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SQL Commands (DDL & Constraints) : Prof.B.Saleena Scse/Vitcc

The document discusses SQL commands for defining and manipulating database objects and data. It describes the four categories of SQL commands: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining objects, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for data storage and querying, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for security. Examples are provided for various DDL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and adding constraints. Constraints like primary key, foreign key, check, default and unique are also explained.

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Nikhilesh Prabhakar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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82 views

SQL Commands (DDL & Constraints) : Prof.B.Saleena Scse/Vitcc

The document discusses SQL commands for defining and manipulating database objects and data. It describes the four categories of SQL commands: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining objects, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for data storage and querying, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for security. Examples are provided for various DDL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, and adding constraints. Constraints like primary key, foreign key, check, default and unique are also explained.

Uploaded by

Nikhilesh Prabhakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Commands

(DDL & Constraints)

Prof.B.Saleena
SCSE/VITCC
Components of SQL

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

Data Control Language (DCL)

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Data Definition Language (DDL) - These SQL commands are used
for creating, modifying, and dropping the structure of database
objects. The commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and
TRUNCATE.

Data Manipulation Language (DML) - These SQL commands are


used for storing, retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. These
commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Transaction Control Language (TCL) - These SQL commands are


used for managing changes affecting the data. These commands
are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

Data Control Language (DCL) - These SQL commands are used for
providing security to database objects. These commands are
GRANT and REVOKE.

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Create table command
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype ,Column2 datatype ,
...column n data type);

create table student(regno number , name


varchar2(15) , branch varchar2(5));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Alter keyword
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column_name
datatype[,...]);

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (column_name


datatype[,...]);

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP (column_name


datatype[,...]);
18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC
Examples
alter table student add ( course_code
varchar2(5));

alter table student modify ( branch varchar2(5)


not null);

alter table student drop ( course_code);

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


New version of Alter
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN
old_name to new_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME to new_name;


Examples:
alter table student rename column branch to
course;
alter table student rename to students;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Drop & Truncate
Drop table table_name;
Truncate table table_name;

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Constraints
Not null
Primary key
Foreign key
Check
Default
Unique

Constraints can be added using create or alter


command
18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC
not null constraint
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype [null/not null],Column2 datatype
[null/not null], ...column n data type);

create table student(regno number not null,


name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Adding constraints with create
CREATE TABLE table_name
( column1 datatype null/not null,
column2 datatype null/not null, ...
CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY
(column1, column2, ... column_n) );

CREATE TABLE table_name


( column1 datatype primary key,
column2 datatype null/not null, ...);

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Primary key
create table student(regno number primary key,
name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5));

create table student(regno number not null,


name varchar2(15) not null, branch varchar2(5)
constraint reg_pk primary key(regno));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Adding constraints with Alter
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column1,
column2, ... column_n);

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT


constraint_name;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Disable /Enable a Constraint
ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE CONSTRAINT
constraint_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE CONSTRAINT


constraint_name;

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Employee table
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY


(employee_number));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Department table
CREATE TABLE department
( department_id number(10) not null,
department_name varchar2(50) not null,

CONSTRAINT dep_pk PRIMARY KEY


(department_id));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Foreign key
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT emp_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number),


CONSTRAINT dep_fk FOREIGN KEY (department_id)
REFERENCES departments(department_id) );

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Check Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)


CONSTRAINT empno_ck CHECK(employee_number>100));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Default Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),
city varchar2(10) DEFAULT Chennai,

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC


Unique Constraint
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
department_id number(10),
salary number(6),
car_no number,
city varchar2(10) DEFAULT Chennai,

CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number),


CONSTRAINT car_uk UNIQUE(car_no));

18-01-2014 Compiled by B.Saleena/SCSE,VITCC

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