Linux Presentation Submitted by- Anurag Deyasi Information Technology SSEC,BhilaiPronunciation of Linux ~ * (‘Leenooks’) This is Linus Torvalds’ original pronunciation, based on the pronunciation of his name in Swedish. © (‘Linnuks’) This is now Linus Torvalds’ preferred pronunciation, as he considers closer to the original than . It also follows the pronunciation of the English word ‘linen’. * (‘Lynuks’) The other major alternative is based on the pronunciation of the English version of ‘Linus’. It also happens to be the version | use.What is Linux ¢ Linux is a generic term referring to Unix- like graphical user interface (GUI) based computer operating systems. * It is Multi-user, Multitasking, Multiprocessor ¢ Has the X Windows GUI * Coexists with other Operating Systems « Runs on multiple platforms * Includes the Source CodeWhy is it significant? Powerful — Runs on multiple hardware platforms — Users like its speed and stability — No requirement for latest hardware It’s “free” — Licensed under GPL — Vendors are distributors who package LinuxOperating System BD - 2202: An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. E.g.. LinuxMulti-user A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Multiprocessing An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Multitasking An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Multithreading Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:Software People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs. And this can happen at a speed that, compared to conventional software development, seems astonishing.ote leLogging In * Press Alt+Ctrl+F1 to go to the command promt.. Linux 2.2.13 (penguinvm.princeton.edu)| (ttyp1) penguinvm login: neale Password: | ———________________| Last login: Tue Jan 4 10:13:13 from linuxtep.princeton.edu {neale@penguinvm neale]$Login in Linux VMware ESX Server 3 (Dali) Kernel 2.4.21-37.0.2.ELymnix on an i686 Circ M0 aa be eee aha Password : Last login: Tue Apr 1? 22:06:17 on ttyl eR Cree MO aLinux Command Basics * To execute a command, type its name and arguments at the command line TS 1 setc Command name Argumenis Options lags)Connecting commands with Pipes * Not as powerful as CMS Pipes but the same principle * The output of one command can become the input of another: Like CMS Pipes, “|” is used to separate stages ¥ PS aux | grepsnetscape | we 1 we takes this input and counts the lines its output going to the console The output of the ps command is sent to re 5 oe grep takes input and searches for “netscape” passing these lines to weThe Current Directory * One directory is designated the current working directory — if you omit the leading / then path name is relative to the current working directory — Use pwd to find out where you are ban ‘Current working directoryLinux File System Basics * Linux files are stored in a single rooted, hierarchical file system — Data files are stored in directories (folders) — Directories may bey. home nested as deep as __ directories Se neededWhy did we choose Linux for Internet + Was available with all necessary Internet software 6 years back when Microsoft Windows was not ready for Internet. + Low cost compared to any other alternative. Sun Solaris, Novell, MS Windows, etc. + Extremely reliable.No reboots in 450+ days. + Easy to setup. Takes 4 easy steps to setup a mail server. Download a CD, Burn it, Boot from it and the server is ready for adding users and setting passwords. - Lower hardware requirements. Pentium computer can act as a fast mail server for 30 users.1. oe >< ees BIRDS INI BLACK MR. SWARNI ore eT Linux Provide Security As there is a limited access Of user to basic files and folders, in Linux network it provide security to user’s privacy. Without disclosing the secured data Linux acts asaLinux is Virus Free!! Linux is "virus- free" in that there are essentially no viruses for Linux in the wild, although research viruses certainly do exist. OwThere are other reasons, of course. "Normal" user accounts have much more limited access to the rest of the system, so making the corruption of system binaries much harder. Many distributions provide intrusion-detection software for detecting binary changes. Distributions release regular updates, which means a virus will be overwritten in a relatively short timeframe. Mandatory access controls are becoming more popular, limiting what a virus can do even if it did infiltrate a system binary.1s PE a cs ANAT ay cle tasStatistics Evans Data survey in 2004 says,”don't be surprised when Linux overtakes Windows to become the main focus for developers.” Linux servers made up more than 11 percent of all servers shipped in India in the first quarter Revenue from sales of Linux-based servers surged 90 percent in the fourth quarter 2002. Percentage growth in the number of servers number up to June 30, 2009 Linux servers = 48% Microsoft servers = 13%Microsoft and Linux Are still, the two most popular operating Systems.. Psig fas Ts CheaperTable Showing cost differenceLinux Applications for Servers + All common Internet services available — Mail, Web, DNS, etc. - Easy administration using web based interface + Very low resource utilization. A 486 66MHz can be your firewall + No cost to setup a server. As easy as download a CD and install. + Lower maintenance. Keeps running for years. BrahmaLinux vs. Windows > Keeping up to date By Upgrading Linux upgrades faster than Windows > Compatibility Linux is Backward Compatible unlike WindowsBasic Linux Commands e File Handling e Text Processing e System Administration e Process Management e Archival ¢ Network e File Systems e Advanced CommandsSources to learn commands?? Primary — man(manual) pages. #1)man shows all information about the command #2) help shows the available options for that commandFile Handling commands © mkdir — make directories Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY... eg. mkdir prabhat e Is —list directory contents Usage: Is [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. Is, Is |, Is prabhat ¢ cd — changes directories Usage: cd [DIRECTORY] eg. cd prabhatFile Handling(contd...) ¢ pwd print name of current working directory Usage: pwd ¢ vim — Vi Improved, a programmers text editor Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]... eg. vim file1.txtcp — copy files and directories Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt cp sample_copy.txt target_dir mv — move (rename) files Usage: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST eg. mv source.txt target_dir mv old.txt new.txt File Handling(contd...)File Handling(contd...) ¢ rm remove files or directories Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE... eg. rm file1.txt , rm rf some_dir ¢ find — search for files in a directory hierarchy Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern] eg. find file1.txt, find name file1.txt history — prints recently used comma Usage: historyText Processing * cat — concatenate files and print on the standard output Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt catn file1.txt ¢ echo — display a line of text Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] ... eg. echo | love India echo $Text Processing(contd... ¢ grep print lines matching a pattern Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]... eg. grepi apple sample.txt © we print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files Usage: we [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. we file1.txt wel file1.txtSystem Administration ¢ chmod — change file access permissions Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE] eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh ¢ chown — change file owner and group Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILES eg. chown remo myfile.txtSystem Administration (contd...) ¢ su — change user ID or become superuser Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN] eg. su remo, su © passwd — update a user’s authentication tokens(s) Usage: passwd [OPTION] eg. passwd ¢ who — show who is logged on Usage: who [OPTION] eg. who, who b , who qAdvanced Commands ¢ reboot — reboot the system Usage: reboot [OPTION] eg. reboot * poweroff — power off the system Usage: poweroff [OPTION] eg. poweroffFurther Reference www.linux.com - News, Software, Documentation, Tutorials, etc. www. linuxhq.com - Another great Linux resource site. www. linuxjournal.com - The Monthly Magazine for Linux Community www.tidp.org - The Linux Documentation Project. Excellent help for beginners. www.userfriendly.org - Linux cartoon strips