Alemanni

For other uses, see Alamanni (disambiguation). to the area where Alemannic German dialects re-
The Alemanni (also Alamanni;[1] Suebi Swabians[2] ) main spoken, including German Swabia and Baden,
French Alsace, German-speaking Switzerland and Aus-
trian Vorarlberg.

1 Name
According to Asinius Quadratus (quoted in the mid-
6th century by Byzantine historian Agathias) their name
means all men. It indicates that they were a conglom-
eration drawn from various Germanic tribes. This was
the derivation of Alemanni used by Edward Gibbon, in
his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire[3] and by the
anonymous contributor of notes assembled from the pa-
pers of Nicolas Frret, published in 1753, who noted that
it was the name used by outsiders for those who called
themselves the Suebi.[4] This etymology has remained the
standard derivation of the term.[5]
Area settled by the Alemanni, and sites of Roman-Alemannic bat-
Walafrid Strabo, a monk of the Abbey of St. Gall writ-
tles, 3rd to 6th centuries ing in the 9th century, remarked, in discussing the peo-
ple of Switzerland and the surrounding regions, that only
were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the upper foreigners called them the Alemanni, but that they gave
Rhine river. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the con- themselves the name of Suebi.
text of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni
The name of Germany and the German language in sev-
captured the Agri Decumates in 260, and later expanded
eral languages is derived from the name of this early Ger-
into present-day Alsace, and northern Switzerland, lead-
manic tribal alliance. For details, see Names of Germany.
ing to the establishment of the Old High German lan-
guage in those regions.
In 496, the Alemanni were conquered by Frankish leader 2 History
Clovis and incorporated into his dominions. Mentioned
as still pagan allies of the Christian Franks, the Ale-
manni were gradually Christianized during the 7th cen- 2.1 First explicit mention
tury. The Pactus Alamannorum is a record of their cus-
tomary law during this period. Until the 8th century,
Frankish suzerainty over Alemannia was mostly nomi-
nal. But after an uprising by Theudebald, Duke of Ala-
mannia, Carloman executed the Alamannic nobility and
installed Frankish dukes. During the later and weaker
years of the Carolingian Empire the Alemannic counts
became almost independent, and a struggle for supremacy
took place between them and the Bishopric of Constance.
The chief family in Alamannia was that of the counts of
Raetia Curiensis, who were sometimes called margraves,
and one of whom, Burchard II, established the Duchy of
Swabia, which was recognized by Henry the Fowler in Alemannic belt mountings, from a 7th-century grave in the grave
919 and became a stem duchy of the Holy Roman Em- eld at Weingarten.
pire. The Alemanni were rst mentioned by Cassius Dio de-
The area settled by the Alemanni corresponds roughly scribing the campaign of Caracalla in 213. At that time

1
2 2 HISTORY

they apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the Main (Latin Menus), entering the forest, where the trails
south of the Chatti. were blocked by felled trees. As winter was upon them,
Cassius Dio (78.13.4) portrays the Alemanni as victims they reoccupied a fortication which was founded on the
of this treacherous emperor.[6] They had asked for his soil of the Alemanni
[8]
that Trajan wished to be called with
help, says Dio, but instead he colonized their country, his own name.
changed their place names and executed their warriors In this context the use of Alemanni is possibly an
under a pretext of coming to their aid. When he be- anachronism but it reveals that Ammianus believed they
came ill, the Alemanni claimed to have put a hex on him were the same people, which is consistent with the loca-
(78.15.2). Caracalla, it was claimed, tried to counter this tion of the Alemanni of Caracallas campaigns.
inuence by invoking his ancestral spirits.
In retribution Caracalla then led the Legio II Traiana For-
tis against the Alemanni, who lost and were pacied for a 2.2 Alemanni and Hermunduri
time. The legion was as a result honored with the name
Germanica. The 4th-century ctional Historia Augusta, The early detailed source, the Germania of Tacitus, has
Life of Antoninus Caracalla, relates (10.5) that Caracalla sometimes been interpreted in such a way as to provide
then assumed the name Alemannicus, at which Helvius yet other historical problems. In Chapter 42 we read
Pertinax jested that he should really be called Geticus of the Hermunduri, a tribe certainly located in the re-
Maximus, because in the year before he had murdered his gion that later became Thuringia. Tacitus stated that
brother, Geta.[7] Not on good terms with Caracalla, Geta they traded with Rhaetia, which in Ptolemy is located
had been invited to a family reconciliation, at which time across the Danube from Germania Superior. A logical
he was ambushed by centurions in Caracallas army and conclusion to draw is that the Hermunduri extended over
slain in his mother Julias arms. True or not, Caracalla, later Swabia and therefore the Alemanni originally de-
pursued by devils of his own, left Rome never to return. rived from the Hermunduri.

Caracalla left for the frontier, where for the rest of his However, no Hermunduri appear in Ptolemy, though af-
short reign he was known for his unpredictable and ar- ter the time of Ptolemy, the Hermunduri joined with the
bitrary operations launched by surprise after a pretext of Marcomanni in the wars of 166180 against the empire.
peace negotiations. If he had any reasons of state for such A careful reading of Tacitus provides one solution. He
actions they remained unknown to his contemporaries. says that the source of the Elbe is among the Hermunduri,
Whether or not the Alemanni had been previously neu- somewhat to the east of the upper Main. He places them
tral, they were certainly further inuenced by Caracalla also between the Naristi (Varisti), whose location at the
to become thereafter notoriously implacable enemies of very edge of the ancient Black Forest is well known, and
Rome. the Marcomanni and Quadi. Moreover, the Hermunduri
were broken in the Marcomannic Wars and made a sepa-
This mutually antagonistic relationship is perhaps the rea- rate peace with Rome. The Alemanni thus were probably
son why the Roman writers persisted in calling the Ale- not primarily the Hermunduri, although some elements of
manni barbari, savages. The archaeology, however, them may have been present in the mix of peoples at that
shows that they were largely Romanized, lived in Roman- time that became Alemannian.
style houses and used Roman artifacts, the Alemannic
women having adopted the Roman fashion of the tunic
even earlier than the men.
2.3 Ptolemys Geography
Most of the Alemanni were probably at the time in fact
resident in or close to the borders of Germania Supe- Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla,
rior. Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately
them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius
to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century; it is
Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was likely that at that time, the people who later used that
formed, c. 98/99. At that time the entire frontier was name were known by other designations.[9]
being fortied for the rst time. Trees from the earli-
Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn from
est fortications found in Germania Inferior are dated by
Ptolemy. Germania Superior is easily identied. Follow-
dendrochronology to 99/100 AD. Shortly afterwards Tra-
ing up the Rhine one comes to a town, Mattiacum, which
jan was chosen by Nerva to be his successor, adopted with
must be at the border of the Roman Germany (vicin-
public fanfare in absentia by the old man shortly before
ity of Wiesbaden). Upstream from it and between the
his death. By 100 AD. Trajan was back in Rome as Em-
Rhine and Abnoba (in the Black Forest) are the Ingriones,
peror instead of merely being a Consul.
Intuergi, Vangiones, Caritni and Vispi, some of whom
Ammianus relates (xvii.1.11) that much later the Em- were there since the days of the early empire or before.
peror Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the On the other side of the northern Black Forest were the
Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Chatti about where Hesse is today, on the lower Main.
2.5 Conicts with the Roman Empire 3

Historic Swabia was eventually replaced by todays Ariovistus had become involved in an invasion of Gaul,
Baden-Wrttemberg, but it had been the most signicant which the German wished to settle. Intending to take the
territory of mediaeval Alamannia, comprising all Ger- strategic town of Vesontio, he concentrated his forces on
mania Superior and territory east to Bavaria. It did not the Rhine near Lake Constance, and when the Suebi ar-
include the upper Main, but that is where Caracalla cam- rived, he crossed. The Gauls had called to Rome for mil-
paigned. Moreover, the territory of Germania Superior itary aid. Caesar occupied the town rst and defeated the
was not originally included among the Alemannis pos- Germans before its walls, slaughtering most of the Ger-
sessions. man army as it tried to ee across the river (1.36). He
did not pursue the retreating remnants, leaving what was
However, if we look for the peoples in the region from
the upper Main in the north, south to the Danube and east left of the German army and their dependents intact on
the other side of the Rhine.
to the Czech Republic where the Quadi and Marcomanni
were located, Ptolemy does not give any tribes. There are The Gauls were ambivalent in their policies toward the
the Tubanti just south of the Chatti and at the other end Romans. In 53 BC the Treveri broke their alliance and at-
of what was then the Black Forest, the Varisti, whose lo- tempted to break free of Rome. Caesar foresaw that they
cation is known. One possible reason for this distribution would now attempt to ally themselves with the Germans.
is that the population preferred not to live in the forest He crossed the Rhine to forestall that event, a successful
except in troubled times. The region between the forest strategy. Remembering their expensive defeat at the Bat-
and the Danube on the other hand included about a dozen tle of Vesontio, the Germans withdrew to the Black For-
settlements, or cantons. est, concentrating there a mixed population dominated by
Ptolemys view of Germans in the region indicates that Suebi. As they had left their tribal homes behind, they
the tribal structure had lost its grip in the Black For- probably took over all the former Celtic cantons along the
est region and was replaced by a canton structure. The Danube.
tribes stayed in the Roman province, perhaps because the
Romans oered stability. Also, Caracalla perhaps felt
more comfortable about campaigning in the upper Main
2.5 Conicts with the Roman Empire
because he was not declaring war on any specic his-
toric tribe, such as the Chatti or Cherusci, against whom
Rome had suered grievous losses. By Caracallas time
the name Alemanni was being used by cantons them-
selves banding together for purposes of supporting a cit-
izen army (the war bands).

2.4 Concentration of Germanic peoples

under Ariovistus
The term Suebi has a double meaning in the sources. On
the one hand Tacitus Germania tells us (Chapters 38,
39) that they occupy more than half of Germany, use a
distinctive hair style, and are spiritually centered on the The Limes Germanicus 83 to 260 CE.
Semnones. On the other hand, the Suebi of the upper
Danube are described as though they were a tribe. The Alemanni were continually engaged in conicts with
the Roman Empire in the 3rd and 4th centuries. They
The solution to the puzzle as well as explaining the his- launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy in
torical circumstances leading to the choice of the Agri 268, when the Romans were forced to denude much of
Decumates as a defensive point and the concentration of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive
Germans there are probably to be found in the German invasion of the Goths from the east. Their raids through-
attack on the Gallic fortied town of Vesontio in 58 BC. out the three parts of Gaul were traumatic: Gregory of
The upper Rhine and Danube appear to form a funnel Tours (died ca 594) mentions their destructive force at
pointing straight at Vesontio. the time of Valerian and Gallienus (253260), when the
Julius Caesar in Gallic Wars tells us (1.51) that Ariovistus Alemanni assembled under their king, whom he calls
had gathered an army from a wide region of Ger- Chrocus, who by the advice, it is said, of his wicked
many, but especially the Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, mother, and overran the whole of the Gauls, and de-
Vangiones, Nemetes and Sedusii. The Suebi were be- stroyed from their foundations all the temples which had
ing invited to join. They lived in 100 cantons (4.1) from been built in ancient times. And coming to Clermont
which 1000 young men per year were chosen for military he set on re, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which
service, a citizen-army by our standards and by compari- they call Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue, martyring
son with the Roman professional army. many Christians (Historia Francorum Book I.3234).
4 2 HISTORY

Thus 6th-century Gallo-Romans of Gregorys class, sur- Battle of VindonissaConstantius again de-
rounded by the ruins of Roman temples and public build- feats the Alemanni
ings, attributed the destruction they saw to the plundering
raids of the Alemanni. 356, Battle of ReimsCaesar Julian is defeated by
the Alemanni
In the early summer of 268, the Emperor Gallienus halted
their advance into Italy, but then had to deal with the 357, Battle of StrasbourgJulian expels the Ale-
Goths. When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman vic- manni from the Rhineland
tory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus suc-
367, Battle of SoliciniumRomans under Emperor
cessor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the
Valentinian I defeat yet another Alemanni incursion.
Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the
Po River. 378, Battle of ArgentovariaWestern Emperor
After eorts to secure a peaceful withdrawal failed, Gratianus is victorious over the Alemanni, yet again.
Claudius forced the Alemanni to battle at the Battle of
451, Battle of the Catalaunian Fields-Roman Gen-
Lake Benacus in November. The Alemanni were routed,
eral Aetius and his army of Romans and barbarian
forced back into Germany, and did not threaten Roman
allies defeat Attilas army of Huns and other Ger-
territory for many years afterwards.
manic allies, including the Alemanni.
Their most famous battle against Rome took place in
Argentoratum (Strasbourg), in 357, where they were de- 554, Battle of the Volturnus-Armenian-Roman
feated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king General Narses defeats a combined force of Franks
Chnodomarius was taken prisoner to Rome. and Alemanni in northern Italy.

On January 2, 366, the Alemanni yet again crossed

the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Gallic 2.6 Subjugation by the Franks
provinces, this time being defeated by Valentinian (see
Battle of Solicinium). In the great mixed invasion of Main article: Alamannia
406, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine river The kingdom of Alamannia between Strasbourg and
a nal time, conquering and then settling what is today
Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. The cross-
ing is described in Wallace Breem's historical novel Ea-
gle in the Snow. Fredegar's Chronicle gives the account.
At Alba Augusta (Alba-la-Romaine) the devastation was
so complete, that the Christian bishop retired to Viviers,
but in Gregorys account at Mende in Lozre, also deep
in the heart of Gaul, bishop Privatus was forced to sacri-
ce to idols in the very cave where he was later venerated.
It is thought this detail may be a generic literary ploy to
epitomize the horrors of barbarian violence.

2.5.1 List of battles between Romans and Alemanni

259, Battle of MediolanumEmperor Gallienus

defeats the Alemanni to rescue Rome
268, Battle of Lake BenacusRomans under Em-
Alemannia (yellow) and Upper Burgundy (green) around 1000.
peror Claudius II defeat the Alemanni.
271 Augsburg lasted until 496, when the Alemanni were con-
quered by Clovis I at the Battle of Tolbiac. The war of
Battle of PlacentiaEmperor Aurelian is de- Clovis with the Alemanni forms the setting for the con-
feated by the Alemanni forces invading Italy version of Clovis, briey treated by Gregory of Tours.
Battle of FanoAurelian defeats the Ale- (Book II.31) Subsequently the Alemanni formed part of
manni, who begin to retreat from Italy the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish
Battle of PaviaAurelian destroys the retreat- duke.
ing Alemanni army. In 746, Carloman ended an uprising by summarily ex-
298 ecuting all Alemannic nobility at the blood court at
Cannstatt, and for the following century, Alemannia was
Battle of LingonesCaesar Constantius ruled by Frankish dukes. Following the treaty of Ver-
Chlorus defeats the Alemanni dun of 843, Alemannia became a province of the eastern
3.3 Religion 5

kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Holy kings), reguli (petty kings) and regales (princes).
Roman Empire. The duchy persisted until 1268. This may be a formal hierarchy, or they may be vague,
overlapping terms, or a combination of both.[10] In 357,
there appear to have been two paramount kings (Chn-
3 Culture odomar and Westralp) who probably acted as presidents
of the confederation and seven other kings (reges). Their
territories were small and mostly strung along the Rhine
3.1 Language (although a few were in the hinterland).[11] It is possible
that the reguli were the rulers of the two pagi in each king-
dom. Underneath the royal class were the nobles (called
optimates by the Romans) and warriors (called armati by
the Romans). The warriors consisted of professional war-
bands and levies of free men.[12] Each nobleman could
raise an average of c. 50 warriors.[13]

3.3 Religion

Further information: Germanic Christianity, Religion in

Switzerland History, Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
and Continental Germanic mythology
The Christianization of the Alemanni took place dur-

The traditional distribution area of Western Upper German (Ale-

mannic) dialect features in the 19th and 20th centuries

The German spoken today over the range of the former

Alemanni is termed Alemannic German, and is recog-
nised among the subgroups of the High German lan-
guages. Alemannic runic inscriptions such as those on
the Pforzen buckle are among the earliest testimonies of
Old High German. The High German consonant shift is
thought to have originated around the 5th century either
in Alemannia or among the Lombards; before that the di-
alect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little dierent from
that of other West Germanic peoples.
Alemannia lost its distinct jurisdictional identity when
Charles Martel absorbed it into the Frankish empire,
early in the 8th century. Today, Alemannic is a linguis-
tic term, referring to Alemannic German, encompass-
ing the dialects of the southern two thirds of Baden-
Wrttemberg (German State), in western Bavaria (Ger- The gold bracteate of Pliezhausen (6th or 7th century) shows
man State), in Vorarlberg (Austrian State), Swiss German typical iconography of the pagan period. The bracteate depicts
the horse-stabber underhoof scene, a supine warrior stabbing a
in Switzerland and the Alsatian language of the Alsace
horse while it runs over him. The scene is adapted from Roman
(France).
era gravestones of the region.[14]

ing Merovingian times (6th to 8th centuries). We know

3.2 Political organization
that in the 6th century, the Alemanni were predominantly
The Alemanni established a series of territorially dened pagan, and in the 8th century, they were predominantly
pagi (cantons) on the east bank of the Rhine. The exact Christian. The intervening 7th century was a period of
number and extent of these pagi is unclear and probably genuine syncretism during which Christian symbolism
changed over time. and doctrine gradually grew in inuence.

Pagi, usually pairs of pagi combined, formed king- Some scholars have speculated that members of the Ale-
doms (regna) which, it is generally believed, were per- mannic elite such as king Gibuld due to Visigothic inu-
manent and hereditary. Ammianus describes Ale- ence may have been converted to Arianism even in the
manni rulers with various terms: reges excelsiores ante later 5th century.[15]
alios (paramount kings), reges proximi (neighbouring In the mid-6th century, the Byzantine historian Agathias
6 4 LIST OF ALEMANNIC RULERS

traditional Germanic animal-style with Christian symbol-

ism is also present in artwork, but Christian symbolism
becomes more and more prevalent during the 7th cen-
tury. Unlike the later Christianization of the Saxons and
of the Slavs, the Alemanni seem to have adopted Chris-
tianity gradually, and voluntarily, spread in emulation of
the Merovingian elite.
From c. the 520s to the 620s, there was a surge of
Alemannic Elder Futhark inscriptions. About 70 speci-
mens have survived, roughly half of them on bulae, oth-
ers on belt buckles (see Pforzen buckle, Blach bula)
and other jewelry and weapon parts. Use of runes sub-
sides with the advance of Christianity. The Nordendorf
bula (early 7th century) clearly records pagan theonyms,
logaorewodanwigionar read as Wodan and Donar are
magicians/sorcerers, but this may be interpreted as ei-
ther a pagan invocation of the powers of these deities,
or a Christian protective charm against them.[18] A runic
inscription on a bula found at Bad Ems reects Chris-
tian pious sentiment (and is also explicitly marked with
a Christian cross), reading god fura dih deole (God
for/before you, Theophilus!", or alternatively God be-
fore you, Devil!"). Dated to between AD 660 and 690,
The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near Sigmaringen, it marks the end of the native Alemannic tradition of
Baden-Wrttemberg, is a late testimony of pagan ritual in Ale- runic literacy. Bad Ems is in Rhineland-Palatinate, on the
mannia, showing a warrior in ritual wolf costume, holding a northwestern boundary of Alemannic settlement, where
ring-spatha.
Frankish inuence would have been strongest.[19]
The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot
of Myrina records, in the context of the wars of the Goths
be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Colum-
and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alemanni ghting banus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635,
among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance
the Franks in all respects except religion, since was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and
did not look back on late Roman church history (un-
they worship certain trees, the waters of like the Raetian bishopric of Chur, established 451) and
rivers, hills and mountain valleys, in whose Basel, which was an episcopal seat from 740, and which
honour they sacrice horses, cattle and count- continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica (see
less other animals by beheading them, and Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an
imagine that they are performing an act of piety institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in
thereby.[16] legal history. In the early 7th century Pactus Alaman-
norum hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the
He also spoke of the particular ruthlessness of the Ale- church, while Lantfrid's Lex Alamannorum of 720 has an
manni in destroying Christian sanctuaries and plunder- entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone.
ing churches while the genuine Franks were respectful
towards those sanctuaries. Agathias expresses his hope
that the Alemanni would assume better manners through 4 List of Alemannic rulers
prolonged contact with the Franks, which is by all ap-
pearances, in a manner of speaking, what eventually
4.1 Independent kings
happened.[17]
Apostles of the Alemanni were Saint Columbanus and Chrocus 306
his disciple Saint Gall. Jonas of Bobbio records that
Columbanus was active in Bregenz, where he disrupted Mederich (father of Agenarich, brother to Chn-
a beer sacrice to Wodan. Despite these activities, for odomar)
some time, the Alemanni seem to have continued their
Chnodomar 350, 357
pagan cult activities, with only supercial or syncretistic
Christian elements. In particular, there is no change in Vestralp 357, 359
burial practice, and tumulus warrior graves continued to
be erected throughout Merovingian times. Syncretism of Ur 357, 359
4.3 Carolinger ruler 7

Agenarich (Serapio) 357 4.3 Carolinger ruler

Suomar 357, 358 Carloman 744747

Hortar 357, 359 Drogo 747748

Pepin the Short 748768

Gundomad 354 (co-regent of Vadomar)
Carloman I 768771
Ursicin 357, 359
Charles the Bald 829840
Makrian 368371
Louis the German 843864
Rando 368 Charles the Fat 864880

Hariobaud 4th century Louis the Younger 880882

Vadomar vor 354360 Charles the Fat 882888

Bernard 888892
Vithicab 360368

Priarius ?378
5 See also
Gibuld (Gebavult) c. 470
Annales Alamannici

List of confederations of Germanic tribes

4.2 Dukes under Frankish suzerainty

Butilin 539554
6 References
Leuthari I before 552554
[1] The spelling with e is used in Encyc. Brit. 9th. ed.,
(c. 1880), Everymans Encyc. 1967, Everymans Smaller
Haming 539554
Classical Dictionary, 1910. The current edition of Britan-
nica spells with e, as does Columbia and Edward Gib-
Lantachar until 548 (Avenches diocese) bon, Vol. 3, Chapter XXXVIII. The Latinized spelling
with a is current in older literature (so in the 1911 Britan-
Magnachar 565 (Avenches diocese) nica, but remains in use e.g. in Wood (2003), Drinkwater
(2007).
Vaefar 573 (Avenches diocese)
[2] The Alemanni were alternatively known as Suebi from
about the 5th century, and that name became prevalent
Theodefrid
in the high medieval period, eponymous of the Duchy
of Swabia. The name is taken from that of the Suebi
Leutfred 570587 mentioned by Julius Caesar, and although these older
Suebi did likely contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Ale-
Uncilin 587607 manni, there is no direct connection to the contemporary
Kingdom of the Suebi in Galicia.
Gunzo 613
[3] Edward Gibbon. Chapter 10. Ccel.org. Retrieved
Chrodobert 630 2012-01-02.

[4] Histoire de l'Acadmie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-

Leuthari II 642 Lettres, avec les Mmoires de Littrature tirs des Registres
de cette Acadmie, depuis l'anne MDCCXLIV jusques et
Gotfrid until 709 compris l'anne MDCCXLVI, vol. XVIII, (Paris 1753)
pp.4971. Excerpts are on-line at ELIOHS.
Willehari 709712 (in Ortenau)
[5] It is cited in most etymological dictionaries, such as the
American Heritage Dictionary (large edition) under the
Lantfrid 709730 root, *man-.

Theudebald 709744 [6] Cassius Dio: Roman History. University of Chicago.

8 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[7] Historia Augusta: The Life of Antoninus Caracalla. . -

University of Chicago. -
, -
[8] munimentum quod in Alamannorum solo conditum Tra- . (15)
ianus suo nomine voluit appellari. , -
,
[9] Ptolemys description has some limitations. Upper Ger-
, . 4
many and Lower Germany are mentioned by name, but

only as specic districts of Gallia Belgica (2.8), the bor-
, -
der between them was an unidentied river, the Obrun-
,
cus. The region is repeated again under Germany, but
-(20) , -
this time he does not list Roman boundaries. Germania
.
Superior, the Agri Decumates and the limes are not to be
found there, even though they certainly existed at the time. [18] Dwel, Klaus (1982). Runen und Interpretatio Chris-
Germania Magna is found within the Rhine, Danube, tiana: Zur Religioneschichtlichen Stellung der Bgel-
Vistula and shores of the Oceanus Germanicus. Most of del von Nordendorf I. In Kamp, Norbert; Wollasch,
the tribes are missing or listed without name. The Main Joachim. Tradition als Historische Kraft. Walter de
is not there, nor Lake Constance. The Danube runs from Gruyter. pp. 7886. ISBN 311-008237-3.
the Alps. The Rhine does not bend to the south next to
Swabia. Ptolemys Germania is like a surreal image of it- [19] Wolfgang Jungandreas, 'God fura dih, deole ' in:
self, accurate only if you follow certain known lines, but Zeitschrift fr deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur,
the overall shape is greatly distorted. 101, 1972, pp. 8485.

[10] Drinkwater (2007) 118, 120

[11] Drinkwater (2007) 223 (map) 7 Literature

[12] Speidel (2004)
Drinkwater, J. F. (2007) The Alamanni and Rome
[13] Drinkwater (2007) 120 (213496)

[14] Michael Speidel, Ancient Germanic warriors: warrior Ian Wood (ed.), Franks and Alamanni in the
styles from Trajans column to Icelandic sagas, Routledge, Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective
2004, ISBN 978-0415311991, p. 162. Harald Klein- (Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology), Boydell &
schmidt, People on the move: attitudes toward and percep- Brewer Ltd, 2003, ISBN 1-84383-035-3.
tions of migration in medieval and modern Europe, Green-
wood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN, 9780275974176, p. Melchior Goldast, Rerum Alamannicarum scriptores
66. (1606, 2nd ed. Senckenburg 1730)
[15] Schubert, Hans (1909). Das lteste germanische Chris-
tentum oder der Sogenannte Arianismus der Germanen.
Tbingen: J.C.B. Mohr. pg.32. Cf. also Bossert, G. Ale- 8 External links
manni in: Jackson, S.M. (Ed.). New Scha-Herzog En-
cyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. 1, pg. 114: "[the The Agri Decumates
Alamannic] prince, Gibuld, was an Arian, probably con-
verted by Goths. The Alemanni
[16] trans. Joseph D. Frendo (1975). Books.google.com. Re- The Military Orientation of the Roman Emperors
trieved 2012-01-02. Septimius Severus to Gallienus (146268 C.E.)
[17] R. Keydell, Agathiae Myrinaei historiarum libri quinque Brauchtum und Masken Alemannic Fastnacht
Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Series Berolinen-
sis 2. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1967, p. 18f. 7.
[ ] -
,
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. 2
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. 3
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 9

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
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title=User_talk:Pyrokrat,<span>,&,</span>,action=edit,<span>,&,</span>,redlink=1' class='new' title='User talk:Pyrokrat (page does not
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9.3 Content license

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