lyman and Balmer series.
(i) If emitted lines of spectrum are due to de-excitation of electron from higher orbit n2
= 2, 3, 4, 5 to lower orbit n1 = 1 then group of spectral lines is called Lyman
series lying in U.V. region.
(ii) If emitted lines of spectrum are due to de-excitation of electron from n2 = 3, 4, 5, 6,
to n1 = 2 then spectral lines are grouped in Balmer series which lines in visible
region.
Q10. What is the limiting line of a spectral lines? Calculate wave number of limiting line in
Balmer series.
Ans. Limiting Line: A spectral line in the emission spectrum which is formed when de-excited
electron from higher orbit which is n2 = falls in
n1 = any lower orbit is called limiting line of that series.
It is the last line of any spectral series.
Limiting line of Balmer Series: When higher orbit n2 = and lower orbit n1 = 2 then de-
excitation of electron results in limiting line of Balmer series. Wave number of this line can
be calculated as:
Data:
Higher orbit = n2 =
Lower orbit = n1 = 2
Requirement:
=?
Solution:
1 1 1
= 1.09678 107 2 2 m
n1 n 2
1 1
= 1.09678 107 2 2
2
= 27.421 105 m1
Limiting line of Balmer series lies in U.V. region.

Q11. Define Moseleys law? Also give its advantages.

Ans. Moseleys law is stated as:
Frequency of a spectral line in X-rays spectrum varies as a square of atomic number of an
element emitting it.
Mathematically
= a(Z b)
Here = Frequency of X-rays
Z = Atomic number of target metal
a = Proportionality constant
 Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

b = Screening constant
Advantages:
(i) Arrangement of Ni, Co and K, Ar was corrected in Mendeleevs periodic table.
(ii) It was helpful in discovery of many elements e.g., 43TC(Technetium),
59Pr(Praseodymium), 45Rh(Rhodium)
(iii) Atomic number of rare earths have been determined.
(iv) Modern periodic table is based on Moseleys law. So modern periodic table is
arranged according to ascending order of atomic number of elements.

Q12. State Aufbau principle.

Ans. Aufbau is a German expression means building up or construction. According to this rule:
The electron should be filled in energy subshells in order of increasing energy value. The
order is
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s

Q13. State Paulis exclusion principle.

Ans. It can be defined as:
Two electrons in the same orbital should have opposite spin ( ).
e.g., 2He has 1 s electronic configuration.
OR
It is impossible for two electrons residing in the same orbital of a poly-electronic system to
have the same values of all four quantum numbers.
e.g., Two electrons present in 1s of 2He have two different sets of quantum numbers.
quantum no. n m s
1st electron 1 0 0 +1/2
2nd electron 1 0 0 1/2

Q14. State Hunds rule.

Ans. If degenerate orbitals are available and more than one electrons are to be filled in them,
they should be placed in separate orbitals with the same spin rather than putting them in
the same orbital with opposite spins.
e.g., electronic configuration of 7N, 8O, 9F as follows:
N
7 :1s,2s,2px,2py,2pz

O
8 :1s,2s,2px,2py,2pz

F
9 :1s,2s,2p
x ,2p
y ,2p
z