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    DDL Commands

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    Nikhilesh Prabhakar
    The document discusses various SQL commands including DDL commands for creating, altering, and dropping database objects; DML commands for storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data; TCL commands for managing transaction changes; and DCL commands for providing security. It provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, and setting default column values. The document serves as a guide to the basic SQL commands for defining and manipulating database structures and data.

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    DDL Commands

    Uploaded by

    Nikhilesh Prabhakar
    984 views13 pages
    The document discusses various SQL commands including DDL commands for creating, altering, and dropping database objects; DML commands for storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data; TCL commands for managing transaction changes; and DCL commands for providing security. It provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, and setting default column values. The document serves as a guide to the basic SQL commands for defining and manipulating database structures and data.

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    Ddl Commands

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    Ddl Commands

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    The document discusses various SQL commands including DDL commands for creating, altering, and dropping database objects; DML commands for storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data; TCL commands for managing transaction changes; and DCL commands for providing security. It provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, and setting default column values. The document serves as a guide to the basic SQL commands for defining and manipulating database structures and data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    984 views13 pages

    DDL Commands

    Uploaded by

    Nikhilesh Prabhakar
    The document discusses various SQL commands including DDL commands for creating, altering, and dropping database objects; DML commands for storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data; TCL commands for managing transaction changes; and DCL commands for providing security. It provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, and setting default column values. The document serves as a guide to the basic SQL commands for defining and manipulating database structures and data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    SQL Commands

    (DDL & Constraints)

    SCSE/VITCC
    Components of SQL

    Data Definition Language (DDL)

    Data Manipulation Language (DML)

    Transaction Control Language (TCL)

    Data Control Language (DCL)


    Data Definition Language (DDL) - These SQL commands are used
    for creating, modifying, and dropping the structure of database
    objects. The commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and
    TRUNCATE.

    Data Manipulation Language (DML) - These SQL commands are


    used for storing, retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. These
    commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

    Transaction Control Language (TCL) - These SQL commands are


    used for managing changes affecting the data. These commands
    are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

    Data Control Language (DCL) - These SQL commands are used for
    providing security to database objects. These commands are
    GRANT and REVOKE.
    Create table command
    CREATE TABLE table_name
    ( column1 datatype ,Column2 datatype , ...column n
    data type);

    Sql>create table student(regno number , name


    varchar2(15) , branch varchar2(5));
    sql>desc table_name
    Alter keyword
    ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column_name
    datatype[,...]);

    ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (column_name


    datatype[,...]);

    ALTER TABLE table_name DROP (column_name


    datatype[,...]);
    Examples
    alter table student add ( course_code
    varchar2(5));

    alter table student modify ( branch varchar2(5)


    not null);

    alter table student drop ( course_code);


    ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN
    old_name to new_name;

    ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME to new_name;

    Examples:
    alter table student rename column branch to
    course;
    alter table student rename to students;
    Drop & Truncate
    sql>drop table table_name;
    Sql>desc table_name
    After dropping a table ,you have to create the
    table once again as the schema will be lost.

    Sql>truncate table table_name;


    Sql>select * from table_name;
    DML COMMAND-insert values into
    table
    Types of 2 insert commands

    1.SQL>insert into student


    values(10001,reena,cse);
    2. SQL>insert into student values(&regno,
    &name , &branch);
    SQL>/
    Every time you want to execute the previous
    command use / key.
    Copying a Table

    If you have a table with columns or records you want to


    use without damaging the table, for example to
    perform some test, you can copy the table to get a new
    one that is similar but only different by name.
    To copy a table in SQL, you can use the following
    formula:
    CREATE TABLE NewTableName AS SELECT * FROM
    ExistingTable;
    Here is an example:
    CREATE TABLE Contractors AS SELECT * FROM
    Employees
    Default values for values in table
    Sometimes most records under a certain column
    may hold the same value although just a few
    would be different.
    In such a case, you can assist the user by
    automatically providing a value for that column.
    The user would then simply accept the value and
    change it only in the rare cases where the value
    happen to be different.
    To assist the user with this common value, you
    create what is referred to as a default value.
    This is a new table
    SQL> CREATE TABLE Employees (
    EmployeeNumber varchar2(6),
    FirstName nvarchar2(20) DEFAULT 'John',
    LastName varchar2(20) DEFAULT 'Doe',
    HourlySalary number(6, 2) DEFAULT 12.50 7 );
    >Table created.
    During data entry, the user does not have to
    provide a value for a column that has a default.
    If the user does not provide the value, the default
    would be used when the record is saved.
    This value can be later changed or updated as
    necessary

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