Ms-2 79 Cea —_ - Hveem Method of Mix Design A. General 6.01 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION — The concepts of the Hyeem method of designing paving mixtures have been advanced and developed under the direction of Francis N. Hycem, a former Materials and Research Engineer for the California Department of Transportation. ‘The Hyeem method has been developed over a period of years as certain features have been improved and other features added. The test procedures and:their application have been developed through extensive research and correlation studies on asphalt highway pavements. ‘The Hyeem method as developed and used by the California Department of Transportation and others is applicable w paving mixtures using either asphalt cement or cutback asphalt and containing aggregates up to 25 mm (1 in.) maximum size. The method presented here is applicable to the design of hot asphalt, dense-graded paving mixtures. Hyveem method test procedures have been standardized by the American Society for Testing and Materials. Test procedures are found in ASTM D 1560, Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus, and ASTM D 1561, Preparation of Bituminous Mixture Test Specimens by Means of California Kneading Compactor basically the sam ‘Testing procedures presented in this manual are as those of the AS'TM test methods. 6.02 OUTLINE OF METHOD — The procedure for the Hveem method begins with the preparation of test specimens. Steps preliminary to specimen preparation are: (a) proposed materials meet the physical requirements of the project specifications. (b) aggregate blend combinations meet the gradation requirements of the project specifications. (c) An ample supply of aggregates is dried and sized into fractions. ‘These requirements are matters of routine testing, specifications, and laboratory technique, which must be considered but are not unique to any particular mix design method. The reader should refer to Chapter 3 for the schedule of preparation and analysis of aggregates. It should be noted, however, that the maximum size aggregates used in the test mixes should not exceed 25 mm (1 in). In the event that the specifications for the paving mix being considered require aggregate sizes greater than 25 mm (1 in.), up to 25 percent of oversized rock may be screened out. However, this screening process can have a significant effect on the magnitude of the stabilometer values, depending on the size, amount, and shape of the larger aggregate pieces. ‘The Hveem method uses standard test specimens of 64 mm (2 1/2 in.) height by 102 mm (4 in, diameter; these are prepared using a specified procedure forheating, mixing,80 __Hveem Method of Mix Design and compacting the asplialt-aggregate mixtures. ‘The principal features of the Hveem method of mix design are the surface capacity and Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent (C. K. E.) test on the aggregates to estimate the asphalt requirements of the mix, followed by a stabilometer test, a cohesiometer test,* a swell test, and a density voids analysis on test specimens of the compacted paving mixtures. The stabilometer test utilizes a special triaxial-type testing cell for measuring the resistance of the compacted mnix to lateral displacement under vertical loading, and the swell test measures the resistance of the mix to the action of water, The specimens are maintained at 60°C (140°F) for the stability test, and the swell test is performed at room temperature. B. Approximate Asphalt Content by the Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent Method 6.03 GENERAL — The first step in the Hveem method of mix design is to determine the “approximate” asphalt content hy the Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent method.** With a calculated surface area and the factors obtained by the C.K.B. method for a particular aggregate or blend of aggregates, the approximate asphalt content is determined by using a series of charts. These charts are presented in this chapter, accompanied by typical examples to demonstrate their application. 6.04 EQUIPMENT — The equipment and ma approximate asphalt content (Figure 6.1) are: (a) Small sample splitter for obtaining representative samples of fine aggregate. (b) Pans, 114 mm (4 1/2 in.) diameter x 25 mm (1 in.) deep. (c) Kerosene, 4 liters (1 gal). (d) Oil, SAE No 10, lubricating. 4 liters (1 gal) (e) Beakers, 1500 ml. (1) Metal Fiumels, 89 mm (3 1/2in.)top diameter, 114 mm (4 1/2in,) height, 13mm (1/2 in.) orifice with piece of 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve soldered to bottom of opening. (g) Time: (h) Centrifuge, hand-operated, complete with cups, capable of producing 400 times gravity (a power-driven centrifuge is available from Soiltest, Inc., Lake Bluff, Mlinois , Catalog No, AP-275 or equivalent.) (i) Filter Papers, $5 mm diam. (No. 611, Eaton-Dikeman Co., Mt. Holly Springs, ials required for determining the Pennsylvania, or equivalent). (Note: See Articles 6.10 and 6.15 for additional Hvcem method equipment require- ments,) is seldom used and, therefore, this test is not included in this manual, If the cohesiometer value is desired the testis described in ASTM 1) 1560, ofthe method for determining design asp nn isoutlined in “Establishing the Oil Traded Rituminous Mixtures” by FN. Hyeem, California Highways and Public Works, July August, 1912. and also presented in the Proceedings of The Association of Asphalt Paving Technolo, gists, Volume 13, 19:2,Figure 6.1 - Apparatus for Hveem C.K.E. tests 6.05 SURFACE AREA — The gradation of the aggregate or blend of aggregates employed in the mix is used to calculate the surface area of the total aggregate. ‘This calculation consists of multiplying the total percent passing cach sieve size by a “surface-area factor” as set forth in Table 6.1. Sum these products and the total will represent the equivalent surface area of the sample in terms of m2/kg (f12/Ib.). It is important to note that all the surface-area factors must be used in the calculation. Also, ifadi is used, different surfae je necessary factors Note: These surface-area factors have been used to calculate an average film thickness using the volume of asphalt binder in the mix. Although this determination of asphalt film thickness can provide a broad, relative indication of mix durability, the Asphalt Institute strongly recommends against comparing this calculated value with specific mix design criteria because of inherent inaccu- racies. These surface-area factors do not take into account the specific aggregate shape, but are Intended only as an index factor. In addition, In a compacted mixture some of the asphalt and fine particle mastic Is actually shared by adjacent particles rather then each being In an Isolated state as assumed.82 Hveem Method of x Design Table 6.1 — Surface area factors Total Percent 4.75 2.36 1.18 Sop a i 75 Passing mm omm €) (@ Sieve No. Maximum Size (No) (No’ No. 4 8 (*8) & Surface- Area Factor," mkg a1 41 82 1.64 2.87 6.14 12.29 32,77 (t2/b.) (2) (2) (4) (8) (14) (80) (60) (160) “Surface area factors shown are appicable only whon all the above:stedsloves aro used Inthe slave analysis. This example tabulation demonstrates the calculation of surface area by this method. Sieve Percent x \ SAFactor . _ Surface Area Size Passing mefkg (ft2/Ib) m2/kg (ft2/Ib) 19.0 mm (9/4 in.) 100}, 41 (2) -41.(2) 9.5 mm (9/8 in.) 90. 4.75 mm (No. 4) 75 44 (2) 31(1.5) 2.36 mm (No. 8) 60 82 (4) 49 (2.4) 4.18 mm (No. 16) 45 1.64 (8) -74 (3.8) 600 1m (No. 30) 35 2.87 (14) 1.00 (4.9) 300 1m (No. 50) 25 6.14 (30) 1.54 (7.5) 150 tm (No. 100) 18 12.29 (60) 2.21 (10.8) 751m (No. 200) 6 32.77 (160) 1.97 (9.6) Surface Area = 8.67 m2/kg (42.3 ft2/Ib) “Surface area factor is .41 m2/kg (2 {27b) for any material retained above the 4.75mm (No. 4) sieve, 6.06 C.K.E. PROCEDURE FOR FINE AGGREGATE — The centrifuge kerosene equivalent method involves these steps (a) Place exactly 100g of dry aggregate [representative of the passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) material being used] in a tared centrifuge cup assembly fitted with a screen and a disk of filter p: (b) Place bottom of centrifuge cup in kerosene until the aggregate becomes saturated. (c) Centrifuge the saturated sample for two minutes at a force of 400 times gravity. (For the suggested centrifuge this force can he developed by turning the handle approximately 45 revolutions per minute.) (d) Weigh sample after centrifuging and determine the amount of kerosene retained as a percent of the dry aggregate weight; this value is called the Centrifuge Kerosene F ent (C.K.E,). (Note: Duplicate samples are always prepared in order to balance the centrifuge and to check results. ‘The average of the twoMS-2 -K.E. values is used unless there iy a large discrepancy, in which case the test is rerun.) (e) Ifthe specific gravity of the aggregate samples is greater than 2.70 or less than 2.60 make a correction to the C.K.E. value using the formula at the botiom of the chart in Figure 6.2 Chart for Determining Ky From C.K.E. Surface Constant Ky 20 14 10 C.K.E. Corrected for Sp. Gr. Ros oO CHE. Conse = Ck x2 BIO NOTE: Do not contuse this corraction to C.KE. with that used in Fig. 6.5 *Surtace aoa = 0.20481 eX Courtesy of California Department of Transportation. Figure 6.2 — Chart for determining surface constant for fine material, Kg from C.K.E., Hveem method of designGe Hveem Method of Mix Design 6.07 SURFACE CAPACITY TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE — The Surface capacity (or “oil soak”) test for the larger aggregate involves these steps: (a) Place exactly 100 g of dry aggregate which passes the 9.5 mm (3/8-in.) sieve and is retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve into a metal funnel (this fraction is considered to be representative of the coarse aggregate in the mix). (b) Immerse sample and funnel into a beaker containing SAB No. 10 lubricating oil at room temperature for § minutes (c) Allow to drain for 2 minutes. (d) Remove funnel and sample from 0 of 60°C (140°F), (e) Weigh the sample after draining and determine the amount of oil retained as a Percent of the dry aggregate weight. (Note: Duplicate samples are prepared to check results, Average value is used unless there isa large discrepancy, in which case the test is rerun.) (0 Ifthe specific gravity of the aggregate is greater than 2.70 or less than 2.60 make a correction to the percent oil retained using the formula at the bottom of the chart in Figure 6.3. id drain for 15 minutes at a temperature 6.08 ESTIMATED DESIGN ASPHALT CONTENT —These steps are used to make a preliminary estimate of the design asphalt content. (a) Using the C.K.E, value obtained and the chart in Figure 6.2, determine the value K¢ (surface constant for fine material) (b) Using the percent oil retained and the chart in K¢ (surface constant for coarse material). (c) Using the values obtained for Kr and Ke and the chart in Figure 6.4, determine the value Kin (surface constant for fine and coarse aggregate combined). Kin =Ky+correctionto Ky. The correction to K robtained from Figure 6.4 is positive if (Ke-Kp) is positive and is negative if (Ke-Kp) is negative. (d) The next step is to determine the approximate bitumen ratio for the mix based on cutback asphalts of RC-250, MC-250 and SC-250 grades. With values obtained for Ky, surface area, and average specific gravity, use Case 2 procedures of the chart in Figure 6.5 to determine the oil ratio. (e) Determine the asphalt content (bitumen ratio) for the mix (Figure 6.6) corrected for the grade to be employed, using the surface arca of the sample, the grade of asphalt, and the oil ratio from Figure 6.5. Figure 6.3, determine the valueChant tor Determining Ke rye bes lpia pwn pe Ke =P eo om = iy Surface Constant, & 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Porcent Oil Retained - Corrected for Sp. Gr. of Aggregate Material Used: Aggregate - Passing 9.5 mm (3.8"), Ret 4.75 mm (#4) Sieve Oil- SAE 10 sp. gr. of Coarse Aggregate 2.65 % Oil Ret. Corrected » % Oil Ret. x Courtesy of Calfornia Department of Transportation, 9 Figure 6.3 — Chart for determining surface constant for coarse material, Ke , from coarse aggregate absorption, Hveem method of designIf (Ke - Kj) is neg., corr. is neg, If (Ke - Kj) is pos., corr. is pos. Kin = Ky + corr. to Ky fe ib 2 “Surface area, ™ - 0.204816! kg 5 a 2 g 2 q g 3 8 6 z 8 5 3 8 g 2 3 Correction to Ky Courtesy of California Department of Transportation. 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SapEIB yy J0 pear Pesn Bie 1BEE G UoTEDYDedS Wusy pur sz Wi uonEDyDES, OLHS¥y 107 pue | Seige ur ueweD wWeydse jo sapes6 Arscosia sti be pr the mi co co inc orevoz'0 = -eare soeng, a ew ewnug ein siuesesdos anpisay yeudsy = uy (2) 9B 40 OW ‘OS (1) Aysoosin einjosqy 0} Buipioooe pabuewy 1 SHeYdsy PUE SIE. syeydsy pinbq (u) (uy) sapere Buineg (2) ALISOISIA ONISV3HONI 01 3NG LNIWSYINDSY NWNLIG ONILI3HHOO HOS LYVHO “vounyg ‘exp jo Arscosiq 10} peyoaus09 one FED Uo ONIEA ONE HO peuIEIED ‘Arsnowerd eu; yim Bun2euUco ‘aBparuBreng e eoejd “9 Bun, {vo vonsesueiu} Jo weg oun YBNOsY {os2-9s vo paseg) JUsjeAINby BUBSOsEy eBN}LIUED Aq ONEY 1 Hveem method of design 1g bitumen requirement due to Callfornla Department of Increasing viscosity of asphalt, (Chart courtesy of Transportation) Figure 6.6 — Chart for correctin,MS-2 89 EXAMPLE ‘To demonstrate the use of the charts in Figures 6.2 through 6.6, assume that these conditions apply to a paving mix using AC Specific Gravity, coarse (bulk)! 2.45 Specific Gravity, Percent Passing No. 4 Avg. Sp. Gr.3 = Surface Area of Aggregate Grading = 6.6 m2/kg (32.4 f12/1b) CKE. : = 56 Percent Oil Retained, coarse =19 (corrected for specific gravity, this value is 1.7 percent. See Figure 6.3) From Figure 6.2 determine Ky as 1.25. From Figure 6.3 determine Ke as 0.8. From Figure 6.4 determine Ky, as 1.15. From Figure 6.5 determine the oil ratio for liquid asphalt as 5.2 percent. From Figure 6.6 determine design asphalt content (bitumen ratio) for AC-10 asphalt as 6.1 percent by weight of dry aggregate. Notes: . California DOT Manual of Tests, No. 206, which is a modification of AASHTO T85 (ASTM C127). . California DOT Manual of Tests, No. 208, which is a modification of AASHTO T1133 (ASTM C183). . As defined by California DOT Manual of Tests, No. 303. nv » C. Preparation of Test Specimens 6.09 GENERAL — In designing a paving mix by the Hveem method, a series of stabilometer test specimens is prepared for a range of asphalt contents both above and below the approximate design asphalt content indicated by the CKE procedure. For hot-mix designs using an average aggregate, tests should be scheduled by preparing one specimen with the amount of asphalt as determined by the CKE procedirre, two above the CKE amount in (0.5 increments, and one 0.5 percent below the CKE amount (total of four specimens, each with a different asphalt content). For mixes thought to be critical (i.e. sensitive to asphalt content), the steps in asphalt content are lowered to 0.3 percent and tests are scheduled for the approximate asphalt content indicated by the CKE procedure; three above the CKE amount in 0.3 percent increments, and one 0.3 percent below the CKE amount. For highly absorptive90 _Hveem Method of Mix Design aggregates and non-critical mixes, increase the steps in asphalt content to 1.0 percent and use more specimens as necessary, Regardless of these general rules for preparing stabilometer specimens, the series of test specimens should have at least one specimen containing an excess of asphalt as indicated by moderate or heavy flushing after compaction Inaddition, two swell test specimens are later prepared at the same design asphalt Content as determined from tests on the scries of specimens prepared for stabilometer tests, Therefore, for a normal mix design study a total of six test specimens will usually be required. Although each test specimen will normally require only 1.2 kg of aggregate, the minimum aggregate requirements for a series of test specimens should be at least 18 kilograms (40 Ib.) to provide for additional tests that may be required. 6.10 EQUIPMENT — The equipment required for the preparation of test speci- mens is: (a) Pans, 250 mm (10 in.) diameter x 50 mm (2 in.) deep, for quartering and mixing fine aggregate. (b) Pans, 200mm (Bin.) diameter x 45 mm (1-3/4 in.) deep, for batching and heating aggregates. (6) Pans, 305 mm (12 in.) diameter x 64 mm (2-1/2 in.) deep, for mixing aggregate and asphalt, (4) Pans, 280 mm (11 in.) x 180 mm (7 in.) x 25 mm (1 in.) for curing mix. (e) Large sample splitter for mixing and quartering fine aggregate. (O) Electric hor plate, with a surface measuring at least 460 mm (18 in.) x 305 mm (12 in.), for heating aggregates, asphalt, anc equipment as required. (2) Large oven, thermostatically-controlled, capable of 110°C (230°F) tempera- ture. (h) Large oven, thermostatically-controlled, (i) Large oven for drying and preheating aggre} 165°C (325°F) ()_ Large scoop for handling hot aggregates, (k) Beakers, 800 ml, for adding asphalt. () Thermometer, armored, 35°C (10°F) to 208°C (400°F), (m) Balance, minimum 5 kg capacity, sensitive 100.1 g for weighing aggregates and asphalt (n) Small pointed miting trowel (0) Large mixing spoon, (p) Mechanical mixer (optional), (4) Mechanical Compactor (see Figure 6.7) designed to consolidate the material by a series of individual “kneading action” impressions made by a roving ram havinga face shaped asa sector ofa 11 6mm (4 in.) diametercircle (see Figure 68). The compactor must be capable of exerting a force of 34.5 kPa (500 psi) beneath the tamper foot. Accessories with the compactor should include two mold holders, an insulated feeder trough 460 mm (18 in.) long x 102 mm (4 in.) wide x 64 mm (2 1/2 in.) deep. a paddle shaped to fit the trough, and a round- nosed steel rod 9.5 mm (V8 in.) diameter x 406 mm (16 in.) long. able of 60°C (140°F) temperature. ites, capable of temperatures up toHveem test specimens401.6 mm (4 ir.) 10. Mold Figure 6.8 — Diagram of tamping foot for mechanical kneading compactor (1) Steel compaction molds, 101.6 mm (4 in.) inside diameter x 127 mm (5 in.) high x 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) wall thickness. (s) Paper Disks, heavy paper, 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter, to place in bottom of mold during compaction. . (t) Hydraulic compression machine, 222 kN (50,000 Ib) capacity. (u) Steel shin, 6.4mm (1/4 in.) thick x 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) wide x 63.5 mm (2-1/2in.) s, heavy and sturdy, for handling hot equipment. (Note: See Articles 6.04 and 6.15 for additional equipment requirements.) 6.11 BATCH WEIGHTS — These guidelines are suggested for estimating the aggregate requirements: (a) Compute batch weights for the blend and gradation of aggregates desired. Suggested procedures for computing batch weights are presented in Chapter 3. (b) The necessary dry weight of the aggregate for the stabilometer specimens is that which will produce a compacted specimen 63.5 4/- 1.3 mm (2.5 4/- 0.05 in.) in height. This volume of aggregate will normally weigh about 1200 grams. To determine the exact batch weight, it is generally desirable to prepare a trial specimen prior to preparing the actual aggregate batches. If the trial specimen height falls outside the limits, the amount of aggregate used for the specimen may be adjusted using:Ms-2 - pee 93. For U.S. Customary Units, Adjusted weight of aggregate 6.12 PREPARATION OF BATCH MIXES — These steps are provided as a guide in preparing the mixtures for testing: (a) Weigh the various-sized fractions of dry aggregates into suitable pans in accordance with the calculated batch weights, (See Chapter 3) (b) Thoroughly mix each individual batch of aggregate and preheat in oven to desired mixing temperature. Asphalt should be preheated at the same time. The temperature of the te and the asphalt at the time mixing begins is indicated below for the paving grade of asphalt cement being used ‘Temperature Range Grade Minimum Maximum AC-2.5, AR-1000, or 2001-300 Pen 99eC (210° 121°C (250°K) AC-5, AR-2000, or 120-150 Pen. 110°C (230) 135°C (275°F) AC-10, AR-4000, or 85-100 Pen. 121°C (250°F) 149°C (300°F) AC-20, AR-8000, or 60-70 Pen. 132°C (270°F) 163°C (325°F) AC-40, AR-1600, or 40-50 Pen. 132°C (270°F) 163°C (325°R) (c) When the aggregates and asphalt have reached the desired mixing temperature, form a crater in the aggregates and weigh in asphalt in accordance with the calculated batch weights. (d) Place pan containing aggregates and asphalt for batch mix on hot plate to maintain mixing temperature. Vigorously mix aggregates and asphalt by hand with a pointed trowel or by mechanical mixing until all particles are coated. Take special precaution not to overheat the materials. (e) After mixing is complete, transfer the batch mix to a suitable flat pan and cure for 2 to 3 hours at a temperature of 146 + 3°C (295 + 5°F) in an oven equipped with forced draftair circulation. (Another procedure that has been used is tocure the mix for 15 to 18 hours at 60°C + 2.8°C (140°F + 5°F),) (f) After curing is complete, place batch mix in heating oven and reheat mixture to 110°C (230°F). The batch mix is then ready for compaction.94 Hveem Method of Mix Design 6.13 COMPACTION — The compaction of the test specimen is accomplished by means of the mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action type of consolida- tion by a series of individual impressions made with a ram having a face shaped as a sector of a 101.6 mm (4 in.) diameter circle (Figure 6.8). With each push of the ram, a pressure of 3.45 MPa (500 psi) is applied, subjecting the specimen to a kneading compression over an area of approximately 2000 mm2 (3.1 in.2), Each Pressure is maintained for approximately 2/Sths of a second. ‘The detailed compaction procedure is: For Stabilomeier Specimens (a) Preheat the compaction molds, feeder trough and round-nosed steel rod to approximately the mix compaction temperature (b) Heat the compactor foot toa temperature that will prevent the mix fromadhering toit. The temperature of the compactor foot may be controlled by a variable sformer (c) Place the compaction mold in the mold holder and insert a 100 mm (4 in.) diameter paper disk to cover the base plate. So the base plate will act as a free- fitting plunger during the compaction operation, the steel shim is temporarily placed under the edge of the mold (d) Spread the prepared mixture uniformly on the preheated feeder trough. Using a paddle that fits the shape of the trough, transfer approximately one-half of the mixture to the compaction mold (See Figure 6.9). (e) Rod the portion of the mix in the mold 20 times in the center of the mass and 20 times around the edge with the round-nosed steel rod (See Figure 6.10). ‘Transfer the remainder of the sample to the mold and repeat the rodding procedure Figure 6.9 ~ Transfer of mix to Figure 6.10 — Rodding mix In mold moldMS-2 95 (1) Place mold assembly into position on the mechanical compactor and apply approximately 20 tamping blows at 1.7 MPa (250 psi) pressure to achieve a semi-compacted condition of the mix so that it will not be unduly disturbed when the full load is applied. ‘The exact number of blows to accomplish the semi-compaction shall be determined by observation, The actual number of blows may vary between 10 and 50, depending upon the type of material, and it may not be possible to accomplish the compaction in the mechanical compactor because of undue movement of the mixture under the compactor foot. In these instances use a 178 KN (40,000 Ib.) static load applied over the total specimen surface by the double plunger method, in which a free-fitting plunger is placed below and on top of the sample. Apply the load at the rate of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) per minute and hold for 30 5 seconds. (g) After the semi-compuction, remove shim and release mold tightening screw sufficiently to allow free up-and-down movement of mold and about 3: mm (1/8 in.) side movement of mold, (h) Tocomplete compaction in the mechanical compactor, increase compactor foot pressure to 3.45 MPa (500 psi) and apply 150 tamping blows. (i) Placed the mold and specimen in an oven at 60°C (140°F) for | hour, alter which a“leveling-off” load of 56 KN (12,600 Ib.) is applied by the “double-plunger” method [head speed = 6 mnv/min (0.25 in.min)] and released immediately. (Note: The specimen shall not be pushed to the opposite end of the mold.) For Swell Test Specimens. (a) Prepare the compaction mold by placing a paraffin-impregnated strip of ordinary wrapping paper 19 mm (3/4 in.) wide, around the inside of the mold 13 mm (1/2 in.) to 19 mm (3/4 in.) trom the bottom to prevent water from escaping from between the specimen and the mold during the water immersion period of the test. The paper strip is dipped in melted paraffin and applied while hot. + Compaction molds are not preheated for swell test specimens. (b) The remainder of the compaction procedure for swell test specimens is the same as for the stabilometer test sp except for: When compaction is completed in the mechanical compactor, remove cimel mold and specimen from compactor, invert mold and push specimen to the opposite end of mold. Apply a 56 KN (12,600 Ib.) static load [head speed 6 mm/min (0.25 in/ min)] with the “original” top surface supported on the lower platen of the testing press. It is advisable to place a piece of heavy paper under the specimen to prevent damage to this lower platen D. Test Procedures 6.14 GENERAL — In the Hyeem method the compacted test specimens are used in these tests and analyses and are normally performed in the order listed: (a) Stabilometer Test (b) Bulk Density Det (c) Swell Test. mination96 Hveem Method of Mix Design J Dial measuring 10 0.025 mm (1/1000 in.) Removable Dial Assembly LA Poe eT 500 mi of Water Porforated Plate Pan 102 mm P <-> @iny ‘a Figure 6.11 ~ Swell test apparatusMS-2 _ 97 The swell test is performed only on specimens prepared for this purpose; the stabilometer and bulk density tests are performed on each of all other test specimens. Figure 6.15 shows a suggested test report form for recording test data and results. 6.15 EQUIPMENT — The equipment required for the testing of the 101.6 mm (4 in.) diameter specimens is (a) Bronze Disks, pertorated, 98.4 mm (3-7/8 in,) diameter x 3.2mm (1/8 in.) thick, with adjustable stem, for swell measurement (See Figure 6.11). (b) Dial Gauge, mounted on tripod, with reading accuracy to 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) (See Figure 6.11) (©) Scale, graduated to read the volumetric contents of 101.6 mm (4 in.) inside diameter mold at 25 ml intervals, for measuring percolation of water during swell test. (d) Alioninum pans, 190 mm (7-1/2 in.) diameter x 64 mm (2-1/2 in.) deep. (e) Hveem Stabilometer (see Figures 6.12 and 6.13), complete with accessories including adjustable base, assembly tool, steel follower, and rubber bulb for introducing air into the system. () Scale or other measuring device to accurately determine the height of the compacted test specimen, 6.16 STABILOMETER TEST — These are the steps for measuring the Hveem. Stability (refer to Figures 6.12 and 6.13 (a) Place specimens for stabilometer tests (compacted and contained in mold) in oven at 60 4 3°C (140 £ 5°F) for 30-4 hours, Head of Testing Machine —/ Follower for Applying Load to Specimen Not to Scale \ Needle Valve ‘Air Ci Manually Operated Pressure Gauge ir Chamber _ ‘Screw Type Pump Recording P.S.1. Liquid Under Small Initial Pressure Flexible Diaphragm Platen of Testing Machine NOTE: The specimen is given lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which wansmits horizontal pressure to the liquid. The magnitude of the pressure can be read on the gauge. Figure 6.12 — Diagrammatic sketch showing principal features of Hveem stabilometer98 Hveem Method of Mix Design Figure 6.13 - Hveem stabllometer (b) Adjust compression machine for a head speed of 1.3 mm/min (0.05 in/min) with no load applied (c) Check displacement of stabilometer with a calibration cylinder and if necessary adjust to read 2.00 + 0.05 turns (see Article 6.21), (d) Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance from the bottom of the upper tapered ring to the top of the base is 89 mm (3.5 in.). (e) Every effort should be made to fabricate test specimens with an overall height between 61 mm (2.40 in.) and 66mm (2.60 in.): however, if the height is outside of this range the stabilometer value should be corrected as indicated in Figure 6.14 (1) Remove the mold with its sp imen from the oven and place on top of stabilometer. Using the plunger, hand lever, and fulerum, force the specimen from the mold into the stabilometer. Take care that the specimen goes in straight and is firmly seated. (2) Place follower on top of specimen and position the entire assembly in compres- sion machine for testing (hy Using a displacement pump, raise the pressure in the stabilometer system until the test gauge (horizontal pressure) reads exactly 34.5 kPa (5 psi). (Tap test gauge lightly to assure an accurate reading.) G) Close displacement pump valve, taking care not to disturb the 34.5 kPa (5 psi) initial pressure. (This step is omitted on stabilometers that are not provided with the displacement pump valve.)MS-2 _ J Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 64 mm (2.60 in.) Height correction should be made using the table and chart below. Example: Overall height of 69 mm (2.75 in.) select correction curve “B". Stabilometer value uncorrected = 35 Stabilometer value corrected = 38. Overall Specimen Ht. ~ | Correction Curve 7.1mm to 76mm (2.80 in. to 3.00 in.) A 66mm to 70mm (2.60 in. to 2.79 in.) B 61mm to 65mm (2.40 in. to 2.59 in.) Cc 56mm to 60mm (2:20 in. to 2.39 in.) D 51mm to 55mm (2.00 in. to 2.19 in.) E BCODE 50 40h 3 8g 2 5 8 3 2 & s 3 ® 20F- gel: 2 8 5 10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60 Stabilometer Value Before Height Correction Figure 6.14 - Chart for correcting stabllometer values to effective specimen height of 64mm (2.50 Inches)100 Hveem Method of Mix Design (@_ Apply test loads with compression machine using a head speed of 1.3 mm/min (0.05 in/min). Record readings of stabilometer test gauge at vertical test loads of 13.4, 22.3, and 26.7 kN (3,000, 5,000, and 6,000 Ibs.) (k) Immediately after recording the horizontal pressure reading under maximum vertical load [26.69 kN (6,000 Ib.)], reduce total load on specimen to 4.45 kN (1,000 Ib.). () Open the displacement pump angle valve and by means of the displacement pump, adjust test gauge to 34.5 kPa (5 psi), (This will result in a reduction in the applied press load which is normal and no compensation is necessary). (m)Adjust dial gauge on pump to zero by means of small thumbscrew. (n) Turn displacement pump handle smoothly and rapidly (two turns per second) and to the right (clockwise) until a pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) is recorded on the test gauge. [ During this operation the load registered on the testing press will increase and in some cases exceed the initial 4.45kN (1,000 Ib.) load. This change in load is normal and no adjustment or compensation is required. | Record the exact number of turns required to increase the test gauge reading from 34.5 kPa (5 psi) to 690 kPa ( 100 psi) as the displacement on specimen [2.5 mm (0.1 in.) dial reading is equivalent to one turn displacement}. (0) After recording the displacement, first remove the test load and reduce pressure on test gauge to zero by means of the displacement pump; then reverse the displacement pump an additional three turns and remove specimen from stabilometer chamber. 6.17 BULK DENSITY DETERMINATION — The bulk density test is per- formed on these specimens after the completion of the stabilometer tests as soon as the specimens have cooled to room temperature, ‘The procedure for this test is presented in ASTM D 1188, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens or ASTM D 2726, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminoris Mixtures Using Saturated Surface Drv 5 pecimens, 6.18 SWELL TEST — These steps outline the swell test procedure: (a) Allow compacted swell test specimen to stand at room temperature for at least one hour. (This is done to permit rebound after compaction), (b) Place the mold and specimen in 190 mm (7-1/2 in.) diameter x 64 mm (2-1/2in.) deep aluminum pan (See Figure 6.11) (c) Place the perforated bronze disk on specimen, position the tripod with dial gauge on mold, and set the adjustable stem to pive a reading of 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) on the dial gauge (See Figure 6.11). (d) Introduce 500 ml of water into the mold on top of the specimen and the measure ance from the top of the mold to the water surface with the graduated scale, (c) After 24 hours, read the dial gauge to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) and record the change as swell, Also, measure the distance from the top of the mold to the water surface with the graduated seale and record the change as permeability or the amount of water in ml that percotates into and/or through the test specimenMS-2 . Interpretation of Test Data 6.19 CALCULATIONS — There are no calculations required for the swell test ince the results are reported directly as differences. ‘The remainder of the calculations are: (a) Stabilometer Value. Calculate as: + 0.222 v= Py stabilometer value displacement on specimen = vertical pressure [typically 2.76 MPa (400 psi) = 22.24 KN (5000 Ib.) total load] Ph = horizontal pressure equal to stabilometer pressure gauge reading taken at the instant Py is 2.76 MPa (400 psi) [22.24 KN (5000 Ib.)] total Load (b) Density and Voids Analysis. Using the bulk specitic gravity of the test specimens, and the maximum specilic gravity of the paving mixture determined using ASTM D 2041, compute the percent air voids ay illustrated in Figure 6.15 and more fully described in Chapter 4. These values may be plotted ay a function of asphalt cohtent as shown in Figure 6.16, similar to the Marshall procedure, to assist in design102 Hveem Method of Mix Design ‘ial Mie Series: 1-8 Hot-Mix Design Data Project: 1008-813) ‘52% CAAT*FA.. by the Location: Rye = South Hveem Method Sp. Gr. Asp. Com. 1.012 Asp. Com, AC-10 Lund. No. for Asp. Cam, Uned: 62.0741 ‘Avg. Bulk Sp. Gt. Agg. = 2.760 Lab, Nos. for Agg, Used: 69-1252: 69-1253 Gradation, CKE. and Percent Asphat Sieve Size avs | 250 | 190 | 128 | 95 | 475] 226| 1.18] 600] 300] 150 | 75 wie[ 1 [aa [ie [ae] «|e | w | a0 | 50 | 100 | 200 Tio | so | 70 | 30 2 16 | 10 Specification Lite 100 eo | 70 | so | as 18 elas Passing woo | so [76 | 60 | a2 | x2 | 23 | | ve | 6 SA Factors 4s | 82 | 184 | 287 | ots | 1229 | 22.77 Surface Area, mtg" ar] 2s} sa | 52 | 66 | 98 | 147 | 1.97 CK.E FA 2.8: CA = 2.8 Kj 1.0: Ke = 12: Km = 1.0; Total SA 6.6 m2 (92.3 Nem) Estimated % Asp. Com. by Wot. of AgQ. using CKE Tests ony 5 5 Fecommended % Asp. Cem. by Wal. o Agg. uting Mix Desiga Cate 6.0 Specimen iantifeation a 8 ce ° % Asp. Com. by Wot. of Ago, 50 55 60 6s Asp Com by Wot. of Mix 48 52 87 6: Wl. In Ale grams 12110 12233 1200.8 1235.9 Wel In Water grame 749 738 ns 7333 Buk Volume-e, 461 4095, 603.2 5028 Bulk Sp, Gr 2aay 240 2406 2.459 Max. 8p. Gr. 2559 250 2822 2504 Ale Voids 46 38 30 18 Unit Wat « Mgirnd 2439 2448 248 2487 (tony 0823) csze | (1528) (153.4) Total (tos) Unit (os) Stabiiometer Load kit Load Mpa 222° ( S00) 028 (40) 9 ° 9 10 445 (1000) 055 (80) 2 2 18 18 2.90 (2000) 10 (160) 15 6 2 2s ra (3000) 185, (240) a 2 20 8 17.79 (4000) 22 (20) 2 20 2 55 1224 (000) 278 (400) 38 29 55 83 2569 (6000) 331 (480) 50 52 e 105 Displacement wins 240 250 248 250 Stabibty Vaive a “6 38 28 Conasiometer Temperature - °C (*F) Ettective Height - mm tin) Shot Weight - grams Cohesiometer Value Jones Inspector urtncn Aton Hay = mig = 0.204816 Figure 6.15 - Suggested test report form showing test data for a typical mix design by the Hveem methodMS-2 103 Mgim3 2.48 155 6 2.47 -}—~—_,—_}—F 154 5 2.45 153 > 4 a < 2.43 w2 2 Bs + z 58 5 66 2.42 181 2 2.40 180 1 | 45 5.0 55 60 65 45 5.0 55 60 65 % AC by Wot. of Agg, % AC by Wot. of Agg. 50 48 2 0 3 a 3 35 4 30 25 45 50 55 60 65 % AC by Wot. of Agg. Figure 6.16 — Test property curves for hot mix design data by the Hveem method104 Hveem Method of Mix Design 6.20 DESIGN CRITERIA — The suitability of the hot-mix design by the traditional Hveem method is determined on the basis of whether the asphalt contentand aggregate grading will satisfy the requirements in Table 6.2: Table 6.2 — Hveem mix design criteria [ Traltic Category Heavy Medium Light Test Property min max. min max. min. max. Stabilometer Value 37 - 35 - 30 - Swell less than 0.762 mm (0.030 in.) NOTES: ; = 1, Although not a routine part of this design method, an elfort Is made to provid of approximately 4 percent. 2, All criteria, and not stability value alone, must be considered in designing an asphalt paving mix. 3, Hot-mix asphaltbases that donot meet these criteria when tested at 60°C (140°F) are sallsfactory they meet the criteria when tested at 38°C (100°F) and are placed at 100 mm (4 In.) or more below the surtace. This fecommendatlon applies only to regions having a range of climatic conditions similar to those prevailing {throughout most of the United States. A diferent lower tes! temperature may ba considered in regions having, ‘more extreme climatic conditions, 4, Tratfle Classitications: ‘minimum percent of alr volds Light Tratfic conditions resulting in a Design EAL <104 Medium: ‘Tratfic conditions resulting in a Design EAL. between 104 and 108 Heavy: Tratfic conditions resulting In a Design EAL > 108 In applying these requirements, the design asphalt content should be the highest percentage the mix will accommodate without reducing stability or void content below minimum values, The design asphalt content is determined from stabilometer values, percent air voids, and observations of surface flushing or bleeding of specimens after compaction. These steps are used to select the design asphalt content: (a) Using Figure 6.17. insert in Step (1) of the pyramid, the asphalt contents used for preparing the series of mix design specimens. Insert the asphalt contents in order of increasing amounts from left to right with the maximum asphalt content used in the square on the right (b) Select from Step (1) the three highest asphalt contents that do not exhibit moderate or heavy surface flushing and record on Step (2). Surface flushing and/or bleeding is considered “Slight” (acceptable) if the surface has only a slight sheen, It is considered “Moderate” (unacceptable). if sufficient free asphalt is apparent to cause paper to stick to the surface but no distortion is noted, Surface flushing is considered "Heavy" (unacceptable) if there is sufficient free asphalt to cause surface puddling or specimen distortion after compaction. (c) Select from Step (2) the two highest asphalt contents that provide the specified ininimum stabilometer value and enter them in Step (3).(d) Select from Step (3) the highest asphalt content that hay at least 4.0 percent air voids and enter in Step (4) (e) The asphalt content in Step (4) is the design asphalt coment. However, if the maximum asphalt content used in the design set (Step 1) is the asphalt content entered on Step (4), additional specimens must be prepared with increased asphalt contents in 0.5 percent increments and a new design asphalt content determination should be made. Additional mix design voids criteria are contained in Chapter 4 as well as some factors to consider when selecting the final design asphalt content Step 4 Maximum asphalt content with Design Asphalt 4 or more percent air voids Content’ Step 3 Specimens meeting minimum stability requirement Step 2 Specimens with no more than “slight” flushing Step 1 Design series }esign asphalt content is not valid if he maximum asphalt content used in the design series (Step 1) is the asphalt content arrived at in Step 4. In this event addtional specimens must be prepared with increased asphalt content in 0.5 percent incremonts and a new analysis made. Figure 6.17 ~ Procedures for selecting design asphalt content, Hveem method of design106 Hveem Method of Mix Design EXAMPLE This example illustrates determination of the design asphalt content for a Heavy Traffic Category pavement using typical mix design test data shown in Figure 6.15: Step 4 50 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 8s (a) Enter on Step (1) 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5. (b) Specimen D exhibits “Moderate” (uneceptable) surface flushing. Enter 5.0, 5 and 6.0 on Step (2). (c) Specimens A and B are the highest asphalt content specimens from Step (2) that provide stabitometer values of 37 or more, Enter 5,0 and 5.5 on Step (3), (d) Specimen A isthe highest asphalt content specimen that has at least 4 percent air voids as shown in Figure 6.16, as desired for heavy traffic. Enter 5.0 on Step (4). The design asphalt content is 5.0 percent using the traditional procedure. F. Calibration of Hveem Stabilometer 6.21 CHECKING DISPLACEMENT IN STABILOMETER — The stabilometer reading is influenced by mixture displacement in the stabilometer, i.e. the lateral expansion of the specimen during the test. An increase in displacement yields lower Ph readings (or greater apparent stability). For this reason, the displacement must be maintained at a constant value of 2.004 0.05 turns {6.6cm3 (0.4 in.3)] by using this procedure. Variations in displacement are caused by entrained air and the failure of the diaphragm to fit tightly against the specimen after the initial pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi) has been applied. To check the displacement in the stabilometer: On models with a va turning the handwheel un check displacement pump by closing pump valve and Hight. If more than one-cighth tum is required to bring theMS-2 107 handwheel tight, the pump contains air that must be removed. (Lite model stabilometers do not have an angle valve.) (b) Place stabilometer on adjustable stage and insert a calibration cylinder of steel or brass, 101.6 mm (4.0 in.) in diameter » 139.7 mm (5-1/2 ing high (c) Tighten clamp at base of stabilometer, place stabilometer on compression machine, and apply a confining load of 0.45 KN (100 Ib.) to top of the calibration cylinder. (d) Open angle valve, turn displacement pump handle to right and force fluid into the cell until the stabilometer test gailye registers a horizontal pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi). (e) Set the displacement pump dial gauge to zero with adjustment screw, and turn the displacement pump handle to the right (clockwise) at the rate of two turns per second until pressure on stabilometer test gauge reads 690 kPa (100 psi) (f) Record displacement ay the number of pump handle revolutions required to increase the stabilometer test gauge from 34.5 kPa (5 psi) to 690 kPa (100 psi). [2.5 mm (0.1 in.) dial reading is equivalent wo one revolution. (g) The stabilometer test gauge should remain stationary at 690 kPa (100 psi). I it visibly decreases, there is a leuk that must be located and sealed (h) Displacement volume in cm} (in3) may be determined by multiplying the number of revolutions by 3.3 (0.2). (i) If the displacement does not check within £0.05 turns of the required 2.00 [6.6 m3 (0.4 in.3)] an adjustment is necessary. Air is added to the system to increase the displacement or removed from the sy: ement G) To adjust displacement to the required value, tum pump handle clockwise (to the Tight) until a pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) is obtained on test gauge, then turn pump. handle counterclockwise (to the left) two tums. Either add or remove air until a pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi) is indicated on test gauge. Air may be added to air cell by means of the rubber bulb provided for this purpose. Continue check and adjustment until the required value of displacement is obtained, (k) Release pressure and remove the calibration cylinder, mi to decrease the displ 6.22 FILLING STABILOMETER WITH LIQUID — If the displacement pump is a rubber gasket “O” ring type, it is recommended that the stabilometer be filled with a machine oil having a Saybolt-Furol viscosity of approximately sixty seconds at 38°C (10°F). If the displacement pump is a packing gland type, the stabilometer should be filled with a solution of 50 percent glycerine and 50 percent distilled water. It is very important that all air, even the smallest bubbles, be removed from the system. On models equipped with an angle valve, the displacement pump should be filled after closing the angle valve connecting the inner chamber, Remove the sinall plug in the center of the displacement pump handle, and screw the handle out about 76 mm (3in.). Fill with liquid and remove all the air, then replace the plug and loosen the packing gland nut, Screw the displacement pump until liquid oozes out around packing gland nut. Next, remove the small plug in the angle valve and, with the valve closed,108 _. Hveem Method of Mix Design screw the pump in until all air is removed from angle valve, Remove the filling plug opposite the test gauge and, with the stabilometer resting on the face of the testing gauge, fill with liquid. The rubber diaphragm should be tapped lightly with fingers to remove any air. The machine should be rocked about to eliminate bubbles near the opening. The above procedure should also be performed on stabilometers that have had the displacement pump converted from a packing gland to an “O" ring type, using the oil described above as the liquid medium