LIVERPOOL ORAL NOTES

Fire situations

At all times muster crew and take a head count.

Fire in port (cargo operations or bunker operations):

1) Raise the alarm.

2) Inform port authorities.
3) Inform the Master.
4) Cease cargo or bunker operations. Caste off bunker barge that is alongside.
5) Non essential persons to be sent ashore.
6) One man standby at the gangway with cargo plan, fire wallet, international shore
connection to act as a guide for shore fire party.
7) Muster all crew- head count. Fire party briefed.
8) Proceed to scene off fire and investigate.
9) Shut down all ventilation.
10) Start emergency fire p/p. Try to fight the fire by conventional means.
11) Maintain boundary cooling at all times.
12) After fire brigade comes-
Hand over fire wallet.
Co-ordinate closely and assist as required.
Constant check on stability at all times.
If cargo space fire- close and batten down hatches.
If accommodation fire then isolate all electrical circuits.

Cargo space fire (at sea):

1) Raise alarm.
2) Inform master.
3) Reduce speed.
4) If fire is forward then bring wind to the quarter and if fire is aft then bring wind to
aft.
5) Muster all crew- head count. Fire party briefed.
6) Proceed to scene off fire and investigate.
7) Shut down all ventilation.
8) Start emergency fire p/p. Try to fight the fire by conventional means.
9) Maintain boundary cooling at all times.
10) Refer to the cargo plan with regard to the type of cargo on fire and if any dangers
associated with it.
11) Commence boundary cooling and check adjacent compartment for additional fire
risk.
12) Consider ballasting the adjacent tanks after calculation of GM of the vessel.
13) Inject fixed CO2.
14) Investigate port of refuge facility and inform port authorities.

Accommodation fire at sea:

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1) Raise alarm. Inform master.
2) Muster all crew- head count. Fire party briefed.
3) Proceed to scene off fire and investigate.
4) Shut down all ventilation.
5) Start emergency fire p/p. Try to fight the fire by conventional means.
6) Maintain boundary cooling at all times.
7) Close all watertight and fire doors.
8) Isolate electrical circuits.
9) Boundary cooling.
10) Fire fighters to work in pairs properly equipped- investigate and tackle the fire by
conventional means.

Galley fire at sea:

1) First six points as above.

2) Due regards to be given to the type of extinguishing agent being used-
Foam- oil stoves.
DCP- electrical fires.
CO2 can be used as smothering agent.

Fire at sea: (engine room)

1) Raise the alarm.

2) Inform the master
3) Reduce the vessels speed. Engage manual steering. Display n.u.c. lights. Weather
reports, open communication with other vessels in the vicinity and send urgency
signal.
4) Close all ventilation, fire and watertight doors.
5) Muster all crew- take a head count. Emergency fire p/p running.
6) Isolate all electrical units. Commence boundary cooling.
7) Fight fire by conventional means.
8) Main fire party to be properly equipped. Back up party ready at all times.
9) C/O not to enter as he monitors progress and communication with the bridge.
Proper communication between bridge and engine room. Keep bridge informed
accordingly of sequence of events.

At all times fire fighters to be well equipped with breathing apparatus and fireman
suit. Checks on apparatus must be carried out prior to entering space.

Releasing of CO2 at sea:

CO2 is only released when fire is out of control.

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Before releasing:

1) Seal engine room.

2) All ventilation to be closed.
3) Fuels and boiler within engine room to be shut down.
4) Evacuate and seal the engine room. Head count.
5) Check out the amount of CO2 required to be injected as per the planned injection
information (found in CO2 room and remote station).
6) Open fire cabinet door causing alarm to activate.
7) Operate fire handle mechanism to fire the pilot bottles, which fires the bank of
bottles in the engine room. Ensure hold valves are closed.

Planned injection information:

1) CO2 arrangement plan.

2) Procedure of firing.
3) Number of bottles designated for each place protected.
4) Number of non return valves.

After releasing:

1) Always advisable to wait before carrying out an investigation.

2) Maintain boundary cooling and observe temperature at various levels.
3) Once a distinct fall in temperature has been observed an internal inspection and
assessment may be carried out.
4) Breathing apparatus to be donned when entering the space. Checks on breathing
apparatus. 2/e and oiler to enter.
5) Inspection to be carried out with spray fire fighting equipment, safety line and
communication checked prior to entry.
6) Once it has been confirmed that fire has been brought under control an additional
assessment by chief engineer.
7) When both opinions agreed upon damage control party to be sent in for cooling
down work.

Learn CO2 arrangement system diagram, has been asked before.

Precautions when using a CO2 extinguisher:

1) Always read instructions before firing.

2) Remove safety pin.
3) Do not touch any metal part of the extinguisher.
4) Direct nozzle away and fire.

Contents of a fire wallet:

1) General arrangement plan.

2) Shell expansion plan.
3) Ventilation plan.
4) Fire fighting equipment plan.
5) Position of all watertight doors.

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6) Stability information, cargo plan cargo manifest- if dangerous goods carried.
7) Crews list.
8) Electric data.

Operation of emergency fire pump:

1) Check lubrication.
2) Check salt water cooling.
3) Turn on fuel.
4) Decompress the cylinders.
5) Crank the fly wheel.
6) When fly wheel is freely rotating compress the cylinders.
7) Once engine starts firing adjust the throttle.

CO2 Three way valve:

1) Samples of smoke pass through a three way valve to the smoke detector system.
2) This valve is shut but sample passes into the smoke detector.
3) Once it is confirmed that there is fire open the valve.
4) Smothering gas or CO2 can be injected into the hold via the valve.

Pre operational checks of breathing apparatus:

1) Ensure bypass v/v is fully closed.

2) Open cylinder valve to check if cylinders are fully charged, whistle will be heard
as the pressure rises.
3) Close cylinder valve. Provided it does not fall to zero in less than 30 sec then the
set is leak tight.
4) Demist mask visor with anti dim solution.
5) Don apparatus put on mask and open cylinder valves.
6) Inhale deeply twice or thrice to ensure that air is flowing freely from the demand
v/v and the exhalation valve is functioning correctly.
7) Close cylinder v/v and inhale until air in the mask is exhausted. Now inhale deeply,
the mask must collapse on the face indicating an airtight fitness of both mask
exhalation v/v.
8) Reopen cylinder v/v.

Class A: dry fires (wood, paper, textiles)~ water, dry powder.

Class B: combustible liquids (kerosene, petrol etc.)~ foam, dry powder.
Class C: electrical fires~ CO2, halon.
Class D: fire in light metals.
Class E: petroleum gases.
Class F: spontaneously combustible materials~ water, foam and dry powder.

Emergency stop valve:

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1) This is usually of quick closing type. It fitted between the settling tank and the cold
filters.
2) This valve has an extended spindle or of remote control type to the deck to enable
the oil to be shut off in the case of a fire out break.

Safety

Safe means of access:

1) Gangway not to be at an inclination of more than 30 o to the horizontal.

2) Accommodation ladder not to be at an angle of inclination of more than 55 o to the
horizontal.
3) Staunchions, rails, intermediate guides, lifelines to be properly rigged and free of
damage.
4) Safety net free of damage and properly rigged.
5) Bottom platform horizontal to jetty.
6) Gangway area properly illuminated.
7) Lifebuoy with s.i. light and line, heaving line with rescue quoit available at access
area.
8) Gangway free of any obstruction or slippery substance.
9) Gangway wires (free of damage) and all rollers moving freely.
10) ``No Smoking`` and ``No Unauthorised Persons`` signs displayed.
11) Fire wallet available at gangway.
12) Gangway not to be unattended at any times.

What are you looking for at the top of the gangway in port?

1) Fire wallet and international shore connection.

Pilot ladder:

1) A single length of ladder should be used.

2) Whenever the distance to the waterline exceeds 9m then a combination ladder to
be used in conjunction with a pilot ladder.
3) Treads of the ladder must be made of hard wood (ash, oak, elm, or teak).
4) Steps (must remain horizontal at all times)-
Dimensions- not less than 48Omm x 115mm x 25mm.
Spacing- not less than 300mm and nor more than 380mm apart.
5) Four lower steps to be constructed of rubber.
6) Side ropes consist of manila rope 18mm in diameter.
7) Manropes of diameter not less than 20mm in diameter.
8) Spreaders-
Dimensions- 1800mm 2000mm in length.
They must be so fixed so that the lowest spreader comes no lower than the 5th step
from the bottom.
Intervals between spreaders not to exceed 9 steps.
9) The bulwark ladder must be well secured to the bulwark.
Stanchion spacing- 700 800mm.
Stanchion- not to extend more than 1200mm above bulwark.

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Man entry into enclosed spaces

Any sort of entry into enclosed space should only be carried out when permission
has been obtained by master or chief officer and persons entering are experienced.

1) Adequate ventilation and illumination.

2) Atmosphere tested and found safe.
3) Space secured for entry.
4) S.C.A.B.A. sets available at entry (apparatus tested).
5) Responsible person available at all times at entry point.
6) Communication person entering, tanktop, bridge.
7) Personnel protective equipment to be used.
8) Where required breathing apparatus to be used.
9) Testing equipment available for regular checks:
O2 analyser- oxygen deficiency
Explosimeter- Hc vapour and explosive limit
Tankscope- measures oxygen in inert atmosphere
Dragger tubes- measures oxygen if correct tube fitted.

Pumproom entry:

1) Ventilation should be provided atleast 15` before entering and to be continuously

running.
2) A permanently rigged rescue harness and line should be at the top at all times.
3) O2 content 21%.
4) Gas generation in oily bilges should be reduced by spreading a foam layer over
the oil.
5) Means of communication established.
6) Competent man standby on the top.
7) Advice the officer on entry and exit.
8) Explosimeter readings at various levels.
9) Adequate illumination.
10) One scaba standby on top.
11) Elsa at bottom platform.

Tank entry:

1) Permission from chief officer.

2) Tank clean.
3) Tank not pressurised.
4) Tank inerted and gas freed.
5) Tank containing 21% oxygen.
6) Cargo system shut down.
7) Tank isolated from I.G.
8) Notices placed at tank ig isolating valves, cargo tank, cargo control room.
9) Fresh air being supplied to the tank.

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10) Breathing apparatus and lifeline available.

Tank ventilation:

1) Forced ventilation: use of canvas to direct air in through one manhole and then
out through another manhole in the same tank.
2) Mechanical ventilation: use of small portable blowers connected to canvas or
plastic shoots and the free and at the bottom of the tank. If blower not available
then the use of deck compressed air.

Why should there be 21% O2 in the tank prior entry or hot work?

Air that contains 21% oxygen will not support human life.

Bunkering procedures:

1) Conduct a safety meeting with master and c/e. discuss the bunker plan and which
tank the bunkers is being taken in.
2) Accordingly calculate the stability of the vessel. Keep a check on the stability of
the vessel and all stages of bunkering taking into account the free surface effect at
various stages.
3) Emergency shut down procedure agreed.
4) ``B`` flag or red bunker light on.
5) Seal the deck.
6) Drip trays plugged.
7) 3 way communication- bunker station, manifold and tank.
8) Bonding wire and fire wire rigged.
9) Fire fighting equipment ready- fire extinguisher and fire hose pressurised with
emergency fire pump.
10) Oil spill gear at manifold.
11) Display ``No Smoking`` signs and ``No unauthorised persons on board``.
12) Display emergency telephone numbers.
13) Two means of access- forward part of vessel and access from ship to bunker
station.
14) Accommodation doors shut.
15) Air-condition on internal circulation.
16) Overboard to be checked regularly for any spillage.
17) Contingency plan for fire or oil spillage.
18) Entries in oil record book.
19) Tank vents open.
20) Flame arresters on vents.

Taking over as chief officer:

1) Check certificates and validity.

2) Register of ship lifting appliances and gear.
3) Ships plan.
4) Garbage record book.
5) Oil record book.

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6) LSA/FFA maintenance record book.
7) Planned maintenance scheme checks.
8) General condition of ship and defects list.
9) Possession of all important keys.
10) Condition of stores inventories and requisition.
11) Overtime sheets.
12) Navigational equipment.
13) Deck log book.
14) Ongoing or future surveys.
15) Cargo aspect:
Records of all past loading and discharges.
Ship stability booklet, cargo plan, cargo manifest, ship stability booklet,
Present situation regarding cargo and stowage.
Expected time of completion and departure.
Any draft restrictions in port of departure or arrival.
Reserves on board- oil, ballast, fresh water, cargo etc.
Loadicator- general operation, test condition, take custody of instruction manual
and back up floppy.

IMDG

Classes of dangerous cargo:

Class 1 : explosives
Class 2 : gases compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure.
Class 3 : inflammable liquids.
Class 4.1 : inflammable solids.
Class 4.2 : inflammable solids or substances liable to spontaneous combustion.
Class 4.3 : inflammable solids or substances which when in contact with water
emit flammable gases.
Class 5.1 : oxidising substances.
Class 5.2 : organic peroxides.
Class 6.1 : poisonous toxic substances.
Class 6.2 : infectious substances.
Class 7 : radio active substances.
Class 8 : corrosives.
Class 9 : miscellaneous dangerous cargo which presto a danger not covered
by other classes.

Marking:
the following requirements shall be complied with-

1) The package must be clearly marked with the correct technical names of goods
and an indication must be given with the hazards that could arise during the
transportation of the goods.
2) Markings must comply with IMDG.
3) The outer material of the package will survive 3 months immersion and the
marking must be durable.
4) If the outer material does not survive 3 months then the inner receptacle which
will survive 3 months must be durably marked.

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5) If the goods are carried in a container then the unit must have distinctive labels on
the external.

Packing:

1) Shall be in good condition.

2) Of such a character that an interior surface with which the contents may come in
contact is not dangerously affected by the substance being conveyed and capable
of withstanding the ordinary risk of carriage at sea.
3) Where absorbent or cushioning is being used-
Capable of minimising the danger to which the liquid may give rise.
Prevent movement and ensures that the receptacle remains surrounded.
Absorb liquid in the event of breakage.
4) Receptacles shall have an ullage at the filling temperature sufficient to allow for
the highest temperature during the voyage.
5) Cylinders or receptacles under pressure shall have been adequately constructed,
tested and correctly filled.
6) Empty receptacles shall be considered as dangerous and be treated as dangerous
cargo unless they have been cleaned and dried.

Stowage:

1) Dangerous cargo should be stowed safely appropriately according to the nature

of the cargo. Incompatible goods to be separated from one another.
2) Explosives to be stored in magazines and to be kept securely closed at sea. They
should be kept far away from electricals.
3) Goods which give dangerous vapours should be stowed in well-ventilated places.
4) Ships carrying inflammable liquids and gases special precautions should be taken
against fire and explosion.
5) Substances liable to spontaneous heating should not be carried unless adequate
precautions have been taken.

Cargo work

Precautions when going alongside to load a tanker:

1) Stability aspect-
Details of cargo.
Disposition of cargo.
GM, stresses, drafts.
Ballasting of tanks- FSE.
Bunker distribution.
Draft restrictions or special requirements in next port.

2) Ships main transmitting aerials off.

3) Electric cables or portable equipment disconnected.
4) Switch of radars when vessel comes alongside- 10cm radar could induce
electrical potential into into nearby conductors at berth.
5) Proper lighting at berth.

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6) Are sea and overboard discharge v/v sealed and closed.
7) Deck sealed.
8) All accommodation external doors, port holes etc to be closed.
9) Air-condition on re-circulation.
10) Start pump room ventilation atleast 15` before arrival. Blowers to be on
continuously.
11) Ship shore bonding.
12) Proper means of access available between ship and shore.
13) Compliance of terminal safety and pollution regulations.
14) Placards-
No unauthorised personnel.
No smoking signs.
No naked lights.
Emergency escape routes clearly shown.
15) Moorings- ship personnel are responsible and a continuos check is to be kept.
16) Emergency towing wire forward and aft.

17) Fire-fighting equipment-

Fire hoses connected to ships fire main one forward and one aft of the manifold
and pressurised.
Ensure that ship and shore international shore connection available for use at all
times.
Emergency fire pump standby at all times and ready for immediate use.
In cold weather the freezing of water should be avoided by bleeding of water over-
side or by crack opening the drain valve.
Terminal fire fighting equipment ready at all times.
Foam monitors directed towards the manifold.
Portable fire extinguishers preferably of DCP.
18) Oil spill equipment available as per SOPEP manual.
19) Proper communication available-
Between shore tanks, manifold and CCR.
Emergency contact numbers available.
20) V/l at all times ready to move under power.

21) Documentation-
Ships particulars.
Bill of lading.
Statement of facts.
Empty tank certificates.
Draft and trim.
Maximum draft and trim expected.
Quantity of cargo to be loaded or discharged.
Nature of cargo (if discharging).
Distribution of cargo on board (if discharging).
If vessel has i.g. system and slop tank disposal system. Confirmation on the fact
that the vessel if fully inerted. Any dirty ballast in slops.
O2 content of tanks.
Defects in hull, machinery etc.
If any repairs that could delay the cargo operations.

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 Details of statutory certificates and their period of validity.
22) Get vessel ready for tank inspection.
23) Discharge and loading plan agreed upon.
24) Obtain ship shore safety checklist.

Transferring of engine room bilges into slops:

Via the MARPOL connection.

Transferring slops:

Via the MARPOL line at manifold or cargo manifold.

Gas freeing:

Displacement method: makes use of a pipe opening at the bottom of the tank which
displaces HC vapour at the bottom of the tank.
Dilution method: relies on highly powered fans which blows air to the bottom of the
tank thus diluting the petroleum vapour at the bottom of the tank. E.g. portable driven
fans or eductor driven fans.
For tank entry LFL must always be 1%.

Limits of flammability:

Upper flammable limit: 10% gas to 90% air.

Lower flammable limit: 1% gas to 99% air.

For reception of cargo: 40% LFL.

In inerted condition:
1) Oxygen level in tank if below 11% will not support combustion.
2) Maximum permissible allowance is 8%.

Learn and understand the flammability range diagram.

Preparation of bulk cargo hatch prior loading:

1) Secure hatch openings and ensure safe access for grabs.

2) Remove spar ceilings and stow them safely.
3) Sweep out hold completely and remove all traces of previous cargo. Consider a
fresh water rinse. Ensure that the hold is clear of all previous cargo prior to
loading.
4) Bilges-
Well cleaned.
Test suction.
Cover bilge lid with burlap and cement.
4) Check water tightness and securing arrangements of hatches.
5) Check ventilation arrangement.
6) Ensure adequate lighting.
7) Check moisture content is below transportable moisture limit.

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8) Check fire fighting / detection / alarm / and smothering system.
9) Where fire hazard risk avails no source of ignition. Display appropriate placards.
10) Post warning notices.
11) Rig shifting boards if necessary.
12) Rig cargo thermometers as necessary.
13) Remove unwanted dunnage.
14) Stability aspect-
Stresses.
GM
Stability adequate.

Hazards of loading coal:

1) Emission of flammable gases (methane). Methane which is lighter than air tends
to settle in the upper regions of the cargo space. Flammable range being
5% - 15%.
2) Some coals liable to spontaneous combustion, carbon monoxide is toxic and has a
flammable range of 12% - 75%.
3) Liquefaction- cargo that is likely to shift if saturated with water.

Read through the MGN notices.

On board Safety:

On every sea going ship on which more than 5 workers are employed the company
is required to employ a safety officer.

Safety officers duties:

1) Endeavour to ensure that the Code of Safe Working Practices are being followed.
2) Endeavour to ensure that the employers occupational health and safety policies
are complied with. Investigate their complaints.
3) Carry out occupational health and safety inspection to every accessible part of the
ship atleast once every three months.
4) Investigate: accidents, dangerous occurrences, potential hazards to health or
safety, make recommendations to master regarding the reoccurrence of an
accident or to remove a hazard or any deficiency to the ship.
5) Stop any work at any time, which he reasonably believes, that may cause an
accident. Inform master immediately.
6) Ensure so far as possible safety instructions, rules and guidance are complied
with.

Checks to be made by safety officer:

1) Means of access- inspected, in safe condition, unobstructed.

2) Fixtures- due to which seaman may trip or cause particular overhead hazard.
These should be painted and distinctly marked.
3) Guard rails- in place, secured and in good condition.
4) Proper illumination.
5) Ventilation adequate.

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6) Machinery adequately guarded.
7) Permits to work issued as required.
8) Level of supervision adequate particularly for inexperienced crew.

Checks in machinery space:

1) Is the engine room safe to enter?

2) Is the machinery space adequately guarded?
3) Safety operation instructions clearly displayed.
4) Are lighting at different levels adequate.
5) Is the area clear of combustible material, rags, etc?
6) Level of supervision of inexperienced crew adequate.
7) All personnel should be properly equipped.
8) Means of escape- proper signs and adequate lighting.
9) Mantainence of LSA / FFA equipment upto standard.

Any accident or dangerous occurrence to be an important part of the safety officers

duty. Actual reporting of an accident will be carried out by the master but it is the
safety officer`s duty to investigate the incident and to assist the master to complete
the accident report form.

Safety representative( have powers but no duties):

1) Participate in any of the investigations conducted by safety officer provided the

latter agrees so after notifying the Master.
2) Regarding the crews occupational health and safety, hazardous work that requires
to be suspended, consult Master and safety officer making recommendations.
3) Inspect any of the safety officer`s records.

Employer appoints a safety committee (mandatory on all ships) electing the safety
representatives.
Membership of the committee must include master as chairman.

Duties of the safety committee:

1) Ensure that the provision of safe working practise is complied with.

2) Improve standards of safety consciousness amongst the crew.
3) Inspect safety officers records.
4) Ensure the observance of employers occupational health and safety policies.
Consider and take appropriate action if required.
5) Keep a record of all proceedings.

Method of improving safety awareness:

1) Movies
2) Posters
3) Publications
4) Informal talks
5) Mantainence of safety equipment
6) Drills

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7) Marine safety cards
8) Accident reports
9) Permit to work system

ISM
Objectives:
1. Observe safe operation of ships
2. Prevent pollution
3. Prevent loss of life and damage
4. Project environment

Designated person from compare DPA designated person ashore

Master responsible from ship
Internal audits
Reports non confirmatives NCR non conformance report
Corrective action
Log all activities
Have an approved SMS (safety management system)

Dry-docking
Normal dry-dock period once every 2 years.

General repair list:

Standard items:
1) Hull cleaning and surface preparation.
2) Survey of ships bottom (sighting the bottom).
3) Anchors- including ranging and marking, turned end to end.
4) Chain locker- chipping, painting, bitter end and chain locker educting system.
5) Sea v/v and sea chest to be inspected, overhauled and painted.
6) Anodes- location, weight and size.
7) Inspection and overhaul and load test of lifting equipment.
8) Tank, hold and closing appliances to be to be inspected and overhauled.

Repair items:
1) Renewal of piping.
2) Cargo handling equipment.
3) Hatch closing arrangement.
4) Bulkhead leaks.
5) Replacement of ships side rails.
6) Electrical cables.
7) Fire fighting equipment.

Documentation:

Check and consult with the master the following:

1) General arrangement plan.
2) Shell expansion plan.
3) Fire plan.

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4) Repair list.
5) Plug plan.
6) Stability data.
7) Cargo plan if docking with cargo- inform shore authorities for shoring and
position of shoring required.
8) Rigging plan.
9) Inform dock authorities in plenty of time regarding any projections on the hull.
10) Post docking information if any.

Stability aspect (chief officers duties before entering the dock):

1) Free surface effect in tanks to be removed or reduced.

2) GM to be positive when going to the dry-dock and throughout the critical period.
When going out ships constants will change- mud, new plates, etc.
3) Consult dock authorities for required draft and trim. Generally a small trim by
stern is required. More the trim the more the critical period.
4) All round sounding of all tanks.
On board preparations:

1) Hatches and beams stowed in position.

2) Derricks and cranes stowed in position.
3) Adequate fendering required.
4) FFA ready.
5) Inform head of all departments.
6) Inform c/e to take shore power facilities.
7) Required notices posted.
8) Security- lock up spaces.
9) Rig fenders

Logging down events:

1) Time the dock gates open.

2) Time vessel enters the dock (bow and stern).
3) Time dock gates close.
4) Pumping out commenced.
5) Time Lines ashore.
6) Time the vessel touches the blocks.
7) Time all sewn on the blocks forward and aft.
8) Dock draining completed.
9) Time gangway walkable.
10) Vessel certified gas free.
11) Utilities connected.

When coming out:

1) Time when authority to flood certificate has been signed.
2) Time flooding commenced.
3) Time all lines cast off.
4) Time dock gates open.
5) Time vessel clears lock gates forward and aft.

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When in the dock:

1) Have documentation ready and repair list.

2) Sound all tanks once again.
3) Tank plugs when being removed sight their removal and retained.
4) Close all overboard discharges.
5) 2 means of safe access.
6) Take over facilities from docking master.

Facilities from docking master:

1) Toilets.
2) Electric shore connection.
3) Fire line pressurised, fire men on board.
4) Emergency numbers.
5) Bonding wire.
6) Garbage disposal.
7) Gas free certificates.
8) Hotwork permits.

When coming out of the dock:

1) Check that all repairs have been done to satisfaction. All departments to also to
check.
2) Checks that all plugs removed to be placed back in position and have been
visually sighted.
3) Any securing on echo sounder or logs to be removed.
4) Propeller and rudder to be clear of any obstruction.
5) Any loose objects or staging overhanging on ships side to be removed.
6) General check on the anchor- anchor secured and marked.
7) Check that the overboard is clear.
8) I shall be the last person to leave the dock.
9) All soundings to be same as before when the vessel entered the dock.
10) Recalculate stability, trim and +ve GM to be maintained throughout.
11) Go through the checklist- obtain satisfied and written from the master.
12) Sign Authority to Flood Certificate.
13) Flooding stopped before rising the forward to check if overboard valves are not
leaking.

Why enter the dock with a small stern trim:

1) Sole Piece is the strongest part of the ship.

2) Dragging ship head to centreline is easier.
3) Gradual loss of GM.

Work on cable:

1) Cable is ranged and inspected visually for any damage or hairline fractures by
hammering each link.

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2) If any part of the cable is corroded and worn more than 10% of diameter then it
should be renewed.
3) Anchor is changed end to end- all parts of the cable experience equivalent stresses
over the years.
4) Remarking of the cable.
5) Overhauling of the bitter end.

Why do soundings have to be taken and recorded before entering a dry dock and
leaving one?

To ensure similar stability state at the time of leaving the dock as it was when
entering.

Cargo handling gear

Lifting plant regulations:

1) Good design, construction and of adequate strength for the purpose of which it is
intended.
2) Slings to be of good construction.
3) To be used in safe proper manner and safe working load not be exceeded.
4) Persons operating to be competent and experienced authorised by a responsible
officer.
5) After 1993 lifting plant to be tested every 5 years.
6) No lifting plant to be used unless it has been tested atleast once every 12 months
by chief officer.
7) No plant to be used after installation or repair unless it has been tested then
thoroughly examined by a competent person.
8) Each lifting appliance is to be clearly marked with the following-
SWL
Means of identification.
9) Each item of the lifting gear is to be clearly marked with SWL.
10) Full account is to be taken of the principles and guidelines in CSWP chapter 17.

Certificate obtained within 28 days of testing and retained on board for a period of 2
years.

Lifting appliance given a static test using a proof load or a dynamometer (static test).

Proof Load: exceeds a SWL by a given percentage or weight to check the safety of a
derrick or a crane.
The proof load is to be applied by hoisting movable weights by using the cargo
purchase and with the weights in the hoisted position the hoisted position the derricks
are to be swung in both directions as far as possible.

Tests on Derricks:

SWL PROOF LOAD

Upto 20 t: SWL + 25% (if less than 15t then dynamometer may be used)
20t 50t: SWL + 5 t

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50t and more: SWL + 10%

Condemning of a wire:

1) In any 8 diameter when 10% of the strands are broken.

2) For standing rig (steel wire rope)- 6 X 6 wires per strand.
3) For running rig-
Flexible steel wire rope- 6 X 12/18/48 wires per strand.
Extra flexible steel wire rope- 6 X 36 wires per strand.

The extra flexible steel wire rope has a fibre core for lubrication.

Breaking Stress: 20 D2 / 500

Safe Working Load: Breaking Stress / 6

Union Purchase SWL: 1/3 SWL of single derrick

Safe Angle Between Runners: 90o and 120o occasionally.

Code of safe working practise says that a mass in excess of SWL should not be lifted
unless:

1) A test is carried out.

2) The weight and the proof load is known.
3) Lift is a straight lift by a single appliance.
4) Lift is supervised by a competent person.
5) The competent person has given in writing that it is safe to do so.
6) No person is exposed to danger.

Register of ship lifting appliance and cargo handling gear:

1) Certificates and tests together with reports of examination.

2) Certificates and identity number recorded on certificate of loose gear- blocks,
shackles, bridle etc.
3) When testing a lifting plant the following are recorded- name and status of
competent person, SWL, proof load.
4) Details of regular maintenance, defects and repairs.

Rigging Plan:

1) Position of derricks producing maximum force.

2) Position of guys and preventers to resist maximum forces.
3) Position size and SWL of blocks.
4) Position of inboard and outward booms.
5) Length size and SWL of runner, topping lift, guys and preventers.
6) Maximum angle between runners.
7) Maximum headroom (permissible height of cargo hook above hatch coaming).
8) Position and size of deck eye plates.

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9) SWL of shackles.
10) Guidance on maintenance of derricks.
11) Combined diagram showing forces for a load of 1 tonne or the SWL.

Information regarding derrick strength if found- in the Register of Lifting

Appliances and Cargo Handling Gear.

Overhauling goose neck (yearly):

1) Ensure vessel provides stable platform (i.e. vessel should be at anchor free from
any rolling or pitching).
2) Secure the derrick head in its crutch.
3) Remove and overhaul derrick heel block.
4) Secure a purchase of appropriate SWL on mast or Samson Post and to the derrick.
5) A direct lift can be obtained over the derrick heel by unshipping the derrick
topping block and securing the purchase by a strap to the derrick heel.
6) Withdraw horizontal and vertical bolts and nuts and recondition them.
7) Unship the derrick and secure in its temporary crutch.
8) Clean all parts and check for- wear and tear, hairline fractures, and particular
attention to the bolts.
9) All parts to be properly lubricated and reassemble the goose neck area to its
operational condition.
10) Make relevant entries in ``Register of ship Lifting Appliances and Cargo Gear``.

Thorough examination:

Means a detailed examination by a competent person supplemented by stripping the

gear down for inspection if judged necessary.

1) A competent person to examine all gears.

2) Any test involving proof load.
3) Every 12 months thorough examination which includes- dismantling of all loose
gear and hidden parts as judged necessary to arrive at a reliable conclusion as
safety of plant is examined.
4) Certificate numbers.
5) Examination performed e.g. initial, yearly, 5 yearly, if any repairs or damage etc.
6) Declaration of competent person to be signed and dated.
7) Remarks to be signed and dated.

Competent person: someone over 18 years in age possessing practical and

theoretical knowledge and actual experience of the type of plant being examined. His
job will be to discover any defects or weakness and assess their importance in
relation to strength, stability, and function of the equipment.

Care of cargo blocks:

1) Check swivel head and sheeve (also check grooves on sheeve for wear down) for
free movement.
2) Examine side plate for distortion or buckling.
3) Check axil pin- ensure no play and check thread of pin.

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4) Check split pin and distance piece.
5) Oil surface of blocks.
6) Do not paint grease nipples and statutory markings.

Mantainence of cargo handling equipment:

1) Weekly: grease nipples on whinches, blocks, derricks cranes.

2) 3 months: auxiliary equipment (chains, rings, hooks, swivels, blocks and shackles).
3) 6 months: a thorough overall check of the above equipment.
Grease nipples checked.
Derrick: stripped and all auxiliary equipment gear taken apart examined greased
and reassembled.
Whinches to be overhauled with engineer.
Location and identification number of each item complying with the rigging plan.
Amend the rigging plan if any part of the gear has been replaced.
Each item to have a certificate.
4) 12 months: derust, paint and overhaul derrick gooseneck.
5) All gear should be inspected before use.

Precautions when loading a heavy lift:

1) Stability-
ensure stability if the vessel is adequate and maximum heel is acceptable.
Eliminate FSE.
Large GM available since rise in G is going to occur.
2) Rid extra mast stays as necessary.
3) Check condition of derrick and gear before use (all moving parts to be freely
rotating).
4) Rig fenders.
5) Gangway up.
6) Moorings taut (men standby in case of an emergency).
7) Cast off all barges.
8) Unauthorised personnel sent ashore. Inform head of all departments before lift
commences.
9) Check ships data to ensure deck is strong enough to support load (Deck Load
Capacity Plan).
10) Clear area of deck where load is to be placed and adequate dunnage to be placed
to spread load evenly.
11) Whinch driver competent.
12) One person at all times giving directions.
13) Put winches in double gear.
14) Set strong steam guys before lifting. Secure steadying lines at ends of the load.
15) Lateral drag- simultaneously slacken on topping lift and runner wire to keep
plumbline intact. Derrick to be plumb over the weight at all times.

Vessel laid up and you join as chief officer:

1) Consult rigging plan, register of ship lifting appliances and cargo handling gear,
deck capacity plan, stability information booklet.
2) Rig derrick correctly.

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3) Bring in surveyor.

Can you load a 25t weight with a derrick of 25t SWL:

Practically speaking no. Due allowance is to be made for other parts of the lifting
gear- slings, shackles is also to be taken into account.

What would you do if you were to load a heavy lift on a tank top?

1) Check the deck load capacity plan.

2) Ballast the tank top for additional precaution.

Publications and Record Books

M- Notices: merchant ship notices which are published by the MCA and
recommendations contained in it should be complied with. It is a method by which the
MCA promulgates information, which is quickly brought to the attention of seafarers,
management and those associated with the industry.

They are divided into three categories:

Merchant Shipping Notices (white coloured): convey mandatory information that

must be complied with under UK law. In otherwards they explain and amplify
statutory requirements.
Marine Guidance Notices (blue coloured): SOLAS, MARPOL, etc.
Marine Information Notes (green coloured): administrative information aimed at
training establishments.

Each notice will be affixed as follows: (M): for merchant ships

(F): for fishing vessels
(M+F): for merchant ships and fishing vessels

Oil Record Book:

Every oil tanker of 150 grt and above and every vessel of 400 grt and above other
than a tanker shall be provided with an Oil Record Book Part I (Machinery Space
Operations).

Every oil tanker of 150 grt and above shall also be provided with Oil Record Book
Part II (Cargo / Ballast Operations).

Entries: Any movement of oil in and out of the vessel and internal shifting of oil.

Non Tankers:

1) ballasting or cleaning of fuel tanks.

2) discharge of ballast or water from fuel oil tanks, which have been ballasted or
cleaned.
3) disposal of oil residues.

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4) discharge overboard or disposal otherwise of bilge water which has accumulated
in machinery space.
5) Bunkering operations.

Tankers:

1) loading of oil cargo.

2) discharging of oil.
3) internal transfer of oil during the voyage.
4) ballasting of cargo tanks and dedicated clean ballast tanks.
5) cleaning of cargo tanks including crude oil washing.
6) discharge of ballast except from segregated ballast tanks.
7) discharge of water from slop tanks.
8) closing of all applicable valves or similar device after slop tank discharge
operations.
9) closing of v/v necessary for isolation of dedicated clean ballast tanks from cargo
and stripping lines after slop tank discharge operations.

Control of discharge of oil (as per Marpol):

Any discharge of oil into the sea is prohibited except when the following conditions
are satisfied-
1) tanker is not within a special area.
2) tanker is more than 50 nm from the nearest land.
3) tanker is proceeding enroute.
4) instantaneous discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 ltrs / nautical mile.
5) total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed-
1/ 15,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the residue formed
a part (for existing tankers).
1/30,000 of the total quantity of the particular cargo of which the residue formed
a part (for new tankers).
6) the tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring equipment and slop tank
arrangement.

For a ship of 400 grt and above other than an oil tanker and from machinery space
bilges excluding cargo p/p room bilges of an oil tanker unless mixed with oil cargo
residue-
1) The ship is not within a special area.
2) The ship is more than 12 nautical miles away from the nearest land.
3) The ship is proceeding enroute.
4) The oil content of the affluent is less than 15ppm.
5) The ship has an an oil discharging monitoring and controlling system, oily water
separating equipment, oil filtering equipment or any other installation as required
by regulation.

Garbage Record Book

1) every vessel of 12m or more in length shall display placards informing the crew
and passengers of the disposal requirements of garbage.

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2) every ship of 400grt and above certified to carry 15 passengers or more shall carry
a garbage management plan and a garbage record book.
3) v/l`s which are exempted-
A vessel certified to carry 15 passengers or more if engaged in a voyage of one
hour or less.
fixed or floating offshore installations.

Contents of Garbage Management Plan:

1) designated person who is incharge of carrying out the plan.

2) procedures for collecting, processing, stowing and disposing the garbage.

Garbage Special Areas:

1) Antarctic
2) Baltic Sea
3) Black Sea
4) Mediterranean Sea
5) North Sea
6) Persian Gulf
7) Red Sea
8) Wider Caribbean

Classes of Garbage:

1) Plastics.
2) Floating dunnage, lining and packing material.
3) Ground down paper products, rags, glass, metals bottles and crockery.
4) Paper products, rags, glass, metal bottles, crockery.
5) Food waste.
6) Incinerator Ash.

Entries to be made in the Garbage Record Book:

1) when garbage is discharged into the sea, reception facilities ashore or other
vessels.
2) when garbage is incinerated.
3) accidental or other exceptional discharge of garbage.
time of occurrence.
port or position of vessel at the time of occurrence.
category of garbage and estimated amount in m3.
reason of disposal and remarks.

Garbage disposal outside Special Areas:

1) no plastics.
2) floating materials- more than 25 nautical miles.
3) food, crockery, bottles, rags, meals, cans etc- more than 12 nautical miles.
4) food crockery etc comminuted- more than 3 nautical miles.

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Inside special areas:

1) food wastes- more than 12 nautical miles.

2) in wider Caribbean region food wastes comminuted- more than 3 nautical miles.

Ship Board Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP)

Every non-tanker of 400 grt or above and every tanker of 150 grt and above must
have SOPEP on board in the form of a manual. The plan should consist of the
following:

1) The procedure to be followed by master or another person having charge of the

ship to report an oil pollution incident.

When:
If discharge exceeds MARPOL limits.
Discharge to save life or property.
Discharge resulting from damage.
Threat or probability of discharge.
How:
By quickest available means to coastal radio station, designated ship movement
reporting system or RCC at sea.
By quickest available means to local authorities in port.
What:
Initial report.
Follow up report.
Cargo / ballast bunker disposition.
Characteristics of oil spilled.
Slick movement.
Weather and sea conditions.

2) List of authorities to be contacted in the event of an oil spill.

Who:
Nearest coast station.
Harbour and terminal authorities.
Ship owners / managers / P & I authorities.

3) A detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by persons on board

to reduce or discharge of oil following the incident.

In case of spills caused by casualties:

Immediate action to preserve life and property.
Immediate action to prevent escalation of the incident.
Damage assessment procedures.

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In case of operational spills:

Preventive measures and procedures.

Actions in the event of-
Pipeline leakage.
Tank overflow.
Hull leakage.

4) The procedures and point of contact on the ship for co-ordinating ship board
action with national and local authorities in combating the pollution.

Action required initiating response.

Ships responsibility regarding monitoring clean up activities.
Assistance that can be provided by the ship.
Details of any materials carried on board to assist the cleaning on deck spills.
Details of oil spill response arrangement and policies.
Guidance on record keeping and sampling procedures.

5) List plans and drawings.

Company organisational charts.

List of key contacts-
Company.
P & I club and correspondents.
Agents.
Ships particulars.
General arrangement plan.
Table of tank capacities.
Piping and pumping plan.
Bunker disposition.
Mid ship section plan.
Plan indicating frame spacing.
Damage stability data.
Cargo stowage plan.
Cargo certificates of quality.
List and disposition of shipboard clean up material.
Record of shipboard oil pollution emergency drills.

What he wants to hear:

The points that are mentioned in bold, he should not go into details.

Surveys:

Preparation of Loadline survey:

1) Check that access and openings in superstructure are in good condition-

Dogs, clamps and hinges to be free and well greased.
Gaskets and watertight openings to be free of cracks.
Doors should be able to be opened from both sides.

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2) Machinery space openings to be checked on exposed weather deck.
3) Cargo hatches-
Hatches and access to be weather tight.
Portable wooden hatch covers to be in good condition- tarpaulins in good
conditions and atleast 2 provided for each hatch cover.
4) Ventilators- opening and closing arrangement to be free.
5) Air pipes- opening and closing arrangement to be functioning freely.
6) Free ports in good condition.
7) Manholes and flush scuttles- watertight.
8) Check efficiency securing of portable beams.
9) Guard rails and bulwark to be of satisfactory, lifelines to be rigged.
10) Below the freeboard deck check- cargo ports, side scuttles and openings to have
must have efficient internal watertight dead lights.
11) Non return and overboard valves functioning properly.

Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Survey:

Life saving appliances:

1) Lifeboat-
Stores and equipment.
Particular attention to bottom boards and buoyancy material.
Thwarts free of cracks.
2) Overhaul and grease which davits and blocks. Falls to be renewed or turned end
to end. Repaint markings on the lifeboat.
3) When boats are in water run the boats ahead and astern.
4) Inflatable liferafts to be serviced within the last 12 months.
5) Lifebuoys- si lights, grab lines, markings well painted.
6) Lifejackets- lights, whistles and markings.
7) Pyrotechnics- expiry dates.

Fire Fighting appliances:

1) Fire control plans legible.
2) Check fire hoses, nozzles and applicators in good condition.
3) Test emergency fire pump.
4) Overhaul all extinguishers.
5) Test and overhaul fixed fire equipment system.
6) Check breathing apparatus and firemans suit.
7) Check fire and smoke detection system.

Other checks:
1) Emergency lighting system.
2) Check closing arrangements for- ventilators, skylits, doors and funnel.
3) Check navigational equipment.
4) Check pilot ladders and pilot hoists.

In general all checks to be carried out as per the record of inspection form at the back
of the SEQ certificate.

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Emergencies

Engine failure (v/l rolling heavily):

1) NUC lights.
2) V/l on hand steering.
3) Inform master.
4) Bring vessel head to wind.
5) Increase weights forward by filling up the forepeak and consider walking back
anchor upto 4 to 5 shackles. This will increase the weight forward considering the
pivot point of the vessel to shift forward resulting a sailing effect.
6) To reduce the rolling-
Winging out weights- increases the rolling period.
Reduce GM by ballasting TST`s.

Manoverboard

1) Helm hard over on the side which the man has fallen.
2) Release lifebuoy with smoke signal. If possible release the SART.
3) Press GPS MOB button.
4) Sound emergency alarm.
5) Main engines for immediate manoeuvring.
6) Inform master.
7) Post lookouts.
8) Sound emergency signal ``O`` on fog signal. Broadcast by VHF to all vessels in
the vicinity. Hoist ICS flag ``O``.
9) Turn out rescue boat- muster crew and standby.
10) Continuos monitoring of vessels position on chart.
11) Update weather reports.
12) Log book entries.

Collision

1) Stop engines and obtain an assessment of the situation. It may be prudent to

maintain a few revolutions in the engines to avoid the other vessel form flooding
and consequent sinking when both vessels are separating.
2) Sound emergency alarm.
3) Switch on deck lights and NUC lights.
4) Inform master. Inform engine room and all departments.
5) Broadcast message to all ships in the vicinity.
6) Carry out head count and damage assessment.
7) Muster damage control parties and detail duties.
8) Order bilge pumps and ballast pumps to start pumping out effected area.
9) Shut all watertight doors and fire doors.
10) Communication officer- standby to obtain weather report. Navigational officer to
update vessels position and assist master as required.
11) Prepare survival craft for immediate launching if situation demands.

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Chief officers duties:

1) Internal sounding of all tanks- check watertight integrity.

2) Machinery space wet or dry.
3) Head count- check for casualties.
4) Investigate pollution possibilities.
5) Will consider ballasting to bring damaged portion above waterline.

Masters legal obligations:

1) Standby to render assistance.

2) Exchange information with master of other information-
General particulars of other vessel.
Port of departure.
Port of destination.
3) Report accident to Marine Accident Investigation Bereau (MAIB).
4) Make entries in official log book.

Grounding

1) Stop engines.
2) Sound emergency alarm.
3) Display aground lights and switch on deck lights.
4) Inform master and all departments.
5) Broadcast warning message to all vessels in the vicinity and continuos VHF watch
maintained.
6) Position on chart investigated and safe port options investigated.

Chief officers duties:

1) Extent and position of damage.

2) Head count- casualties.
3) Check watertight integrity of hull- internal and external soundings. After
soundings have been made air pipes and sounding pipes to be well secured. This
will prevent oil pollution and water pressure causing the oil to rise upwards.
4) Condition of machinery wet or dry.
5) Shut all watertight doors and fire doors.
6) Obtain damage reports from all departments.
7) Refer to vessels damage stability information.
8) Damage control party mustered and reduce the ingress of water.
9) Consider the possibility of fire or oil pollution hazards.
10) Determine nature of bottom. Determine time of next high water.
11) Lifeboat ready and swung out. LSA / FFA equipment standby.
12) Appropriate entries made in logbook.

After grounding there is no damage to hull or watertight integrity. What will you do
next?

I will call for an underwater survey.

Beaching

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Is defined as taking the ground intentionally as occurs for 2 reasons-
To prevent the loss of the vessel when damaged below the waterline.
When it is the intention to refloat after watertight integrity has been restored.

Procedure:

1) Take on full ballast before beaching.

2) Consider bow first if bow damaged and stern first if stern damaged at about 90 o
to the tide.
3) Consider letting go the weather anchor first, this would prevent the vessel from
slewing parallel to the beach.
4) Should the vessel be damaged stern then stern first approach would be desirable.
In this case it could be made in the form of a Mediterranean Moor, letting go both
anchors which may be used to heave the vessel of when the time comes.
5) Anti slew wires to be used in conjunction with the anchor.
6) Make internal and external soundings after beaching.

Suggestions to master when refloating the vessel:

1) Master to be informed at all times.

2) Calculate times of immediate high water.
3) Consider reducing weights on board- deballasting and jettison as last option.
4) Damage stability.
5) Consider dropping an anchor to prevent a damaged ship from sliding into deeper
waters.
6) Tug to standby at all times when refloating.

Anti pollution measures following emergencies:

1) Plug all scuppers.

2) Repair damage and leaking areas.
3) Pump out surplus to barges or other vessels or transfer to other tanks internally.
4) Organise oil pollution barrier and chemical dispersants.
5) Consider listing or trimming vessel to bring damaged portion over water line.

Heavy weather precautions

1) Verify vessels position and consider re routing.

2) Update weather report and plot storm movement.
3) Stability- avoid slack tanks and minimise FSE.
4) Warn all departments.
5) Rig lifelines forward and aft.
6) Check cargo lashing.
7) Close all deck ventilation.
8) Anchors to be well secured- spurling pipe cemented, break tight, bow stopper well
secured and additional lashing at the hawse pipe.
9) All derricks and cranes secured.
10) Check that accommodation ladder has been well secured.
11) Clear deck of surplus gear.

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12) Secure bridge against heavy rolling and pitching.
13) Slacken halyards and remove awnings.
14) Establish heavy weather work routine-reduce manpower on deck.
15) Obtain and update weather reports continuously. Update position.
16) Reduce speed to prevent pounding and engage manual steering in ample time.
17) Revise e.t.a.
18) Make relevant log entries.

Chopper operations

Working precautions:

1) Do not secure any line passed down.

2) Do not touch whinchman, stretcher, hook or wire until earthed.
3) Do not fire rockets or line throwing apparatus.
4) Do not direct strong light towards chopper.
5) No radio communication during radio operations.
6) Avoid wasting time as fuel is expensive.

Navigational requirements:

1) Alter course towards rendezvous position.

2) Prepare deck reception.
3) Continuos communication with chopper.
4) Display r.a.m. lights.
5) Continuously monitor own ships position and other vessels in the vicinity.

Engagements:

1) Display wind indicator.

2) V/l on manual steering.
3) Course altered to pilots instructions.
4) Maintain maximum manoeuvring speed.
5) Clear of all navigational obstructions and maintain adequate sea room.
6) Log all events.

High line operations:

This operation is employed when there is-

Exposed rigging.
Rough seas.
Numerous persons.

1) Aircraft will establish a high hover position clear of all obstructions.

2) Weighted heaving line is passed down towards the vessel.
3) Hoist wire will then be lowered down once deck crew have got hold of weighted
heaving line.
4) Chopper will then traverse backwards to gain visual contact.
5) Aircrew man descends and deck crew to heave on heaving line.
6) Aircraft maintains station, aircrewman organises double hoist transfer for vessel.

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Precautions:

1) Display windsock.
2) Ensure all rigging and obstructions, loose objects about the helicopter landing
area is clear. Loose objects could come in contact with the rotor blades.
3) Deck party correctly dressed and well equipped- wearing brightly colour
waistcoats and protective helmets.
4) Communication between chopper, deck and bridge.
5) Fireman standby fully equipped.
6) Fire p/p running with adequate pressure on deck.
7) Fire hoses, extinguishers, foam monitors and portable foam applicators ready.
Foam applicator nozzles pointing towards landing area.
8) The following to be standby-
Large axe.
Crowbar.
Wire cutter
Red emergency signal torch.
Marshalling battons at night.
First aid equipment.
9) Rescue party detailed, manoverboard rescue boat ready for lowering.
10) Static hook hander is properly equipped- helmet, rubber gloves, and rubber soled
shoes.
11) At night if operating adequate light available without blinding chopper.
12) Display proper lights or shapes.
13) Clear access to and from operational area.

Additionally requirements for tankers:

1) Ships with i.g. system- have pressure released from tanks within 30` of
commencement of chopper operations and pressure released to slightly positive.
2) Tank openings closed.

Additional requirements for bulk carriers:

1) Surface ventilation ceased.

2) Hatch openings fully battened down.

Additional requirements for gas carriers:

1) Avoid vapour emissions on deck.

Distress

Preparations when proceeding to a distress:

1) Prepare hospital.
2) Plot rendezvous position and continue updating target position. Highlight
navigational dangers.
3) Radar on long range scanning and systematic plotting of targets detected.

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4) Communication officer standby.
5) V/l on manoeuvring speed and manual steering.
6) Post extra lookouts as high as possible.
7) Pass own details with relevant search and rescue operation update to RCC.
8) Prepare rescue boat and emergency crew.
9) Obtain weather reports.
10) Maintain internal and external position.
11) Rig guest wrap (a rope that extends from forward to aft).
12) Advice owners agents and reschedule e.t.a.

Chief Officers duties:

1) Rig a good strong rope from bow to quarter (guest wrap).

2) Rig derrick on each side with platform cargo sling ready to help injured or
helpless survivors out of water.
3) Rig fenders on each side- to bring lifeboats safely alongside.
4) Get rescue boat ready and crew standby, keep liferaft ready but do not inflate.
5) Check rescue boat equipment.
6) Proper communication between rescue boat and vessel.
7) Medical party and first aid party standby.
8) Ships signalling equipment and LTA standby.

When approaching the scene:

1) Post extra lookouts.

2) Reduced speed and manual steering employed.
3) Continuos radar watch.
4) Get in touch with RCC and follow instructions.
5) Make own vessel visible to survivors- at night signalling lamp and by day black
smoke or use ships whistle.
6) Do not dump anything overboard- this may confuse the survivors.

Factors that are taken into account when choosing On Scene Commander:

1) On board communication equipment.

2) Whether doctor or trained medical staff on board.
3) Hospital and casualty treatment facilities.
4) Vessels characteristics- freeboard, speed manoeuvrability ETA.

What determines the spacing in a search pattern?

1) Type of object being searched.

2) Meteorological visibility.
3) Track spacing may be decreased to increase the probability of detection or
decreased to increase the area covered in a given time.
4) Sea condition.
5) Time of day.
6) Effectiveness of observers.

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Information picked up from survivors:

1) Ships name and call sign.

2) Complement.
3) Whether other survivors are still in the vicinity.
4) Casualties- names.

Always remember to approach casualties from leeward and liferaft from windward.

Learn diagrams of various search patterns. Read IAMSAR (International

Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue) manual also.

When can a master decline to proceed to a search and rescue:

1) Putting own vessel, crew or passengers in danger.

2) Bunker capacity does not permit.
3) Weather conditions are unfavourable.
4) Loadline zone does not permit.
5) When it is not practical to do so.

Anchor operations

Preparations when going to anchor:

1) Ask engine room for deck and windlass power.

2) Anchor party standby.
3) Checks to be made-
Windlass oil, bottle screw, fair lead, capstan, bitter end and chain locker.
All moving parts and gears on the windlass are well greased.
Anchor lashings at hawse pipe and cement at spurling pipe is clear.
Before switching on the windlass power ensure that the anchor breaks are tight
and bow stopper is well secured and windlass is not in gear.
Check overside is clear and anchor sighted.
Anchor lights and shapes available.
When taking in anchor deck water.
4) Switch on windlass. Put windlass in gear, slacken on break and take slight weight
on the bow stopper.
5) Clear away the bow stopper.
6) Lower away the anchor under power and leave the anchor hanging about 1m
above water level.
7) Tighten breaks and disengage windlass from gear.
8) Inform bridge anchor is ready for letting go.

Deep water anchoring:

1) Do not let go anchor.

2) The anchor is then walked back all the way to the seabed.

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3) As the vessel drops astern the cable will grow. The officer on watch should be
aware of the amount of cable being paid out so that too much cable is not paid out
till the bitter end.
4) Chief officer should be aware of the windlass capacity when picking up the
anchor- amount of cable paid out plus the weight of the anchor.

Letting go is not prohibited because:

1) Control could be lost due to excessive weight on the cable, thereby resulting in
loss of anchor and cable making the vessel unseaworthy.
2) Possibility of serious damage or injury.

When taking up the anchor you realise it is not coming up anymore?

Drop astern to shallower waters thus relieving the weight of the chain on the windlass,
then bring up the anchor.

If for some reason it is not practical to do so. Action?

Bring the anchor up using the derrick.

Another vessel dragging anchor towards own vessel:

1) Inform master.
2) Sound 5 or more rapid blasts on the whistle.
3) Call on VHF- station identification.
4) Engines to be ready for immediate manoeuvring.
5) Anchor party standby.
6) Pay out more cable. Go ahead and steam over own cable.
7) Provide the vessel with a sheer with a hard over action.
8) Make relevant entries in logbook.

Markings on an anchor:

1) Makers name or initials.

2) Progressive number.
3) Weight.
4) Number of certificate.

Anchor certificate:

1) Type of anchor.
2) Weight excluding stock in KGs.
3) Weight of stock and head.
4) Length of shank and arm in mm.
5) Diameter of trend.
6) Proof load applied in tonnes.
7) Identification of proving house, official mark and government mark.
8) Number of test certificate.
9) Year of licence.

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10) Number and date of drop test.

Test on cables:

1) Less than 12.5 mm cables to be tested.

2) Three links are taken from each length (27.5 m) for a tensile breaking test.
3) If this is successful then the total length of the cable will be subjected to a tensile
proof test.

Read clearing a foul hawse and tests on anchors form House.

Removing a Kenter Lugs shackle:

1) Remove lead pellet by using a punch and a drift.

2) Remove spile pin.
3) The stud can be extracted and then 2 halves of the shackle will be separated by
means a top swage obtained from the manufacturer.

SOLAS

Fire Fighting Appliance (cargo ships)

Capacity of fire pumps (Total required capacity not more than 180 m3/hr):

Each fire pump (other than Emergency fire pump) shall have a capacity not less
than 80 % of total required capacity divided by minimum no of required fire
pumps but in any case not less than 25 m3/hr.
Each pump capable of delivering at least 2 required jets of water.
G/S, Ball, Bilge pumps accepted as fire pumps provided:
Not normally used for pumping oil.
If used occasionally have suitable changeover arrangements fitted.

Emergency Fire pump:

Capacity not less than 40 % of total required capacity of the fire pumps but in any
case not less than 25 m3 / hr.
Capable of delivering 2 jets of water with minimum pressure (at a 3rd hydrant
not a SOLAS requirement) not less than 2.1 bar.
Diesel power source of pump started in cold condition of 0 C by hand or by
power at least 6 times within a period of 30 minutes and at least twice within 1st
10 minutes.
Tank to have sufficient fuel for at least 3 hours and reserve fuel outside main
machinery space to allow the pump to run for additional 15 hours.
(Total suction head and the net positive suction head of the pump to be such that
they will provide for the required capacity and pressure under all conditions of
list, trim, roll and pitch likely to be encountered in service)
No direct access between engine room and emergency fire pump. If access
provided, through and airlock.

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 Isolation valves in tankers to be fitted on the fire main on poop and tank deck at
intervals not more than 40 meters to pressure integrity of fire main system.
(Diameter of fire main: sufficient for maximum discharge from 2 pumps operating
simultaneously except for cargo ships the diameter need be sufficient for a
discharge of 140 m3 / hour.

Fire hydrants:

Number and position such that at least two jets of water not from the same
hydrant can reach any part of the ship.
One shall be from a single length of a hose.
Engine room hydrant one on each side and one in tunnel.

Fire hoses:

Passenger ships: One fire hose for each hydrant.

Cargo ships: One for each 30 meter length of the vessel and one spare but in no
case less than 5 in nos.
(Length of hose not less than 18 meter if breadth of vessel more than 27 meter
then hose length of 27 meter but not more) not in SOLAS.

Fire nozzles:

All nozzles of dual purpose type i.e. spray and jet in corroborating a shut off.
Standard nozzle size = 12mm, 16mm and 19mm.
For accommodations and service spaces a nozzle side greater than 12mm need
not be used.
Machinery spaces more than 19mm need not be used.

CO 2 Systems:

Cargo spaces: Quantity of CO 2 available be sufficient to give a minimum volume

of gas equal to 30 % of the gross volume of largest cargo space so protected by
the ship.
Machinery spaces: Quantity of CO 2 available be sufficient to give a minimum
volume of gas equal to 40 % of the gross volume of space (excluding casing) or 35
% of the gross volume of space (including casing). For machinery spaces, the
fixed piping system shall be such that 85 % of the gas can be discharged into the
space within 2 minutes.
For the purpose of the above volume of free CO 2 shall be calculated at 0.56 m3 /
kg.
Two separate controls shall be provided for releasing
One control shall be used to discharge the gas from its storage container.
The other to open the valve of the piping which conveys the gas to the protected
space.

Fire extinguishers:

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 All of approved type and design capacity of portable extinguisher not more than
13.5 litres and not less than 9 litres.
Spare charges for 100 % of extinguishers.
Portable foam applicator consists of an air foam nozzle of an inductor type
capable of being connected to the fire main by a fire hose and a portable tank of
at least 20 litres.
Foam making liquid and one spare tank.
Rate of foam 1.5 m3 / minute.
One of the portable fire extinguishers intended for use in any space to be stowed
outside the entrance.

Boiler room:
One set of portable foam applicator unit required.
At least 2 portable fire extinguisher
At least 1 approved foam type extinguisher of capacity 135 litres.
A receptacle containing sand or sawdust impregnated with soda.
Any fixed fire-extinguishing system e.g. CO 2 , foam, water spray.
Spaces with internal combustion machinery:
Any fixed extinguishing system.
At least 1 set of foam applicator unit.
Sufficient number of foam type extinguisher capacity 45 litres plus sufficient
number of portable foam so placed that walking distance between extinguishers
not more than 10 meters.
High expansion foam: (fixed type system in machinery space)
Sufficient to fill the greatest space to be protected at a rate of at least 1 meter in
depth / minute.
Produce a volume of foam equal to 5 times the volume of the space.
Expansion ratio of not less than 5 liters/m2/minute.
Sprinklers: Application rate of not less than 5 liters/m2/minute.

Fire mans outfit:

1)Fire proof protective clothing outer surface waterproof.

2)Boots and gloves of rubber or non-conductive of electricity.
3)Rigid helmet.
4)Electric safety lamp (approved type) minimum burning period 3 hours.
5)An axe (approved type with cover)
6)Breathing apparatus.
SCBA at least 1200 litres capacity or capable of functioning for at least 30
minutes. Normal breathing rate 40 litres / minute.
Fire proof line attached to harness.
All ships at least 2 firemans outfits.
To carry at least 4 sets of fire mans outfits widely spread. > for tankers.

International shore connection:

Outside diameter: 178 mm

Inside diameter: 64 mm
Bolt circle diameter: 132 mm

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 Slots in flange4 holes: 19 mm in diameter
Flange thickness: minimum 14.5 mm
Bolts and nuts4 nos: each 16 mm in diameter, 50 mm in length
Washers: 8 nos.

Fixed deck foam systems: (tankers low expansion)

1) Capable of delivering foam to entire cargo tank deck as well as into a cargo tank
if the is ruptured.
2) Control station outside and away from cargo area and readily accessible, simple
and rapid operation.
3) Rate of foam not less than 0.6 litres/ m2/ minute.
4) Sufficient supply of foam concentrate to produce foam for at least 20 minutes. ( IG
system fitted)
5) Foam supplied through foam monitors and applicators. (1250 litre/min)
6) Capacity of any monitors at least 3 liter/m2/minute.
7) Capacity of applicator not less than 400 litres/minute and throw not less than 15
meter

Inert gas systems: (cargo tank protection):

Maintaining O 2 content less than 8 % by volume in any part of cargo tank.

Positive pressure at all times.
Maintaining O 2 content less than 5 % in the IG main.
System capable of delivering IG to cargo tanks at a rate of at least 125 % of the
maximum discharge rate.
2 blowers : capacity 20000 m3/hr
IG : capacity 1000 m3 / hr
Vacuum : 200 mm wg
High pressure : 1200 mm wg

Steering gear: (regulation 29)

All ships to be provided with main and auxiliary steering gear, independent from
each other.

Main steering gear:

1) Rudderstock shall be
2) Adequate strength and capable of steering the ship at maximum ahead speed.
3) Capable of putting rudder over from 35 one side to 35 other side at its deepest
draft and maximum ahead service speed and 35 on either side to 30 on other
side in 28 seconds.
4) Operated by power and designed so as not to incur damage at maximum astern
speed.

Auxiliary steering gear:

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1) Adequate strength and capable of steering at a navigable speed.
2) Capable of putting the rudder 15 one side to 15 the other side in 60 seconds,
when vessel at deepest draft and running ahead at maximum ahead service
speed or 7 knots whichever is greater.
Steering gear control from Navigation Bridge and locally.
Auxiliary steering gear controls from locally and if power operated also operable
from Navigation Bridge.
Steering capability to be regained in not more than 45 seconds after the loss of
one power system.

Emergency power: (capable of illuminating):

Passenger ships: not less than 36 hours

Cargo ships: not less than 18 hours
Navigation bridge, navigation lights, navigation equipment, aldis, whistle,
accommodation, alleyway, stairway, machinery space, control stations, radio
room, LSA gear, FFA gear, communication.

Tests and drills:

Test is within 12 hours of departure.

Emergency steering drills once every 3 months.

Pilot hoists:
Construction-
1) A mechanical powered winch with brake.
2) Two separate falls.
3) A ladder consisting of a rigid upper part on which the pilot stands and a flexible
lower past of a short length of pilot ladder which enables a person to board from
or disembark a launch.
Hand operating gear in emergencies.
Safety limit switch.
Emergency stops (capable to be operated by person in the hoist)
Speed of hoist 15 30 meters / minute.
Hoist securely attached to ships structure not side rails.
Falls long enough to do the job and still have 3 times on the drum.

Ladder section
1) Rigid part 2.5 meters long.
2) Non skid steps for safe access and safe hand holds
3) Spreader with rollers fitted at lower end to roll freely on shipside.
4) Flexible lower part must be 8 steps long.

New hoists subjected to over load test of 2.2 times the working load.
Operating test of 10 % over load.
Every 6 months regular test rigging and inspection which includes a load test of
150 KGs.
Entry in ships official log book.

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Life saving appliances:

Life buoys:

Length < 100: min no of life buoys = 8

100 < 150: min no of life buoys = 10
150 < 200: min no of life buoys = 12
> 200: min no of life buoys = 14

Requirements:
1) Outer diameter not more than 800 mm
2) Inner diameter not less than 400 mm
3) Constructed of buoyant material.
4) Mass not less than 2.5 KGs ( MOB not less than 4 KGs )
5) Support 14.5 kg of iron for 24 hours in fresh water.
6) Withstand a drop into water from a stowage position to waterline in light
condition or 30 meter whichever is greater.
7) Fitted with a grab line not less than 9.5 mm in diameter. Grab line secured at 4
equidistant points. Length not less than 4 times the outside diameter.
Painted international orange / highly visible colour.
Readily available on both sides of vessel. At least one at stern. No permanent
securing.
At least one buoy on each side fitted with buoyant life line ( 2 x stow height or 30
meter)
At least the no of life buoys with SI lights ( 2 hours )
At least 2 with smoke floats ( 15 minutes )
Marked in roman - name and port of registry.

Life jackets:

Requirements
1) One for every person on board + 25 % extra.
2) Fitted with retro reflective tape + life jacket lights ( visibility 1 mile )
3) For children 10 % of the no of passengers on board
Construction
1) Correctly donning within 1 minute.
2) Capable of wearing inside out
3) Can jump from a height of 4.5 meters into water
4) Turn the body of an unconscious person in 5 secs
5) Lifts the mouth 128 mm clear of the water
6) Fitted with a whistle
7) Buoyancy not reduced by more than 5 % after 24 hour immersion in fresh water

Immersion suits:

Requirements
1. Unpacked + donned within 2 minutes
2. Permit the wearer to climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 meter in
length

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3. Jump from a height of 4.5 meter into the water
4. Cover the whole body with exception of face.
5. Core temperature does not fall more than 2C after a period of 6 hours in water of
temperature 0 - 2 C
6. Turn the wearer face up in 5 seconds.
Provided for every person assigned to crew rescue boat.
Cargo ships for each life boat at least 3 suits or if necessary 1 for each person on
board
TPA for persons on board not provided for by immersion suits.
Immersion suits and TPA not required if ---
7. Vessel had total enclosed life boats for 100 % of compliment on each side
8. Free fall life boat for 100 % of compliment
9. Engaged in warm climates
10. If vessel less than 85 meters than davit launched life rafts required 100 % of
compliment

Rescue boats:

1. Capable of being launched from stowage position with parent vessel making a
headway of 5 knots.
2. Means of rapid recovery
3. Capability to manoeuvre at 6 knots for 4 hours and tow the largest life raft with
full compliment at 2 knots.
4. Function recover persons from water, marshal survival craft.
5. In a state of continuous readiness ( launching in 5 minutes )
6. Stowed clear of other survival craft.

Requirements
1. Length not less than 3.8 meters and not more than 8.5 meters.
2. Capable of carrying at least 5 seated persons and 1 lying down.

Additional equipment
1. One buoyant line of 50 meter length for towing purpose.
2. Two buoyant rescue quoits with 30 meter line
3. Efficient radar reflector or SART.
4. Water proof 1st aid kit
5. TPA for 10 % or 2 of the total capacity
6. A search light
7. Walkie talkie

Muster and drills:

Boats and fire drill once a month

Within 24 hours of vessel leaving port if more than 25 % of crew have not
participated in a drill in the previous month
Passenger ships : muster within 24 hours of embarkation

Training manuals:

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Bridge, engine room, crew mess room, officers mess room.
Lifeboats launched and manoeuvred in water once every 3 months, during a drill.
Free fall life boats: if impracticable to launch every 3 months then should be davit
lowered every 3 months, provided that the life boat is free fall launched at once in
6 months.
Rescue boats : launched and manoeuvred once a month in any case once every 3
months

Onboard training:

Use of LSA and FFA to be given to new crew as soon as joining or within 2 weeks.
Individual instructions on all LSA within 2 months
Use of davit launched life rafts within 4 months

Maintenance and inspection

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Turned end for end at intervals not more than 30 months ( 2 years )
Renewed not more than 5 years unless required earlier.
Weekly inspections :
All survival craft, rescue boats and launching appliances inspected visually
Engines of life boats and rescue boats run ahead and astern for not less than 3
minutes
General emergency alarm ( if not done daily )
Monthly inspections:
All LSA, lifeboats and rescue boat equipment using checklist provided.
Report logged
Confidential Page 42 12/29/2010
Servicing of life rafts and HRU (life jackets inflatable, rescue boats inflatable)
Every 12 months can be extended for additional 5 months but not more.
Disposable HRUs ( HAMAR) 2 years life cycle.

Passenger vessels engaged in short international voyages:

Life boats for at least 30 % of passenger + life rafts for remaining.

In addition life rafts for at least 25 % of passengers

Passenger ships engaged in international voyages additional requirements:

Lifeboats: partially or totally enclosed life boats for 50 % of total complement on

each side.
Life rafts may be substituted for boats but boats capacity should never be less than
37.5% of the total compliment
Rafts must be davit launched
In addition life rafts for 25 % of the compliment
Rescue boat: one on each side.

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Cargo ships additional requirements:

Lifeboats one or more totally enclosed on each side for 100 % of compliment.
Life rafts to accommodate total no of persons on board if not readily transferable
for launching on either side of ship, total capacity on each side for 100 % of
compliment.
If free fall life boat, then life rafts on each side for 100 % of compliment and at
least one side of ship to have davit launched rafts.

Vessel less than 85 meter in length:

Life raft on each side for 100 % complement if life rafts are not readily
transferable then additional life rafts to be provided so that total capacity on each
side = 150 % of complement.
Rescue boat can be counted for crew.
Where survival craft are stowed in a position which is more than 100 meter from
stern or stem, she shall carry additional life raft ( 6 person) forward or aft as
practicable.
Such life rafts are manually operated.

Marking on life rafts:

1) Name and port of registry of ship ( not on container)

2) Makers name or trade mark
3) Serial number
4) Name of approving authority
5) Capacity
6) SOLAS
7) Type of emergency pack ( A ~ B )
8) Length of painter
9) Drop test height ( maximum stowage height above water level)
10) Launching instructions and last service date

Life rafts : capable of staying afloat for a period of 30 days in all sea conditions
Weak link breaking strain 2.2 0.4 kn.
HRU automatic release of life raft @ depth of 4 meter.
Life boat engines: capable of running to provide a speed of 6 knots for a period of
24 hours shall have a sufficient fuel to last 24 hours.
To be capable of carrying a life raft of 25 person with full compliment and
equipment with a speed of 2 knots.

Marking on the life boats:

1) Dimensions
2) Capacity
3) Name and port of registry of vessel on each side of bow
4) Lifeboat number on each side of bow and also on top of boat to identify from air.
5) Retro reflective tape all round at intervals of 12

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Fire protected life boats:

Capable of protecting the persons inside when enveloped in a continuos fire for not
less than 8 minutes

Self contained air supply:

To provide breathable air with engines running for a period not less than 10 minutes
pressure not less than outside atmospheric pressure and not more than 20 mbs above
the outside atmospheric pressure.

Line throwing apparatus:

Capable of throwing a line with reasonable accuracy

Have not less than 4 projectiles each capable of carrying the line at least 230 mm
in calm weather.
Include not less than 4 lines of breaking strength 2 Kn.
Instructions and diagrams on separation ( pains wessex ) ( schermuly )

Pyrotechnics in life boats and rescue boat and life rafts:

6 hand flares
4 rocket parachutes
2 buoyant smoke floats

Hand flares:
1) Contained in water tight casing
2) Instructions and diagram on operating procedure
3) Burn bright red colour
4) Burning period not less than 1 minute ( 10 seconds in water submerged 100
meter below water

Parachute flares:
1) Contained in water tight casing
2) Instructions and diagram on operation procedure
3) Reach an altitude of 300 meter ( fixed vertically) and eject paraflare
4) Burn bright red colour not less than 30000 candelas
5) Burning period not less than 40 seconds descent not more than 5 meter/ second

Smoke float:
1) Contained in water tight casing
2) Instructions and diagram on operation procedure
3) Emit smoke of highly visible colour (orange) for not less than 3 minutes in calm
water. No flame.
4) Not suspended in sea way (smoke for 10 seconds if submerged in water)

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SOLAS appendix 3

Certificates and documents required to be carried on board ships:

All ships (validity of certificates):

1) Certificate of registry: 5 years

2) International loadline certificate: 5 years
3) Intact stability: life long
4) International tonnage certificate: life long
5) Deratting or de-ratting exemption certificate: 6 months
6) Oil record book: to be kept on board for 3 years
7) Cargo ship safety construction certificate: 5 years
8) Cargo ship equipment certificate: 2 years
9) Cargo ship safety radio certificate: 1 year
10) D.O.C. with for ships carrying dangerous cargo: 5 years

For passenger ships: including no 1 to no 10 and also

Passenger ship safety certificate: 1 year

For ships carrying liquid cargo in bulk: including no 1 to 12 and also

1) International oil pollution prevention certificate for the carriage of noxious

liquids in bulk (NLS certificate) validity: 5 years
2) Cargo record book validity: kept for 3
years
3) Certificate of fitness for carriage of dangerous chemicals/liquefied gasses in bulk
validity: 5 years
4) Grain stability booklet for grain carriers (document of authorisation for grain
carriage)
5) International oil pollution prevention (IOPP) 5 yrs
6) Certificate of insurance of other financial security in respect of civil liability for
oil pollution (CLC)
7) Noise survey report
8) Ship board oil pollution emergency plan ( SOPEP) vessels response to pollution
prevention (VRPP)
9) For oil tankers equal to or more than 100 GRT
10) Other ships equal to or more than 400 GRT

Under ISM Code:

1) Document of compliance issued for every company complying with the ISM code
copy of certificate to be held on ship
2) Safety management certificate issued for every ship complying with ISM ( also
company must comply = DOC)

About cargo stowage:

Weight / area of cargo = loading expression in t/m2

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If cargo = 30 t maximum loading of deck = 2.5 t/m2
Then minimum area over which the weight must be spread = 30/2.5 = 12 m2
And therefore use good dunnage and safer to add 5 % to the weight when calculating
the area.

Go through-
Hanging of anchor.
Clearing foul hawse.
All moors. Advantages and disadvantages.

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