Rocket ship

Physics : Lab report

1
 # Members
Mr.Muttawa Wattanakulchai 5861061

Ms.Pattaranun Hanwongpaiboon 5861096

Ms.Rawida Arphawasin 5861131

Mr.Saran Chotipradist 5861137

Ms.Sarita Hatakaroon 5861138

# Class

Grade 11 - 02

# Instructor

Mr. Gopinath Subramanian

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Table of content

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 Motivation
We got the inspiration of the rocket design from the aerodynamic aircraft that will make our
rocket can move though the air current.

Aerodynamic
Aerodynamic is the way air move around things. The rules of aerodynamics explain how an
airplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air is affected by aerodynamics, from a rocket
blasting off, to a kite flying. Since they are surrounded by air, even cars are affected by
aerodynamics. When the object moves through the air it has four forces act on it. First is weight,
everything on earth has weight. This force come from the gravity. It pulls the object down. The
second force is lift. Lift is the push that lets something move up. It is the force that acts opposite of
the gravity. Everything that flies must have lift. Drag is a force that tries to slow something down. It
makes it hard for an object to move. Thrust is the force that is the opposite of drag. Thrust is the
push that moves something forward. For an aircraft to keep moving forward, it must have more
thrust than drag.

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 Objective
To propel a bottle rocket in an adjusted angle horizontal of 20 m and hit i n the range of 1 to

3 m diameters target by using instructed chemical substances that are baking soda (sodium

bicarbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid) as an fuel engine. Also, with the bottle rocket and the

launcher contribution procedures it provided us to deals with the application of various physics

concepts i.e. Newtons laws of motions, Projectile, Impulse, Momentum, Energy, etc. Lastly, due to

our experiment it was done to determine the correct ratio of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to

vinegar (acetic acid) that resulted in the highest launch of a plastic pop bottle. In addition, it

provides a knowledge among the rocketology and art design for us.

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 Set-up(Drawing)

We design a base of the rocket. A base is able to change an angle depend on

each situations.

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Were drawing a picture position of rocket on the base

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We try to measure weight of rocket

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This is plan front and side of a base
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This is a overall picture of rocket and base
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This is a plan,front and side of rocket(including size of rocket)
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We design about shape of rocket and fins of the rocket.

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This is a completely model of fins
We design shape of the fins that proper for body of the rocket and
help a rocket to directly reach a goals.
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We design function of the rocket and also how to make it more useful
in every part of the rocket 14
We design overall of the function to make it more strong and functional .

15
 Materials and Equipment& Equipments

- Acrylic Aerosol Spray Paint

- Acrylic Lacquer Spray
- All Purpose Adhesive
- A4 Card Case
- Baking Soda
- Balance
- Box Cutter
- Duct Tape
- Feature Board
- Hammer
- Hinges
- Marker
- Modeling Clay
- Nails
- Phillips-head Screwdriver
- Phillips-head Screws
- Protractor
- Rubber Stopper
- Tissue Paper
- Saw
- Scissors
- 1.25Liter Plastic Bottle
- 2 Wooden Planks
- 5% Distilled Vinegar

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 Introduction
The purpose of this project is to create a rocket ship by various materials that make the

rocket ship launches to the target. Also, we need more understanding about the laws of physics such

as measurements, linear motion, projectile, impulse, momentum, energy, work, power, newtons

three law of motion: inertia, acceleration, and action equal reaction. After that, we need to relate

these physics ideas to the rocket ship project. This project will give more details and explain all

instructions about the rocket ship project.

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 Discussion of Physics Concepts

Force and Quantity of Matter

I have not as yet been able to discover the reason for these properties of

gravity from phenomena, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is

not deduced from the phenomena must be called a hypothesis; and

hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult

qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this

philosopy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena,

and afterwards rendered general by induction.

In our daily experience, we can cause a body to move by either pushing or pulling that
body. In a normal language use describes this action as the effect of a persons strength or
force . Nevertheless , bodies placed on inclined planes, or when released at rest and
free fall, will move without any push or pull. Galileo referred to a force acting on these bodies, a description
of which he published in 1623 in his Mechanics. In 1687, Isaac Newton published his three laws of motion in
the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (a.k.a.Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ),
which extended Galileos observations.
The First Law expresses the idea that when no force acts on a body, it will remain at rest or maintain uniform
motion; when a force is applied to a body, it will change its state of motion.Various scientists, especially
Galileo, recognized the idea that force produces motion before Newton but Newton extended the concept of
force to any circumstance that produces acceleration. When a body is initially at rest, the direction of our
push or pull corresponds to the direction of motion of the body. If the body is moving, the direction of the
applied force may change both the direction of motion of the body and how fast it is moving. Newton
defined the force acting on an object as proportional to the acceleration of the object.
An impressed force is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its state,
either of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line.

Isaac Newton

_______________________________________________________________

Isaac Newton. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Translated by Andrew

Motte (1729). Revised by Florian Cajori. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1934.

What is a Force?

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 Force could be defined as a push or pull upon an object -Which results from the object's interaction

with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the

objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a

result of an interaction

What is an External Force?

External Force is a force that originating from

outside an object rather than a force internal to an object.

For instance, the force of gravity that Earth exerts on the moon is an external force on the moon.

However, the force of gravity that the inner core of the moon exerts on the outer crust of the moon is an

internal force on the moon. Internal forces within an object can't cause a change in that object's overall

motion.

What is Net Force?

F = ma

The net force on an object could be defined as The total force on an object. In the other words, if

many forces act on an object, then the net force is the sum of all the force. But since force is a vector that

has both direction and magnitude.The forces must be added up like vectors using vector addition.

Equation Abbreviation

F
= Total / Sum of applied forces

= Force (Newtons; N)
m
a = Mass (Kilograms; kg) m / s2
= Acceleration (Meter per second square; )

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 Signification of External Force to the Rocket ship?

As the rocket need to be launched to reach 20 meters distance in the target of 1-3 meters radian. The

way and how the rocket launches are fairly direct by gravitational force known as the Gravity - acts as a

negative force which pull the rocket down toward to the ground. And Air resistance - acts as an air force

that resist oppositely to the rocket launch motion. [Knowledge application will be discussed in Newtons

First Law of Motions Knowledge Application ]

Discussion of Physics Concepts

Newtons Laws of Motions

Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Newton's First Law of Motion states that;

A body moving uniformly will remain moving in a straight line

unless it is acted upon by some outside force

Isaac Newton

________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 Isaac Newton (1726). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, General Scholium. Third edition, page 943 of I. Bernard

Cohen and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation, University of California Press.

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 Similarly, a body that is at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force. A body has

more of a tendency to exhibit this behavior when it is more massive. If inertia is good then mass is good.

When inertia is bad then mass is bad. Newton's first law of motion also known as the Law of inertia. The

word inertia comes from Latin which refers to "laziness." Things that have

inertia are lazy. Lazy things like to keep doing what they are already doing

either do not things if they did already do not thing. An external force is

necessary to get it to do what it is not doing, in this case, move. If something is

already moving, it is too lazy to change what is doing, and thus an external force

is necessary to stop it from moving or to make it change its direction.Which

algebraically written in the equation as,

F = 0

Equation Abbreviation

= Total / Sum of applied forces

F = Force (Newtons; N)

Newtons First Law of Motions Knowledge Application

If a rocket has been launched, then having inertia is good because the rocket, being lazy, wants to

keep doing what it is already doing. Drag, a force caused by moving through air (air resistant and gravity), is

trying to prevent it from moving. So, in this case, the more inertia the better. Sometimes it is bad for a rocket

to be lazy. This occurs before launch. A force must be utilized to overcome this form of laziness. This is the

propulsive force (thrust) provided by something shooting out the back of the rocket. A rocket can be so lazy

(have so much mass) that it is incapable of overcoming its inertia. In this case, it is a bad thing to be lazy. In

sum, we have correct that the lower the mass of the rocket. A rocket should have a propulsive force that far

exceeds the mass of the rocket.

In addition, the best rockets have a small mass and are aerodynamic. Thus they have a high thrust-

to-mass ratio. Once moving, the drag force, which involves the mass density of the air, and the shape of the

leading edge of the rocket, should be minimized so acceleration is minimized. (in this case the rate at which

the rocket is slowed down).

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 Newtons Second Law of Motion ( Law of Momentum / Law of Force and Acceleration)

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that;

The acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables that

are the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object

As stated in the first law, the presence of an unbalanced force will accelerate an object - changing

either its speed, its direction, or both its speed and direction.Newton's second law of motion pertains to the

behavior of objects for which all existing forces are not balanced. In addition to Newtons Second Law of

Motion statement, the acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force.\

Mathematically this means: Forcenet

Acceleration =
mass

commonly written as;

Fnet = ma

Equation Abbreviation

= Total / Sum of applied forces

F = Force (Newtons; N)

m = Mass (Kilograms; kg)

a = Acceleration (Meter per second square; m / s 2 )

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 Newtons Second Law of Motions Knowledge Application

As mentioned previously, several forces act upon the rocket. A force is necessary to over-come the

rocket's tendency to do what it is already doing. If the rocket is resting inertially on the launcher then a force

must be utilized to make it move. A launcher involves a propulsive force. The rocket can be made to move

more rapidly by either increasing the propulsive force (products amount of vinegar and baking soda) and/or

decreasing the rockets mass. How rapidly a rocket increases speed off the launch pad is called acceleration.

Rocket acceleration equals the force applied, divided by the mass of the rocket (a=f/m).

As force is increased, acceleration increases. As mass is increased, the acceleration decreases.When

a rocket is being launched , the acceleration rate should be maximized. Because a= f / m, the propulsive force

must be maximized. Our group adjusted to get the maximized acceleration rate by controlling the amount of

the substances used (vinegar and baking soda) and the mass of the rocket (increasing/decreasing rockets

head, fin shape, etc.)

Newtons Third Law of Motion (Law of Action-Reaction Force)

A force is a push or a pull upon an object. This implies there must be two objects; one being pushed

and one doing the pushing. Thus, forces result from interactions between objects. According to Newtons

Third Law, whenever objects interact with each other they exert forces upon each other. These two forces the

objects exert on each other are called action and reaction forces. Friction is one type of reaction force.

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 Newton's Third Law of Motion states that;

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

This statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting

objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The

direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces

always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.

Examples:

(The man pushes on the refrigerator, and the refrigerator

pushes back on the man)

The horse pushes back on the ground and the ground pushes forward on the horse.
The horse pulls forward on the wagon and the wagon pulls back on the horse

Newtons Third Law of Motions Knowledge Application

In this lab, the rocket will be propelled by a gas released from a chemical reaction. Chemical

reactions are all around us; reactants are constantly being rearranged into new products. For many chemical

reactions, clues to indicate that a reaction occurred can be observed. Such clues include production or

absorption of heat, absorption or emission of light, production of a sound, a change of color, formation of a

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precipitate, or release of a gas. Some chemical reactions may exhibit only one of these clues, while other

chemical reactions may reveal several clues. By looking for these clues, it can be determined whether a

chemical reaction has occurred (figure p.8)

(figure p.8)

Using sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and acetic acid (vinegar), a gas will be produced and the

force will thrust the rocket in the opposite direction.

(figure p.9)

Conclusion of Newtons Law of Motion & the Rocket Ship

To summarize, Newtons laws control how a rocket acts. An unbalanced force must be created to

change the rockets speed or direction (first law). The amount of force created will determined by the mass of

the gasses being produced from the chemical reaction and how fast that they are expelled out the nozzle

(second law). And, lastly, the motion or reaction to the force being produced, is equal to and in the opposite

direction of the thrust (or action) of the motor (third law).

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 Free Fall

An uniformly Accelerated Motion in a vertical direction

There are 2 critical concepts about the objects in Free-fall motion:

1. The constant acceleration of the object is ALWAYS directed downwards

Due to the influence of Earths gravity,

which is referred to as g, and has a value of

2
9.8m / s

[#: the negative sign indicates that the direction of the acceleration is downwards.]

2. When an object is in Free-fall, we will always ignore any effects that air resistance may have on the

objects motion.

Mathematically could be written in equations as

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 Physics of Rocket Flight
In order to accomplish the set goal by launching the rocket ship, understanding the action of the

rocket in various position whether before, after and while the rocket is being launch is crucial to the accurate

rocket contribution. It is massively necessary to understand the fundamental grounding in physics and in

particular some of the statics and dynamics principles. By takes a look into the conceptual physics ideas and

applying the ideas to the rocket contribution either for beneficial knowledge of their interrelation. Because

these ideas are obviously encountered in the rocket ship contribution. Also, with the comprehension of used

units and others conceptual related stuff should be the initiation of the discussion of the physics concepts

which refers to Linear Motion.

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 Linear Motion

Linear motion refers to

motion in a line.

The motion of an object can be described by using a number of different quantities.

Time & Distance

Begin with the quantities of time which Time refers to

how long an object is in motion for

In here, well usually use seconds, but we might use minutes, hours, years, milliseconds, or any other

unit of time. Next with the distance which is simply refers to

how far something travels along its path

As object covered the distance it simultaneously, covered the length due to its motion. Which could

be measured in various units depending on the systems used including the English system and the SI system.

Either of them are the measurement of the length units. The English system length units includes inches, feet,

yards , miles and nautical mile. (See more in the figure p.1 down below)

(figure p.1)

The other length units system that often used known as the International System of Units

familiarly called as the SI unit. The SI unit system commonly categorized into 7 main categories including

the unit of mass category, time, length, amount of substances, temperature, electric current and luminous

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intensity (as show in the figure p.2 down below). SI unit system could be shown in vary unit with a similar

category either which is depends on what the measurer is looking for at the moment. For instance, with the

length unit in the SI unit system could be measured in millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers, etc. They

all contain the same SI measurement unit but one things that make them varied is the prefix in front of

them. As you know matters are varied some are very enormous some couldnt be visual without naked eyes.

Writing the similar unit among contrary matters will takes forever to do.Therefore, the prefixes that used in

the SI unit is really beneficial for us. (figure p.3)

(figure p.2)

(figure p.3)

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 Relation and Importance Among the Rocket Ship Project

All of those familiar unit determine how the big the matter you measure is either the quantity that

you measured e.g. 10 kilometers road, 2 nanometer particles, 40 meters rocket launched, etc. The reason why

unit measurements and their results have been mentioned significantly is because they provide the indication

estimation, analyzation, etc. of every phenomenon either every action that occur during our experiment.

Speed, Velocity, & Acceleration

Speed could be defined as

A measurement of how quickly an object is moving

Either simply defined as How far does it travels in a given time. Speed could be expressed in a

mathematically equation as

d
s=
Equation Abbreviation t

s
d
= Speed
t
= Distance (Meters; m)

= Time (Second; s)

(figure p.4)

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 Velocity refers to

How fast youre going in a certain direction

Velocity is slightly similar to speed that focus on how fast that the object is moving, but velocity

contains either quantity of the observing speed and direction that it moves. In the other words, velocity could

be said that it both contains quantity and direction but speed is focusing about the quantity of how fast does it

moves.

Mathematically express in an equation of

! s
v=
t

Equation Abbreviation

!
v = Velocity (Meter per seconds; m/s )

s = Displacement / Distance ( Meters; m)

t = Total time interval (Seconds; s)

Acceleration refers to

How fast your velocity is changing in a direction

As the object is moving with a constant velocity it mean that there is no acceleration. Why theres no

acceleration? The reason is because as the object moving along a particular pathway its velocity remain

the same which mean that there's no changing in the velocity. Therefore, this why the acceleration remains as

0. If the object is moving faster and faster with a constant increasing velocity rates, it mean that the object

has been accelerated with a constant acceleration rates.In addition, acceleration has both magnitude and

direction.

Mathematically express in an equation of

! ! !
! v u v
a= =
t t
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Equation Abbreviation

!
a = Acceleration (Meter per seconds square; m / s 2 )
!
v = Terminal Velocity (Meter per seconds; m/s )

s = Initial Velocity ( (Meter per seconds; m/s )

t = Total time interval (Seconds; s)

Some quantities are Scalars

Quantities that own magnitude, but do not own direction

(figure p.5)

Some quantities are Vectors

Quantities that own magnitude & direction

(figure p.6)

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 Relation and Importance Among the Rocket Ship Project

As we discuss above , there are various quantities involved whether in the process of contributing

rocket ship bottle e.g. measuring fin size, nose cone height and diameter, the weight of the rocket, etc. Or in

the process of launching, the launcher should make an accurate angle that launches to the set target either the

vertical basement part of the launcher should make an accurate angle to the horizontal basement part of the

launcher. Even with the chemical substances that use into be a fuel for the rocket fit in which ratios the

best.Lastly, the distance that the rocket launched, the time when the rocket starts to launch after filling the

chemicals into. All of those examples are extremely significant for analyzing the result and collecting the

data..In addition, some puzzled qualities are simply to solve due to the conversion of various units.Therefore,

understanding the fundamental part of the units that used in the experiment is really useful and beneficial.

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 Displacement

A measure of how far you have displaced, or moved your position

Distance and displacement arent similar, because displacement has its own magnitude and direction but

Distance only determine their magnitude with no direction. (See the comparison between those two in figure

p.7)

(figure p.7)

Force and Quantity of Matter

I have not as yet been able to discover the reason for these properties of

gravity from phenomena, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is

not deduced from the phenomena must be called a hypothesis; and

hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult

qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this

philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena, and

afterwards rendered general by induction

Isaac Newton

________________________________________________________________________________________

Newton, I., & Cajori, F. (1962). The motion of bodies. Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press.

34
 In our daily experience, we can cause a body to move by either pushing or pulling that

body. In a normal language use describes this action as the effect of a persons strength or

force . Nevertheless , bodies placed on inclined planes, or when released at rest and undergo

free fall, will move without any push or pull. Galileo referred to a force acting on these bodies, a description

of which he published in 1623 in his Mechanics. In 1687, Isaac Newton published his three laws of motion in

the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (a.k.a.Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ),

which extended Galileos observations.

The First Law expresses the idea that when no force acts on a body, it will remain at rest or maintain uniform

motion; when a force is applied to a body, it will change its state of motion.Various scientists, especially

Galileo, recognized the idea that force produces motion before Newton but Newton extended the concept of

force to any circumstance that produces acceleration. When a body is initially at rest, the direction of our

push or pull corresponds to the direction of motion of the body. If the body is moving, the direction of the

applied force may change both the direction of motion of the body and how fast it is moving. Newton

defined the force acting on an object as proportional to the acceleration of the object.

An impressed force is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its state,

either of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line

Isaac Newton

________________________________________________________________________________________

Isaac Newton. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Translated by Andrew Motte (1729). Revised by Florian Cajori. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1934.

35
 Projectile

A body which is in flight through the atmosphere but is not being propelled by any fuel

Assumptions of Projectile Motion.

(1) There is no resistance due to air.

(2) The effect due to curvature of earth is negligible.

(3) The effect due to rotation of earth is negligible.

(4) For all points of the trajectory, the acceleration due to gravity g is constant in magnitude

and direction, more in figure p.10 down below

(figure p.10)

Relation Among Projectile Motion & The Rocket Ship

The curved path or the trajectory is familiar to us when we throw an objects even when we launched

the rocket.According to the diagram down below (figure p.11). It reveals that when the bottle rocket is

launched, it is moving both upward and downward. All other things equal (rockets mass, pressure released

from the chemical reaction, and the weather conditions), the angle at a particular degree will determine its

range.In the other words, it will determine the distance travelled horizontally.
36
 !

(figure p.11)

In the diagram down below (figure p.12) , it has illustrate the rocket launched distance with the angle

that the rocket do to a ground floor or the horizontal floor.

(figure p.12)

According to the given diagram (figure p.12), the 45 degree angle is the angle degree that make the

longest distance.Therefore, since we have to useless amount of chemical as possible as we could thats why

we choose the 45 degrees to be the angle that the launcher set up which is according to the theory of

projectile motion that we have been research previously.

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(figure p.13)

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 Momentum & Impulse

Momentum

All objects have mass.Therefore if an object is in motion then it has momentum.Momentum could be

defined as

Mass in Motion

Mathematically written in an equation of

p = mv
Equation Abbreviation

p kg i m / s
m
= Momentum (Kilogram per meter per second; )
v
= Mass (Kilograms; kg)

= Velocity (Meter per seconds; m/s)

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 Momentum Quantity

is a Vector Quantity

Momentum Quantity that the object has, is dependent upon 2 variables

1) Mass

- How much does the moving stuff weight

2)Velocity

- How fast does the moving stuff goes

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The law of momentum conservation can be stated as

The total momentum of the two objects before the collision

is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision

That is, the momentum lost by object one is equal to the momentum gained by object two.

The above statement reveal that the total momentum

of a collection of objects (a system) is conserved

which mean the total amount of

momentum is a constant or unchanging value.

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 Conservation of Momentum Equation

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2 v2

Equation Abbreviation

m1 = Mass of Object 1 (Kilograms; kg )

m2 = Mass of Object 2 (Kilograms; kg)
u1 = Initial Velocity of Object 1 ( Meter per second; m/s)
u2 = Initial Velocity of Object 2 ( Meter per second; m/s)
v1 = Final Velocity of Object 1 ( Meter per second; m/s)
v2 = Final Velocity of Object 2 ( Meter per second; m/s)

Relation Among The Conservation of Momentum and The Rocket Ship

The behavior of a rocket motor has been explained by understanding the principle of conservation of

momentum. Assume that our rocket is at some point after we launched. At that moment the rocket having a

mass of m with a few of fuel (chemical substances) of dm is about to leave the rocket. At that point rocket

has a velocity.

Instant later, the propellant substance (chemical substance) has left the nozzle at the exhaust velocity

(relative to the rocket) of -ve (traveling oppositely to the direction of the rocket traveling),Diagram down

below shows the direction of ve.

As a result of ejecting the small bit of propellant, the rockets velocity increases by a small amount,

(abbreviation: +dv). This is positive because its in the direction of travel of the rocket. Conservation of

momentum tells us that the initial momentum before the propellant is ejected is equal to the terminal

momentum after the propellant is ejected.

Thus:

Initial momentum, mathematically written as

(m + dm)v

and Final momentum, mathematically written as

m(v + dv) dm ve

As conservation is conserved, the initial momentum and the final momentum are equal, which

mathematically known as

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 (m + dm)v = m(v + dv) dm ve

Impulse

the product of the average net force acting on an object and its duration

Impulse is a quantity that describes the effect of a net force acting on an object also known as a

kind of "moving force, which represented by the symbol

Mathematically written as,

J = F t

Impulse considers as a vector quantity

Since force is a vector and time is a scalar

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

states that

The change in momentum of an object equals the impulse applied to it

Also, the impulse-momentum theorem is logically equivalent to Newtons Law of Motion.

Especially, with the Newtons Second Law of Motion also known as the Force Law.

Mathematically written as,

J = p

Equation Abbreviation

kg i m / s
J = Impulse (Newton seconds Ns)

p = Momentum (Kilogram per meter per second; )

42
 #The units of impulse and momentum are

equivalent

[N s = kg m/s]

43
 Energy (Work, Power, KE, PE)

Work

When energy is converted from one form to another form, it may be converted by doing work. For

instance, when you lift an object you do work by transferring chemical energy from inside your body to

kinetic energy by moving the object in some direction and gravitational potential energy that always point

downward to the ground. This concept of work provide a definition of Energy.

Energy is defined as

The stored ability to do work

What do we mean by Work?

We defined the work by a constant force as the product of the force and the distance moved in the

direction of the force or the displacement.

Mathematically written as,

W=Fs

Equation Abbreviation

W = Work (Joules; J / Newtons meter; Nm)

F = Force Applied (Newton; N)

s = Distance moved / Displacement (Meters; m)

44
 Potential Energy

An object that possesses a gravitational potential energy when it is raised above the ground.

The gain in gravitational potential energy is equal to the work done in raising the object.

Mathematically written as,

P.E. = mgh

Equation Abbreviation

PE = Potential Engery (Joules; J)

m / s2
m = Mass of the object (Kilograms; kg)

g = Gravity (Meters per second square; )

2
9.8m / s
# Earths Gravity

Kinetic Energy

An object of mass (m) is initially at rest. It is acted upon a resultant force (F) and the object

accelerates. This force acts over a distance (s). While the object is in motion along the distance, the object

has a velocity (v).

Could be defined as,

A moving object possesses kinetic energy

Mathematically written as,

1 2
Equation Abbreviation K.E. = mv
2

K.E. = Kinetic Energy (Joules; J)

m / v2
m = Mass of the object (Kilograms; kg)

v = Velocity (Meter per seconds square; )

45
 Principle of Conservation of Energy

states that

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another

Relation Among the Principle of Conservation of Energy to the Rocket Ship

As the rocket has been launched the potential energy that possesses on the rocket conserved to the

kinetic energy as its propellant pushes them toward.While the rocket was a moment to fall on the ground the

energy conserved again from the kinetic energy to a potential energy as it rests.Which could be explaining

theoretically due to the principle of conservation of energy as it applies to a falling object by the down below

diagrams.

The Principle of Conservation of Energy as it applies to a falling object

As the object accelerates from rest (u=0) its velocity at any instant is v = at.

(figure p.15)

As the object falls its Ep decreases. At any instant the Ep equals the initial potential energy (ET) less

the kinetic energy (Ek)

(figure p.16)

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 Power

The rate of doing work

Mathematically written as,

W
P=
t
Equation Abbreviation

P = Power (Watts; W / Joules per second; J/s)

W = Work Done (Joules; J)

t = Time taken (Seconds; s)

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 Discussion of Design
Firstly, we discussed all of the materials for making a body of a rocket, nose cone, and fins. Our

group decided to use 2-liter bottles to be a body of rocket and used a plastic sheet for binding it to be a nose

cone. For the fins part, we decided to use a feature board to make the fins.

Secondly, we designed the functions of a rocket. We turned over the bottom of a rocket to stick with

the nose cone. Bottlenose is a base of a rocket because it has a hole to press baking soda and vinegar into a

rocket.

Thirdly, we designed the decoration of a rocket. We decided to spray silver color for the body of a

rocket and red color for the nose cone and fins.

Fourthly, we designed our fins to make it easily to stick with the body of a rocket because a feature

board is not strong enough to stick with the bottle.

After that we decided a rubber for close a hole and next, we designed our base by using the wood.

Later that we decided to separate wood into three pieces. Our base also can change the degrees depend on the

situations. Then, we measured the scale of the base and a rocket in the inch. Finally, we bought all of the

materials and made it followed by our plan.

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 Data

Round Vinegar Used Baking Soda Mass of Rocket Distance Angle of

Used Covered Propulsion

1 400 mL 20.00g 106.60g 5m 45

2 350 mL 20.01g 106.60g 8m 40

3 300 mL 19.03g 106.60g 8m 40

4 300 mL 20.64g 106.60g 7m 40

5 300 mL 20.00g 106.60g 10.5 m 40

6 300 mL 22.04g 106.60g 14.5 m 40

7 300 mL 21.20g 106.60g 19.6 m 40

Data analysis
From the above information, mass around 100 grams. is the best for resist to the wind and light

enough to launch. Angle around 40 to 45 degree is the most suitable for launching the rocket. For the

substance, the perfect amount of acetic acid is 300 mL and for sodium bicarbonate is around 20 to 22 grams.

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 Conclusion
For this experiment, we tested a rocket ship to launch about 20 meters from the ground by using two

substances, which were baking soda and vinegar. In the real launch, it has many factor that effect to the

distance that the rocket will cover. Wind is the one that most affect the rockets distance. We need to build

the rocket that able to resist to the air resistance and also maintain the weight that not too heavy. We learn

how to design the aerodynamic shape rocket and how to build the basement that can change the angle for

launching.

Recommendation

After the we experimented the rocket launching behaviors, we need to improve in various ways

whether in a concept of chemistry that deals with the chemical substances or the physics concepts that deal

with the rocket ship and the launcher either with the material used for the rocket construction.

In the first point for our improvement, we need to change nosecone materials. Due to our

observation while we were launching the rocket, our nose cone fell down often. After we launched for four

times it start to broke. According to those situation, it provides a massively sign of vulnerability. Therefore,

with our fifth trials, our process of contributing nosecone was altered. By adding more elastic thick tape to

wrap around the cone for an additional protection for it. Moreover, our glue that we used to attached the nose

cone to the rocket is vulnerable which also considered as one of the factor that weakening our rockets nose

cone. Hence, we changed to use the super glue instead then we wrapped with the elastic tape for a stronger

protection to our nosecone. The way we filled the substances considered as one of the factor that led to our

failure of experimenting. As the reaction among those substances that we used were hazardous therefore, the

way of filling the substances into the pop bottle (aka. the rocket ships body) is needed to be safe and

accurate for everyone.Especially, with the experimenters. Initially we use the plastic tube that was fit in into

the1 cab of the rocket side or where the propellant will spilled out which made our group faced to a problem

of an overtime to fit the plastic tube in when we were experimenting. Bunch of times, the substances were

spilled out due to the fear of explosion. Therefore, we use the tissue papers to folded the substances

instead.Lastly, with our launcher design which led to the inaccurate of the angle degrees as the rocket placed

on. This error caused an enormous effect to our result as the propellant released it is necessary to for the

propellant to hit on the ground to push our rocket ship toward.

50
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baking-soda-and-vinegar-rockets

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