Temporal Logic and The Logic of Agency: Core Logic, ILLC / Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Temporal Logic and The Logic of Agency: Core Logic, ILLC / Universiteit Van Amsterdam
8 December 2004
Thomas Muller
Philosophisches Seminar, LFB III
Lennestr. 39
53113 Bonn, Germany
[email protected]
http://www.philosophie.uni-bonn.de/tmueller
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Outline
Temporal Logic
Logic of Agency
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Arthur Prior
Main works:
1957 Time and Modality
1967 Past, Present and Future
1968 Papers on Time and Tense (new ed., 2003)
1971 Objects of Thought (ed. P.T. Geach and A.J.P. Kenny)
1977 Worlds, Times and Selves (ed. K. Fine)
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Arthur Prior and the development of (tense) logic
Other fields:
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Time and tense in natural language
* Many uses of indexicals like I, now, and (maybe) here cannot be eliminated
* Famous example (John Perry, 1979): The sugar trail in the supermarket
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Priors thank goodness argument:
The essential indexicality of tense
[. . . ] half the time I personally have forgotten what the date is, and have
to look it up or ask somebody when I need it for writing cheques, etc.;
yet even in this perpetual dateless haze one somehow communicates,
one makes oneself understood, and with time-references too. One says,
e.g. Thank goodness thats over!, and not only is this, when said, quite
clear without any date appended, but it says something which it is im-
possible that any use of a tenseless copula with a date should convey.
It certainly doesnt mean the same as, e.g. Thank goodness the date of
the conclusion of that thing is Friday, June 15, 1954, even if it be said
then. (Nor, for that matter, does it mean Thank goodness the conclu-
sion of that thing is contemporaneous with this utterance. Why should
anyone thank goodness for that?)
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Formalising the tenses
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Semantics for modal logics
* tension: if the tenses are basic, the formalism should reflect this
* the models cannot be more fundamental than the tense operators
* Modal logic as a fragment of first order logic: mimic the semantic clauses
M, w |= p iff wP
M, w |= iff M, w 6|=
M, w |= iff M, w |= and M, w |=
M, w |= hRi iff there is w0 s.t. R(w, w0) and M, w0 |=
STx(p) = P (x)
STx() = STx()
STx( ) = STx() STx()
STx(hRi) = y (R(x, y) STy ())
* Other direction?
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Hybrid logic II: Prior on world-states
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Hybrid logic III: Modern hybrid logic
* If the sentence was true (or false) at the time of utterance, then the world must
be deterministic, contrary to assumption ( logical determinism)
* If the sentence was neither true nor false, then why should I pay my gambling
debts? After all, neither I nor my opponent said something true.
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Semantics for the future tense II: Branching time
* historical connection: x, y z (z x z y)
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Semantics for the future tense III: Occam vs Peirce
* this semantic definition does not reflect our use of it will be that
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BREAK
http://confer.uj.edu.pl/branching
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Recap: branching time
* historical connection: x, y z (z x z y)
* Choice
m(h) H(m) ; = means that has no choice
(h0 Choice 00 0 00
m(h) h m h ) h Choicem(h)
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Multiple agents and independent choices
Agent fm() 6=
T
* implausible if, e.g., two agents can manipulate the same object
(5) Ishmael sailed over the side of the Pequod (not agentive)
m, h |= dstit : iff
* refraining both an action (refrainings are attributed to agents; one can be prai-
sed or blamed for refrainings) and a non-action (after all, refraining means not
acting)
* believes that : at some past moment, acquired the belief that , and she
hasnt given up that belief since
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Further developments II:
Rich deontic logic (Brown 2004)
* personalize obligations
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Literature
Nuel Belnap, Michael Perloff, and Ming Xu, Facing the Future. Oxford 2001.
Patrick Blackburn, Nominal Tense Logic, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic,
34:5683 (1993).
Jack Copeland, Logic and Reality. Essays on the Legacy of Arthur Prior. Oxford
1996.