IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 07 | January 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Improving the Accuracy of Location Algorithms

in Wireless Sensor Networks with DTN and Grey
Prediction Model
Neha Dhiyani Surya Prakash Sharma
M. Tech. Student Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Noida Institute of Eng. & Technology, Greater Noida, India Noida Institute of Eng. & Technology, Greater Noida, India

Abstract
This paper presents a DTN location algorithm that uses wireless sensor network and employs grey prediction to improve the
accuracy of different location algorithms (KNN, SMP, TN, and DTN). Results have verified that grey prediction can predict the
tendency of RSSI and reduce the fluctuation of RSSI when mobile user is moving. DTN cooperates with grey prediction
achieved smallest mean distance error for run-time and off-line stage when mobile user goes away from the fixed sensor node.
Localization algorithms integrated with grey prediction at run-time also have smaller mean distance error than location methods
without grey prediction.
Keywords: Localization, KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), SMP (Smallest Polygon), DTN (Dynamic Triangular Node), RSSI
(Received Signal Strength Indication)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

Localization is a very important issue in sensor networks. In the sensor network the location of the node is unknown in almost all
applications. Also the nodes may be mobile. Thus localization is critical. The device whose location is to be estimated is called
localization node, and the network entity with known location is called localization base station. Localization is usually carried
out by measuring certain distance dependent parameters of wireless radio link between the localization node and different
localization base stations. The parameters can be measured at the localization node or at the localization base station. The
travelling time of a signal between the localization node and localization base station can easily be calculated. The time is
proportional to the distance of them and it can be used as parameter of localization. It is referred to as time of arrival. There are
many different algorithms to resolve these challenges. Every algorithm has its own merits and demerits. Some algorithms are
best for accuracy and some for low cost, but it is difficult to get low cost and high accuracy at the same time from a single
algorithm. There are two situations when this problem gets more critical; when there are too many nodes in network and when
the environment is hazardous. No single method has yet been adapted for outdoor environments.

II. MOTIVATION

Despite the attention the localization problem in WSN has received, no universally acceptable solution has been adopted for
realistic, outdoor environments. There are several reasons for this. One reason is that, in order to obtain higher location accuracy,
localization protocols either make simplifying assumptions (e.g., line of sight with sensor nodes high density of anchor nodes,
deployment knowledge) or require sophisticated hardware. In large scale, realistic out-door deployments, these assumptions do
not always hold, and equipping all sensor nodes with expensive hardware is not feasible. Another reason is that localization
protocols that do not have strong simplifying assumptions are generally inaccurate.
This dissertation focuses on to develop a method to obtain highly accurate node locations in large scale sensor networks
deployed in complex environments, at the lowest cost possible. The key advantages of the proposed method over other methods
are:
Does not require high power beacons,
Provides better localization accuracy and
Helps in reducing collisions.
Low cost
This paper concerns the feasibility of approaches based on Received Signal Strength indication (RSSI). The algorithm enables
localization of moving wireless devices in an indoor setting. The method uses only RF signal strength and can be implemented
without specialized hardware.

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 Improving the Accuracy of Location Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks with DTN and Grey Prediction Model
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III. PROPOSED WORK

The proposed scheme uses grey prediction method to predict the tendency of received signal strength indication. A dynamic
triangular (DTN) location method is also designed and is compared with other classical location finding methods. The mean
distance error of RSSI for mobile user is greatly reduced and use of DTN provides more accurate predicted position. Even with
extremely noisy measurements in a cluttered indoor setting, nodes are not required to be stationary during measurement or
learning. Through simulation in Matlab, the accuracy of the proposed prediction algorithm and the simplicity of its
implementation are validated. The proposed scheme is validated through extensive simulations.

IV. DTN ALGORITHM

DTN algorithm (figure 1/0 requires at least three sensor nodes to estimate location of mobile user. Four sensor nodes are chosen
in this case. DTN discards the worst RSSI measured by a sensor node and uses the other sensor nodes to estimate location. DTN
chooses the sensor node which receives greatest RSSI to take as master node, and assumes the mobile users location in mapping
circle of master node. The mapping circle is the estimation distance d1 between mobile user and master node. DTN finds the
angle on mapping circle by using a cost function to pick one that best matches the observed distance. DTN comprises the
following step:

Generation of Mapping Circle

DTN finds possible locations of mobile user (x1+d1cos, y1+ d1sin) on the mapping circle by using the possible distances (d2
and d3) between mobile user and Slave nodes.

The Distance of Mobile User Estuation

DTN Find the error between estimation distances (d2 and d3) and possible distances (d2 and d3).

The coordinate of Mobile Approximation

DTN calculates the cost functions at each angle and the increase 1 degree each time. DTN search the minimum cost function,
and the of minimum cost function is estimation angle on the on the mapping circle. The Angle on mapping circle is the
of mobile user.
estimation location D

Fig. 1: DTN Location Algorithm

is shifted and global coordinate of

Figure 2 describes the procedure of DTN location algorithm. At last the local coordinate
mobile user (x1+d1cos, y1+d1sin) is found.
This location method is compared with the other algorithms (KNN, SMP and TN), and Mean distance error metric is
employed to analyze performance of different location algorithms at off-line stage. Mean distance error is computed by equation
) means the estimation coordinate, and (x, y) indicates the true location
(3.9), N denotes the number of estimation locations, (,
of the grid:
N
1
MSE = (x x) + y y)
N
i=0

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 Improving the Accuracy of Location Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks with DTN and Grey Prediction Model
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 07 / 004)

Fig. 2: Procedure of DTN location algorithm

V. GREY PREDICTION MODEL

RSSI predictive based model is used to improve the accuracy of mobile users location. For tracking mobile user, the proposed
grey prediction approach utilizes the grey system to predict RSSI. Dynamic RSSI of X (1) is modeled using first-order ordinary
different equations as follows:
dX
+ a X (1)= b
dt
(1)
X is the accumulated generating operation that can be obtained by
X (1) = (x (1) (1), x (1) (2), x (1) (3),......., x (1) (n))
Where

(1) ()
= 0 (), {1, , }
=1
X (0) = (x (0) (1), x (0) (2), x (0) (3),......., x (0) (n ) ) is the original data sequence, where x (0) (k) represents RSSI at time t.
Equation (3.10) is called white descriptor for modelling a white system and its parameters (a, b) can be found directly from the
observed RSSI. By solving the differential equation (3.10), prediction equation is obtained:

(1) ( + 1) = (x(0)(1) ) +

VI. RESULTS

The graphs shown below resulting from simulation in Matlab indicate that there is no significant fluctuation in the grey predicted
RSSI and the original RSSI. For a movement span of (0-6m) of mobile user from the sensor node, mean distance error is within
1.3m at run-time stage and 2.3m at off-line stage.

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 Improving the Accuracy of Location Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks with DTN and Grey Prediction Model
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 07 / 004)

0
Original RSSI
-10 Predicted RSSI

-20

signal strength in dB
-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
distance in meters
Fig. 3: Original grey prediction

0
Original RSSI
Weight Predicted RSSI
-10

-20
signal strength in dB

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
distance in meters
Fig. 4: Grey prediction with weights w1=0.5, w2=0.5

VII. CONCLUSION

DTN algorithm for the localization of wireless sensor nodes has been presented in the paper which in turn has proved to be
efficient enough to improve the accuracy of several location algorithms i.e. KNN, SMP, TN and DTN. Additionally the results of
the paper have verified that grey prediction is capable of predicting the RSSI and at the same time reduces the fluctuation when
the mobile user is moving. Localization algorithms integrated with grey prediction at run-time also have smaller mean distance
error than location methods without grey prediction.

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 Improving the Accuracy of Location Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks with DTN and Grey Prediction Model
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 07 / 004)

[8] P. Levis and D. Culler, Mate: A Tiny Virtual Machine for Sensor Networks, Int. Conf. on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating
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