Chapter3 Answers

Greenbaum/Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar 3/e
Answers to Questions in the Book: Chapter 3
Exercise 3.1 The noun phrase (3.25)
Indicate whether each underlined noun phrase contains a premodifier, a postmodifier, or

both.
**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]
1. The umbrella originated in Mesopotamia over 3,000 years ago. (none)
2. It was an emblem of rank and distinction. (postmodifier)
3. It protected Mesopotamians from the harsh sun. (premodifier)
4. For centuries, umbrellas served primarily as a protection from the sun. (postmodifier)
5. The Greeks and Romans regarded the umbrella as effeminate and ridiculed men who
carried umbrellas. (postmodifier)
6. On the other hand, Greek women of high rank favoured umbrellas. (premodifier and
postmodifier)
7. Roman women began to oil their paper umbrellas to waterproof them. (premodifier)
8. In the mid-eighteenth century a British gentleman made umbrellas respectable for
men. (premodifier)
9. Coach drivers were afraid that the umbrella would threaten their livelihood if it
became a respectable means of shelter from the rain. (premodifier and postmodifier)
10.Eventually, men realized that it was cheaper to carry an umbrella than to take a coach
every time it rained. (postmodifier)
Exercise 3.2 Relative clauses (3.5)
Combine the (a) and (b) sentences in each set below by turning one of the sentences into
a relative clause.
**[Only answers are shown]
l. The drugs used for chemotherapy inevitably damage a patients healthy cells as well.
2. Human infants pass through a critical period which lasts a few years.
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3. It was a mystery that they could not solve.
4. The fundraising campaign has recruited a core of graduates, who in turn contact more
graduates.
5. Most of the bannings of books which have recently been sent to the Appeal Board
were overturned.
6. I saw a young Canadian who was being treated for burns.
7. He consulted with the leaders who were released from prison last year.
8. Those who prefer intolerance and violence cannot be regarded as democrats.
Exercise 3.3 Appositive clauses (3.6)
Indicate whether each underlined clause is a relative clause (3.5) or an appositive clause.
1. The manager lacked the experience that would have helped him overcome the crisis.
(relative)
2. You have undermined my conviction that a nuclear war is inevitable. (appositive)
3. She has heard the news that all the passengers and crew escaped unhurt. (appositive)
4. I cannot dispute the fact that you have won the support of most members. (appositive)
5. The car hit a bus that was full of children on a school outing. (relative)
6. I have read the report that I received last week. (relative)
7. They have accepted the recommendation that my daughter be promoted to the next
grade. (appositive)
8. Here is the report that the accusations should be referred to the police. (appositive)
Exercise 3.4 Apposition (3.7)
In the sentences below, underline the noun phrases that are in apposition.
**[Answers underlined in text]
1. The accelerator hurled ions of carbon and neon at a foil target of bismuth, a metal
related to lead.
2. Former England captain David Beckham has answered his critics.
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3. UK drug authorities have asked for more data on the companys anti-migraine drug,
Imigran.
4. Wood can supply 5 per cent of our energy needs, leaving 95 per cent that must come
from other sources solar, wind, coal, nuclear, biomass.
5. Two University of Nevada psychologists claimed to have taught Washoe, a
chimpanzee, to communicate in a human language.
6. Most cells contain many mitochondria, semi-independent structures that supply the
cell with readily usable energy.
7. Scientists have discovered two sets of hydrothermal vents (ocean hot springs).
8. The cistern should have a capacity of 230 litres (50 gallons).
Exercise 3.5 Functions of noun phrases (3.10)
Identify the function of each underlined noun phrase by writing the appropriate
abbreviation in the brackets after it:
S (subject) oC (object complement)
dO (direct object) cP (prepositional complement)
iO (indirect object) pM (premodifier in a noun phrase)
sC (subject complement) A (adverbial)
**[Answers in brackets within each sentence]
1. The great fire of 1174 (S) did not affect the nave, but it gutted the choir (dO).
2. The book offers a vivid picture of Poland and its people (dO).
3. The whole Dickens (pM) family went to stay with Mrs Roylance in Little College
Street (cP).
4. Last April (A ), security staff (S) spotted an intruder (dO) on the White House lawn
(cP).
5. The Actors Union made Peter (dO) their spokesman (oC).
6. More and more Britons (S) are living alone, despite the Governments emphasis on
family (pM) values.
7. The War Crimes Tribunal (S) is a model of international jurisprudence (sC).
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8. Microsoft (S) is working on a revolutionary keyboardless Tablet PC, (cP) and already
competing in the games market (cP) with its own console (cP).
9. Web page (pM) layouts can be vastly improved, once youve learned the basics of
formatting text and images (dO).
10.With the invention of digital technology (cP) and the creation of the Internet (cP) the
end of print (cP) was predicted and the death of the book (S) was hailed as imminent.
Exercise 3.6 Main verbs (3.12)
Identify whether the underlined verb in each sentence is the base form, -s form, past
form, -ing participle, or -ed participle.
1. Cats were held in high esteem among the ancient Egyptians. (-ed participle)
2. Egyptian law protected cats from injury and death. (past)
3. The Egyptians used to embalm the corpses of their cats. (base)
4. They put them in mummy cases made of precious materials. (past)
5. Entire cat cemeteries have been unearthed by archaeologists. (-s form)
6. The Egyptians were impressed by the way a cat could survive numerous high falls.
(base)
7. They originated the belief that the cat possesses nine lives. (-s form)
8. Dread of cats first arose in Europe in the Middle Ages. (past)
9. Alley cats were often fed by poor, lonely old women. (-ed participle)
10.When witch hysteria spread through Europe, such women were accused of witchcraft.
(past)
11. Their cats, especially black ones, were also considered guilty. (-ed participle)
12.Many innocent women and their cats were burnt at the stake. (-ed participle)
13.Some superstitious people think that if a black cat crosses their path they will have
bad luck. (-s form)
14.I have been thinking of buying a black cat. (-ing participle)
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Exercise 3.7 Main verbs (3.12)
Specify the tense (present or past) of the underlined verbs in the sentences below. Where
necessary, distinguish also the person and number of the verbs.
1. The price of oil has dropped considerably in the past few years. (present, third
singular)
2. Prices dropped a few years ago because there was an oil glut. (past, third plural)
3. Prices continue to drop because oil-producing nations are refining too much crude oil.
(present, third plural)
4. OPEC wants prices to rise. (present, third singular)
5. However, its members disagree about how to raise prices. (present, third plural)
6. I am in favour of higher prices, an OPEC member was recently quoted as saying.
(present, first singular)
7. However, we are not in favour of lowering our production because of the many debts
we have. (present, first plural)
8. Unless OPEC nations lower their production quotas, prices will remain low. (present,
third plural)
Exercise 3.8 Aspect (3.14)
Identify the italicized verbs as present perfect, past perfect, present progressive, past
progressive, present perfect progressive, or past perfect progressive.
1. People are realizing that keeping fit is not hard work. (present progressive)
2. Ted was celebrating his 40th birthday last week. (past progressive)
3. His wife had implied that he had become slightly obese. (past perfect)
4. She believes that she has been enjoying good health by taking large daily doses of
Vitamin C. (present perfect progressive)
5. They had been making regular visits to an osteopath. (past perfect progressive)
6. Amy has been looking much younger lately. (present perfect progressive)
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7. They have given evidence of the health advantages of an active lifestyle. (present
perfect)
8. We have been jogging several times a week. (present perfect progressive)
9. She has never taken time off to relax. (present perfect)
10.Some tycoons are regularly eating heavy four-course business lunches. (present
progressive)
Exercise 3.9 Voice (3.15)
Identify whether the sentences below are active or passive.
1. Sothebys is auctioning a highly important collection of antiquities. (active)
2. In the late 1970s a huge copper cauldron was discovered in a cellar. (passive)
3. Inside the cauldron were hidden a number of very beautiful objects. (passive)
4. They included silver plates two feet across. (active)
5. The plates were decorated with scenes from hunting and mythology. (passive)
6. Apparently the treasure was made for Seuso, perhaps a high-ranking officer in the
Roman empire. (passive)
7. The Lebanese authorities issued export documents for the treasure in 1981. (active)
8. Nothing has been revealed about the discoverers. (passive)
9. The discovery site has never been located. (passive)
10.Nobody doubts the importance of the collection. (active)
11. Because of its strange history, several museums have rejected the collection. (active)
12.With an expected price of over 40 million pounds, who can afford the collection?
(active)
Identify whether the underlined words are passive participles or adjectives.
1. Her book has just been published in New York. (passive participle)
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2. I was amazed at Patricks indifference. (adjective)
3. Their arrival was certainly unexpected. (adjective)
4. His face was distorted with rage. (adjective)
5. Many of these projects should not have been built at all. (passive participle)
6. I was chiefly interested in modern novels. (adjective)
7. I cannot understand why you are so depressed. (adjective)
8. None of these products is manufactured in our country. (passive participle)
9. Peles goalscoring record is still unbroken. (adjective)
10.Tony was disgusted with all of us. (adjective)
Exercise 3.11 The ordering of auxiliaries (3.17)
Identify whether the underlined auxiliary is a modal, perfect have, progressive be, or
passive be.
1. The employment agency should be contacting you soon about the job. (modal)
2. My insurance company has been informed about the damage to my roof. (passive be)
3. The band has been heavily influenced by The Beatles. (perfect have)
4. I can be reached at my office number. (modal)
5. The committee is holding its next meeting later this month. (progressive be)
6. The remains were accidentally discovered by a team of palaeontologists. (passive be)
7. Who has been disturbing my papers? (progressive be)
8. The dot com boom had finally collapsed. (perfect have)
9. You cant have forgotten it already. (modal)
10.I am relying on you. (progressive be)
Exercise 3.12 Finite and non-finite verb phrases (3.18)
Specify whether the underlined verbs are finite or non-finite.
**[Answers in brackets after each underlined verb]
1. The V-2 ballistic missile was (F) a big step towards a viable spacecraft.
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2. It could reach (NF) space.
3. But there was still a major breakthrough to be made (NF): reaching orbit.
4. The main obstacle to this was (F) the amount of fuel required (NF).
5. Most of the thrust from the engine was used to accelerate (NF) the V-2 to high speed.
6. To reach orbit an object must (F) accelerate to a speed of about 17,500 miles per hour
(called (NF) satellite speed or orbital velocity).
7. It is (F) far easier to launch a spacecraft to reach (NF) satellite height than satellite
speed.
8. If you threw (F) a ball upwards from the ground at 4,000 miles per hour, it would
reach a maximum height of 100 miles before falling (NF) back to Earth about six
minutes later.
9. This is less than a quarter of the speed needed (NF) to sustain a satellite in orbit.
10.It requires (F) less than one-sixteenth of the energy (which is proportional to the
speed squared (NF)).
11. In order to reach orbit a V-2 would (F) have to be filled (NF)with propellant up to as
much as 98 per cent of its take-off weight.
12.To build (NF) a vehicle that could achieve (NF) the speed required to put a satellite in
orbit, it would therefore be necessary to build a series of vehicles mounted (NF) on top
of each other.
Exercise 3.13 Mood (3.19)
Specify whether the underlined verb is indicative, imperative, mandative subjunctive, or

were subjunctive.
1. If I were you, I would say nothing. (were subjunctive)
2. After that there were no more disturbances. (indicative)
3. Heaven forbid that we should interfere in the dispute. (mandative subjunctive)
4. If its not raining, take the dog for a walk. (imperative)
5. I asked that references be sent to the manager. (mandative subjunctive)
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6. No warships were in the vicinity at that time. (indicative)
7. If you happen to meet them, be more discreet than you were last time. (imperative)
8. It is essential that she return immediately. (mandative subjunctive)
Exercise 3.14 Mood (3.19)
Each sentence contains an expression of requesting or recommending followed by a that-

clause. Fill the blank in each subordinate clause with an appropriate verb in the mandative
subjunctive (the base form of the verb).
**[No answers provided for this exercise]
1. I demand that he __________ at once.
2. She is adamant that they __________ dismissed.
3. It is essential that she __________ every day.
4. We suggested that your brother __________ our home this evening.
5. I move that the motion __________ accepted.
6. They rejected our recommendation that the student grant __________ raised.
7. They proposed that David __________ on our behalf.
8. I suggest that she __________ the offer.
Exercise 3.15 Multi-word verbs (3.20)
Specify whether the verbs in each sentence are phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, or
phrasal-prepositional verbs.
1. I will not put up with your insolence any longer. (phrasal-prepositional verb)
2. Michael opened up the shop before his employees arrived. (phrasal verb)
3. You must concentrate on your studies if you want a good result. (prepositional verb)
4. Mary came down with the flu last week. (phrasal-prepositional verb)
5. My lawyer has drawn up the contract. (phrasal verb)
6. Tom is looking after his younger brother and sister. (prepositional verb)
7. All the students handed in their essays on time. (phrasal verb)
8. I dont approve of your behaviour in this matter. (prepositional verb)
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9. Their car broke down on the way to the airport. (phrasal verb)
10.Can I put away the dishes now? (phrasal verb)
Exercise 3.16 Multi-word verbs (3.20)
Specify whether the prepositional verbs in the sentences below contain a prepositional
object, a direct object and a prepositional object, or an indirect object and a prepositional
object.
1. Has she told you about her experiences in Romania? (indirect object and
prepositional object)
2. They are taking advantage of an inexperienced teacher. (direct object and
3. Dont listen to what he says. (prepositional object)
4. The waiter thanked us for the generous tip. (indirect object and prepositional object)
5. I congratulate you on your promotion. (indirect object and prepositional object)
6. He cannot cope with the jibes of his colleagues. (prepositional object)
7. I forgive you for being so rude. (indirect object and prepositional object)
8. We have received many donations from listeners to this programme. (direct object and
Exercise 3.17 The adjective phrase (3.21)
Underline each adjective phrase.
**[Answers underlined]
1. Fragrant homemade bread is becoming common in many American homes.
2. In a recent sample, 30 per cent of the subscribers to a womans magazine said that
they baked bread.
3. The first bread was patted by hand.
4. The early Egyptians added yeast and made conical, triangular, or spiral loaves as well
as large, flat, open-centred disks.
5. Bakers later devised tools to produce more highly refined flour.
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6. White bread was mixed with milk, oil, and salt.
7. People used to eat black bread because they were poor.
8. Bread lovers now buy black bread by choice.
Exercise 3.18 The adjective phrase (3.21)
Complete the sentences below by adding a postmodifier to the adjectives at the ends of
the sentences.
1. No doubt you are aware _______________________
2. My children are always happy _______________________
3. It is sometimes possible _______________________
4. They are sure _______________________
5. I am sorry _______________________
6. We are conscious _______________________
7. She is fond _______________________
8. He was not averse _______________________
Exercise 3.19 Functions of adjective phrases (3.22)
Identify the function of each underlined adjective phrase by writing the appropriate
PrM (premodifier in a noun phrase)
PM (postmodifier in a noun phrase)
sC (subject complement)
oC (object complement)
**[Answers in brackets after each underlined phrase]
1. The former champion is now very ill (sC).
2. He has a rare (PrM) form of cancer.
3. The drugs he takes make him sick (oC).
4. His body looks no different than it looked before (sC).
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5. His doctor has arranged preliminary (PrM) tests to be carried out.
6. His general (PrM) health is good (sC), but surgery is always somewhat risky (sC).
7. Lymphatic (PrM) cancer is no longer considered fatal (oC), if it is treated early
enough.
8. Many younger (PrM) patients make a full (PrM) recovery, and go on to lead very
active
(PrM) lives.
Exercise 3.20 The adverb phrase (3.23)
Underline each adverb phrase.
**[Answers underlined]
1. Disposing of nuclear waste is a problem that has recently gained much attention.
2. Authorities are having difficulties finding locations where nuclear waste can be
disposed of safely.
3. There is always the danger of the waste leaking very gradually from the containers in
which it is stored.
4. Because of this danger, many people have protested quite vehemently against the
dumping of any waste in their communities.
5. In the past, authorities have not responded quickly enough to problems at nuclear
waste sites.
6. As a result, people react somewhat suspiciously to claims that nuclear waste sites are
safe.
7. The problem of nuclear waste has caused many nuclear power plants to remain closed
indefinitely.
8. Authorities fear that this situation will very soon result in a power shortage.
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Exercise 3.21 Functions of adverb phrases (3.24)
Identify the function of each underlined adverb phrase by writing the appropriate
A (adverbial)
M Adj (modifier of an adjective)
M Adv (modifier of an adverb)
1. Small forks first (A) appeared in eleventh-century Tuscany.
2. They were widely (A) condemned at the time.
3. It was in late eighteenth-century France that forks suddenly (A) became fashionable.
4. Spoons are thousands of years older than forks and began as thin, slightly (M Adj)
concave pieces of wood.
5. Knives were used far (M Adv) earlier than spoons.
6. They have changed little (A) over the years.
7. When meals were generally (A) eaten with the fingers, towel-size napkins were
essential.
8. When forks were adopted to handle food, napkins were retained in a much (M Adj)
smaller size to wipe the mouth.
9. A saucer was originally (A) a small dish for holding sauces.
10.Mass production made the saucer inexpensive enough (M Adj) to be merely (A) an
adjunct to a cup.
Exercise 3.22 The prepositional phrase (3.25)
Underline each prepositional phrase and circle each preposition. If a prepositional phrase
is embedded within another prepositional phrase, underline it twice.
**[Phrases underlined; prepositions in brackets]
1. It may come [as] a surprise [to] you that massage is mentioned [in] ancient Hindu
Chinese writings.
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2. It is a natural therapy [for] aches and pains [in] the muscles.
3. The Swedish technique [of] massage emphasizes improving circulation [by]
manipulation.
4. Its value is recognized [by] many doctors.
5. Some doctors refer [to] massage [as] manipulative medicine.
6. Non-professionals can learn to give a massage, but they should be careful [about]
applying massage [to] severe muscle spasms.
7. The general rule is that what feels good [to] you will feel good [to] others.
8. A warm room, a comfortable table, and a bottle [of] oil are the main requirements.
9. The amount [of] pressure you can apply depends [on] the pain threshold [of] the
person [on] the table.
10.You can become addicted [to] massages.
Exercise 3.23 The prepositional phrase (3.25)
Rewrite the sentences below, moving prepositions to alternative positions in which they
can occur. You may need to make some other changes.
1. The secretary is the person who you should send your application to.
2. Relativity is a theory on which many modern theories in physics are based.
3. Who are you writing to?
4. This article is one that researchers in economics often make reference to.
5. For whom does John plan to do the work?
6. Both of the workers are people I have a lot of trust in.
7. What platform are we supposed to be on?
8. The women are authors whose books we have obtained much valuable information
from.
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Exercise 3.24 Functions of prepositional phrases (3.26)
Identify the function of each underlined prepositional phrase by writing the appropriate
A (adverbial)
pN (postmodifier of a noun)
pAdj (postmodifier of an adjective)
1. Politicians in the United States must raise large sums of money (pN) if they want to
get elected.
2. A candidate can no longer win with little campaign money (A).
3. Candidates are keenly aware of the need for huge financial contributions (pAdj).
4. They need the money to employ staff and for the frequent advertisements they run on
television (A).
5. In recent campaigns (A), television advertisements have been quite belligerent.
6. They frequently distort the policies of opposing candidates (pN).
7. They often resemble extravagant Hollywood films in their lavish production (A).
8. The advertisements are making many Americans cynical of politicians (pAdj).
9. To them (A), a politician is simply a person who will say anything to get elected.
10.Many people want elections to be conducted in a more dignified and honest manner
(A).
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Exercise 3.25 The structures of phrases (Chapter 3)
Identify each underlined phrase by writing the appropriate abbreviation in the brackets
after it:
NP (noun phrase)
VP (verb phrase)
AdjP (adjective phrase)
AdvP (adverb phrase)
PP (prepositional phrase)
1. The attacks of 9/11 (NP) had far-reaching political (AdjP) consequences.
2. The Savoy theatre was opened (VP) in 1881 by Richard DOyly Carte (PP) for the
purpose of showing Gilbert and Sullivan operas (PP).
3. The top prize at Crufts Dog Show (NP) went to a little West Highland (NP) terrier.
4. We stopped (VP) in front of the sentry box beside a barrier over the road (PP).
5. They stayed true to their old belief in the Buddhist religion (AdjP).
6. People are much less (AdvP) prosperous than in our own country.
7. Global warming (NP) has finally been given the attention it (NP) deserves.
8. He (NP) posed as a world-weary and cultured (AdjP) aristocrat.
ADVANCED EXERCISES
Exercise 3.26 The noun phrase (3.25)
Bracket the noun phrases in each sentence below. Some sentences may have more than
one noun phrase. If a noun phrase contains another noun phrase within it, bracket the
embedded noun phrase a further time. For example:
[One airline] even asks [passengers] to buy [a second ticket] if [the size of [their
waistline]] prevents [the armrest] from lowering.
1. Imagine [two weighing scales] at [the airline [ticket counter]].
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2. [One] is for [your bags], [the other] is for [you].
3. [The price of [your ticket]] depends upon [the weight of [both]].
4. With [the cost of [fuel]] almost tripling since [2000], [airlines] are cutting [costs] in
[ways [that] were once unthinkable].
5. [One airline] is charging [$25] for [reservations by [telephone]].
6. [Japan Airlines] is using [crockery [that] is 20% lighter], in [an attempt to cut [fuel
costs]]
7. [Even a glass of [water]] may be harder to come by on [board], if [the airlines] have
[their way].
8. In [the boardrooms of [airlines all over [the world]]], [every gram of [weight]] is
being considered.
9. If [you] look at [the air-freight business], [that]s [the way [they] have always done
[it]].
10.[Passengers] are now being treated like [items of [freight]].
11. Very soon, [we]ll see [portly businessmen travelling [Obese Class] instead of
[Business Class].]
12.[They] will have to wear [a sticker [that] shows [their [weight] and [bodymass]]].
13.[People above [a certain weight]] will have to travel in [cargo planes].
14.[Some US airlines] have installed [wider seats], to accommodate [[the nations]
[bulging waistlines]].
15.[Jokes] aside, [airlines around [the world]] are in [a desperate situation].
Exercise 3.27 Coordination of noun phrases (3.8)
The noun phrases below are ambiguous. Rewrite the phrases unambiguously to show
their different meanings.
1. cheese and tomato sandwiches
2. ham and mushroom pizzas
3. bottles of oil and vinegar
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4. agriculture and trade ministers
5. some bread and butter
6. Labour and Liberal Democrat councillors
Exercise 3.28 Noun phrase complexity (3.2, 3.9)
Describe the structure of the complex noun phrases below in terms of the noun phrase
structure outlined in 3.2:
(determiners) (premodifiers) noun (postmodifiers)
**[answers in brackets]
1. the important work that the agency carries out in Africa [det-pre-N-post]
2. the old man beside you in the grey suit [det-pre-N-post-post]
3. significant advances in the fight against AIDS [pre-N-post]
4. an overwhelming response to the nationwide appeal for funds [det-pre-N-post]
5. the teams poor performance at the weekend against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge [det-
det-pre-N-post-post-post]
6. new but untested treatments for cancer [pre-N-post]
7. many developing countries with huge energy needs [det-pre-N-post]
8. his brave attempt to rescue the children [det-pre-N-post]
9. the unprecedented humanitarian response throughout Asia to the Sichuan earthquake
[det-pre-pre-N-post-post]
10.the carefully rehearsed opening ceremony in Beijing of the 2008 Olympics [det-pre-
N-post-post]
Exercise 3.29 Aspect (3.14)
Make up a sentence using each verb below in the specified tense and aspect (or aspects).
1. enjoy present perfect
2. find past perfect
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3. refuse present progressive
4. convince past progressive
5. go present perfect progressive
6. win past perfect progressive
Discuss the problems of deciding whether the underlined words are passive participles or
adjectives.
1. Norman felt appreciated by his parents.
2. Jane was very offended by your remarks.
3. Tom was very well educated in Paris.
4. Im not really convinced by his argument.
5. I was relieved.
Exercise 3.31 Voice (3.14, 3.15)
We may raise questions about -ing forms that are similar to those for -ed forms (see
Exercises 3.10 and 3.30). Discuss whether the underlined words below are participles,
adjectives, or ambiguous between the two.
1. A few of the lectures were interesting.
2. Some teenagers have been terrifying the neighbourhood.
3. Your offer is certainly tempting.
4. Timothy is always calculating.
5. Why are you embarrassing me?
6. The miners are striking.
Construct sentences containing the combinations of auxiliaries specified below.
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1. modal progressive be
2. dummy operator do
3. modal + semi-auxiliary
4. modal passive be
5. perfect have progressive be
6. perfect have passive be
7. modal perfect have
8. modal perfect have passive be
Construct verb phrases as specified below.
1. present perfect passive of eat
2. present modal passive of capture
3. past perfect progressive of destroy
4. past progressive passive of see
5. past perfect passive of tell
6. past modal perfect progressive of hope
7. present modal progressive passive of discuss
8. past perfect progressive passive of erode
In the following sentences the underlined adverbs are modifiers, but they are not
modifiers of adjectives or adverbs. Circle the expression that they modify and identify the
class of that expression.
**[Modified expression in brackets, with class label]
1. His hand went right [PP through the glass door].
2. We stayed there almost [Numeral three] weeks.
3. I was dead [PP against his promotion].
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4. Virtually [Pronoun all] my friends were at the party.
5. Nearly [Pronoun everybody] agreed with me.
6. She finished well [PP before the deadline].
7. They left quite [NP a mess].
8. [Pronoun Who] else told you about my accident?
What is the function of the underlined adverb in the following phrases?
**[answers in brackets]
1.before now [prepositional complement] 4.the then president [NP premodifier]
2.that man there [NP postmodifier] 5.the day after[NP postmodifier]
3.until recently [prepositional complement] 6.the above photograph [NP premodifier]
Exercise 3.36 The structures of phrases (Chapter 3)
Construct sentences containing the sequences of phrases given below.
1. prepositional phrase noun phrase verb phrase adverb phrase
2. adverb phrase noun phrase verb phrase adjective phrase
3. noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase prepositional
phrase
4. prepositional phrase noun phrase verb phrase prepositional phrase.
5. noun phrase verb phrase adverb phrase
6. adverb phrase prepositional phrase noun phrase verb phrase adjective phrase
adverb phrase
21

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Greenbaum/Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar 3/e

Answers to Questions in the Book: Chapter 3

Exercise 3.1 The noun phrase (3.25)

Indicate whether each underlined noun phrase contains a premodifier, a postmodifier, or

**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. The umbrella originated in Mesopotamia over 3,000 years ago. (none)

2. It was an emblem of rank and distinction. (postmodifier)

3. It protected Mesopotamians from the harsh sun. (premodifier)

carried umbrellas. (postmodifier)

8. In the mid-eighteenth century a British gentleman made umbrellas respectable for

every time it rained. (postmodifier)

Exercise 3.2 Relative clauses (3.5)

**[Only answers are shown]

3. It was a mystery that they could not solve.

6. I saw a young Canadian who was being treated for burns.

8. Those who prefer intolerance and violence cannot be regarded as democrats.

Exercise 3.3 Appositive clauses (3.6)

**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

2. You have undermined my conviction that a nuclear war is inevitable. (appositive)

6. I have read the report that I received last week. (relative)

Exercise 3.4 Apposition (3.7)

**[Answers underlined in text]

2. Former England captain David Beckham has answered his critics.

from other sources solar, wind, coal, nuclear, biomass.

5. Two University of Nevada psychologists claimed to have taught Washoe, a

chimpanzee, to communicate in a human language.

cell with readily usable energy.

8. The cistern should have a capacity of 230 litres (50 gallons).

Exercise 3.5 Functions of noun phrases (3.10)

S (subject) oC (object complement)

dO (direct object) cP (prepositional complement)

iO (indirect object) pM (premodifier in a noun phrase)

sC (subject complement) A (adverbial)

**[Answers in brackets within each sentence]

5. The Actors Union made Peter (dO) their spokesman (oC).

family (pM) values.

7. The War Crimes Tribunal (S) is a model of international jurisprudence (sC).

formatting text and images (dO).

Exercise 3.6 Main verbs (3.12)

**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

2. Egyptian law protected cats from injury and death. (past)

3. The Egyptians used to embalm the corpses of their cats. (base)

4. They put them in mummy cases made of precious materials. (past)

5. Entire cat cemeteries have been unearthed by archaeologists. (-s form)

8. Dread of cats first arose in Europe in the Middle Ages. (past)

bad luck. (-s form)

14.I have been thinking of buying a black cat. (-ing participle)

Exercise 3.7 Main verbs (3.12)

**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

(present, third plural)

4. OPEC wants prices to rise. (present, third singular)

6. I am in favour of higher prices, an OPEC member was recently quoted as saying.

(present, first singular)

we have. (present, first plural)

Exercise 3.8 Aspect (3.14)

**[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

Vitamin C. (present perfect progressive)

8. We have been jogging several times a week. (present perfect progressive)

9. She has never taken time off to relax. (present perfect)