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Hydrographic Survey: Ecg 305: Chapter 7

This document discusses hydrographic surveying methods. Key tasks include establishing vertical and horizontal control through tide gauges and positioning equipment. Direct surveying methods like sounding rods and leads are used in shallow waters, while echo sounders allow indirect depth measurement in deeper waters. Careful control and accounting for factors like currents are needed to minimize errors. The goal is to produce maps detailing seabed features, depths, and other hydrographic information.

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Ahmad Zahir
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152 views24 pages

Hydrographic Survey: Ecg 305: Chapter 7

This document discusses hydrographic surveying methods. Key tasks include establishing vertical and horizontal control through tide gauges and positioning equipment. Direct surveying methods like sounding rods and leads are used in shallow waters, while echo sounders allow indirect depth measurement in deeper waters. Careful control and accounting for factors like currents are needed to minimize errors. The goal is to produce maps detailing seabed features, depths, and other hydrographic information.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Zahir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDROGRAPHIC

SURVEY

ECG 305 : CHAPTER 7


LEARNING OUTCOMES

This lecture focuses on the surveying


works in hydrographic survey. After this
lecture the student should be able to:-
Understand definition of hydrographic
survey.
Identify the equipment to conduct survey.
INTRODUCTION

Hydrographic surveying so far as the civil engineer is


concerned conventionally covers the survey work
for projects in or adjoining bays, harbors, lakes, or
rivers.
although nowadays it can well involve the
construction of offshore production platforms and
associated pipe lines.
The types and purpose of the various branches of
hydrographic surveying may be summarized as
follows:-
INTRODUCTION (2)

(1) Measurement of tides for sea coast work, such as


the construction of sea defense works, jetties and
harbors, for the establishment of a leveling datum,
and for reducing sounding;

(2) Determination of bed depths, by soundings:


for navigation, i.e. for 'tow' out routes for production
platforms, but also including the location of rocks, sand
bars, navigation lights and buoys
for the location of underwater works, volumes of
underwater excavation etc
in connection with irrigation and land-drainage schemes
INTRODUCTION (3)

(3)Determination of direction of current in connection


with:
the location of sewer outfalls and similar works
determination of areas subject to scour and silt;
for navigational purposes

(4)Measurement of quantity of water, and flow of


water in connection with water schemes, power
schemes, flood control etc.
INTRODUCTION (4)

The civil engineer is not concerned with navigation.


Work in connection with this being carried out by
such bodies as the Admiralty, US Coast and
Geodetic Survey, with the International
Hydrographic Bureau acting as a co-ordinating
body.
The remaining aspects of hydrographic surveying
are however of vital concern to the engineer.
FUNDAMENTAL TASK

Fundamental task is the preparation of a


plan or chart showing physical features
above and below water and it involves:
Vertical control
A chain of bench marks must be established
near the shore line, and these serve for setting
and checking tide gauges etc., to which the
soundings are referred.
Location of all irregularities
In shoreline, islands, rocks etc by normal
surveying method.
FUNDAMENTAL TASK (2)

Horizontal control
When making soundings of the depth of a river
bed or a sea bed the location of the sounding
vessel is made by reference to fixed control
points on shore, and the accurate
establishment of this shore framework is of the
utmost importance.
Determination of bed profile
By sounding and use of the fine wire sweep.
At this stage, divers working from suitably
established control stations.
SURVEY METHODS & INSTRUMENTS

The most commonly used methods


and instruments used in hydrographic
surveying are listed as follows:-
Water levels:-
Staff gauges, float operated gauges,
pressure transducers, bubble gauges,
ultrasonic sensors, peak level indicators,
various recorders and shaft encoders.
SURVEY METHODS & INSTRUMENTS
(2)

Positioning:-
GPS, rangefinder, sextant

Discharges:-
Velocity area method with:
Current meters
Floats
Electromagnetic sensors
Acoustic methods, flow measuring structures,
pumping stations
SURVEY METHODS & INSTRUMENTS
(3)

Bed levels:-
Sounding rod and cable, echo
sunder

Sediment transport:-
Various sampler (bedloads sampler,
suspended particle sampler etc.)
TIDE GAUGES

main attention will be given to vertical control using


the land-levelling datum.
This involves
the location of tide gauges at intervals over the area to be
surveyed
the number employed depends on the accuracy required.
The difference in tide level, or tidal gradient, may
be determined by initially setting up gauges at
each end of the survey area and comparing
simultaneous readings over a complete tidal cycle.
The gauges themselves must allow the following
measurements to be made simultaneously
the level of the undisturbed sea
the time at which this level occurs
they may be either visually recording or self-
recording.
The simplest of the former type is the staffgauge
which is merely a vertical staff about 150 mm
broad, with painted graduations covering
sufficient length to deal with the highest and
lowest known tides.
HORIZONTAL CONTROL

This is one of the main operations in hydrographic


surveying, and corresponds to leveling in land
surveying. 3 methods of depth measurement are
described later.
With each method it is necessary to record not only
position but also the time of the particular
observation so that the water level above datum,
given by the nearest tide gauge.
Sounding or depth measurement
may be carried out by the
following methods:-
direct
sounding rods
sounding leads on graduated lines
Indirect
echo sounders
DIRECT METHODS

Sounding rods
Where the currents are not strong,
graduated wooden poles may be
used to measure the bed depth.
This method is limited to depths of
about 5 m. In strong currents it is
difficult to maintain verticality of long
sounding rods.
DIRECT METHODS (2)

Sounding lines
For depths from 5 m to some 30 m a lead
line
a leaden weight attached to either a
stretched and graduated hemp/rope line
or a metal chain can be used.
Such a line may be incorporated in a
sounding machine, in which a flexible wire
is used, the amount paid out being
measured by a friction-driven roller and
shown on dials.
DIRECT METHODS (3)

Care must be taken in swift-flowing water or while


the boat is in motion, because the sounding line
will not hang vertically, thereby causing over-
measurement.
Suspended weights may be used to transfer a
surface point to a control point at bed level,
analogous to the use of a plumb bob at ground
level.
typical accuracy of location is of the order of 1.8
m in depths of 30 m.
INDIRECT METHODS

Echo sounding
depth being measured by timing the interval
between the transmission of a pulse of sound
energy from the boat and its reception after
reflection at the seabed
Transducers which transmit and receive the
acoustic signals can be hung over the side
but for permanent installation on larger craft the
transmitting and receiving transducers are
mounted on opposite sides of the keel.
SOURCES OF ERROR

Instrumental errors i.e. peripheral equipment


Error in reading instruments.
Control not established, checked and
adjusted before beginning to collect details.
Control points too far apart and poorly
selected for proper coverage of an area.
Sights taken on detail points that are too far
away.
Poor selection of points for contour map.
MISTAKES IN HYDRO SURVEY

Unsatisfactory equipment.
Mistakes in instrument reading.
Too few or too many data taken.
Failure to collect mapping details.

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