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2014 ISSN: 2318-7670

Pesquisas Agrrias e Ambientais
doi: 10.14583/2318-7670.v02n04a10
http://periodicoscientificos.ufmt.br/ojs/index.php/nativa

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM)

THROUGH CUTTINGS: A REVIEW

Ashok GEHLOT*, Sarita ARYA, Inder Dev ARYA

Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
*E-mail: [email protected]

Recebido em outubro/2014; Aceito em dezembro/2014.

ABSTRACT: Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is one of the important multipurpose tree species.
Today, neem is receiving worldwide recognition for its variety of bioactive principle components. Neem,
being an important part of our biological heritage and is also recognised as one of natures gift to
mankind. This review aims to perform a literature review of the main scientific methods used to obtain
clones of Azadirachta indica, such as the processes of vegetative (macro) propagation and present
perspectives and future trends for the application of new cloning techniques aiming for large scale for
plant production. The literature describes methods (dip treatment), types of plant growth regulator (IBA,
NAA & IAA), types of stem cuttings (hard wood, semi hard wood, soft wood, leafy & mini cuttings) and
planted in rooting media (sand, soil, vermiculite & sand+soil+FYM) during different season (monsoon,
winter & summer). The improvement aiming the disseminating such techniques can minimize costs,
shorten production stages and consequently, reduce the cultivation time in the laboratory.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, vegetative propagation, cuttings, auxin.

PROPAGAO VEGETATIVA DO NIM INDIANO (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)

POR MEIO DE ESTACAS: UMA REVISO
RESUMO: Azadirachta indica A. Juss (nim indiano) uma importante espcie florestal que apresenta
mltiplos usos. Hoje, o nim est recebendo o reconhecimento mundial por sua grande variedade de
compostos bioativos. Considera uma herana biolgica significativa, tambm reconhecida como um
dos presentes da natureza para a humanidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma reviso da
literatura sobre os principais mtodos cientficos utilizados para se obter clones de Azadirachta indica
por meio de propagao vegetativa, avaliado perspectivas atuais e as tendncias futuras para a
aplicao de novas tcnicas de clonagem para a produo em grande escala. A literatura descreve
mtodos de tratamento (mergulhia), tipos de regulador de crescimento (IBA, NAA e IAA), tipos de
estacas (madeira dura, madeira semiduro, madeira macia, folhas e mini estacas) e enraizamento (areia,
solo, vermiculita e areia + solo + FYM) durante diferentes pocas (estao chuvosa, inverno e vero). A
divulgao de tais tcnicas podem minimizar os custos, encurtar as etapas de produo e,
consequentemente, reduzir o tempo de cultivo em laboratrio.
Palavras-chave: Azadirachta indica, propagao vegetativa, estacas, auxina.

1. INTRODUCTION seeds ripen from June to August. A single tree of 10 to 12

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem), belongs to family years may produce 5 to 8 kg of seeds annually, while fully
Meliaceae, is widely grown in South Asia, Southeast Asia grown trees 20 years or older produce 30-35 kg of seeds.
and West Africa. Azadirachta indica is an evergreen tree Azadirachta indica seeds are ovoid or spherically pointed
of 10 -15 m in height, with pinnate leaves up to 3-10 cm apically with a thin testa. The seed is exarillate with a
long. Flowering occurs during April and May is related to small adaxial sacrotesta (PENNINGTON; STYLES,
high temperatures and low rainfall. The floral parts rise 1975). Neem acts on insects in several ways including
acropetally. Inflorescence is long, slender, axillary or contact toxicity, repelling adults and larvae, disrupting
terminal panicles with abundant white, or pale-yellow, developmental processes, and disrupting adult behaviour
fragrant flowers that are 0.3 to 0.4 cm across. Fruits are such as mating (ISMAN, 2006). Products of the neem tree
smooth, green, ellipsoidal drupes, 1.2 to 1.8 cm long, and (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) from all parts of the plant
1.0 cm wide that turn yellow to brown when ripe. The have demonstrated efficacy against many pest species
 Gehlot et al (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM) through cuttings: a review

including arthropod pests and diseases of crops. Neem development by affecting numerous processes, including
also acts systemically because of absorption by roots and cell division, cell elongation and differentiation
translocation to plant parts when applied into soil or (SRIVASTAVA, 2002). Applications of auxins to shoot
sprayed on the plant (THOEMING et al., 2006). The cuttings play an important role in metabolic changes
principal active ingredient, Azadirachtin, is however more during the initiation, emergence and root primordia
concentrated in the kernel, which makes it the most development. Auxin plays an important role in
effective part of the plant (SCHMUTTERER, 1990; mobilization of carbohydrates in leaves and upper stem,
GAHUKAR, 2000). A broad variety of high free fatty also increase transport to the rooting zone (HAISSIG,
acid content of vegetable oils is available in Azadirachta 1986). Auxins will increase the availability of sugar at the
indica, which conveys great potential sources for site of root formation (ALTMAN, 1972) by increasing
biodiesel production in India (DEEPAK et al., 2013). mobilization of starch through increased activity of
hydrolyzing enzymes. The current rate of photosynthesis
2. REVIEW may also contribute and translocate sugar to the base of
2.1. Vegetative Propagation cuttings and thus play an important role in adventitious
Vegetative propagation by cuttings is widely used to root formation of certain species (DAVIS; POTTER,
multiply elite trees obtained from the natural population 1981). The acetic acid (IAA) promoted the rooting of
to exploit the genetic variability (HARTMANN et al., cuttings because it increases sugar availability at the site
2011). The development of vegetative propagation of primordium development. An increase in the activity of
techniques reduce the variability and at the same time hydrolyzing enzyme following auxin treatment has been
ensure increased productivity. For the production of high reported by many workers (HAISSIG, 1986). Loss of
quality timber and faster tree growth, it is essential to start carbohydrates from the rooting zone of cuttings indicates
vegetative propagation programme by selecting elite that sugars are utilized during the root growth (HUSEN;
clones or genotypes from which the shoot cuttings are to PAL, 2003). Enzymes, which are known as metabolic
be taken. Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings is markers exhibits change during plant development and
the most vital method to reproduce plants and conserve differentiation (BHATTACHARYA, 1988). The activities
their innate desirable characters. Establishment and of enzymes in the rooting zone of cuttings may provide an
growth rate of the cutting depends on seasonal and age easy, fast and reliable means of assessing cellular
variation, portion and diameter of stem, growing media, differentiation in the roots. High humidity environments
moisture level, nutrient status and temperature. created by means of mist systems are commonly used in
In the vegetative propagation, propagators usually vegetative propagation experiments to reduce the risk of
select healthy, vigorous, well-matured and young shoots water stress (HARTMANN et al., 2011; NEWTON;
with viable buds as the source of cuttings. The degree of JONES, 1993; JINKS, 1995). High humidity has been 240
maturity and juvenility of stem cuttings plays an shown to enhance rooting capacity. The higher
important role in rooting. Several types of stem cuttings temperature of the environment suggests that the increase
can be taken from the parent donors, which may be of in root and leaf biomass could reflect enhanced
hard, moderately hard, soft or herbaceous, depending on photosynthesis (AMINAH et al., 1997). Rooting capacity
maturity of branch (HARTMANN et al., 2011). In of different cutting types depended on collection season.
addition, the use of plant growth regulators plays an Seasonal variation in rooting capacity is very common in
essential role in influencing the formation of adventitious plants (HARTMANN et al., 2011; SWAMY et al., 2002).
root, bud break and survival of stem cuttings. This may be because the accumulation of reserve material
Adventitious rooting in cuttings has long been known to (carbohydrates) and growth regulators is different in
be affected directly by auxins, which can be either different seasons (HARTMANN et al., 2011).
naturally occurring within the plant (endogenous) or The high root formation could be attributed probably
applied to the plant (exogenous) during vegetative due to appropriate water holding capacity and good
propagation. Usually IBA and NAA are recommended to aeration of the rooting media. Aeration also plays a very
promote adventitious roots in cuttings from shrubs or significant role in numbers of root initiation and as well as
trees (HUSEN; PAL, 2003). on root elongation (KHAYYAT; SALEHI, 2007). EL-
Adventitious root formation in cuttings has many NAGGAR; EL-NASHARTY (2009) reported that potting
practical implications in forestry and there is a lot of media as well as nutritional requirements are the most
commercial interest from the tree improvement point of important factors affecting growth of ornamental plants.
views (PAL, 1995). Formation Adventitious root involves KHAYYAT; SALEHI (2007) observed that the type of
the process of redifferentiation, in which predetermined rooting media and their characteristics are of utmost
cells switch from their morphogenetic path to act as importance for the quality of rooted cuttings.
mother cells for the root primordia initiation
(AESCHBACHER et al., 1994). Once root primordia 2.2. Vegetative (Macro) propagation of Azadirachta
have been initiated in cuttings, then considerable indica A. Juss (Neem)
metabolic activity occurs as new root tissues appeared and In neem, raising plants from seed is an easy and
the roots grow through and out of the surrounding stem conventional method of propagation. The neem seed does
tissues. Among these activities, the process of not store well and its viability falls rapidly after two
lignification in the cell wall, catalyzed by a particular weeks. There is wide variability in the planting stock
peroxidise, occurs during the rooting (MCDOUGALL, raised from seed. Vegetative propagation helps in early
1992; SATO et al., 1993). Auxins have been shown to setting of uniform plantable nursery stock in comparison
regulate different aspects of plant growth and to sexual reproduction and results in rapid multiplication

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 Gehlot et al (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM) through cuttings: a review

of outstanding genotypes. The potentials of bulking up of stage), February (bud breaking stage), march (flowering
high genetic gain with in short period at an early age stage) and May-June (fruiting stage) were treated with
favour the operational use of vegetative propagation. water (control), 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm of IAA, IBA,
Vegetative propagation of Neem allows for the mass thiamine and boric acid separately. Leaf fall or bud
production of genetically identical individuals (clones). breaking stage was reported as best season and 1000 ppm
Traditional methods of vegetatively propagated neem IBA quick dip most suitable treatment for root induction
include grafting, root cuttings, stem cuttings and stump in stem cuttings. VERMA et al., (1996) reported that hard
cuttings. The importance of vegetative propagation has wood stem cuttings (20-25 cm long and 1.0-1.5 cm in
increased during the last two decades as more attention is diameter) of Azadirachta indica, which prepared during
being paid to forest tree improvement programmes. spring season were treated with IBA and IAA (100, 500
Vegetative propagation technology helps a great deal in and 1000 ppm) and distilled water. They observed that
producing true to type plants for better quality and higher IBA treated cuttings were more effective than NAA
yield. As the traditional tree breeding methods will take treated once in producing roots.
very long time to deliver results, the easiest way to get Palanisamy; Kumar (1997) reported the influence of
immediate yield improvement is to raise clonal endogenous auxin on rooting of stem cuttings of
propagation of a few superior types carefully selected Azadirachta indica. They concluded that rooting was
from the wild population of neem. The efforts for dependent on endogenous auxin levels of the shoot and
development of suitable technology of vegetative that longer cuttings (25cm long) rooted more readily than
propagation for rapid and mass production of clonal shorter cuttings (5cm). Gera et al. (1997) reported
materials are at its beginning. Detail of research work on vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica. Branch
vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica are cuttings (22 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter) treated with
described below: water (control), KMnO4 (1000 ppm), ascorbic acid (5000
Sivagnanam et al. (1989) reported that stem cuttings ppm), KMnO4 (1000 ppm) +IBA (1000 ppm), ascorbic
of neem dipped into IAA and IBA rooted effectively in acid (5000 ppm) + IBA (1000 ppm) and IBA (1000 ppm)
mist propagator in 135 days. Leaf less hard wood cuttings for 30 second. All treatments enhanced rooting over the
of mature neem (15-20 cm long and 1-2 cm in diameter) control but IBA treated cuttings gave maximum (70%)
collected during summer months, treated with 100ppm rooting.
IBA for 24 hour took about 10-12 weeks to root but Tomar (1998) found stem cuttings rooted effectively
percent rooting was very low. Pal et al. (1992) has used with IBA but coppice shoots gave better result than
clonal propagation aspects and designate that it a hard to cuttings from the main woody stems of Azadirachta
root species. He studied on stimulation of adventitious indica. Palanisamy et al. (1998) reported that maximum
root regeneration on semi hard wood, leafy soft wood rhizogenesis in stem cuttings coincided with the 241
cuttings of neem using auxins IBA, NAA, carboxylic acid emergence of new shoots. Shoot cuttings of Azadirachta
and salicylic acid. Auxin treated and untreated (control) indica treated with IAA, IBA, B-vitamins and thiamine
semi hard wood cuttings failed to root, however 30% of pyridoxine (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm each) for 30
leafy softwood cuttings rooted even without treatment. second and IAA, IBA and NAA (200, 500 and 800 ppm)
Kijar (1992) studied rooting ability of coppice shoots for 15 hours. 85% rooting was observed with 1000 ppm
of Azadirachta indica and found rooting success of 90% IBA during February and other treatments produced
for 100ppm IBA treated cuttings and 62% for untreated comparatively less rooting in the branch cuttings.
cuttings under mist. Reddy et al. (1993) reported that Parthiban et al. (1999) reported that Azadirachta
rooting response of shoot cuttings of Azadirachta indica indica stem cuttings with double node segment gave
in different rooting media showed that ordinary sand was effective rooting with IBA (2000 ppm and 3000 ppm)
best medium followed by vermiculite and 1000ppm IAA under 70% - 80% relative humidity. Singh; Chander
produced best rooting. Pal et al. (1995) studied on cheap (2001) reported that hard wood, semi hard wood and soft
Non-Auxinic chemicals for rooting hard wood cuttings of wood (22.5 cm long and 0.8 cm to 1.25 cm diameter) of
Neem. They study the effect of IBA and Non-Auxinic neem with 0, 500, 1000 and 1000 ppm of IBA, IAA, 2, 4-
chemicals (Potassium Permanganate, cobalt chloride and D and their combination solution for 5 minutes. They
ascorbic acid) on the rooting. The results revealed that observed maximum rooting in soft wood and semi hard
rooting was found in hard wood cuttings (1-2 cm in wood cuttings treated with 500 ppm of IBA.
diameter and 15-20 cm long), when cutting treated with Palanisamy; Kumar (2001) reported that branch
100 mg/l IBA solution for 24 hour by basal dip methods cuttings (25 cm long ,1.0 -1.5 cm of diameter) of neem
and planted under high humidity conditions with shade were taken from 20 year old and treated with water (
exhibited rooting after 10-12 weeks. Kamaluddin; Ali control), 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm IBA, IAA and
(1996) investigated the effect of both leaf area in auxin on thiamine solution for 30 second. 1000ppm IBA induced
the rooting and growth of green stem cuttings from 2-year 80% rooting and luxuriant root system during leaf fall
old Azadirachta indica tree. They concluded that season. Devarnavadagi et al. (2005) studied on effect of
treatment with 0.2% and 0.4% IBA solution has a growth regulator on induction of adventitious rooting in
significant effect on root development and the subsequent stem cutting of neem. 1000 ppm IBA treatment for 10
growth of the cuttings. minutes recorded higher sprouting (77.67%), rooting
Palanisamy et al. (1996) studied on seasonal effect on (51.33%) after 15 days. Ehiagbonare (2007) reported
induction of adventitious rooting in stem cutting of neem vegetative propagation studies on some key medicinal
(Azadirchta indica). The stem cuttings of Azadirachta plants for malaria treatment in Nigeria were carried out.
indica prepared during August-December (vegetative Vegetative propagation using 50 ppm indole-3-butyric

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 Gehlot et al (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM) through cuttings: a review

acid (IBA) showed significant difference in response to BHOLA, N. Clonal propagation potential of some
the effect of IBA in rooting stem cuttings. IBA (50 ppm) selected cpts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) from
showed 70% rooting. Gehlot et al., (2014) reported three provenances of orissa. Indian Forester, Dehra Dun,
vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica through v.130, n.9, p.1024-1030, set. 2004.
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New Forests, Dordrecht, v.16, n.1, p.81-88, maio 1998. hormones and environment. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier
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244

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 Gehlot et al (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM) through cuttings: a review

Table 1: Details of research work on vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem).
Authors Mode of Rooting
S.No. Type of Cuttings PGR used Methods & Time Season Observation & Results
and Year Propagation Media
Sivagnana
72% rooting observed in hard wood
1 m et Stem Cuttings Hard wood cuttings - IBA treatment for 24 hour - summer months
cutting with treatment of 1000ppm IAA
al,1989

92% rooting observed in coppice shoots

2 Kijkar,1992 Stem Cuttings Coppice shoots - IBA - -
with treatment of IBA 100ppm

No rooting in semi - hard wood cuttings.

Pal et Leafy soft - wood cutting & IBA,NAA, IBA+NAA, Carbolic Quick Dip method & 24 Hour 34 % rooting was observed in leafy soft -
3 Stem Cuttings Sand+Soil July (Monsoon)
al,1992 Semi - Hard wood acid and salicylic acid treatment wood cutting with treatment of Carbolic
acid (100 mg/l).

IBA (1000ppm), Potassium

50 % Rooting was observed with
Pal et al, Terminal and sub terminal permanganate (1000ppm), Cobalt Basel dip method for 30 min
4 Stem Cuttings Vermiculite June (Monsoon) treatment of Potassium permanganate
1994 Leafy soft wood cuttings chloride (1000ppm) Ascorbic Acid treatment
+IBA (1000ppm)
(5000ppm) and their combinations

80% rooting was observed when semi

August, September, October &
Palanisamy IAA, IBA, B vitamin (thiamine) hard wood cuttings treated with 1000
December (1993), February &
5 and Kumar, Stem Cuttings Semi - Hard wood Sand and Boric acid with concentration Dip method ppm IBA during February and best 100%
March and May & June (1994). 245
1996 1000ppm,2000ppm & 3000ppm sprouting achieved in treatment of
Effect of season were studied
1000ppm boric acid
Cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA and
Kamaluddi
Green Stem Cuttings with IBA with 0.2%,0.4% & 0.8% 100% leaf area showed best Shoot
6 n and Ali, Stem Cuttings Sand Dip method for 2 - 3 sec May
30, 50 & 100% leaf area concentration length, stem dry weight, root number and
1996
root dry weight
Shanthi et After 15 days of experiment rooting were
7 Seedling explant Seedling explant Sand No PGR used - -
al, 1996 observed in seedling explant
Kmno4 (1000ppm),Ascorbic acid
(5000ppm), Kmno4
Gera et al, Quick Dip method for 30 sec 70 % Rooting observed in branch
8 Stem Cuttings Branch cuttings Sand (1000ppm)+IBA (1000ppm), -
1997 treatment cuttings when treated with 1000ppm IBA
Ascorbic acid (5000ppm)+IBA
(1000ppm), IBA (1000ppm)
Stem cutting divided in
three ends i.e. Distal, 100% rooting was obtained in cutting (
Palanisamy
Middle and Proximal end Basel dip method &2 sec Distal end with 0.5cm diameter and
9 and Kumar, Stem Cuttings Sand IBA (1000ppm) February
with three diameter 0.5,1.0, treatment 25cm length) with treatment of 1000ppm
1997
2.0cm and three length 5, IBA
12, 25cm
Juvenile shoot cutting Cutting collected from 10 provenance
Gera et al, IAA, IBA andB vitamin (thiamine) Quick Dip method for 30 sec
10 Stem Cuttings collected from 10 Sand March showed an average 81% rooting, with
1998 with concentration 1000ppm treatment
indigenous provenances treatment of IBA 1000ppm
Semi - Hard wood 1.0 to 1.5 IAA, IBA and B - vitamin, 80% rooting was obtained in cutting
Palanisamy Quick Dip method for 30 sec
11 Stem Cuttings cm diameter & 25 cm Sand thiamine and Pyridoxine with June/July 1993, April/May 1993 collected during February and treated
et al, 1998 treatment
length concentration 1000ppm,2000ppm with 1000ppm IBA

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 Gehlot et al (2014). Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica A. JUSS (NEEM) through cuttings: a review
& 3000ppm
Branch cuttings 1.0 to 1.5
cm diameter & 25 cm
Puri and Stem Cuttings
length. Rooting behaviour Sand and 68.7% Rooting obtained with treatment
12 Swamy , collected from 12 IBA (500 mg/l) Dip method July (Monsoon)
of branch cutting from Soil of 500 mg/l IBA
1999 provenance
different geographical
region
Parthiban et Sand+Soil+ 20 % Rooting obtained with treatment
13 Stem Cuttings Branch cuttings IBA Quick Dip method -
al, 1999 FYM (1:1:1) of 2000ppm & 4000 ppm IBA.
Hard wood,Semi - Hard
Singh and IAA, IBA,2,4 - D and their 33.3% Rooting was observed in soft
wood & Soft wood with 0.8 Sand+Soil+
14 Chander Stem Cuttings combination with concentration of Dip method July (Monsoon) wood cutting when treated with 500ppm
to 1.25 cm diameter & 22.5 FYM
,2001 500ppm, 1000ppm & 2000ppm IBA
cm length
Palanisamy Branch cutting with 1.5 to IAA, IBA and thiamine with Cutting collected in February showed
Quick Dip method for 30 sec Different season February, May,
15 and Kumar, Stem Cuttings 1.5 cm diameter & 25 cm Not mention concentration 1000ppm,2000ppm 80% rooting with treatment of 1000ppm
treatment June, July, September & December
2001 length & 3000ppm IBA
Semi - Hard wood cutting
with 1.5 to 1.5 cm diameter Cutting collected in February showed
Palanisamy
16 Stem Cuttings & 25 cm length. Cuttings Sand IBA (1000ppm) Dip method February 100% rooting with treatment of
et al, 2003
were collected from 1000ppm
different clones of neem
branch cuttings collected Sand+Soil+ Cutting collected from Bolangir
Bhola, Quick Dip method for 1 min
17 Stem Cuttings from selected five CPT's FYM IBA (1000ppm) August provenance showed 58.40% rooting in
2004 treatment
from 3 provenance (1:1:1) cutting with treatment of 1000ppm IBA
Devarnava 51.33% Rooting was observed in
terminal, mid and epicormic nursery Quick Dip method for 5,10 and
18 dagi et Stem Cuttings
shoot cuttings media
IBA (500,1000 and 1500ppm)
15 min treatment
July to October 1998 and 1999 epicormic cutting when treated with 246
al,2005 1000ppm IBA
Quick dip method using IBA
Quick dip method using IBA and
and IAA (1000, 2000, 3000 &
IAA (1000, 2000, 3000 & 63.75%% Rooting was observed in hard
Gill et al Hard wood cutting with 3-4 4000ppm) for 10 second and
19 Stem Cuttings 4000ppm) and long dip methods July and February 2001 wood cutting with quick dip treatment of
,2006 nodes and 0.5 - 1.0 cm thick long dip methods using IBA and
using IBA and IAA (100, 200, 300 1000ppm IAA
IAA (100, 200, 300 & 400 ppm)
& 400ppm)
for 12 hour period
soil for IBA
treated
Ehiagbonar 63.3% rooting was achieved after 12
20 Stem Cuttings single nod cuttings cuttings and IBA (50 ppm) Dip method for 10 second -
e,2007 weeks of experiment
sand for
control
IBA, IAA,2,4-D,
Mid , Hard wood and Epicormic cuttings collected during
Reddy et al IBA+IAA,IBA+2,4-D,IAA+2,4-D summer (April to May) and winter
21 Stem Cuttings Epicormic cuttings of 10-12 Vermiculite - summer season showed 95%% rooting
,2007 and IBA+IAA+2,4-D powder of (November to December)
cm long with 2 - 3 nods with treatment of 1000ppm IBA
1000, 2000 and 3000ppm
Sand, soil Mini cuttings collected during summer
Gehlot et IBA,IAA and NAA (100, 250,
22 Stem Cuttings Mini - cuttings and Dip method for 10 min Summer (March to June) season showed 80% rooting with
al, 2014 500, 750, 1000 & 1500 ppm)
vermiculite treatment of 250 ppm IBA

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