AVL Tree

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
Kaziranga University
Jorhat-785006, Assam.
[email protected]
 AVL Trees
An AVL tree is a binary search tree with a balance condition.
AVL is named for its inventors: Adelson-Velskii and Landis
(1962)
AVL tree approximates the ideal tree (completely balanced tree).
AVL Tree maintains a height close to the minimum.

Definition:
An AVL tree is a binary search tree such that for any node in the tree,
the height of the left and right subtrees can differ by at most -1, 0, 1.

Balance Factor = Height(left subtree) Height (right subtree)

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 Example

Two binary search trees: (a) an AVL tree; (b) not an AVL tree
(unbalanced nodes are darkened)

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 AVL Tree

Minimum tree of height H

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 Properties
The depth of a typical node in an AVL tree is very close to the optimal
log N.
Consequently, all searching operations in an AVL tree have logarithmic
worst-case bounds.
An update (insert or remove) in an AVL tree could destroy the balance.
It must then be rebalanced before the operation can be considered
complete.
After an insertion, only nodes that are on the path from the insertion
point to the root can have their balances altered.

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 Rebalancing
Suppose the node to be rebalanced is X. There are 4
cases that we might have to fix (two are the mirror
images of the other two):
1. An insertion in the left subtree of the left child of X,
2. An insertion in the right subtree of the left child of X,
3. An insertion in the left subtree of the right child of X, or
4. An insertion in the right subtree of the right child of X.
Balance is restored by tree rotations.

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 Balancing Operations: Rotations
Case 1 and case 4 are symmetric and requires the same
operation for balance.
Cases 1,4 are handled by single rotation.
Case 2 and case 3 are symmetric and requires the same
operation for balance.
Cases 2,3 are handled by double rotation.

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 Single Rotation
A single rotation switches the roles of the parent and
child while maintaining the search order.
Single rotation handles the outside cases (i.e. 1 and
4).
We rotate between a node and its child.
Child becomes parent. Parent becomes right child in case
1, left child in case 4.
The result is a binary search tree that satisfies the AVL
property.

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 Example

Single rotation to fix case 1: Rotate right

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 Example

Symmetric single rotation to fix case 4 : Rotate left

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 Example

Single rotation fixes an AVL tree after insertion of 1.

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 Example

Start with an empty AVL tree and insert the items 3,2,1, and then
4 through 7 in sequential order.
Answer:

2 6

1 3 5 7

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 AVL Tree: Analysis
One rotation suffices to fix cases 1 and 4.
Single rotation preserves the original height:
The new height of the entire sub-tree is exactly the same as the height
of the original sub-tree before the insertion.
Therefore it is enough to do rotation only at the first node,
where imbalance exists, on the path from inserted node to
root.
Thus the rotation takes O(1) time.
Hence, insertion is O(logN)

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 Double Rotation
Single rotation does not fix the inside cases (2 and 3).
These cases require a double rotation, involving three
nodes and four sub-trees.

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 Example

Single rotation does not fix case 2.

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 Leftright double rotation to fix case 2

Lift this up:

first rotate left between (k1,k2),
then rotate right between (k3,k2)

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 Left-Right Double Rotation
A left-right double rotation is equivalent to a
sequence of two single rotations:
1st rotation on the original tree:
a left rotation between Xs left-child and grandchild
2nd rotation on the new tree:
a right rotation between X and its new left child.

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 Example

Double rotation fixes AVL tree after the insertion of 5.

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 Right-Left Double Rotation
A right-left double rotation is equivalent to a
sequence of two single rotations:
1st rotation on the original tree:
a right rotation between Xs right-child and
grandchild
2nd rotation on the new tree:
a left rotation between X and its new right child.

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 RightLeft double rotation to fix case 3

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 Example

4 4

2 6 2 6

1 3 5 7 k1 1 3 5 15 k2

Insert 16, fine 16 k3 7 16

Insert 15 Double rotation
violation at node 7 k1 k3
15 k2

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 Example

Insert 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, and 8, and 9 to the previous tree
obtained in the previous single rotation example.
Answer:

4 13

2 6 11 15

1 3 5 9 12 14 16

8 10

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 logN
Insertion Analysis
Insert the new key as a new leaf just as in ordinary binary search
tree: O(logN)
Then trace the path from the new leaf towards the root, for each
node x encountered: O(logN)
Check height difference: O(1)
If satisfies AVL property, proceed to next node: O(1)
If not, perform a rotation: O(1)
The insertion stops when
A rotation is performed
Or, weve checked all nodes in the path
Time complexity for insertion O(logN)
 AVL Tree: Deletion
Deletion is more complicated.
We may need more than one rebalance on the path
from deleted node to root.
Deletion is O(logN)

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 Deletion of a Node
Deletion of a node x from an AVL tree requires the same
basic ideas, including single and double rotations, that are
used for insertion.

With each node of the AVL tree is associated a balance

factor that is left high, equal or right high according,
respectively, as the left sub-tree has height greater than, equal
to, or less than that of the right sub-tree.

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 Method
1. Reduce the problem to the case when the node x to
be deleted has at most one child.
If x has two children replace it with its immediate
predecessor y under in-order traversal (the immediate
successor would be just as good)
Delete y from its original position, by proceeding as
follows, using y in place of x in each of the following
steps.

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 Method
2. Delete the node x from the tree.
Well trace the effects of this change on height through
all the nodes on the path from x back to the root.
We use a Boolean variable shorter to show if the height
of a sub-tree has been shortened.
The action to be taken at each node depends on
the value of shorter
balance factor of the node
sometimes the balance factor of a child of the node.
3. shorter is initially true. The following steps are to be done
for each node p on the path from the parent of x to the
root, provided shorter remains true. When shorter
becomes false, the algorithm terminates.
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 Case 1
4. Case 1: The current node p has balance factor equal.
Change the balance factor of p.
shorter becomes false

p p No rotations
\
Height unchanged

T1 T2 T1 T2

deleted

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 Case 2
5. Case 2: The balance factor of p is not equal and the taller subtree was
shortened.
Change the balance factor of p to equal
Leave shorter true.

p p No rotations
/
Height reduced

T1 T2 T1 T2

deleted

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 Case 3
6. Case 3: The balance factor of p is not equal, and the
shorter subtree was shortened.
Rotation is needed.
Let q be the root of the taller subtree of p. We
have three cases according to the balance factor
of q.

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 Case 3a
7. Case 3a: The balance factor of q is equal.
Apply a single rotation
shorter becomes false.
height unchanged
p q
/
\
q
p
\
h-1 T1 h T3

h T2 h T3
deleted h-1 T1 T2
h

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 Case 3b
8. Case 3b: The balance factor of q is the same as that of p.
Apply a single rotation
Set the balance factors of p and q to equal
leave shorter as true.
height reduced

p q
-
\
q p -
\

h-1 T1 T3
h
h-1 h-1
h-1 T1 T2
T2 h T3
deleted

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 Case 3c
9. Case 3c: The balance factors of p and q are opposite.
Apply a double rotation
set the balance factors of the new root to equal
leave shorter as true.
height reduced
p r
\ -
q p q
/
h-1
r
T1
h-1 T4
h-1 T4
h-1 T1 T2 or T3 h-1
h-1
T2 or T3 h-2
h-2

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 Example

p
e

c j n s

d h k r u
b o

a g i l t

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 Problems
Draw an AVL tree using following key elements
C, S, E, S, T, U, D, E, N, T, S

Draw an AVL tree using following key elements

56, 34, 23, 98, 1, 2, 44, 77, 102, 4, 3, 9, 19

Draw an AVL tree using following key elements

K, A, Z, I, R, A, N, G, A, U, N, I, V, E, R, S, I, T,Y

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 Questions?

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