QR CODE

QR code (abbreviated from Quick

Response Code) is the trademark for a type
of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional
barcode) first designed for the automotive
industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-
readable optical label that contains
information about the item to which it is
attached. A QR code uses four standardized
encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric,
byte/binary, and kanji) to efficiently store
data; extensions may also be used.

The QR code system became popular

outside the automotive industry due to its
fast readability and greater storage capacity What is a QR Code?
compared to standard UPC barcodes.
Applications include product tracking, item A QR Code is a two-dimensional square
barcode which can store encoded data. Most
identification, time tracking, document
of the time the data is a link to a website
management, and general marketing. (URL).

A QR code consists of black squares

arranged in a square grid on a white
background, which can be read by an
imaging device such as a camera, and
processed using ReedSolomon error
correction until the image can be
appropriately interpreted. The required data
is then extracted from patterns that are
present in both horizontal and vertical
components of the image.

HISTORY
The QR code system was invented in 1994
by Denso Wave. Its purpose was to track
vehicles during manufacturing; it was

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designed to allow high-speed component QR code is a matrix type symbol

scanning. QR codes are now used in a much with a cell structure arranged in a
broader context, including both commercial square
tracking applications and convenience- It consists of four functionality
oriented applications aimed at mobile-phone patterns.
users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes
may be used to display text to the user, to 1.FINDER PATTERN:-
add a vCard contact to the user's device, to i)for detecting position, size and angle of
open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), QR code
or to compose an email or text message.
Users can sgenerate and print their own QR ii) arranged at 3 corners
codes for others to scan and use by visiting
one of several paid and free QR code
generating sites or apps. The technology has 2. alignment pattern
since become one of the most used types of
two-dimensional barcode. i) for correcting distortion of QR code

ii)central coordinate of alignment pattern is

identified to correct the distortion

STRUCTURE OF QR CODE:- iii)back isolated cell placed in this pattern

makes it easier to detect central coordinate
of the pattern

3.timing pattern

i)for identifying central coordinate of each

cell.

ii)it is black and white patterns arranged

alternately

iii) for correcting central coordinate of data cell

when it is distorted

4.quiet zone

i)Margin space is needed for reading QR

Code
ii) Makes it easier to detect the symbol from the
image captured by the camera.
iii) Four or more cells necessary for this zone.

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5. DATAAREA

i) Data is stored here.

ii) Data is encoded into binary no's 0s and 1s.
iii)Binary no 0 and 1 will be converted into
black and white cells and then will be arranged.
iv) Has Reed-Solomon codes incorporated
for the store data and the error correction
functionality.

SPECIFICATIONS OF QR CODE
:-

VERSIONS OF QR CODE:-

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1.In 1970,IBM developed UPC symbol

consisting of 12 digits of no:
The Universal Product Code(UPC) is
a linear barcode that is widely used for
tracking trade items in stores.

2.In 1974,Code 39 which can encode approx

30 digits of alphanumeric characters was
developed

3.Later it led to the development of Code

128,which can encode full ASCII

4.In early 1980s,Multistage symbols were

developed, it can encode 100 digits of characters.
Examples are Code 16K and code 49.

5.In 1994,Multirow symbols were developed by

extending multistage symbols and into matrix
symbols where data were arranged in matrix.

6.This matrix code is QR Code, contains 7000

digits of characters at max including Kanji
characters.

HOW DOES IT WORK ?

1.Data is translated into QR Code by QR

Generator.
2.QR Code is scanned by mobile camera
phone having QR Reader Software.
3.Software interprets the code.
4. cell phone displays the text or ask for
permission to launch a browser to display
the specified web page.

BACKGROUND OF QR CODE :-

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calculate the 12th check digit for you (All

TAL bar code software products
1. UPC code automatically calculate check digits for
In 1970, IBM developed you.)
UPC symbols
The scannable area of every UPC-A
UPC (Universal Product Code) Barcodes barcode follows the pattern
SLLLLLLMRRRRRRE, where S (start), M
(middle), and E (end) guard patterns are
represented the same way on every UPC-A
barcode and the L (left) and R (right)
sections collectively represent the 12
numerical digits that make each UPC-A
unique. The first digit L indicates a
UPC (Universal Product Code) is a numeric particular number system to be used by the
symbology used in retail applications. UPC following digits. The last digit R is an error
has two variations, an 11 digit UPC Type A detecting check digit, that allows some
barcode and 6 digit UPC Type E barcode. A errors to be detected in scanning or manual
check digit is automatically calculated by entry. The guard patterns separate the two
the barcode generation software in both groups of six numerical digits and establish
UPC variations. Each can be appended with the timing.
a 2 or 5 digit supplemental code.

Note: All of our barcode software can create

UPC barcodes (UPC Type A, UPC Type E,
and UPC Supplemental) and automatically
calculate the check digit for you. UPC Type E (UPC-E)
UPC-E is a smaller seven digit UPC
UPC Type A (UPC-A) symbology for number system 0. It is often
UPC-A symbols consist of 11 data digits and used for small retail items. For UPC-E
one check digit. The first digit is a number barcodes, you normally specify 6 digits and
system digit that normally represents the let your barcode printing software calculate
type of product being identified. The the seventh check digit for you.
following 5 digits are a manufacturers code
and the next 5 digits are used to identify a
specific product. When specifying UPC-A
messages, you normally specify 11 digits
and let your barcode printing software

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UPC Supplemental
Both UPC-A and UPC-E allow for a
supplemental two or five digit number to be
appended to the main barcode symbol. This
supplemental message was designed for use
on publications and periodicals. If you enter
a supplemental message, it must consist of
either two or five numeric digits. The UPC-A UPC-E
supplemental is simply a small additional These two bar codes
are equivalent.
barcode that is added onto the right side of a
standard UPC symbol.

Differences between UPC Type A and E

UPC-E is also called "zero suppressed UPC" Converting between UPC-E and UPC-A
because UPC-E compresses a normal 12 To convert UPC-E bar code numbers to
digit UPC-A number into a six digit code by UPC-A (or vice Versa) you can use our
"suppressing" the number system digit, useful online converter program below.
trailing zeros in the manufacturers code and
leading zeros in the product identification Makebarcode.commakebarcoe.coebarcode.
part of the bar code message. A seventh com
check digit is encoded into a parity pattern
for the six main digits. UPC-E can thus be 2. Code 39
uncompressed back into a standard UPC-A Code 39 was developed by Dr. David Allais
12 digit number. and Ray Stevens of Intermec in 1974. Their
original design included two wide bars and
Note: Most bar code readers can be
one wide space in each character, resulting
configured to automatically convert 6 digit
in 40 possible characters. Setting aside one
UPC-E numbers to 12 digit UPC-A numbers
of these characters as a start and stop pattern
before they are transmitted to a host
left 39 characters, which was the origin of
computer.
the name Code 39.
The main difference between a UPC-A Code 39 (also known as Alpha39, Code 3
symbol and a UPC-E symbol is the size. of 9, Code 3/9, Type 39, USS Code 39, or
Below is a UPC-A bar code on the left and USD-3) is a variable length, discrete
the same data encoded as a UPC-E symbol barcode symbology.
on the right.

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The Code 39 specification defines 43

characters, consisting of uppercase letters (A
through Z), numeric digits (0 through 9) and
a number of special characters (-, ., $, /,
+, %, and space). An additional character
(denoted '*') is used for both start and stop
delimiters. Each character is composed of
nine elements: five bars and four spaces.
Three of the nine elements in each character
are wide (binary value 1), and six elements
are narrow (binary value 0). The width ratio
between narrow and wide is not critical, and
may be chosen between 1:2 and 1:3.

The barcode itself does not contain a check

digit (in contrast tofor instanceCode
128), but it can be considered self-checking
on the grounds that a single erroneously
interpreted bar cannot generate another valid
character. Possibly the most serious
drawback of Code 39 is its low data density:
It requires more space to encode data in 3. Code 49
Code 39 than, for example, in Code 128.
This means that very small goods cannot be Code 49, also known as USS-49, is a
labeled with a Code 39 based barcode. barcode symbology.It encodes 128-
However, Code 39 is still used by some character ASCII and has found use in
postal services, although the Universal healthcare, pharmaceutical,
Postal Union recommends using Code 128 laboratory and electronics industries.
in all cases[1] and can be decoded with It was developed in 1987 by
virtually any barcode reader. One advantage Intermec with the goal of being an
of Code 39 is that since there is no need to "ultra high density" barcode.
generate a check digit, it can easily be Fundamentally, Code 49 consists of
integrated into existing printing system by multiple 1D barcodes, based on Code
adding a barcode font to the system or 39, stacked side-by-side (nominally,
printer and then printing the raw data in that between 2 and 8 total bars) and
font separated by thin divider lines to
create a larger 2D pattern.

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An exact code specification is available at

the Association for Automated Identification
and Mobility

4.Code 16k

Code 16K ( 1988 ) is a multi-row bar code

developed by Ted Williams at Laser light
Systems (USA). In the USA and France, the
code is used in the electronics industry to
identify chips and circuit boards. Medical
applications in the US are well-known.

The code is based on the structure of the

Universal Product Code and Code 128 . On
an area of 2.4 cm, 77 ASCII characters or
5.Qr code
154 digits can be encoded. The number of
rows varies between two and sixteen.

To ensure high error-tolerance, Code 16K DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BAR

offers three types of error detection CODE AND QR CODE:-
The parity is checked for each QR Codes have already overtaken the
character. classical bar code in popularity in some
areas. This stems in many cases from
Each line is recognized indirectly by the fact that a typical barcode can only
displaying a start / stop character hold a maximum of 20 digits, whereas
as QR Code can hold upto 7,089
Two checksums are added at the end characters. Combined with the
diversity and extendability offered, this
of the code.
makes the use of QR Codes
much more appealing than
The code 16K exists in three versions (A, B,
t h a t o f b a r c o d e s . Statistically, QR
C). With an extended decoder , the code can Codes are capable of encoding the
be identified by all conventional readers. same amount of data in approximately
Before decoding , the entire block of the one-tenth the space of a traditional bar
code must have been detected. code. A great feature of QR Codes is

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that they do n ot ne ed to b e s ca nn ed multiple bar codes. However,

f ro m o ne p ar t i cu l ar an gl e, as Q R t h e s e Q R Co de s ca n c ar r y up t o
C od es c an be r ea d regardless of their s ev er a l h un dr ed t i me s t he amount of
positioning. Q R c od es s c an ne rs a re data carried by ordinary bar codes. M i c r o
c ap a bl e of d et er mi ni ng th e c o r r e c t QR code is a smaller version of
way to decode the image due to t h e Q R c o d e standard for applications
the three specific squares that with less ability to handle large scans. There
a r e positioned in the corners of the are different f o r m s o f M i c r o Q R
symbol and the alignment blocks. QR codes as well. The highest of
Codes were initially used by vehicle these can hold 35 numeric
manufacturers for tracking parts. After a characters. Standard QR code is the QR
while, companies began to see the variety code standard for applications that possess
of different use cases for QR Codes. t he ab i l it y t o h an dl e la rge s ca ns . A
The most popular commercial use for s ta nd ar d Q R c od e c an co n ta i n u p to
QR Codes is in the telecommunications 7 08 9 c h a r a c t e r s , t h o u g h n o t a l l
industry, where the i n c r e a s i n g QR readers can accept that much
adoption of smart phones seems d a t a . W h i l e t h e ad op t io n o f Q R
to be the biggest driver of c od es i n s o me ma r ke t s ha s be en
t h e i r popularity. With the technology s low t o b eg in (p ar t i cu l ar l y in
of mobile phones constantly evolving, markets such as the United States where
especially i n t he ar ea of mo b i l e competing standards such as Data Matrix
i nt e rn e t a c ce s s , Q R Co de s s e e m to exist), the technology is gaining some
b e a n ad eq u at e to ol to quickly and traction in the smart phone market.
efficiently communicate URLs to users. This Many Android, Nokia, and Blackberry
also allows offline media such as magazines, handsets come with QR code readers
newspapers, business cards, public transport installed. QR reader software is available
vehicles, signs, t-shirts or any other for most mobile platforms.
medium that can accept the print of a
QR Code to be used as carriers for
advertisements for online products. CHARACTERISTICS:-
Bar Code to 2D Code
Bar codes have become widely popular
because of their reading speed,
accuracy, and superior functionality A) ALL-DIRECTION (360) HIGH-
characteristics. As bar codes became SPEED READING
popular and their convenience universally
recognized, the market began to call for Among the 360 surrounding it. By
codes capable of storing more detecting this specific ratio, the finder
information, more character types, and patterncan be detected from among the
that co ul d b e p ri nt e d i n a s ma l le r image captured by the CCD sensor to
s p ac e . As a re s u lt , v ar io us e ffor ts identify the positiono f t h e Q R C o d e i n
w er e ma d e t o i nc re a s e th e a mo un t a short period of time.
o f in fo r ma t io n s to re d b y ba r co de s , A d d i t i o n a l l y, b y i d e n t i f y i n g
s u ch as i nc re a s i ng th e n u m b e r o f t h e positional relationships of the
bar code digits or layout three finder patterns listed in Figure 5
from amongthe image field of the CCD
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sensor, the size (L), the angle (!), and

the outer shapeof the symbol can be b) RESISTANT TO DISTORTED SYMBOLS
simultaneously detected. By arranging Symbols often get distorted when
the finder patterns intothe three corners attached onto a curved surface or by
of the symbol, the decoding speed of the reader being tilted (angled between the
the QR Code can be made20 times CCD sensor face and the symbol face). To
faster than that of other matrix correctthis distortion, QR Code has
symbols. Additionally, detecting alignment patterns arranged with a
finder patterns can be easily implemented regular intervalwithin the range of the
by the hardware, and can also be symbol. The variance between the
accelerated. Centre position of thea l ig n me n t
p at t er n e s t i ma t e d f ro m t he ou te r
s h ap e o f th e s ymb o l a nd th e
a c tu a l Centre position of the alignment
pattern will be calculated to have the
mappings(f or i de n t if yi ng th e C en t re
p os i t io n o f ea c h c e ll ) c or re c t ed .
T hi s w il l ma k e th e distorted linear/non-
linear symbols readable.

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QR Code provides the following features

compared with conventional bar codes.

c) DATA RESTORATION d)EFFICIENTLY ENCODING OF

FUNCTIONALITY (RESISTANT TO KANJI CHARACTERS
SMUDGED OR DAMAGED SYMBOLS) A s a s ymb o lo g y de ve l op ed in
QR Code has four different error correction J ap an , Q R Code is capable of encoding
levels (7%,1 5 % , 2 5 % , a n d 3 0 % p e r JIS Level 1 and Level 2 kanji character
symbol area). The error set.In case of Japanese, one full-width
correction functionality Kana or Kanji character is efficiently
i s implemented according to each of the encodedi n 1 3 b i t s , a l l o w i n g
smudge/damage, and is utilizing Reed- QR Code to hold more than
Solomon code which is highly resistant 20% data than other
to burst errors. Reed-Solomon codes 2 D symbologies.
arearranged in the QR Code data area. By
this error correction functionality, the e) LINKING FUNCTIONALITY OF THE
codescan be read correctly even when SYMBOLS
they are smudged or damaged up until QR Code has a linking functionality
the error correction level. The error which will enable asingle symbol to be
correction level can be configured by represented in several symbols by dividing it
the user whenh e/ s h e c re a t es t he . A single symbolcan be divided into 16
s ymb o l. S o if th e c od e i s hi gh l y symbols at maximum. The example
l ik e l y t o ge t s mud g ed in th e users shown in Figure 8 isone where a single
usage environment, it is recommended QR Code is divided into four symbols, and
to have 30% set for this correction each symbol has anindicator showing
level how many symbols the original symbol
had been divided intoand in which order

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that specific symbol would be among all While conventional bar codes are
divided ones. This willenable the entire data capable of storing ama x i mu m of
to be edited and submitted to the computer a pp ro xi ma t el y 2 0 di g it s , Q R Co de
regardless of whatorder the symbols had i s ca p ab l e o f ha nd l in g
been read by the reader. By this linking several dozen to several hundred times
functionality, theQR Code will be able to more information.
be printed even if the printing space is not QR Code is capable of handlingall types of
wide enough tohave a single QR Code data, such as numeric and alphabetic
printed. characters, Kanji, Kana, Hiragana,symbols,
binary, and control codes. Up to 7,089
characters can be encoded in one

ADVANTAGES:-

1. These codes can be printed on anything,

so you could use them on business cards with
your contact information.

2. QR codes are also handy for various

branding purposes. They can be used to
direct mobile phone users to special
websites to download brandads, ring tones,
character logos, and more .

3.Retailers print them on receipts.

4.Event producers employ them to provide exhibit
information.
5. Doctor's offices use them to let people make
appointments over their mobile phones.

6.Googles URL shortener will now create a QR

code for you automatically. Just add a .qr to the
end of your Google shortened URL and youll get
a QR code you can embed, save or print and use
anywhere.
7. In other words, they're a great tool for
marketers!

DIS-ADVANTAGES
f) HIGH CAPACITY ENCODING OF DATA 1.QR code might direct users to a website that does
not display properly on a cell phone

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2.there is no privacy for the data in phone store quite complex information in a small matrix.
i.e., when you scan the QR code and the site As awareness grows about how useful they are, we
could simply open, while silently installing a can expect to see them in more public venues
Trojan . and it makes easier to search the
information at high speed.
3.it is difficult to use by a senior citizens [ it
takes too much time to scan while scanner REFERENCES :-
(mobile ) is moving(shaking)].
WWW.QR CODE.COM

WWW.SCRIBD.COM
CONCLUSION:-
This is an exciting and thrilling
new way to share content digitally. QR codes can

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