Introduction to PIC16

Microcontroller Programming &

Interfacing

November 25-27, 2011

Engr. Franz Duran, MEP-ECE

OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Morning)

Introduction to PIC Microcontroller

PICTrainer3 microcontroller
laboratory/training module

MPLAB IDE

Basic C Programming

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 2

OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Afternoon)

Basic C Programming (cont.)

Intermediate C Programming
 C Functions & Structured Programming
 Modular Programming

Interfacing with 2x16 character LCD

Interfacing with 4x3 keypad

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1
OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Morning)

Basic of Interrupts
 Interrupt sources
 Interrupt service routine

RB0/INT interrupt

PORTB Interrupt on Change

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OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Afternoon)

PIC16 Timer module
 TMR0 architecture
 TMR0 as an interrupt source

Interfacing with 7-segment displays

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OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Morning)

Basic of Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Using the PIC16 A/D module

Interfacing LM35 temperature sensor

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2
OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Afternoon)

Basics of Serial Communication

PIC16 UART module

Basic string processing

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MICROCONTROLLER
MCU, C
A single-chip computer
Invented in the 1970s
Used as embedded controller

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MICROCONTROLLER
used as dedicated controllers

domestic appliances

consumer electronics

industrial equipments

automotive electronics

Naval/avionics/aerospace

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3
MICROCONTROLLER
Why use?

Cheap

Flexible

Small outline & high integration

Low-power

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PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC, PICMICRO
by MICROCHIP

Arizona, U.S.A.

1989 (offshoot of General Instrument)

http://www.microchip.com

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PIC MICROCONTROLLER

Rank (8-bit microcontroller)

1990 20th

1993 8th

1996 - 5th

1997-2001 2nd

2002 Present 1st

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4
PIC MICROCONTROLLER

Family
Popular among

PIC10, PIC12 students and hobbyists

PIC16

PIC17 / PIC18

PIC24 / DSPICs (16-bit)

PIC32(32-bit)

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 13

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 14

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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5
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
CPU

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

FOSC = 20MHz max. speed

FOSC/4 instruction clock

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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Program Data RAM

Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program Memory

hard drive where fixed program is stored

flash-based memory
 reprogrammable at least 10,000x

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6
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
File Registers

General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
 Data RAM

Special Function Registers (SFRs)
 control device operation

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 20

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Program Data RAM
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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7
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Data RAM Registers
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 22

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 23

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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8
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 25

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 26

PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory

Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power

Oscillator

Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc

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9
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Input/Output pins
Internal Peripherals/Modules

Timers

A/D converter module

UART

SPI / I2C

Comparator

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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Features:

Watchdog Timer

SLEEP mode

Power On Reset, Brown-out Reset

CPU
 RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
 FOSC = 20Mhz typical

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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Instruction set

35 instructions (PIC16)
 Easy to memorize all instructions

75 instruction (PIC18)

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10
PIC16F84A
8-bit microcontrolller

PIC16 family

F flash memory, i.e. reprogrammable

84 variant/model

A - revision
4Mhz (1MIPS), DIP18, +5V

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PIC16F84A
Program Memory

1024 instruction words

1 word = 14 bit
File Registers (2 banks)

GPRs - 68 bytes RAM

SFRs 16 registers
Data EEPROM

64 bytes
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PIC16F84A
13 I/O pins

PORTB 8 pins

PORTA 5 pins
2 power pins

VDD, VSS
2 oscillator pins

OSC1, OSC2
1 RESET pin

MCLR

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11
PIC16F877A
20Mhz (5MIPS), DIP40, +5V
8192 instruction word
368 bytes Data RAM / GPRs
56 SFRs
256 bytes Data EEPROM

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PIC16F877A
33 I/O pins

PORTA 6 pins

PORTB 8 pins

PORTC 8 pins

PORTD 8 pins

PORTE 3 pins
4 power pins
1 Reset, 2 Clock pins
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PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

Reset Button +5V supply

ICSP connector
SIL connectors

20Mhz Oscillator
PIC16F877A
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12
 PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD
10 LEDs

3 potentiometers
7-seg. display

keypad
4x3 or 4x4
4 pushbuttons
DS1307
real-time IC

serial EEPROM IC

serial comm. ckt.

LM35 temp. sensor
character LCD
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PIC16F877A & eICD2

eICD2

Connect wires to build application circuit ICSP connector

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MPLAB IDE 8.xx

integrated development environment (IDE)
for PIC

freely downloadable (~90MB)

assembler (MPASM)

HI-TECH C Compiler
 45-day full version (full optimization)
 Lite mode (no optimization)

direct support for ICD2/PICKIT2
programmer/debugger
 eICD2, ePICKIT2

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13
MPLAB IDE 8.xx
Download and Install MPLAB

http://www.microchip.com
Install HI-TECH Compiler

included in the MPLAB installer

or download separately from:
 http://www.htsoft.com
 HI-TECH Sofware
Brisbane, Australia
bought by Microchip (March 2009)
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Open MPLAB an example application

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

To create new project:

Project > Project Wizard

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14
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Step 1: Select Device

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 2: Select Language

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 3: Select Project Name &
Directory

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15
 MPLAB IDE 8.53
Step 4: Add files

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Project Summary

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Empty Project
Project Window

Output Window

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16
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Editor Window
Create source code

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

#include <pic.h>

void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1;

while(1)
{

}
}
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

save as main.c in project
directory

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17
MPLAB IDE 8.53

main.c

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Add
main.c
Build project
(F10)

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

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18
WHY C? (& not ASM?)
1. Easy to Use

Easy to read
C uses human readable syntax
Assembly uses mnemonics (cryptic!)

Shorter code
saves time & effort
easy math statements

2. Portable

code can run in other target device
no or few modifications, saves time and effort
25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 55

WHY C? (& not ASM?)

3. Easy to manage large, complex
programs

code reuse of C modules (.h & .c)

Easy to implement state machines

Can use RTOS, not possible in ASM
4. Better performance

C can be as fast as ASM
 well structured program

C codes can include ASM codes
25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 56

WHY C? (& not ASM?)

5. C is a universal language (almost!)

Learning C will benefit the user down the
road
 Can be used in other 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit MCU
 implement USB, Ethernet & TCP-IP applications
 DSP

Learn desktop programming
 foundation for C++, Java, C#, etc..

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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.
PIC16F84A CIRCUIT
1. PIC16F84A
2. +5v supply
3. Oscillator circuit
4. Reset circuit
5. External peripherals
6. In-circuit serial
programming
connector
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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit

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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit & crystal
oscillator and loading capacitors

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20
BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.
oscillator circuit

generate a pulse train signal; used to
synchronize MCU internal operations

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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

Reset circuit

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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

Interfacing external peripherals

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21
BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

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PIC16F877A Trainer Board

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IO INTERFACING: LED
LED at RB0

RB0 is output

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22
LED
5mm LED

IF = 5 35 mA

VF = 2V
3mm LED

IF = 1 30 mA

VF = 2V

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LED
IF

+ VR=3V -
+
VF =
2v
If IF = 10mA, -
R = 3V/10mA
R = 300

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LED
R should not be too large

LED will not turn on
R should not be too small

IF < 30mA

PIC Output pin source
current < 25mA

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23
BASIC I/O PROGRAM
Example I/O Program

#include <pic.h> preprocessor directive

void main() main() function

{
TRISB0 = 0; initialization
RB0 = 1;

while(1)
{ program loop
- infinite loop
} - super loop
}

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IO PROGRAMMING
Input/Output port - group of 8 pins typical

PORTA 6 I/O pins
 RA5, RA4, RA3, RA2, RA1, RA0
 PORTA<5:0>

PORTB 8 I/O pins
 RB7, RB6, RB5, RB4, RB3, RB2, RB1, RB0
 PORTB<7:0>

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IO PROGRAMMING

PORTC 8 I/O pins
 RC7, RC6, RC5, RC4, RC3, RC2, RC1, RC0
 PORTC<7:0>

PORTD 8 I/O pins
 RD7, RD6, RD5, RD4, RD3, RD2, RD1, RD0
 PORTD<7:0>

PORTE 3 I/O pins
 RE2, RE1, RE0
 PORTE<2:0>
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IO PROGRAMMING

Special Function Registers for I/O

TRISA, PORTA

TRISB, PORTB

TRISC, PORTC

TRISD, PORTD

TRISE, PORTE

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IO PROGRAMMING

Consider PORTB..

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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
PORTB port

controlled by 2 special function registers
1. TRISB register

PORTB Data Direction Register

8-bit
2. PORTB register

PORTB Data Latch Register

8-bit
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25
IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
TRISB = XXXXXXXX 0 output
1 input

......... TRISB0
TRISB1
.
.
.
TRISB7
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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs

TRISB
X X X X X X X X
0
TRISB0

TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is output

RB0 pin is an
output pin

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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
PORTB = XXXXXXXX 0 Logic 0
1 Logic 1

......... RB0
RB1
.
.
.
RB7
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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs

PORTB
X X X X X X X X
1
RB0

RB0 = 1; //LED on
RB0 outputs a
Logic 1 signal;
~5V
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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is output
RB0 = 1; //LED is on

TRISB X X X X X X X 0

PORTB X X X X X X X 1

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IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:

Create new project
 Led_demo_2

Turn on LEDs connected to the ff. I/O pins:
 RB0, RA1, RC3, RD7, RE2

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27
IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE: (Solution)
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1; //LED1 on
TRISC3 = 0;
RC3 = 0; //LED2 on
TRISD7 = 0;
RD7 = 1; //LED3 on
ADCON1 = 0x06; //All PORTA & PORTE pins are digital I/O
TRISA1 = 0;
RA1 = 1; //LED4 on
TRISE2 = 0;
RE2 = 0; //LED5 on

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IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:

Turn on all 8 LEDs connected to PORTD

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IO PROGRAMMING
SOLUTION:
TRISD = 0b00000000; //binary notation
PORTD = 0b11111111;
or
TRISD = 0x00; //hexadecimal notation
PORTD = 0xFF;
or
TRISD = 0; //decimal notation
PORTD = 255;

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IO INTERFACING: Button
pushbutton

input device

Tack Switch

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IO INTERFACING: Button
+5v
If button is not pressed
R
10k
RB2

RIN +
1M V = 5v x 1M / (R+1M)
V 5v (Logic 1)
-
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IO INTERFACING: Button
If button is pressed

RB2

RIN +
~1M V = 0v (Logic 0)

-
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29
IO INTERFACING: Button
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is an output pin
RB0 = 0; //LED is off
TRISB2 = 1; //RB2 is an input pin

while(1)
{
if(RB2==0) //If button is pressed,
RB0 = 1; // LED is on,
else //else,
RB0 = 0; // LED is OFF.
}
}

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IO INTERFACING: Button
R should be large enough to limit the
current

when button is
I
pressed

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IO INTERFACING: Button
R should be large enough to limit the
current

when I/O pin is
configured as I < 25mA

output and at
Logic 0 (I/O pin
is internally
connected
to ground)

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BASICS OF C: #defines
#include <pic.h>

__CONFIG(HS & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & UNPROTECT & LVPDIS);

#define LED RB0

#define BUTTON RB2
#define ON 1
#define OFF 0
#define PRESSED 0

void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is an output pin
LED = OFF; //LED is initially off
TRISB2 = 1; //RB2 is an input pin

while(1)
{
if(BUTTON==PRESSED) //If pushbutton is pressed,
LED = ON; // turn on LED.
else //Else, LED is OFF.
LED = OFF;
}
}
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BASICS OF C: Conditional
Statements
1. If()
If()-else()
If()-else-if()
2. switch()

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BASICS OF C: IF Conditional
Statement
If()

Simplest conditional statement

if (condition)
statement1;

Ex.
if(var>99)
var=0;

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BASICS OF C: IF Conditional
Statement
If()

use else clause (optional)

if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;

Ex.
if(BUTTON==PRESSED)
LED=1;
else
LED=0;
25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 94

BASICS OF C: IF Conditional
Statement
If()-else-if()

if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;
else if (condition3)
statement3;
else
statement4;

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BASICS OF C: Switch()
switch()

Allow comparison of a single variable (or
expression) to multiple values

Code associate with the matching value is
executed

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32
BASICS OF C: Switch()
var1 = get_input_from_user()

switch(var1)
{
case 0x00:
statement1;
break;
case 0x01:
statement2;
break;
case 0x02:
statement3;
break;
case 0x03:
statement4;
break;
default:
statement5;
break
}
25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 97

BASICS OF C: Loops

Loops

used to repeatedly execute specific
statements
3 loop statements in C
1. for() loop
2. while() loop
3. do-while() loop

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BASICS OF C: FOR Loop

void main()
{
unsigned int i; //a variable.
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 pin is configured as an output
RB0 = 0; //LED is initially off

while(1)
{
RB0 = 1; //LED is ON
for(i=0;i<50000;i++) //delay
{
//empty body
}

RB0 = 0; //LED is OFF

for(i=0;i<50000;i++) //delay
{
//empty body
}
}
}
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BASICS OF C: FOR Loop
start
for(i=0;i<50000;i++)
{
...//code goes here i=0
}

FALSE
i++ i<50000?

TRUE
exit
//codes

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 100

BASICS OF C: FOR Loop

i=0;
for( ;i<50000; )
{
//codes here
i++;
}

OR
for(i=50000;i>0;i--)
{
//codes here
}

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BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop

while(condition)
start
{
...//code goes here
}
FALSE
condition?

TRUE
exit
//codes

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BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop

EXERCISE:

Modify previous example to used while()
loop

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BASICS OF C: DO-WHILE Loop

do
{ start
...//code goes here
}
while(condition);
//codes

FALSE
condition?

TRUE
exit

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BASICS OF C: Loops

Which loop statements to use?

If number of iteration is controlled, use for()
loop

If a simple test of condition is used, use
while() loop

If a simple test of condition is used AND the
code block should be executed at least once,
use do-while() loop

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BASICS OF C: Variables

Variables

program data that varies during run-time

temporary data

placed in volatile memory
 General Purpose Registers (GPR)
 PIC16F877A
368 Bytes GPR

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 106

BASICS OF C: Variables
unsigned char var1; //range of values: 0-255
var1 = 100; //OK
var1 = 500; //not OK!
var1 = -10; //not OK!

signed char var2; //range of values: -128 to 127

var2 = 100; //OK
var2 = -1000; //not OK!
var2 = 150; //not OK!

unsigned int temp = 100; // range of values: 0-65535

temp = 50000; //OK
temp = 100000; //not OK!

25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 107

BASICS OF C: Variables
bit (1-bit) (0 1)
char (8-bit) (-128 127)
unsigned char (8-bit) (0 255)
short (16-bit) (-32768 32767)
unsigned short (16-bit) (0 65535)
int (16-bit) (-32768 32767)
unsigned int (16-bit) (0 65535)
short long (24-bit) (-8388608 8388607)
unsigned short long (24-bit) (0 16777215)
long (32-bit) (21474833648 2147483647)
unsigned long (32-bit) (0 4294967295)
float (24-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38)
double (24-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38 )
double (32-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40282347e+38 )

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BASICS OF C: Operators
1. = (Assignment operator)
2. Mathematical operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Bitwise operators

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BASICS OF C: Operators
= (Assignment operator)
x = y; //assign the value of y
//to the variable x

Variable name = expression

Expression - anything that evaluates to
a number

i.e.
int sum;
sum = a + b; //a + b is an expression
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BASICS OF C: Operators
Mathematical operators
1. + (addition) ex. x + y
2. - (subtraction) ex. x - y
3. * (multiplication) ex. x * y
4. / (division) ex. x / y
5. % (modulus) ex. x % y
6. ++ (increment) ex. x++, ++x
7. -- (decrement) ex. x--, --x
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BASICS OF C: Operators
Relational Operators
1. == (equal to) ex. x==y
2. > (greater than) ex. x>y
3. >= (greater than or equal to) ex. x>=y
4. < (lesser than) ex. x<y
5. <= (lesser than or equal to) ex. x<=y
6. != (not equal to) ex. x!=y

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BASICS OF C: Operators
Logical Operators
1. && (Logical AND)
2. || (Logical OR)
3. ! (Logical NOT)

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BASICS OF C: Operators
EXERCISE:

Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 or BUTTON2
is pressed

Modify:
 Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 and BUTTON2
are pressed

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38
BASICS OF C: Operators
Bitwise Operators
1. & (Bitwise AND)
2. | (Bitwise OR)
3. ~ (Bitwise Complement)
4. ^ (Bitwise Exclusive-OR)
5. << (Leftshift)
6. >> (Rightshift)

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BASICS OF C: & Operator

AND (&) operator truth table:

A B A& B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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BASICS OF C: & Operator

Bitwise-AND operator
Example:

RB0 = RB0 & 0; //clear RB0

Equivalent to:
 RB0 = 0; //clear RB0

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BASICS OF C: & Operator
Example:

Clear PORTB<3:0> and RB6
 Initial solution
RB0 = 0;
RB1 = 0;
RB2 = 0;
RB3 = 0;
RB6 = 0;
 Alternative (better solution):
PORTB = PORTB & 0b10110000;
PORTB &= 0b10110000;
PORTB &= ~0x4F;

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BASICS OF C: | Operator
OR (|) operator truth table:

A B A| B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
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BASICS OF C: | Operator
Bitwise-OR operator
Example:

RB0 = RB0 | 1; //set RB0

Equivalent to:
 RB0 = 1; //set RB0

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BASICS OF C: Operators
Example:

Configure PORTD<6:5> and PORTD<2:1> as
input:
 Initial solution
TRISD6=1;
TRISD5=1;
TRISD2=1;
TRISD1=1;
 Alternative (better solution):
TRISD = TRISD | 0b01100110;
TRISD |= 0x66;

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BASICS OF C: Operators
Masking technique

To clear a bit (or bits), AND this bit with 0

To set a bit (or bits), OR this bit with 1

Ex:
 PORTB &= 0b10110000;
 TRISD |= 0x66;

Mask values

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BASICS OF C: ^ Operator
XOR (^) operator truth table:

A B A| B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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BASICS OF C: ^ Operator
Bitwise-XOR operator

Toggle operator
Example:

RB0 = RB0 ^ 1; //toggle RB0

Equivalent to:
 RB0 = ~RB0; //toggle RB0

 PORTB ^= 0b00000011;

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BASICS OF C: ^ Operator
EXERCISE:

Create a LED blinker application using ^
operator
 Toggle two LEDs alternately

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BASICS OF C: << and >>

Operators
<< (shift left)
>> (shift right)
Ex:
unsigned char var1 = 0b00000001;
PORTB = var1 << 2; //PORTB = 0b00000100

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END

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