Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style

Table of Contents:
Parenthetical References
Citing Books
Citing Journal Articles
Citing Magazine Articles
Citing Websites
For More Help
The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using
Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh
edition). Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for
students The Chicago Manual of Style; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th
edition of the Chicago Manual. For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g.,
government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further
information, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself
(LAU Ref Desk, LB 2369 .T8 2007) or a reference librarian.
The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style recommends that researchers in the
natural and social sciences adopt a parenthetical reference (or "author-date") style
in combination with an alphabetically arranged reference list for documenting sources. For
footnote or endnote style, please refer to the separate guide Turabian Footnote/Endnote
Style. It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.
PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
Parenthetical references should include the author's name, the date of publication and
the page number(s) to which you refer. Examples:
Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early
nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840 (Twyman 1970, 145-146).
Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of
political power may change, this remains the same (Hudson 1997, 5).
If there is no page number, leave it out. If there is no author, use the title.
REFERENCE LIST
Books
Include some or all of the following elements for each complete bibliographic citation in your
reference list, in this order:
1. Author or editor;
2. Year of publication;
3. Title (capitalize titles and subtitles using sentence style; for example: Social theory as
science: A brief inquiry);
4. Compiler, translator or editor (if listed in addition to an author);
5. Edition;
6. Name of series, including volume or number used;
7. Place of publication and publisher.
One Author or Editor, or Corporate Author
Hudson, Valerie N., ed. 1997. Culture and foreign policy. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers.
Twyman, Michael.1970. Lithography 1800-1850. London: Oxford University Press.
UNICEF. 1999. Generation in jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the
former Soviet Union. Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Two or More Authors or Editors
Keat, Russell, and John Urry. 1982. Social theory as science. 2d. ed. London:
Routledge.
Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler,
Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden
White. 1979. The concept of style. Edited by Berel Lang. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Electronic Books
Follow the guidelines for print books, adding collection (if there is one), URL and date
accessed.
Rae, John. 1834. Statement of some new principles on the subject of political economy.
Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company. In The Making of the Modern World,
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14
(accessed June 22, 2012).
Journal Articles
For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever one you
used. Include some or all of the following elements in your reference list citations, in this
order:
1. Author;
2. Year of publication;
3. Article title (capitalize titles and subtitles using sentence style; for example: Aristotle on
metaphor);
4. Periodical title;
5. Volume or Issue number (or both);
6. Page numbers.
For online periodicals, add:
7. URL and date of access, or;
8. Database name, URL and date of access (if available, include database publisher and city
of publication).
Print
Freedman, Lawrence. 1998. The changing roles of military conflict. Survival 40, no. 4: 39-
56.
Kirby, John T. 1997. Aristotle on metaphor. American Journal of Philology 118: 517-554.
Online
Mallan, Kerry, and Natasha Giardina. 2009. Wikidentities: Young people collaborating on
virtual identities in social network sites. First Monday 14, no. 6 (June).
http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2445/2213 (accessed
June 22, 2009).
Accessed Through an Online Database
Gaskill, Malcolm. 2008. The pursuit of reality: Recent research into the history of witchcraft.
Historical Journal 51, no. 4: 1069-1088. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed June
22, 2009).
Magazine Articles
For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever one you
used.
Print
Goldberger, Paul. 1996. Machines for living: The architectonic allure of the automobile.
Architectural Digest (October): 82.
Online
Dickey, Christopher. 2008. Reflecting on race barriers. Newsweek, November 15.
http://www.newsweek.com/id/169302 (accessed June 22, 2009).
Accessed Through an Online Database
Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. 1966. McCarthyism is threatening us again. Saturday Evening Post
239, no. 17: 10-12. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 23, 2009).
Websites
In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing
an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can
usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list,
e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Board requires ...".
If you need to cite an entire website in your reference list, include some or all of the
following elements, in this order:
1. Author or editor of the website (if known)
2. Title of the website
3. URL
4. Date of access
Example:
Financial Accounting Standards Board. http://www.fasb.org (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and alternative examples:
Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)
RefWorks
Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of
Turabian style.
Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL)
Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.
Sources: Their Use and Acknowledgement
Dartmouth College's guide explains why and when to cite sources and provides citation
examples using APA, MLA, Science citation style and MLA's footnote and endnote style.
Citing Sources
Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with
examples from APA, Chicago, MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.
How to Cite Electronic Sources
From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like
films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.
Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications
The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the
Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual.
 A Manual for Writers
of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
Turabian Quick Guide
Kate L. Turabians Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
presents two basic documentation systems: notes-bibliography style (or simply
bibliography style) and author-date style (sometimes called reference list style). These
styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style,
sixteenth edition, with slight modifications for the needs of student writers.

Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents
bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

The more concise author-date style has long been used in the physical, natural, and
social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by
authors last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a
list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems
share a similar style. Click on the tabs below to see some common examples of materials
cited in each style. For a more detailed description of the styles and numerous specific
examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of the 8th edition of Turabian for bibliography style
and chapters 18 and 19 for author-date style. If you are uncertain which style to use in a
paper, consult your instructor.

NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE: SAMPLE CITATIONS

The following examples illustrate citations using notes-bibliography style. Examples of
notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For more
details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. For examples of
the same citations using the author-date system, click on the Author-Date tab above.
 Book
One author
1. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 6465.

2. Gladwell, Tipping Point, 71.

Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference .
Boston: Little, Brown, 2000.
Two or more authors
1. Peter Morey and Amina Yaqin, Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation
after 9/11 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 52.
2. Morey and Yaqin, Framing Muslims, 6061.

Morey, Peter, and Amina Yaqin. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after
9/11. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only
the first author, followed by et al. (and others):
1. Jay M. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics after Adorno (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2010), 276.

2. Bernstein et al., Art and Aesthetics, 18.

Bernstein, Jay M., Claudia Brodsky, Anthony J. Cascardi, Thierry de Duve, Ale Erjavec, Robert
Kaufman, and Fred Rush. Art and Aesthetics after Adorno. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2010.
Editor or translator instead of author
1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 9192.

2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Editor or translator in addition to author
1. Jane Austen, Persuasion: An Annotated Edition, ed. Robert Morrison (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 31112.

2. Austen, Persuasion, 315.

Austen, Jane. Persuasion: An Annotated Edition. Edited by Robert Morrison. Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
Chapter or other part of a book
1. ngeles Ramrez, Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The Persistence of Subaltern
Images, in Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality , ed. Faegheh
Shirazi (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010), 231.
2. Ramrez, Muslim Women, 23940.
 Ramrez, ngeles. Muslim Women in the Spanish Press: The Persistence of Subaltern Images. In
Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality, edited by Faegheh
Shirazi, 22744. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
1. William Cronon, foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege (Seattle: University
of Washington Press, 2012), ix.
2. Cronon, foreword, xxi.

Cronon, William. Foreword to The Republic of Nature, by Mark Fiege, ixxii. Seattle: University
of Washington Press, 2012.
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, include an access date and a URL. If you consulted the book in a
library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a
URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter
or other number.
1. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of Americas Great
Migration (New York: Vintage, 2010), 18384, Kindle.
2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, accessed October 15, 2011, http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Joseph P. Quinlan, The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization,

the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It (New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2010), 211, accessed December 8, 2012, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Wilkerson, Warmth of Other Suns, 401.

5. Kurland and Lerner, Founders Constitution.

6. Quinlan, Last Economic Superpower, 88.

Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of Americas Great
Migration. New York: Vintage, 2010. Kindle.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed October 15, 2011. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Quinlan, Joseph P. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End
of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Accessed December 8, 2012. ProQuest Ebrary.

Journal article
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the
page range for the whole article.
Article in a print journal
1. Alexandra Bogren, Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate, Journal of Gender
Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 156.
 2. Bogren, Gender and Alcohol, 157.

Bogren, Alexandra. Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate. Journal of Gender Studies
20, no. 2 (June 2011): 15569.
Article in an online journal
For a journal article consulted online, include an access date and a URL. For articles
that include a DOI, form the URL by appending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/ rather
than using the URL in your address bar. The DOI for the article in the Brown example
below is 10.1086/660696. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial
database, you may give the name of the database instead.
1. Campbell Brown, Consequentialize This, Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, accessed
December 1, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
2. Anastacia Kurylo, Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York
Knicks Basketball Forum, China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 16, accessed March
9, 2013, Academic OneFile.
3. Brown, Consequentialize This, 761.
4. Kurylo, Linsanity, 1819.

Brown, Campbell. Consequentialize This. Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 74971. Accessed
December 1, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
Kurylo, Anastacia. Linsanity: The Construction of (Asian) Identity in an Online New York Knicks
Basketball Forum. China Media Research 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 1528. Accessed March 9,
2013. Academic OneFile.

Magazine article
1. Jill Lepore, Dickens in Eden, New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 52.
2. Lepore, Dickens in Eden, 5455.

Lepore, Jill. Dickens in Eden. New Yorker, August 29, 2011.

Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (As Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom
Shanker noted in a New York Times article on January 23, 2013, . . .) instead of in a
note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show
the more formal versions of the citations.
1. Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women in Combat, New
York Times, January 23, 2013, accessed January 24, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-
combat.html.
2. Bumiller and Shanker, Pentagon Lifts Ban.

Bumiller, Elisabeth, and Thom Shanker. Pentagon Lifts Ban on Women in Combat. New York
Times, January 23, 2013. Accessed January 24, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-
combat.html.
 Book review
1. Joel Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History, ed. Jared Diamond and James
A. Robinson, American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 754, accessed December 9,
2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.

2. Mokyr, review of Natural Experiments of History,752.

Mokyr, Joel. Review of Natural Experiments of History, edited by Jared Diamond and James A.
Robinson. American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 75255. Accessed December
9, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.752.

Thesis or dissertation
1. Dana S. Levin, Lets Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit
Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools (PhD diss., University of
Michigan, 2010), 1012.
2. Levin, Lets Talk about Sex, 98.
Levin, Dana S. Lets Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit
Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools. PhD diss., University of
Michigan, 2010.

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

1. Rachel Adelman, Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On: Gods Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 2124, 2009).
2. Adelman, Such Stuff as Dreams.
Adelman, Rachel. Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On: Gods Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim
and Midrashic Tradition. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical
Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 2124, 2009.

Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note
(As of July 27, 2012, Googles privacy policy had been updated to include . . .). If a
more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such
content is subject to change, include an access date and, if available, a date that the site
was last modified.
1. Privacy Policy, Google Policies & Principles, last modified July 27, 2012, accessed
January 3, 2013, http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
2. Google, Privacy Policy.
Google. Privacy Policy. Google Policies & Principles. Last modified July 27, 2012. Accessed
January 3, 2013. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (In a comment posted to The
Becker-Posner Blog on February 16, 2012, . . .) instead of in a note, and they are
commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal
versions of the citations.
 1. Gary Becker, Is Capitalism in Crisis?, The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012,
accessed February 16, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-
crisis-becker.html.
2. Becker, Is Capitalism in Crisis?

Becker, Gary. Is Capitalism in Crisis? The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012. Accessed
February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-
becker.html.

E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (In a text message to the author
on July 21, 2012, John Doe revealed . . .) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed
in a bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, July 21, 2012.

Comment posted on a social networking service

Like e-mail and text messages, comments posted on a social networking service may be
cited in running text (In a message posted to her Twitter account on August 25,
2011, . . .) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography. The following
example shows the more formal version of a note.
1. Sarah Palin, Twitter post, August 25, 2011 (10:23 p.m.), accessed September 4, 2011,
http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa.