DESIGN OF TWO-STOREY CULTURAL CENTER LOCALIZING

BUBBLEDECK SYSTEM

Project By

MANALAYSAY, MA. LEILANI T.

ROBLES, NEIL BRYAN P.
ROSETE, AYAH ROSE M.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapa Institute of Technology

Intramuros, Manila

SEPTEMBER 2014
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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The local government of Mandaluyong sought to develop a cultural center

in order to blend education and culture and arts of the city. The researchers will
design the cultural center incorporating the use of the BubbleDeck system. This
will help the city to achieve their objective, to be of help in nurturing the minds of
the people in terms of Mandaluyongs history. The BubbleDeck System is a
revolutionary biaxial concrete floor system which reduces the high weight-to-
strength ratio of typical concrete systems. This type of system uses the concept of
the hollow core slab that reduces and replaces concrete from the center of the slab
with light material in order to decrease the dead load of the concrete slab that has
no carrying effect and increase the efficiency of the floor. The use of the
BubbleDeck system will lessen the total cost of the proposed building and will
ensure that the outcome of this project will be efficient as an innovative and
sustainable building.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page ................................................................................................................... ii

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv

List of Tables .................................................................................................................. viii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2: Presenting the Challenges

2.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 2

2.2 Project Objective ....................................................................................................2
2.3 Design Norms Considered ..................................................................................... 2
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering ....................................................... 3
2.5 The Project Beneficiary ......................................................................................... 3
2.6 The Innovative Approach ...................................................................................... 3
2.7 The Research Component ...................................................................................... 4
2.8 The Design Component ......................................................................................... 4
2.9 Sustainable Design Concept .................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 3: Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description

3.1.1 Project Rational .............................................................................................. 5
3.1.2 Project Location ............................................................................................. 5
3.1.3 Project Information .........................................................................................6
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases .........................................................................6
3.1.5 Pre-Construction / Operational Phase ............................................................ 6
3.1.6 Construction Phase......................................................................................... 6
3.1.7 Operational Phase .......................................................................................... 7
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment
3.2.1 Physical Environment .................................................................................... 7
3.2.2 Biological Environment .................................................................................7
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 3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment ...................................7
3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project .................................. 8
3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their level
of Significance at Various Stages of Development .................................... 8
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and
Biological Resource ....................................................................................9
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-Economic Effects/Impacts of the
Project .........................................................................................................9
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,
Estimated Cost and Responsibilities ......................................................... 10
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures .......................10
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................... 11
3.4.4 Contingency Plan ......................................................................................... 11
3.4.5Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements.............................................. 12

CHAPTER 4: The Research Component

4.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................ 13

4.2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................13
4.3 Review of Related Literature .............................................................................. 13
4.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 5: BubbleDeck

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 16

5.2 Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Design .................................................................................................................. 17
5.3.1 Flexure Design ............................................................................................. 18
5.3.2 Shear Strength .............................................................................................. 18
5.4 Manufacturing and Installation ........................................................................... 19
5.5 Advantages of BubbleDeck
5.5.1 Material and Weight Reduction ................................................................... 19
5.5.2 Structural Properties..................................................................................... 19
5.5.3 Construction and Time Savings ................................................................... 20
5.5.4 Cost Saving .................................................................................................. 20
5.5.5 Green Design ............................................................................................... 20

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CHAPTER 6: Detailed Engineering Design

6.1 Loads and Codes

6.1.1 Dead Load ..................................................................................................... 21
6.1.1.1 Dead Loads Considered ........................................................................ 21
6.1.2 Live Load ...................................................................................................... 22
6.1.2.1 Live Loads Considered ......................................................................... 22
6.1.3 Earthquake Load ............................................................................................ 22
6.1.3.1 Factors Considered for Earthquake Load ............................................. 22
6.1.4 Total Factored Loads ..................................................................................... 22
6.1.4.1 Load Combinations ............................................................................... 23
6.2 Design of Superstructure
6.2.1 Design of Beams ............................................................................................ 23
6.2.2 Design of Columns ........................................................................................ 30
6.2.3 Design of Slabs .............................................................................................. 37
6.2.3.1 BubbleDeck Slab .................................................................................. 40
6.3 Design of Substructure
6.3.1 Soil Investigation Report ............................................................................... 43
6.3.1.1 Subsurface Conditions .......................................................................... 43
6.3.1.2 Footing Options .................................................................................... 44
6.3.1.3 Groundwater Levels .............................................................................. 45
6.3.2 Liquefaction Potential .................................................................................... 45
6.3.3 Construction Considerations .......................................................................... 45
6.3.4 Foundation Design ......................................................................................... 46
Major and Minor Engineering Field of Engineering ........................................... 48

CHAPTER 7: Plan Set

7.1 Site Plan ................................................................................................................ 58

7.2 Architectural Plan
7.2.1 Perspective ................................................................................................... 59
7.2.2 Elevations ..................................................................................................... 59
7.2.3 Floor Plan ..................................................................................................... 61
7.2.4 Roof Plan ..................................................................................................... 64
7.3 Structural Plan
7.3.1 Framing Plan ................................................................................................ 65
7.3.2 Miscellaneous Sheets ................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER 8: Promotional Material .............................................................................70

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CHAPTER 9: Budget Estimation ...................................................................................71

CHAPTER 10: Project Schedule ....................................................................................75

CHAPTER 11: Conclusion and Summary ....................................................................96

CHAPTER 12: Recommendation ...................................................................................98

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................99

References .......................................................................................................................100

Appendix .........................................................................................................................101

Appendix A: Article Type Paper ........................................................................ 102

Appendix B: Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel
Members ........................................................................... 117
Appendix C: English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Rubrics ..................... 141
Appendix D: Accomplished Consultation Forms ............................................... 145
Appendix E: Compilation of Assessment forms (Rubrics) ................................ 149
Appendix F: Soil Investigation Report ............................................................... 163
Appendix G: Copy of Engineering Drawings and Plans .................................... 226
Appendix H: Copy of Poster ............................................................................... 244
Appendix I: Photocopy of Receipts .................................................................... 246
Appendix J: Other required forms ...................................................................... 251
Appendix K: Student Reflections ....................................................................... 259
Appendix L: Resume .......................................................................................... 263

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues /

Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of
Development
Table 3.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Table 3.3 Monitoring Plan
Table 5.1 BubbleDeck Versions
Table 5.2 Comparison of BubbleDeck and Solid Deck
Table 5.3 Comparison of BubbleDeck with respect to carrying capacity
Table 6.1 Schedule of Columns
Table 6.2 Schedule of Slabs
Table 6.3 Subsurface Materials
Table 6.4 Schedule of Footing
Table 10.1 Summary of Project Schedule

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1 Partial Satellite View of Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong City

Fig. 5.1 BubbleDeck Components

Fig. 5.2 Types of BubbleDeck

Fig. 6.1 Sample Beam Results Beam 119

Fig. 6.2 Sample Beam Results Beam 403

Fig. 6.3 Sample Beam Results Beam 330

Fig. 6.4 Sample Beam Results Beam 396

Fig. 6.5 Sample Beam Results Beam 110

Fig. 6.6 Sample Column Results Beam 132

Fig. 6.7 Sample Column Results Beam 164

Fig. 6.8 Sample Column Results Beam 273

Fig. 6.9 Sample Column Results Beam 501

Fig. 6.10 Sample Column Results Beam 492

Fig. 6.11 Sample Slab (Top View)

Fig. 6.12 Reaction Showing Loads Without BubbleDeck

Fig. 6.13 Reaction Showing Loads With BubbleDeck

Fig. 6.14 Sample Footing

Fig. 7.1 Site Plan

Fig. 7.2 Perspective

Fig. 7.3 Front Elevation

Fig. 7.4 Rear Elevation

Fig. 7.5 Right Side Elevation

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Fig. 7.6 Ground Floor Plan

Fig. 7.7 Second Floor Plan

Fig. 7.8 Upper Box Plan

Fig. 7.9 Roof Plan

Fig. 7.10 Foundation Framing Plan

Fig. 7.11 Second Floor Framing Plan

Fig. 7.12 Upper Box Framing Plan

Fig. 7.13 Roof Framing Plan

Fig. 7.14 Details for BubbleDeck Slab

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Cultural centers are public infrastructures that integrate culture and arts. This study
will provide the needs of the public in terms of culture and arts. It is mandated to stimulate
research studies, exhibits, large meetings, performances etc. In addition, the design of the
building promotes innovation and sustainability.

Maysilo Circle is located in the corner Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City. This circle
is composed of different organizational and managerial buildings. The city administration
and its offices are accommodated in the City Hall Complex. There are also gymnasium,
tennis court, and clubhouse within the circle for sports development and other events.
Within the circle, there are also buildings like Kaban ng Hiyas, National Bureau of
Investigation office (NBI), Philippine National Police Precinct (PNPP), Post Office,
Barangay Operation Center, Legislative Building, Sanggunian Session Hall, PNP Fire Jail
Building and other infrastructures. These infrastructures are financed by the national
government and other funding agencies.

The cultural center reflects innovation and sustainability. The BubbleDeck system
will be utilized as a slab flooring system that will eliminate concrete in the tensile area. Air
bubble which is made from (recycled) plastic will eliminate concrete that has no use. The
top and bottom reinforcement are to be linked in usual method. The reinforcement holds
and locks the air bubble in required locations while the hollow bubbles shape the volume
of the air and manage the height of reinforcement.

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 CHAPTER 2

PRESENTING THE CHALLENGES

2.1 Problem Statement

The project is a cultural center that will be owned by the local government of
Mandaluyong. The administration wants to blend education and preservation of historical
artifacts such as the municipalitys heritage, paintings, and documents. It is also an
additional way to educate the visitors about the history of the city.

In order to achieve with this, the team proposed the building of a cultural center. It
is important to employ effective planning, design and estimating techniques so that the
outcome will be efficient as an innovative and sustainable building.

2.2 Project Objective

The main objective of this study is to design a two-storey cultural center.

Specifically, the study aims the following:

To develop an innovative building with the process of the BubbleDeck innovation

To reduce waste and pollution by using recycled plastic
To reduce the building cost by decreasing the amount of concrete in slab

2.3 Design Norms Considered

The norms to be considered in this proposed cultural center are structural,

construction design, eco-friendly and material aspects of the building.

The structural design norm prioritizes the design criteria based on the National
Structural Codes of the Philippines (NSCP). The structural design of the building is
conducted by the team, and the function of each floor is required and given by the
beneficiary. As required by the beneficiary, the ground floor serves as museum for public
viewing of exhibits and historical importance of the city and an auditorium with mezzanine
for large meetings, presentations and conventions in the second floor for learning and
access.

For the construction design norm, the purpose is to provide an economical design
that will lessen the cost of the project but not sacrificing the structural integrity of the
cultural center.
2
 In the norm of eco-friendly, the design must be in line with the green design and
sustainable design principle. For the green design, the materials to be used will be derived
from renewable source materials to provide high quality materials with low cost. The group
aims to reduce waste production, emissions and pollution.

Also in material design, the quality and availability of renewable materials as an

alternative is an important factor to be considered where the flexural strength formed has
no significance.

2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Engineering

In this study, the group considered one major and two minor areas in civil
engineering. It covers the field of structural, construction and environmental.

The field of structural engineering, which is the major area in the proposed project,
deals with the structural design and analysis. The emphasis is to produce a stable and
secure building for the Local Government of Mandaluyong.

Construction Engineering is one of the minor areas of civil engineering. The focus
will be on the construction of BubbleDeck system which can reduce the waste and pollution
in the said area.

Environmental Engineering, one of the minor areas of civil engineering, with the
application of BubbleDeck system has the process of enabling the plastic to be recycled.

2.5 The Project Beneficiary

The project beneficiary is the local government of the Mandaluyong, a public

administration of the city. The city planning and development office requested the team to
have the structural design and analysis of the proposed cultural center.

This project will provide spacious and multi-purpose activity area. An auditorium
with mezzanine will mount up to provide more seats to their guests and museum will be
built in.

2.6 The Innovative Approach

The team will work with the use of STAAD.pro for design computations and
Microsoft Excel for cost estimation of the project. In addition, the software AutoCAD will
be used for structural plans and other structural details. Also, Google SKETCH UP and
Adobe Photoshop will customize the perspective view of the proposed cultural center.

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2.7 The Research Component

A research study on the application of BubbleDeck system is handled by the team.

BubbleDeck system comprises a hollow, flat slab that spans in two directions, in which
plastic balls are incorporated to replace and eliminate the concrete in the middle of a
conventional slab which does not contribute to its structural performance.

2.8 The Design Component

The project to be designed is a two-storey cultural center in Mandaluyong City with

the innovation of recycling plastics via BubbleDeck system. The building will be composed
of an auditorium with mezzanine and museum as requested by the beneficiary. Special live
loads will also be considered as stipulated in the NSCP 2010 to be used in the design
computations. The design component of this project will focus both on the substructure
and the superstructure. The project will also impose the most economical design possible
to lessen the cost of the project.

2.9 Sustainable Development Concept

The use or misuse of plastic is a major problem in the country. People know that it
does not disappear so reusing or recycling will be the option. Through this project, plastic
can be reused for the replacement of concrete with no use. BubbleDeck saves material up
to 50% - 1 kg of plastic replaces 100kg of concrete.

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 CHAPTER 3

ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT

3.1 Project Description

3.1.1 Project Rationale

The main purpose of this project is to construct a cultural center that would
be of help in nurturing the minds of the people in terms of Mandaluyongs history.
Thus, both residents and non-residents of Mandaluyong will have an overview
about its history.

3.1.2 Project Location

The project will be located at Barangay Plainview Maysilo Circle corner

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.

Fig. 3.1 Partial Sattelite View of Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong City

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3.1.3 Project Information

The project is a two-storey cultural center with BubbleDeck slab located at

Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong City. The first floor will consist of a museum,
offices, and some commercial establishments. The second floor and mezzanine will
be used as an auditorium.

3.1.4 Description of Project Phases

The project consists of four phases: Pre-Construction/Pre Development

Phase, Construction/Development Phase, Operational Phase, and Abandonment
Phase. Pre-Construction phase includes the completion of all the requirements
needed before the project begins. Construction Phase includes all the project
executions. Operational Phase is the phase where the design project is ready to use
and serve its purpose, and Abandonment Phase is the stage where the buildings can
no longer service purpose.

3.1.5 Pre - Construction / Pre- Development Phase

Pre-construction services are used in planning a construction project before

the actual construction begins. These services are often referred to
as preconstruction. It is a modern practice, considered to be part of construction
project management, which is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a
project from inception to completion aimed at meeting a clients requirements in
order to produce a functionally and financially viable project.

This phase includes:

1. Feasibility Tasks:
a. Renewable energy resource review
b. Site inspection
c. Investigation of interconnection opportunities
d. Grant research and application development
e. Investigation of site access
2. Planning and Designing
3. Cost Estimating
4. Project Presentation
5. Obtaining necessary permits

3.1.6 Construction/ Development Phase

Construction phase is a certain period specified in a contract beginning from

the date stated in the notice to proceed during construction completion and is
administered by a construction manager.

6
 The construction phase includes the contractors planning and scheduling
activities; mobilization of equipment; material purchasing; on-site and off-site
construction and fabrication of components including the development of the
hollow spheres of BubbleDeck by the contractor; contract administration by the
owner, A/E, and contractor; and general implementation of the contract document
requirements through project closeout.

3.1.7 Operational Phase

The operational phase starts when the completed structure had successfully
been turned over to the beneficiary. The operational phase is the longest phase,
because it ends up to the design life of the structure.

The operational phase is one of the most important phases in every

construction because this will show the effectiveness of the structure. In the
operational phase, full function, usage, maintenance, and enhancement are
reviewed.

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

3.2.1 Physical Environment

The project is located at Barangay Plainview Maysilo Circle corner Boni

Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Philippines. Mandaluyong City is located within the
circle of 1435 North 12102 East. It has a total area of 21.26 km2.

3.2.2 Biological Environment

In the location of the project, based on mere observation, no animal life will
be affected; only plant lives will be affected because of excavation and construction
of the structure. This project will have a minimal effect on the surroundings, but
proper restoration will be done so that the overall harm will be lessened.

3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

The City of Mandaluyong is one of the cities and municipalities that

comprise Metro Manila in the Philippines. Mandaluyong has a total land area of
1,124.97 hectares. The city is composed of 27 barangays, divided into two (2)
political districts.

7
 Mandaluyong is deemed as the "Tiger City" because of its notable number
of shopping malls, entertainment hubs, offices, financial hubs, and hotels.
Mandaluyong City is now referred to as one of the most vital business and financial
areas in Metro Manila.

According to the latest census, Mandaluyong City has a total population of

278,474, accounting for about 2.8% of the total population of the National Capital
Region which is 9,932,560. With an average household size of 4.6, it has a
household population of 275,110 which may also be considered as the nighttime
population of the city.

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

This project will serve as an educational tool and as a public entertainment

for the community. It will also housed the historical relics of the city. If this project
will not be implemented, the history, culture, and political aspect of the city like its
contribution to the welfare of Metro Manila would not be instill in the minds of the
youth and the public. The area will remain as the post office of Mandaluyong.

3.3 Impact Assessment Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environment Issues/ Impacts and their

Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Project Predicted Main Level of

Phase Issues Component Impact
Low to
Air
Moderate
Dust Production
Low to
People
Moderate
Earth Low to
Earthworks
Moving Moderate
Construction
Phase Accidents Low

Noise Pollution Moderate

Solid Waste Garbage Low

Table 3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their

Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

8
3.3.2. Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and
Biological Resources

Noise Pollution (Moderate Impact)

Noise has a significant effect on the physical aspect. Majority of the noise
pollution is caused during the initial mobilization and the preparation of the site due
to the demolition of the existing Post Office Building and may cause discomfort to
the nearby commercial establishments and government employees. Overall, the
construction process should monitor in consideration to the people around the site.

Dust Production (Low to Moderate Impact)

Air quality will be affected during the construction due to the mobilization
of equipments and vehicles used to deliver construction materials.

Dust may affect the health of the people near the construction site. Since
dust may cause different nasal irritations, people must be aware.

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-Economic Effect/Impacts of the

Project

Employment

The construction of the project and the operations of the cultural center will
provide a short term employment for the community within its vicinity.

Traffic Issues (Low Impact)

The project has a low traffic impact since it is not located in major roads of
Mandaluyong.

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3.4 Environmental Management Plan

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhanced Measures,

Estimated
Cost and Responsibilities

Significant
Environmental Responsibilit
Impacts Counter-Measure
Impact ies
Pollution
and Regular garbage
Solid Waste potential collection shall be Association
health done
threats
Proper planning in
consideration of the
residents daily
Increase in
routine
Air Quality/ noise levels
Noise and Contractor
Control dust by
vibrations
maintaining the
cleanliness of the
environment
Increase in Employment
Socio -
local opportunities for
Economic
revenue locals
Providing traffic
Traffic and signage and some
Other Related information of the
Transportation structure to be built
Issues for peoples
awareness.
Table 3.2 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

As for the mitigation measures of this project, the researchers made use of
the common counter measure to reduce significant impact. For air quality/noise -
the counter-measure made here was to execute the procedure in accordance to the
daily routine of the affected individuals. Construction works such as drilling,
excavating, hammering and other noise producing works should be done at
daytime. At nighttime, noise pollution can be lessened by minimizing the noise of
the engine of the equipment in order to maintain a 24 hours work.
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 The solid waste is the most common environmental problem in all
construction. In order to mitigate this, regular garbage disposal shall be provided to
remove the pollution and potential health threats. Another impact, the socio-
economic issues that lean towards giving employment should also be considered.
As for the traffic and transportation issues, counter measure is done by providing
traffic signs and information to the community about the construction project to be
done in the area.

3.4.3 Monitoring Plan

Environmental Problems Mitigation Monitoring

Collection and disposal

Solid Wastes of LGU garbage Daily
collecting department

Noise Issues Work Schedule Daily

Deployment of
Air Quality Daily
manpower
Traffic and Other Related
Traffic Signs Daily
Transportation Issues

Table 3.3 Monitoring Plan

3.4.4 Contingency Plan

Contingency plan describes procedures to be implemented if unforeseen

events occur that could have environmental or socio-economic impacts during the
construction or operation of the project. Emergency situations on site that may
cause a schedule delay are accidents in manpower, malfunction of machineries,
utility breakouts, delivery delays, and workforce reduction. To limit the length of
potential construction delays, the said emergency situations should be considered
in a decision-making process before construction.

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3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

Institutions that will be responsible upon and during the construction period
are the City Planning and Development Office of the City of Mandaluyong, and the
Local Government Unit that handles the area of the proposed project. The team and
the City Planning and Development Office will coordinate in order to provide more
information of the building codes and requirements of the City of Mandaluyong.
Local government units will to cite ordinances to be followed and shall help in
monitoring the project site to ensure problems between the community and the
building owners and engineers are tolerated.

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 CHAPTER 4

THE RESEARCH COMPONENT

4.1 Abstract

Mandaluyong City is a highly urbanized area, but before being urbanized,

Mandaluyong is said to be a forested area. Mandaluyong City is now known as the Tiger
City of Manila. With the help of its own cultural center building, the economy of the city
will be enhanced.

The local government of Mandaluyong wants to construct its very own cultural
center in the city. They need this building in order to showcase Mandaluyongs history.
The cultural center will consist of a museum and an auditorium.This will provide the people
knowledge about the city and some opportunities that will showcase their artistic talents.

This project would give the local government of Mandaluyong the design needed
to construct the said building. The researchers would be using BubbleDeck System in order
to reduce the weight and increase the strength of the slabs.

4.2 Introduction

Based on the research of the team, one of the most alarming problems of the country
is the proper disposal of waste materials. The Philippines is looming with garbage problems
despite the passage of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act
(RA) 9003. About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. One of the
major components of these waste materials are plastics. With this condition, the team
searches for the study which includes plastic usage in construction. BubbleDeck
technology is the patented integration technique of linking air, steel, and concrete in a two-
way structural slab. Hollow plastic balls are inserted into the slab and held in place by
reinforcing steel. The end result eliminates the use of concrete that has little carrying effect
while maintaining the two-way span strength.

4.3 Review of Related Literature BubbleDeck

According to the article A Look at How Plastic Bubbles Make Greener Buildings,
BubbleDeck is designed to be an efficient solution to decrease the amount of concrete used
in a buildings construction, greatly strengthen the overall frame, and better distribute the
weight of the concrete that is actually used. Another surprising factor is that BubbleDeck
makes use of recycled plastic in an effort to promote sustainability within its construction.

13
 According to the article BubbleDeck Eliminates Dead Weight Concrete on
University Project, BubbleDeck is a unique patented integration system of linking air,
steel and concrete in a two-way structural slab. The system is especially unique in the way
it incorporates recycled plastic bubbles to eliminate concrete. The result improves building
design and performance while reducing overall construction cost.

From the Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6 No.2, June 2013, the
stiffness values of BubbleDeck slabs were different from solid slab. Especially, (BD2-bu80
and BD3- bu100) specimens showed some one-way flexural cracks and lower stiffness. In
view of the results so far achieved, two-way BubbleDeck slabs act like general solid R.C
slabs basically and their flexural capacities were good enough to use. The use of plastic
spheres in reinforced concrete slabs (B/H=0.51, 0.64 and 0.80), had a result in comparison
with reference solid slabs (without plastic spheres), bubbled slabs has (100%, 100% and
90%) of the ultimate load of a similar reference solid slab but only (76%, 75% and 70%)
of the concrete volume due to plastic spheres, respectively. The deflections under service
load of BubbleDeck specimens were a little higher than those of an equivalent solid slab.
The concrete compressive strain of BubbleDeck specimens is greater than that of an
equivalent solid specimen.

4.4 Methodology

Thesis Proposal

Beneficiarys Approval

Data Gathering

Planning Soil Profile Gathering

Architectural Plan Structural Design and

Analysis

Project Schedule

14
 A

Cost Estimation

Municipal Councils
Approval

Project Implementation

15
 CHAPTER 5

BUBBLEDECK

5.1 Introduction

The BubbleDeck system is a revolutionary biaxial concrete floor system which

reduces the high weight-to-strength ratio of typical concrete systems. The concept of the
hollow core slab is to reduce and replace concrete from the center of the slab with a lighter
material in order to decrease the dead load of the concrete slab that has no carrying effect
and increase the efficiency of the floor. However, the shear capacity is reduced in the
voided areas of the slab.

5.2 Characteristics

BubbleDeck consists of three main materials- reinforcing steel bars, hollow plastic
balls and concrete. The hollow spheres are made of recycled high density polyethylene
(HDPE) and placed between the reinforcement meshes.

Fig 5.1 BubbleDeck Component

BubbleDeck slabs can be implemented as:

1. In-situ application The hollow sphere are placed in between top and bottom
reinforcing steel and are effectively held in place. The reinforcing meshes are then
placed on formworks, and the slab is poured in two parts. The first pour is carried
out in order to provide enough weight to resist the uplift force on the bubbles while
the second pour is done to complete the slab.

16
 2. Semi-precast elements BubbleDeck slabs consists of bubbles, and most of the
reinforcement for the slab. The bottom side of hollow sphere is furnished with a
pre-cast concrete layer which on the building site replaces the horizontal part of
formwork.

3. Precast elements The BubbleDeck slabs are delivered to the site as factory made
slabs.

In-situ
BubbleDeck

Semi-precast
(Filigree)
BubbleDeck

Precast
BubbleDeck

Fig. 5.2 Types of BubbleDeck

5.3 Design

The BubbleDeck system can be calculated in the same way as a solid slab with
respect to international (Eurocodes) and national codes.

BubbleDeck is designed to be a flat, two-way spanning slab supported by columns

directly. Based on BubbleDeck-UK, the design of this system is generally regulated by
the allowed maximum deflection during service loading. The dimensions are controlled by
the span (L) to effective depth (d) ratio (L/d) as stated by BS8110 or EC2. This criterion
can be modified by applying a factor of 1.5 that takes into account the significantly
decreased dead weight of the BubbleDeck slab as compared to a solid concrete slab. In
addition, larger spans can be achieved with the use of post-tensioning as the L/d ratio can
be increased up to 30%.

17
 There are five standard thicknesses for BubbleDeck, which vary from 230 mm to
450 mm. The different versions of Bubbledeck are shown below.

Table 5.1 Bubbledeck Versions

5.3.1 Flexure Design

The table below shows the comparison of solid deck and BubbleDeck. For
the same thickness the bending strength of the BubbleDeck and solid are the same
while the bending stiffness of the BubbleDeck is slightly lower compared to a solid
deck.

Table 5.2 Comparison of BubbleDeck and Solid Deck

5.3.2 Shear Strength

The shear capacity of a BubbleDeck is measured to be 81% compared to a

solid deck. In computing for the shear strength a factor of 0.6 is used on the shear
capacity for a solid deck of identical height.

In designing the punching shear for a BubbleDeck section, the calculations

closely follows that of a typical flat slab. The applied shear must be determined first
if it is greater or less than the shear capacity of the BubbleDeck. If it is greater, the
designer shall omit a few balls in the critical area around the columns; if not, no
changes are needed.

18
5.4 Manufacturing and Installation

Preparation pre-fabricated plactic bubbles made of recycled plastics

Production of the bubble-lattice by welding the top and bottom reinfrocement
together.
The diagonal girders keep the bubbles fixed between the top and bottom
reinforcement.
Preparation of concrete for filigree-bottom at the assembly line.
The bubble-lattice is lowered into the concrete.
Vibration of the concrete.
Finished BubbleDeck (semi-precast) element
Transportation of BubbleDeck elements
Fitting the semi-precast BubbleDeck.
Placing reinforcement between the BubbleDeck.
Concreting
Vibrating
Surface Finishing

5.5 Advantages of BubbleDeck

5.5.1 Material and Weight Reduction

In comparison with solid slab of the same thickness, BubbleDeck reduces

35% of concrete in the slab. The hollow sphere replaces the non-effective concrete
in the center of the section. With the decreased of concrete, it leads to less structural
steel since the need for reinforcement lessens. In addition, the foundations can be
designed for smaller dead loads. Overall, the structural members can be designed
with smaller dead loads in order to save materials.

5.5.2 Structural Properties

As a result of smaller dead weight of the slab and its two-way spanning
action, it reduces the columns and load bearing walls and reduces unnecessary
downstand beams.

In addition, BubbleDeck slabs can be designed and analyzed as a typical

concrete flat slab based on research performed on its strength and ductility. Table
5.3 shows the comparison of a BubbleDeck slab and solid slab.

19
 BubbleDeck
Relative % of Solid Slab BubbleDeck with same
solid slab with same thickness and
thickness capacity
Carrying 25 50 25
Capacity
Dead Load 75 50 40
Dead Load to
Carrying 3:1 1:1 1.5:1
Capacity Ratio

Table 5.3 Comparison of BubbleDeck with respect to carrying capacity

5.5.3 Construction and Time Savings

Since the BubbleDeck slabs can be pre-cast, it can minimize the

construction time. Time savings can also be achieved through the faster erection of
walls, columns, and MEPs due to the lack of support beams and load bearing walls.
Since there is less concrete in the slabs, the curing time time is cut down.

5.5.4 Cost Savings

With respect to material and time savings, cost savings can also be achieved.
Due to the decrease in weight and materials, it lowers transportation cost and more
economical to lift the structural members. Labor cost also decreases due to less on-
site construction from the full and semi-precast slabs.

5.5.5 Green Design

BubbleDeck uses recycled plastic balls, and all materials can be reused upon
demolition.

Compared to a solid slab with same thickness, BubbleDeck saves 35% of

concrete in the slab and saves 50% with the same bearing effect. This will lead to
further reductions through the entire structure.

The production of one ton of cement causes emission of about 800 kg of

CO2. One m3 of concrete causes CO2 emissions close to 300 kg. This figure does
not even include emissions due to quarrying, transport, etc. Other Greenhouse
Gases and natural resources (water, sand, stone) are reduced proportionally.

20
 CHAPTER 6

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

6.1 Loads and Codes

6.1.1 Dead Load

Dead loads are considered as permanent loads attached to the structure.

Based on National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010, Section 204, it
consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building
or other structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings,
stairways, built-in partition, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated
architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the
weight of cranes. The dead loads considered in this study are given and based from
the Table 204-2 of NSCP 2010.

6.1.1.1 Deal Loads Considered

SUPER-IMPOSED DEAD LOADS

Ceiling
Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05 kPa
Mechanical/Electrical 0.30 kPa
Suspended Steel Channel System 0.10 kPa
Suspended Metal Lath & Gypsum Plaster 0.48 kPa

Interior Walls
Full Grout 16.5 kN/m3 100 mm thick 2.50 kPa
Exterior Walls
Full Grout 16.5 kN/m3 150 mm thick 2.63 kPa

Floor Finish
Hardwood Flooring (22 mm) [slabs on stage] 0.19 kPa
Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91 kPa
[on other slabs]

21
6.1.2 Live Load

Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving

load. Based on NSCP 2010, Section 205, live loads shall be maximum loads
expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be less than the
loads required.

6.1.2.1 Live Loads Considered

Stage Areas 7.2 kPa
Fixed Seats 2.9 kPa

6.1.3 Earthquake Load

Earthquake loads are the total force that an earthquake exerts on a given
structure. As stated by NSCP 2010, Section 208.1.1, the main purpose of the
earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural
failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain function. The design for
seismic loads as discussed by the NSCP 2010 in Section 208.1.2 the minimum
design shall be constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions.

6.1.3.1 Factors Considered for Earthquake Load

Numerical Coefficient, Ct = 0.0731 (Concrete)

Seismic Zone 4, Z = 0.4 (Metro Manila)
Soil Type, SD
Importance Factor, I = 1.0 (Standard Occupancy Structures)
Source Type A (Maximum Moment Magnitude, M >7)
Seismic Coefficient, Ca = 0.44Na
Seismic Coefficient, Cv = 0.64Nv
Near-Source Factor in the determination of Ca , Na = 1.0 (about 10
km)
Near-Source Factor in the determination of Cv ,Nv = 1.2 (about 10
km)
Overstrength Factor, R = 3.5 (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame,
Concrete)

6.1.4 Total Factored Loads

As stated by NSCP 2010, Section 301, buildings, towers and other vertical
structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations
specified in Section (203.3 or 203.4).

22
 The most critical effect can occur when one or more of the contributing
loads are not acting. All applicable loads shall be considered, including both
earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations.

6.1.4.1 Load Combinations

Basic Load Combinations (NSCP 2010 Section 203.3):

1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 E
0.9 DL + 1.0 E

6.2 Design of Superstructure

6.2.1 Design of Beams

For this project, the researchers used STAAD.Pro V8i for the structural
design of beams. Some of the outcomes of beam schedule are included in the
succeeding pages.

BEAM NO. 119

Fig 6.1 Sample Beam Results- Beam 119

23
BEAM NO. 119 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318-08
LEN - 7017. MM FY - 415. FC - 28. MPA, SIZE - 400. X 700. MMS

LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR

(MM) (MM) (MM) STA END
________________________________________________________________

1 58. 6 - 20MM 0. 7017. YES YES

2 646. 8 - 12MM 0. 2200. YES NO

B E A M N O. 119 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR

AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 115.84 KNS Vc= 236.05 KNS Vs= 0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.00 KN-MET Tc= 12.6 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 6
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT FOR SHEAR IS PER CL.11.5.5.1.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 313. MM C/C FOR 2867. MM

AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 116.46 KNS Vc= 247.85 KNS Vs= 0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.00 KN-MET Tc= 12.0 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 8
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT FOR SHEAR IS PER CL.11.5.5.1.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 313. MM C/C FOR 2867. MM

___ 79J____________________ 7016X 400X 700_____________________ 97J____

||====================== |
| 8No12 H 646.| 0.TO 2200 |
| | | | | | | |
| 11*10c/c313 | | | 11*10c/c313 |
| | | | | | | |
| 6No20 H |58.| 0.TO 7017 |
||=========================================================================||
|___________________________________________________________________________|
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
|ooooooo| |ooooooo| | | | | | | | | | |
| 8#12 | | 8#12 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6#20 | | 6#20 | | 6#20 | | 6#20 | | 6#20 | | 6#20 | | 6#20 |
|oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo |
|_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______|

24
 BEAM NO. 403

Fig 6.2 Sample Beam Results- Beam 403

BEAM NO. 403 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318-08

LEN - 9707. MM FY - 415. FC - 28. MPA, SIZE - 400. X 600. MMS

LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR

(MM) (MM) (MM) STA END
___________________________________________________________

1 56. 7 - 16MM 1453. 9707. NO YES

2 536. 3 - 32MM 0. 5612. YES NO
3 546. 5 - 12MM 7239. 9707. NO YES

B E A M N O. 403 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR

AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 120.74 KNS Vc= 184.72 KNS Vs=0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.29 KN-MET Tc= 10.0 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 8
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT FOR SHEAR IS PER CL.11.5.5.1.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 272. MM C/C FOR 4312. MM

AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 50.67 KNS Vc= 187.49 KNS Vs= 0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.01 KN-MET Tc= 9.3 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 6
STIRRUPS ARE NOT REQUIRED.

25
 ___ 260J____________________ 9706X 400X 600_____________________ 261J____
| |
||========================================== ===================||
| 3No32 H 536.| 0.TO 5612| | | | | | 5No12 H 546.7239.TO 9707 |
| 17*10c/c272 | | | | | | | | | | |
| |7No16|H |56.1453.TO 9707 | | |
| ================================================================||
| |
|___________________________________________________________________________|
_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| OOO | | OOO | | OOO | | | | ooooo | | ooooo |
| 3#32 | | 3#32 | | 3#32 | | | | 5#12 | | 5#12 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 7#16 | | 7#16 | | 7#16 | | 7#16 | | 7#16 |
| | | ooooooo | | ooooooo | | ooooooo | | ooooooo | | ooooooo |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|_________| |_________| |_________| |_________| |_________| |_________|

BEAM NO. 330

Fig 6.3 Sample Beam Results- Beam 330

26
BEAM NO. 330 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318-08

LEN - 3030. MM FY - 415. FC - 28. MPA, SIZE - 400. X 700. MMS

LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR

(MM) (MM) (MM) STA END
____________________________________________________________

1 54. 8 - 12MM 0. 3030. YES YES

2 639. 6 - 25MM 0. 3030. YES YES

B E A M N O. 330 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR

AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 262.55 KNS Vc= 221.10 KNS Vs=128.97 KNS
Tu= 66.70 KN-MET Tc= 12.4 KN-MET Ts= 88.9 KN-MET LOAD 8
STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR SHEAR AND TORSION.
PROVIDE 20 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 232. MM C/C FOR 873. MM
ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE =
12.14 SQ.CM.

AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 226.21 KNS Vc= 268.74 KNS Vs= 32.88 KNS
Tu= 66.70 KN-MET Tc= 12.4 KN-MET Ts= 88.9 KN-MET LOAD 8
STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR SHEAR AND TORSION.
PROVIDE 16 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 186. MM C/C FOR 873. MM
ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE =
12.14 SQ.CM.

___ 224J____________________ 3029X 400X 700_____________________ 230J____

| |
||=========================================================================||
| 6No25 H 639.| 0.TO 3030| | | | | | | |
| 5*20c/c232 | | | | | | 6*16c/c186 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8No12 H 54.| 0.TO 3030| | | | | | | |
||=========================================================================||
|___________________________________________________________________________|
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo | |oooooo |
| 6#25 | | 6#25 | | 6#25 | | 6#25 | | 6#25 | | 6#25 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8#12 | | 8#12 | | 8#12 | | 8#12 | | 8#12 | | 8#12 |
|ooooooo| |ooooooo| |ooooooo| |ooooooo| |ooooooo| |ooooooo|
|_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______|

27
 BEAM NO. 396

Fig 6.4 Sample Beam Results- Beam 396

BEAM NO. 396 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318-08

LEN - 7017. MM FY - 415. FC - 28. MPA, SIZE - 500. X 800. MMS

LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR

(MM) (MM) (MM) STA END
_____________________________________________________________

1 58. 9 - 20MM 575. 7017. NO YES

2 736. 4 - 32MM 0. 5118. YES NO
3 746. 4 - 12MM 4525. 7017. NO YES

B E A M N O. 396 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR

AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 259.55 KNS Vc= 322.64 KNS Vs= 23.42 KNS
Tu= 0.57 KN-MET Tc= 21.7 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 8
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 251. MM C/C FOR 2767. MM

AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 165.64 KNS Vc= 318.03 KNS Vs= 0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.57 KN-MET Tc= 21.7 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 8
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT FOR SHEAR IS PER CL.11.5.5.1.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 251. MM C/C FOR 2767. MM

28
 ___ 268J____________________ 7016X 500X 800_____________________ 249J____
||=========================================================================||
| 4No32 H 736.| 0.TO 5118| | | | | | | | 4No12 H 746.4525.TO 7017| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 13*10c/c251 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13*10c/c251 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9No20 H| 58. 575.TO|7017 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| =====================================================================||
|___________________________________________________________________________|
_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
| OOOO | | OOOO | | OOOO | | OOOO | | oooo | | oooo |
| 4#32 | | 4#32 | | 4#32 | | 4#32 | | 4#12 | | 4#12 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 9#20 | | 9#20 | | 9#20 | | 9#20 | | 9#20 |
| | |ooooooooo| |ooooooooo| |ooooooooo| |ooooooooo| |ooooooooo|
|_________| |_________| |_________| |_________| |_________| |_________|

BEAM NO. 110

Fig 6.5 Sample Beam Results- Beam 110

BEAM NO. 110 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318-08

LEN - 9707. MM FY - 415. FC - 28. MPA, SIZE - 400. X 700. MMS

LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR

(MM) (MM) (MM) STA END
_____________________________________________________________

1 58. 5 - 20MM 0. 9553. YES NO

2 642. 5 - 20MM 0. 2475. YES NO

29
 B E A M N O. 110 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR

AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 192.26 KNS Vc= 228.05 KNS Vs= 28.30 KNS
Tu= 0.00 KN-MET Tc= 12.0 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 6
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 313. MM C/C FOR 4212. MM

AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 120.33 KNS Vc= 241.65 KNS Vs= 0.00 KNS
Tu= 0.00 KN-MET Tc= 12.0 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 6
NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION.
REINFORCEMENT FOR SHEAR IS PER CL.11.5.5.1.
PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 313. MM C/C FOR 4212. MM

___ 86J____________________ 9707X 400X 700_____________________ 88J____

||================== |
| 5No20 H 642.| 0.TO 2475 |
| | | | | | | |
| 15*10c/c313 | | 15*10c/c313 |
| | | | | | | |
| 5No20 H 58.| 0.TO 9553 |
||========================================================================= |
|___________________________________________________________________________|
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
| ooooo | | ooooo | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5#20 | | 5#20 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5#20 | | 5#20 | | 5#20 | | 5#20 | | 5#20 | | 5#20 | | |
| ooooo | | ooooo | | ooooo | | ooooo | | ooooo | | ooooo | | |
|_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______| |_______|

6.2.2 Design of Columns

For this project, the researchers used STAAD.Pro V8i for the structural
design of columns. Some of the outcomes and the summary of column schedule are
included in the succeeding pages.

BEAM NO. 132

Fig 6.6 Sample Column Results- Beam 132

30
 COLUMN NO. 132 DESIGN PER ACI 318-08 - AXIAL + BENDING

FY - 415.0 FC - 27.6 MPA, SQRE SIZE - 650.0 X 650.0 MMS, TIED

AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 5703.7 SQ. MM

BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI

----------------------------------------------------------

12 - 25 MM 1.394 9 STA 0.650

(PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE)
TIE BAR NUMBER 10 SPACING 192.00 MM

BEAM NO. 164

Fig 6.7 Sample Column Results- Beam 164

COLUMN NO. 164 DESIGN PER ACI 318-08 - AXIAL + BENDING

FY - 415.0 FC - 27.6 MPA, SQRE SIZE - 500.0 X 500.0 MMS, TIED

ONLY MINIMUM STEEL IS REQUIRED.
AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 2500.0 SQ. MM
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 45

BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI

----------------------------------------------------------

8 - 20 MM 1.005 6 END 0.650

(PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE)
TIE BAR NUMBER 10 SPACING 320.00 MM

31
 BEAM NO. 273

Fig 6.8 Sample Column Results- Beam 273

COLUMN NO. 273 DESIGN PER ACI 318-08 - AXIAL + BENDING

FY - 415.0 FC - 27.6 MPA, RECT SIZE - 300.0 X 500.0 MMS, TIED

ONLY MINIMUM STEEL IS REQUIRED.
AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 1500.0 SQ. MM

BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI

----------------------------------------------------------

8 - 16 MM 1.072 6 END 0.650

(PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE)
TIE BAR NUMBER 10 SPACING 256.00 MM

32
 BEAM NO. 501

Fig 6.9 Sample Column Results- Beam 501

COLUMN NO. 501 DESIGN PER ACI 318-08 - AXIAL + BENDING

FY - 415.0 FC - 27.6 MPA, SQRE SIZE - 650.0 X 650.0 MMS, TIED

AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 5408.0 SQ. MM

BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI

----------------------------------------------------------

28 - 16 MM 1.332 9 STA 0.650

(PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE)
TIE BAR NUMBER 10 SPACING 192.00 MM

33
 BEAM NO. 492

Fig 6.10 Sample Column Results- Beam 492

COLUMN NO. 492 DESIGN PER ACI 318-08 - AXIAL + BENDING

FY - 415.0 FC - 27.6 MPA, SQRE SIZE - 650.0 X 650.0 MMS, TIED

AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 7182.5 SQ. MM

BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI

----------------------------------------------------------

36 - 16 MM 1.713 8 END 0.650

(PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE)
TIE BAR NUMBER 10 SPACING 192.00 MM

34
 SCHEDULE OF COLUMNS

Column Bar No. of Tie Spacing of

Base Height No. of Bars
No. Bars Tie bars

C1 650 650 16 50 10 480

C2 650 650 12 50 10 190

C3 650 650 16 40 10 480

C4 650 650 16 40 10 400

C5 650 650 16 32 10 190

C6 650 650 12 32 10 190

C7 650 650 8 32 10 190

C8 650 650 12 25 10 190

C9 650 650 24 25 10 190

C10 650 650 16 25 10 190

C11 650 650 28 25 10 190

C12 650 650 20 20 10 190

C13 650 650 28 20 10 190

C14 650 650 24 20 10 190

C15 650 650 36 20 10 190

C16 650 650 28 16 10 190

C17 650 650 24 16 10 190

C18 650 650 36 16 10 190

C19 650 650 40 12 10 190

C20 500 500 8 40 10 480

C21 500 500 12 40 10 480

C22 500 500 28 16 10 255

35
C23 500 500 24 16 10 255

C24 500 500 24 16 10 190

C25 500 500 12 32 10 320

C26 500 500 16 32 10 480

C27 500 500 16 32 10 400

C28 500 500 8 32 10 190

C29 500 500 12 25 10 400

C30 500 500 12 25 10 255

C31 500 500 24 25 10 400

C32 500 500 8 25 10 320

C33 500 500 8 25 10 190

C34 500 500 8 20 10 320

C35 500 500 20 20 10 190

C36 500 500 24 20 10 255

C37 500 500 28 12 10 190

C38 500 500 24 12 10 190

C39 300 500 4 40 10 255

C40 300 500 4 32 10 255

C41 300 500 8 16 10 255

PARAMETERS

f'c 28 Mpa

Fy 415 Mpa

Table 6.1 Schedule of Columns

36
6.2.3 Design of Slabs

For this project, the researchers used STAAD.Pro V8i for the structural
design of slabs. Some of the outcomes and the summary of slab schedule are
included in the succeeding pages.

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
608 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
608 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
608 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
608 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
608 TOP : 0.288 0.00 / 8 0.288 5.71 / 6
BOTT: 0.288 8.26 / 8 0.288 2.27 / 10

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
609 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
609 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
609 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
609 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
609 TOP : 0.288 3.50 / 6 0.288 2.70 / 6
BOTT: 0.288 0.00 / 8 0.288 1.88 / 9

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
610 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
610 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
610 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
610 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 30

610 TOP : 0.288 4.31 / 8 0.288 9.89 / 7

BOTT: 0.288 0.00 / 8 0.288 0.70 / 10

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
611 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
611 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
611 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
611 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
611 TOP : 0.288 0.81 / 9 0.288 1.08 / 7
BOTT: 0.288 0.76 / 8 0.288 2.57 / 10

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
612 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
612 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
612 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
612 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
612 TOP : 0.288 0.00 / 9 0.288 0.09 / 10
BOTT: 0.288 1.05 / 6 0.288 0.15 / 7

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
618 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
618 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
618 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
618 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
618 TOP : 0.288 2.55 / 10 0.288 0.72 / 10
BOTT: 0.288 2.10 / 6 0.288 0.02 / 6

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
619 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
619 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.

37
 619 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
619 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
619 TOP : 0.288 0.38 / 9 0.288 0.00 / 10
BOTT: 0.288 0.36 / 8 0.288 3.10 / 8

FY: 413.682 MPA FC: 27.579 MPA COVER (TOP): 19.050 MM

COVER (BOTTOM): 19.050 MM TH: 160.000 MM
620 TOP : Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
620 BOTT: Longitudinal direction - Only minimum steel required.
620 TOP : Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
620 BOTT: Transverse direction - Only minimum steel required.
620 TOP : 0.288 0.48 / 6 0.288 0.00 / 10
BOTT: 0.288 0.14 / 10 0.288 2.76 / 8

SCHEDULE OF SLABS

Long Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcement

Plate Top Bottom Top Bottom

No.
No. of No. of No. of No. of
Mx My Mx My
bars bars bars bars

S1 0 9 0.81 7 0 6 1.78 8

S2 1.19 10 0.02 7 0.59 8 0 8

S3 0.47 9 0.81 8 0.13 9 2.92 8

S4 0.17 9 0.69 8 0 9 1.98 8

S5 0 9 1.04 8 0.28 6 0.14 10

S6 0.06 9 0.54 8 0 9 1.87 8

S7 0.41 10 0.41 6 0 9 1.57 6

S8 0.21 9 1.9 8 0.2 9 1.02 8

S9 0.04 9 1.34 8 0.05 7 0.05 10

S10 0.02 6 1.77 10 0 9 0.7 8

S11 0.79 10 0.38 6 0.06 9 0.83 6

S12 0 8 0.88 8 0 8 1.07 7

S13 0.01 10 0.08 6 0 8 0.47 8

S14 0.13 8 0.02 9 0.09 8 0 6

S15 0.02 10 0.05 6 0.01 9 0.3 8

38
S16 0.03 9 0.51 8 0.8 9 0.66 8

S17 1.5 8 0 8 0.6 8 0 10

S18 0.43 10 0 8 0 8 0.18 7

S19 0.03 9 0.49 6 0 8 0.2 6

S20 0.43 10 0 8 0.13 9 0.04 6

S21 1.33 8 0 10 0.64 8 0.35 9

S22 0 9 1.5 8 0 8 0.58 8

S23 1.56 8 0 8 0 8 0.27 6

S24 0 9 1.59 8 0 8 0.71 8

S25 0 10 2.2 7 1.74 8 0.12 9

S26 0.97 9 1.51 6 1.52 8 0 9

S27 0 10 5.09 8 0 8 4.93 8

S28 0.48 6 0.14 10 0 10 2.76 8

S29 0.12 10 0.61 7 1.06 10 1.79 6

S30 2.55 10 2.1 6 0.72 10 0.02 6

S31 0.42 9 0.68 8 0 10 1.96 8

S32 0.96 9 0 8 0.33 10 0.81 6

S33 0.81 9 0.76 8 1.08 7 2.57 10

S34 1.92 8 0 6 1.8 6 0 7

S35 0 9 1.05 6 0.09 10 0.15 7

S36 3.5 6 0 8 2.7 6 1.88 9

S37 0 8 8.59 8 5.69 6 1.51 10

S38 0 8 9.25 6 0 8 3.56 8

S39 0 8 8.26 8 5.71 6 2.27 10

S40 4.31 8 0 8 9.89 7 0.7 10

39
 PARAMETERS

f'c 28 Mpa

Fy 415 Mpa

CC 19.05 mm

thk 160 mm

(main 6 mm
bars)

Table 6.2 Schedule of Slabs

6.2.3.1 Bubbledeck Slab

In this section, the researchers considered 180 mm bubble
diameter and 1000 mm by 10000 mm slab. The following are the sample
computation for the BubbleDeck slab:

1000mm

1000mm

Fig. 6.11 Sample Slab (Top View)

40
For every 1000mm x 1000mm of slab, there should be 16 pieces of bubble.
For 180 mm diameter sphere with Slab 230mm:
Calculation of Tributary Area:
4.331 3.667
= + = 4
2 2
Therefore,
Slab is 4m x 9.7077 with thickness 160mm
Number of spheres = 4 x 4 x 9.7077 x 4 = 621.29 spheres
4 4 3
Volume of Sphere = 3 = (.09)3 = 3.053628 x 103
3 3

Total Volume of spheres = Volume of Sphere x Number of Spheres

= 621.29 3.053628 x 103 =
1.89719709 m3
Total Volume of slab = Area of Slab x Thickness
= 9.7077 4 0.160 = 6.212928 m3
Total Volume needed = Volume of Slab Total Volume of sphere
= 6.2129284 1.89719709 = 4.31573091 m3

Percentage Reduced of Concrete = x 100%

1.89719709
= x 100%
6.212928

= 30.54%

The following computation shows the support reaction for the solid deck is
larger than BubbleDeck.
Loads without BubbleDeck (Solid Deck):
Dead Load = 2.03 kPa
Self-Weight = 21.62 kPa
Live Load = 10.1 kPa
Total Load = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Total Load = 1.2 (2.03 + 21.62) + 1.6 (10.1) = 44.54 kN/m

41
Calculating for the reactions:

44.54 kN/m

A B
9.7077 m

Fig. 6.12 Reaction Showing Loads Without BubbleDeck

Since it is symmetrical: Reaction A = Reaction B

= =
2

44.54(9.7077)
= = = 216.19
2

Loads With BubbleDeck:

Dead Load = 2.03 kPa
Self-Weight = 15.04 kPa
Live Load = 10.1 kPa
Total Load = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Total Load = 1.2 (2.03 + 15.04) + 1.6 (10.1) = 36.644 kN/m

42
 Calculating for the reactions:

36.644 kN/m

A B
9.7077 m

Fig. 6.13 Reaction Showing Loads With BubbleDeck

Since it is symmetrical: Reaction A = Reaction B

= =
2

36.644(9.7077)
= = = 177.8645
2
Therefore, Reaction at BubbleDeck is smaller than without BubbleDeck.

6.3 Design of Substructure

6.3.1 Soil Investigation Report

The researchers based the soil findings for the said project in the soil
investigation report of BJMP Building, since both of the projects are located at
Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong City.

6.3.1.1 Subsurface Conditions

The main geotechnical features of the subsurface conditions in
respect of the proposed development as follows

The layer shows silty clay materials for the upper 4.5 meters depth
and the remaining depth is composed of silty sand materials. SPT
resistance is stiff to very stiff for 1.5 meters depth to 9.5 meters.

43
 Geotechnical Zones:

The sub-surface materials are further classified in terms of

inherent engineering properties such as density, consistency and
degree of compaction.

ZONE I this layer of saturated stiff silt and clay materials of low to
high plasticity. N-values ranges from 2 to 15.

ZONE II is the bed of hard silt and sand apparently consolidated

thru-time by the surcharge pressure imposed by the thick
overlay of Zone I. The N-value for this zone is >50.

Table 6.3 Subsurface Materials

6.3.1.2 Footing Options

Like all other parts of structure, the foundation must meet certain
criteria or requirements. These are based on the needs of the structure
supported because in the over-all picture the foundation (including the
earth) and the superstructure form an integrated unit and act together under
the influence of the applied loads.

The three basic requirements are:

1. The foundation structure must be properly located with respect to
any future influence which could adversely affect its performance.

44
 2. The foundation (including the earth beneath) must be stable or safe
from failure.

3. The foundation must not settle or deflect sufficiently to damage

the structure or impair its usefulness.

Shallow Foundations

Consideration has been given to shallow combined footings founded

within 3.0 meters depth accompanied by footing tie beam. For bearing
capacity values, an allowable soil bearing capacity of 100 kPa may be use
founded on above-mentioned depth.

6.3.1.3 Groundwater Levels

The recorded water level at the time of the investigation was 2.0
meter depth. This is measured below from the existing ground level during
the phase of drilling.

6.3.2 Liquefaction Potential

Based on the attached liquefaction map of region IV-A (see appendix

section), the site is probable for liquefaction for a certain earthquake magnitude. To
mitigate this, cement grouting is advisable for the reduction to permeability of the
sand materials and increase strength.

6.3.3 Construction Considerations

Section I: Excavation

The factors that should be considered during excavation falls to depth of 3.0
excavation where in it shall be supported laterally by applying sheet piles, bored
piles, or grouting to avoid collapse the upper soil.

45
 6.3.4 Foundation Design

Fig. 6.14 Sample Footing

SCHEDULE OF FOOTINGS

t no.
Support Pu qult F B qu
(m Mu dnew of s
Node (kN) (KPa) S (m) (KPa)
m) bars
305 794.56 255.8 2 2.9 94.48 325 173.38 220 0.003413 7 450
306 799.28 255.8 2 2.9 95.04 325 174.41 220 0.003434 7 450
307 1796.86 255.8 2 4.3 97.18 550 695.89 445 0.002233 14 310
308 490.02 255.8 2 2.3 92.63 250 72.50 145 0.004172 5 450
309 1479.36 255.8 2 3.9 97.26 500 500.83 395 0.002249 12 330
310 1402.36 255.8 2 3.8 97.12 475 457.73 370 0.002408 11 360
311 1705.82 255.8 2 4.2 96.70 550 639.81 445 0.002099 13 330
312 1717.68 255.8 2 4.2 97.37 550 644.26 445 0.002114 13 330
313 1227.46 255.8 2 3.5 100.20 425 356.07 320 0.002727 10 370
314 1400.92 255.8 2 3.8 97.02 475 457.26 370 0.002406 11 360
315 634.61 255.8 2 2.6 93.88 275 116.01 170 0.004301 7 400
316 705.96 255.8 2 2.7 96.84 300 137.35 195 0.003706 7 420
317 621.2 255.8 2 2.5 99.39 275 106.30 170 0.004091 6 450
318 672.44 255.8 2 2.6 99.47 300 122.93 195 0.003436 6 450
319 788.86 255.8 2 2.8 100.62 325 162.79 220 0.003316 7 430
320 1804.83 255.8 2 4.3 97.61 575 698.98 470 0.002007 13 340
321 738.24 255.8 2 2.8 94.16 300 152.34 195 0.003974 7 430
322 822.19 255.8 2 2.9 97.76 325 179.41 220 0.003535 8 390
323 1700.47 255.8 2 4.2 96.40 550 637.80 445 0.002093 13 330
324 869.38 255.8 2 3 96.60 350 200.05 245 0.003059 8 400
325 741.81 255.8 2 2.8 94.62 300 153.08 195 0.003994 7 430
326 716.49 255.8 2 2.7 98.28 300 139.40 195 0.003763 7 420
327 1563.88 255.8 2 4 97.74 500 548.46 395 0.002405 13 310
328 830.46 255.8 2 2.9 98.75 325 181.22 220 0.003572 8 390
329 721 255.8 2 2.7 98.90 300 140.28 195 0.003788 7 420

46
330 350.8 255.8 2 1.9 97.17 200 36.06 95 0.005951 4 450
331 1294.46 255.8 2 3.6 99.88 450 391.15 345 0.002501 10 380
332 1312.89 255.8 2 3.7 95.90 450 412.61 345 0.002568 11 350
333 1632.6 255.8 2 4.1 97.12 525 592.44 420 0.002238 13 320
334 959.03 255.8 2 3.1 99.80 375 232.12 270 0.002822 8 410
335 651.51 255.8 2 2.6 96.38 275 119.10 170 0.004421 7 400
336 1318.78 255.8 2 3.7 96.33 450 414.46 345 0.00258 11 350
337 1206.36 255.8 2 3.5 98.48 425 349.95 320 0.002679 10 370
338 1500.44 255.8 2 3.9 98.65 500 507.96 395 0.002282 12 330
339 906.46 255.8 2 3 100.72 350 208.58 245 0.003193 8 400
340 1122.32 255.8 2 3.4 97.09 400 312.04 295 0.0029 10 350
341 546.72 255.8 2 2.4 94.92 250 87.20 145 0.004839 6 440
342 878.92 255.8 2 3 97.66 350 202.24 245 0.003093 8 400
343 535.82 255.8 2 2.4 93.02 250 85.47 145 0.004738 6 440
344 869.52 255.8 2 3 96.61 350 200.08 245 0.003059 8 400
345 567.31 255.8 2 2.4 98.49 250 90.49 145 0.00503 6 440
346 708.57 255.8 2 2.7 97.20 300 137.86 195 0.00372 7 420
347 579.78 255.8 2 2.4 100.66 275 92.48 170 0.003693 5 450
348 605.08 255.8 2 2.5 96.81 275 103.54 170 0.00398 6 450
349 426.56 255.8 2 2.1 96.73 225 53.38 120 0.004948 4 450
350 483.14 255.8 2 2.2 99.82 250 65.95 145 0.003959 5 450

PARAMETERS
f'c 27 MPa
fy 415 MPa
CC 75 mm

(main 20 mm
bars)
kN/m
soil 18 3

Table. 6.4 Schedule of Footing

47
 MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY

Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis

and design of structures that support or resist the loads.

Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria,
predicated on safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due warning) or
serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway must not cause discomfort to
the occupants)

This study considered the principles of structural engineering in designing

their proposed a two-storey Cultural Center. Researchers referred to the National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 in determining the loadings of the
cultural center. Minimum design loads such as dead load, live load, seismic load
were based from NSCP 2010.

A. Dead Loads

Dead loads are considered as permanent loads attached to the

structure. Based on NSCP 2010, it consists of the weight of all materials of
construction incorporated into the building or other structure, including but not
limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partition, finishes,
cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and
fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes. The dead loads considered
in this study are given and based from the Table 204-2 of NSCP 2010.

SUPER-IMPOSED DEAD LOADS

0.05
Acoustical Fiber Board
kPa
Ceiling
0.30
Mechanical/Electrical
kPa

48
 0.10
Suspended Steel Channel System
kPa
0.48
Suspended Metal Lath & Gypsum Plaster
kPa
2.50
Interior Walls Full Grout 16.5 kN/m3 100 mm thick
kPa
2.63
Exterior Walls Full Grout 16.5 kN/m3 150 mm thick
kPa
0.19
Hardwood Flooring (22 mm) [slabs on stage]
kPa
Floor Finish
Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab [on other 0.91
slabs] kPa

B. Live Loads

Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or

a moving load. Based on NSCP 2010, Section 205, live loads shall be
maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be
less than the loads required.

LIVE LOADS
Stage Areas 7.2 kPa

Fixed Seats 2.9 kPa

C. Earthquake Loads

Earthquake loads are the total force that an earthquake exerts on a

given structure. As stated by NSCP 2010, Section 208.1.1, the main purpose of the
earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural
failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain function. The design for
seismic loads as discussed by the NSCP 2010 in Section 208.1.2 the minimum
design shall be constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions. The
following are the factors considered in Cultural Center:

Numerical Coefficient, Ct = 0.0731 (Concrete)

Seismic Zone 4, Z = 0.4 (Metro Manila)
Soil Type, SD

49
 Importance Factor, I = 1.0 (Standard Occupancy Structures)
Source Type A (Maximum Moment Magnitude, M >7)
Seismic Coefficient, Ca = 0.44Na
Seismic Coefficient, Cv = 0.64Nv
Near-Source Factor in the determination of Ca , Na = 1.0 (about 10 km)
Near-Source Factor in the determination of Cv ,Nv = 1.2 (about 10 km)
Overstrength Factor, R = 3.5 (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame, Concrete)

Total Factored Loads

As stated by NSCP 2010, Section 301, buildings, towers and other vertical
structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations
specified in Section (203.3 or 203.4). The most critical effect can occur when one
or more of the contributing loads are not acting. All applicable loads shall be
considered, including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified
load combinations. The researchers used the following load combination for their
project.

1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 E
0.9 DL + 1.0 E

For the design of the foundation, the researchers used the soil investigation
report for Proposed Six Storey w/ Deck BJMP Building at Maysilo Circle,
Mandaluyong City as reference for the project; since it is nearby the site location of
the project . Shallow foundation will be used for the Cultural Center. Specifically,
square isolated footing will support the structure.

The researchers used computer generated analysis in designing the

structural members of the building like beams/ girders, columns, footing and slab.
STAAD.Pro V8i was used to evaluate the sizes of the members.

50
 MINOR FIELD OF STUDY

Environmental Engineering

The study considered environmental engineering as its minor field of study.

Environmental engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles
to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for
human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites. It
involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste
disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability,
and public health issues as well as a knowledge of environmental engineering law.
It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction
projects.

The researchers are concerned with protecting the environment by assessing

the impact a project has on the air, water, soil and noise levels in its vicinity. This
is done by studying the project's design, construction and operation, and
minimizing any adverse effects that it may have on the environment.

Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and

Biological Resources

Noise Pollution (Moderate Impact)

Noise has a significant effect on the physical aspect. Majority of the noise
pollution will occur caused during the initial mobilization and the preparation of
the site due to the demolition of the existing Post Office Building and may cause
discomfort to the nearby commercial establishments and government employees.
Overall, the construction process should be monitored in consideration to the
people around the site.

Dust Production (Low to Moderate Impact)

Air quality will be affected during the construction due to the mobilization
of equipment and vehicles used to deliver construction materials. Dust also can
affect the health of the people near the construction site. Since dust may cause
different nasal irritations, people must be aware.

51
Environmental Management Plan

The researchers provide a mitigation, enhanced measures, and

responsibilities for the environmental impacts of the project.

As for the mitigation measures of this project, the researchers made use of
the common counter measure to reduce significant impact. For air quality/noise -
the counter-measure made here was to execute the procedure in accordance to the
daily routine of the affected individuals. Construction works such as drilling,
excavating, hammering and other noise producing works should be done at
daytime. At nighttime, noise pollution can be lessened by minimizing the noise of
the engine of the equipment in order to maintain a 24 hours work. The solid waste
is the most common environmental problem in all construction. In order to mitigate
this, regular garbage disposal shall be provided to remove the pollution and
potential health threats.

Significant
Environmental
Impacts Counter-Measure Responsibilities
Impact
Proper planning in
consideration of the
Increase in residents daily routine
Air Quality/ noise levels
Noise and Control dust by Contractor
vibrations maintaining the
cleanliness of the
environment

Pollution
Regular garbage
and
Solid Waste collection shall be Association
potential
maintained.
health
threats

Based on the research of the team, one of the most alarming problems of
the country is the proper disposal of waste materials. The Philippines is looming
with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003.

52
 About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. One of the
major components of these waste materials are plastics. With this condition, the
team searched for the study which includes plastic usage in construction. The
researchers used BubbleDeck technology which the plastics are recycled as a
hollow sphere. BubbleDeck technology is the patented integration technique of
linking air, steel, and concrete in a two-way structural slab. Hollow plastic balls are
inserted into the slab and held in place by reinforcing steel. The end result
eliminates the use of concrete that has little carrying effect while maintaining the
two-way span strength.

53
 MINOR FIELD OF STUDY

Construction Engineering

The field of Civil Engineering is so vast that one can limit itself to any
particular field and excel without having a proper knowledge of other related fields.
Construction Engineering is one of the disciplines under civil engineering, which
deals with the design, planning and execution, transportation of materials, site
development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural, geotechnical
engineering and management of infrastructures such as highways, bridges, airports,
railroads, buildings, dams, and utilities. The focus of construction engineering is on
the application of engineering principles to solve real world construction
problems. It also involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site
development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical
engineering.

Civil engineers today must be equipped with in-depth knowledge of

traditional, fundamental principles and new technologies in order to address the
complex, interdisciplinary problems faced within society. One of the new
technologies involving construction engineering is the use of the BubbleDeck
System which will be the main focus under the field of construction engineering in
this research. BubbleDeck system uses concept of the hollow core slab is to reduce
and replace concrete from the center of the slab with a lighter material in order to
decrease the dead load of the concrete slab that has no carrying effect and increase
the efficiency of the floor.

The construction of the BubbleDeck slab consists of three main main

materials- reinforcing steel bars, hollow plastic balls and concrete. The hollow
spheres are made of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) and placed
between the reinforcement meshes. The researchers implemented the BubbleDeck
Slab as Filigree Elements (Semi-Precast Elements), where in the BubbleDeck slabs
consists of bubbles, and most of the reinforcement for the slab. The bottom side of
hollow sphere is furnished with a pre-cast concrete layer which on the building site
replaces the horizontal part of formwork.

54
 There are five standard thicknesses for BubbleDeck, which vary from 230
mm to 450 mm. The different versions of Bubbledeck are shown below.

Standard BubbleDeck Thickness

The researchers used the BubbleDeck slab with thickness of 230mm (BD230).

55
The researchers computed that there should be 16 pieces of bubbles per m2. For
180mm diameter sphere with Slab 230 mm:

Calculation of Tributary Area:

4.331 3.667
= + = 4
2 2
Therefore,

Slab is 4m x 9.7077 with thickness 160mm

Number of spheres = 4 x 4 x 9.7077 x 4 = 621.29 spheres

4 3
4 3 3
3
= = (0.09) = 3.05362810
3 3

Total Volume of spheres = Volume of Sphere x Number of Spheres

= 621.29 3.053628103 = 1.89719709 3

Total Volume of slab = Area of Slab x Thickness

= 9.7077 4 0.160 = 6.212928 3

Total Volume needed = Volume of Slab Total Volume of sphere

= 6.212928 1.89719709 = 4.31573091 3

56

Percentage Reduced of Concrete = 100 %

1.89719709
= 100%
6.212928

= 30.54%

Thus, the reduction of concrete will make the building more economical,
and environment friendly.

The use of BubbleDeck system in this project will benefit the local
government of Mandaluyong, it will not only lessen the total cost of the project it
will also lessen the time frame for the construction time.

57
 CHAPTER 7

PLAN SET

7.1 Site Plan

Fig. 7.1 Site Plan

58
7.2 Architectural Plan
7.2.1 Perspective

Fig. 7.2 Perspective

7.2.2 Elevations

Fig. 7.3 Front Elevation

59
 Fig. 7.4 Rear Elevation

Fig. 7.5 Right Side Elevation

60
7.2.3 Floor Plan

Fig. 7.6 Ground Floor Plan

61
Fig. 7.7 Second Floor Plan

62
Fig. 7.8 Upper Box Plan

63
7.2.5 Roof Plan

Fig. 7.9 Roof Plan

64
7.3 Structural Plan
7.3.1 Framing Plan

Fig. 7.10 Foundation Framing Plan

65
Fig. 7.11 Second Floor Framing Plan

66
Fig. 7.12 Upper Box Framing Plan

67
Fig. 7.13 Roof Framing Plan

68
7.3.2 Miscellaneous Sheets

Fig. 7.14 Details for BubbleDeck Slab

69
 Chapter 8

Promotional Material

Two-Storey Cultural Center in Maysilo Circle,

Mandaluyong

An eco-friendly building. The ground floor serves as museum for public

viewing of exhibits, and historical importance of the city and an auditorium
with mezzanine for large meetings, presentations and conventions in the
second floor for learning and access.

70
 Chapter 9

Budget Estimation

The local government of Mandaluyong asked the team for a brief estimate of the
proposed Cultural Center with the use of the BubbleDeck System. Upon our initial
interview with the beneficiary, they stated that there will be no limit in the budget for the
said project, but asked us to make an estimate of the project as least of value as possible.
The team estimated that the project will cost up to 24,500,893.49. The cost estimation
provided below includes the cost for the General Requirements, Demolition Jobs,
Earthworks, Concrete Works, Form Works, Masonry Works, Architectural Works,
MEFPS, BubbleDeck, Roof, as well as for the Direct Cost, Indirect Cost and the Grand
Total Cost of the project. The table consists of detailed computations of labor and material
cost of each requirement.

A. General Requirements

B. Demolition

71
C. Earthworks

D. Concrete Works

E. Formworks

F. Masonry Works

G. Architectural Works

72
H. MEFPS

I. BubbleDeck

J. Roof

K. Direct Cost

73
L. Indirect Cost

Total Cost

74
 Chapter 10

Project Schedule

The Project schedule of the Design of Two-Storey Cultural Center Localizing

BubbleDeck System in Barangay Plainview Maysilo Circle corner Boni Avenue,
Mandaluyong City is made using MS Project 2013. Based from generated project schedule,
the project will takes 385 days upon the completion of construction. The main activities
such as preliminaries, site preparation, structural works, MEFPS, architectural works and
demobilization are tabulated below with their corresponding duration. The generated
project schedule will be shown in the following pages:

Preliminaries 30 days
Site Preparation 52 days
Structural Works 154 days
MEFPS 75 days
Architectural Works 60 days
Demobilization 14 days

Table 10.1 Summary of Project Schedule

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
 CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

The team has successfully designed a building of Two-storey Cultural Center with
mezzanine for the Local Government of Mandaluyong located in Maysilo Circle,
Mandaluyong City. The building provides the need of the public in terms of studies. It
primarily seeks to be a help for students and to nurture the mind of the people in the history
of the city. The cultural center will consist of museum, offices and some commercial
establishments on the first floor and an auditorium with mezzanine on the second floor.

The cultural center is designed as to resists Live Load, Dead Loa and Earthquake
Load together with the structural design based on the codes under NSCP. Ordinary resisting
moment is being used as the design. The team applied the use of isolated footing in the
structural design since the project is two-storey building. In addition, there will also be an
incorporated green system with the use of recycled plastic which will make the project cost
efficient structure and more eco-friendly for the city of Mandaluyong.

The project consists of three phases which include the pre-construction,

development, and operational. For the pre-construction phase, it includes the requirements
before the project begins; the construction phase serves as the execution of the project and
operational is the phase wherein the project designs are ready to use and can already be
applied to its purpose.

The BubbleDeck system is incorporated in the cultural center to decrease the dead
load of the structure and to prefabricate a two-way concrete slab economically.
BubbleDeck system comprises a hollow, flat slab that spans in two directions, in which
plastic balls are incorporated to replace, and eliminate the concrete in the middle of a
conventional slab which does not contribute to its structural performance. The BubbleDeck
slabs can be analyzed using the same method for solid two-way slabs. Reusing or recycling
of the plastic is an alternative for the replacement of concrete to reduce the amount of
concrete used in a buildings construction. With this system, slab saves 1 kg of plastic for
every 100kg of concrete.

One of the problems encountered by the group is the thickness of the slab in
STAAD Pro given that bubble deck system is incorporated. There are five standard
thicknesses for the BubbleDeck which vary from 230mm to 450mm. For this project, the
thickness of the slab is 230mm, however, the team used thinner slab in the program since
the STAAD Pro do not have the calculation for the bubble deck system.

96
 To deal with the situation, the team calculated the volume of hollow sphere and
subtracted to the volume with 230mm thickness. As a result of the computation, the team
conclude that the thickness of the slab is reduced to 160mm, therefore, 160mm thickness
of slab is applied instead of 230mm in the program.

97
 CHAPTER 12

RECOMMENDATION

The team highly recommends that the Local Government of Mandaluyong review
the design of proposed two-storey cultural center located in Maysilo Circle.

As the team study and investigate the design of two-storey cultural center, it has
been found that environmental aspects will greatly influenced by the construction of the
project. Since the location of the project is within the Maysilo Circle and has an area of
almost 1000 m; the group recommend a consultation to environmental engineers to assess
the effects of the said project. To ensure that the sewerage system has been well organized,
the group also recommends the consultation from a sanitary engineer.

The team also recommends to future thesis team to re-study the system about
BubbleDeck and apply it not just on slab but also in other parts of the building such as
walls, columns, beams and girders.

This study presents how aspiring civil engineers from Mapua Institute of
Technology address the need of Mandaluyong City in the plan of having an efficient and
sustainable cultural center.

98
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to present our project proposal Design of Two-Storey Cultural

Center Localizing BubbleDeck System. This study involves many people to come up with
success. The team may not reach the goals and objectives of the project proposal without
those people. We would like to express our deep gratitude for the following:

To our families and friends, for the understanding, encouragement, financial and
moral support that make easier the thesis proposal. We also want to say thank you for the
criticisms with encouragement given which serves as a challenge to make the thesis as best
as possible.

To Engr. Melchor F. Pilones, our thesis adviser, who gives his support, wisdom and
patience. His great ideas together with expertise serve as an inspiration to improve our
study.

To Engr. John Paul Carreon, for the guidance and assistance during the class hours.
He helps every group what to do, ask where we are on our thesis and what are those
problems we encountered. He provides how to start the papers until its end.

To Local Government of Mandaluyong, our beneficiary, for accepting our thesis

proposal. This project would not be possible without them. Our group wants to give all the
thanks for the trust they have given to design the cultural center.

Lastly, to God, who gives guidance and strength before, during and after the study.
Without God, this study would be impossible to attain its success. He let us being healthy
even we have sleepless nights. His support allows us to surpass all the problems we
encountered during the study.

99
 REFERENCES

1. BubbleDeck Technology: A Look at How Plastic Bubbles Make Greener Buildings

http://www.ecopedia.com/design/a-look-at-bubbledeck-technology-recycled-plastic-
replaces-concrete-in-building-construction-in-progress/

2. UW-Madison's La Bahn Arena Marks U.S. Debut of Revolutionary BubbleDeck

Technology (2011); http://www.spancrete.com/our_company/news/?article=16

3. Flexural Capacities of Reinforced Concrete Two- Way BubbleDeck Slabs of Plastic

Spherical Voids, Ibrahim, Ali, and Salman; Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences
Volume 6 No.2,pp. 9-20, June 2013

4. Country Report on Climate Change Policies, Green Jobs and Decent Work in the
Philippines, Eross S. Ocampo

5. BubbleDeck: Two-way Hollow Deck, September 2003

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/pdf/BDOverview9-03.pdf

6. Mandaluyong Official Website

http://www/mandaluyong.gov.ph

7. Lighter Flat Slab Technology

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/design.html

8. BubbleDeck Design Guide

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/pdf/BDINTDesignGuide.pdf

9. BubbleDeck Structure Solutions, September 2008

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/pdf/Product%20Information%20_final_20070219.pdf

100
APPENDICES

101
 APPENDIX A:
Article Type Paper

102
Design of Two- Storey Cultural Center Localizing
BubbleDeck System

Ma. Leilani T. Manalaysay, Neil Bryan P. Robles, Ayah Rose M. Rosete

Melchor F. Pilones

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
(+63 2) 2475000

September 2014
CEGE Journal
ISBN _____________________

Abstract

Mandaluyong City is highly urbanized area, but before being urbanized

Mandaluyong is said to be a forested area. Mandaluyong is now known as the Tiger
City of Manila. With the help of this building, this will be able to increase the
economy of the city. The local government of Mandaluyong wants to construct its
very own cultural center in the city. They need this building in order to showcase
Mandaluyongs history. The cultural center will consist of a museum and an
auditorium. This will provide the people knowledge about the city, and some
opportunities that will showcase their artistic talent. This project would give the local
government of Mandaluyong the design needed to construct the said building. The
researchers would be using BubbleDeck System in order to reduce the weight and
increase the strength of the slabs.

Keywords: BubbleDeck System, weight reduction

Acronyms / Abbreviations
ACI American Concrete Institute
CAD Computer Aided Design
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines

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1 Introduction
Cultural centers are public infrastructures that integrate culture and arts. This
study will provide the need of the public in terms of culture and arts. It is mandated to
stimulate research studies, exhibits, large meetings, performances etc. In addition, the
design of the building promotes the innovation and sustainability.
The cultural center reflects with innovation and sustainability. The BubbleDeck
system will be utilized as a slab flooring system that will eliminate the concrete in the
tensile area. Air bubble which is made from (recycled) plastic will eliminate the concrete
that has no use. The top and bottom reinforcement are to be linked in usual method. The
reinforcement holds and locks the air bubble in required locations while the hollow
bubbles shapes the volume of the air and manage the height of reinforcement.

2 Presenting the Challenges

2.1 Problem Statement

The project is a cultural center that will be owned by the local government of
Mandaluyong. The administration wants to blend education and preservation of historical
artifacts such as the municipalitys heritage, paintings and documents. They also need an
additional way to educate the visitors about the history of the city.

In order to cope up with this, the team proposed the building of cultural center. It is
important to employ effective planning, design and estimating techniques so that the
outcome will be efficient as an innovative and sustainable building.
2.2 Project Objective

The main objective of this study is to design a two-storey cultural center.

Specifically, the study aims the following:

To develop an innovative building with the process of the BubbleDeck

innovation
To reduce waste and pollution by using recycled plastic
To reduce the building cost by decreasing the amount of concrete in slab

2.3 The Project Beneficiary

The project beneficiary is the local government of the Mandaluyong, a public

administration of the city. The city planning and development requested the team to have
the structural design and analysis of the proposed cultural center.

This project will provide spacious and multi-purpose activity area. An auditorium with
mezzanine will mount up to provide more seats to their guests and museum will be built
in.

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2.4 The Innovative Approach

The team will work with the use of STAAD.pro for design computations and
Microsoft Excel for cost estimation of the project. In addition, the software AutoCAD
will be used for structural plans and other structural details. Also, Google SKETCH UP
and Adobe Photoshop will customize the perspective view of the proposed cultural
center.
2.5 The Research Component

A research study on application of BubbleDeck system is handled by the team.

BubbleDeck system comprises a hollow, flat slab that spans in two directions, in which
plastic balls are incorporated to replace, and eliminate the concrete in the middle of a
conventional slab which does not contribute to its structural performance.1

2.6 The Design Component

The project is to be designed a two-storey cultural center in Mandaluyong City with

the innovation of recycling plastics via BubbleDeck system. The building will be
composed of auditorium with mezzanine and museum as mentioned by the beneficiary.
Special live loads will also be considered as stipulated in the NSCP 2010 to be used in
the design computations. The design component of this project will focus both on the
substructure and the superstructure. The project will also impose the most economical
design possible to lessen the cost of the project.

2.7 Sustainable Development Concept

Plastic is a major problem in the country. People know that it does not disappear so
reusing or recycling will be the option. Through this project, plastic can be reused for the
replacement of concrete with no use. BubbleDeck saves material up to 50% - 1 kg of
plastic replaces 100kg of concrete.2

_____________________
1
http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/design.html
2
BubbleDeck: Two-way Hollow Deck, September 2003; 3

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3 Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description

3.1.1 Project Rationale

The main purpose of this project is to construct a cultural center that would be of help
in nurturing the minds of the people in terms of Mandaluyongs history. Thus, both
residents and non-residents of Mandaluyong will have an overview about its history.

3.1.2 Project Location

The project will be located at Barangay Plainview Maysilo Circle corner Boni
Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.

Partial Sattelite View of Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong City

3.1.3 Project Information

The project is a two-storey cultural center with BubbleDeck slab system. The first
floor will consist of a museum, offices, and some commercial establishment. The second
floor and mezzanine will be used as an auditorium.

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3.1.4 Description of Project Phases

The project consists of four phases: Pre-Construction/Pre Development Phase,

Construction/Development Phase, Operational Phase, and Abandonment Phase. Pre-
Construction phase includes all the requirements needed before the project begins.
Construction Phase includes all the project executions. Operational Phase is the phase
where the design project is ready to use and serve its purpose, and Abandonment Phase is
the stage where the buildings can no longer service purpose.

3.1.5 Pre - Construction / Pre- Development Phase

Pre-construction services are used in planning a construction project before the actual
construction begins. These services are often referred to as preconstruction. It is a modern
practice, considered to be part of construction project management, which is the overall
planning, coordination, and control of a project from inception to completion aimed at
meeting a clients requirements in order to produce a functionally and financially viable
project.

3.1.6 Construction/ Development Phase

Construction phase is a certain period specified in a contract beginning from the date
stated in the notice to proceed during construction completion and is administered by a
construction manager.

The construction phase includes contractors planning and scheduling activities;

mobilization of equipment; material purchasing; on-site and off-site construction and
fabrication of components including the development of the hollow spheres of
BubbleDeck by the contractor; contract administration by the owner, A/E, and contractor;
and general implementation of the contract document requirements through project
closeout.

3.1.7 Operational Phase

The operational phase starts when the constructed structure had successfully been
turned over to the beneficiary. The operational phase is the longest phase, because it ends
up to the design life of the structure.

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

3.2.1 Physical Environment

The project is located at Barangay Plainview Maysilo Circle corner Boni Avenue,
Mandaluyong City, Philippines. Mandaluyong City is located within the circle of 1435
North 12102 East. It has a total area of 21.26 km2.

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3.2.2 Biological Environment

In the location of the project, based from mere observation, no animal life will be
affected; only plant lives will be affected because of excavation and construction of the
structure. This project will have a minimal effect on the surroundings, but proper
restoration will be done so that the overall harm will be lessened.

3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

The City of Mandaluyong is one of the cities and municipalities that comprise Metro
Manila in the Philippines. Mandaluyong has a total land area of 1,124.97 hectares. The
city is composed of 27 barangays, divided into two (2) political districts.3

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

This project will serve as an educational tool and as a public entertainment for the
community, it will also where the historical relics of the city will be preserved. If this
project will not be implemented, the history, culture and political aspect would not be
instill in the minds of the youth and the public that Mandaluyong City has contributed for
the welfare of Metro Manila. The area of will be remain occupied by the post office of
Mandaluyong.

3.3 Impact Assessment Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environment Issues/ Impacts and their Level of
Significance at Various Stages of Development

_____________________
3
Mandaluyong Official Website. http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile

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3.3.1. Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources

Noise Pollution (Moderate Impact)

Noise has a significant effect on the physical aspect. Majority of the noise pollution is
caused during the initial mobilization and the preparation of the site due to the demolition
of the existing Post Office Building and may cause discomfort to the nearby commercial
establishments and government employees. Overall, the construction process should
monitor in consideration to the people around the site.
Dust Production (Low to Moderate Impact)

Air quality will be affected during the construction due to the mobilization of
equipments and vehicles used to deliver construction materials.

Dust may affect the health of the people near the construction site. Since dust may
cause different nasal irritations, people must be aware.

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-Economic Effect/Impacts of the Project

Employment

Due to the construction of the project, it will provide a short term employment for the
community within its vicinity and also during the operations of the cultural center.

Traffic Issues (Low Impact)

The project has a low traffic impact since it is not located in major roads of
Mandaluyong.

3.4 Environmental Management Plan

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhanced Measures, Estimated

Cost and Responsibilities

Significant
Environmental
Impacts Counter-Measure Responsibilities
Impact
Pollution and Regular garbage
Solid Waste potential health collection shall be Association
threats done

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Proper planning in
consideration of the
residents daily
Increase in routine
Air Quality/
noise levels and
Noise Control dust by Contractor
vibrations
maintaining the
cleanliness of the
environment

Employment
Increase in
Socio - Economic opportunities for
local revenue
locals

Providing traffic
Traffic and Other
signage and some
Related
information of the
Transportation
structure to be built for
Issues peoples awareness.

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

As for the mitigation measures of this project, the researchers made use of the
common counter measure to reduce significant impact. For air quality/noise; the counter-
measure made here was to execute the procedure in accordance to the daily routine of the
affected individuals. Construction works such as drilling, excavating, hammering and
other noise producing works should be done at daytime. At nighttime, noise pollution can
be lessened by minimizing the noise of the engine of the equipment in order to maintain a
24 hours work.

3.4.4 Contingency Plan

Contingency plan describe procedures to be implemented if unforeseen events occur

that could have environmental or socio-economic impacts during the construction or
operation of the project. Emergency situations on site that will cause a schedule delay
such as accidents in manpower, malfunction of machineries, utility breakouts, delivery
delays, and workforce reduction. To limit the length of potential construction delays, the
said emergency situations should be considered in a decision-making process before
construction.

3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

Institutions that will be responsible upon and during the construction period are the
City Planning and Development Office of the City of Mandaluyong, and the Local
Government Unit that handles the area of the proposed project.

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The team and the City Planning and Development Office will coordinate in order to
provide more information of the building codes and requirements of the City of
Mandaluyong. Local government units will be the one to cite ordinances to be followed
and shall help in monitoring the project site to ensure problems between the community
and the building owners and engineers are tolerated.

4 The Research Component

4.1 Abstract

Mandaluyong City is a highly urbanized area, but before being urbanized,

Mandaluyong is said to be a forested area. Mandaluyong City is now known as the Tiger
City of Manila. 4 With the help of its own cultural center building, the economy of the city
will be enhanced.

The local government of Mandaluyong wants to construct its very own cultural
center in the city. They need this building in order to showcase Mandaluyongs history.
The cultural center will consist of a museum and an auditorium.This will provide the people
knowledge about the city and some opportunities that will showcase their artistic talents.

This project would give the local government of Mandaluyong the design needed
to construct the said building. The researchers would be using BubbleDeck System in order
to reduce the weight and increase the strength of the slabs.

4.2 Introduction

Based on the research of the team, one of the most alarming problems of the country
is the proper disposal of waste materials. The Philippines is looming with garbage problems
despite the passage of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act
(RA) 9003. About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. 5 One of the
major components of these waste materials are plastics. With this condition, the team
searches for the study which includes plastic usage in construction. BubbleDeck
technology is the patented integration technique of linking air, steel, and concrete in a two-
way structural slab. Hollow plastic balls are inserted into the slab and held in place by
reinforcing steel. The end result eliminates the use of concrete that has little carrying effect
while maintaining the two-way span strength.

_______________

4
Mandaluyong Official Website. http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile
5
Country Report on Climate Change Policies, Green Jobs and Decent Work in the
Philippines, Eross S. Ocampo

112
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ISBN _____________________

4.3 Review of Related Literature BubbleDeck

According to the article A Look at How Plastic Bubbles Make Greener Buildings,
BubbleDeck is designed to be an efficient solution to decrease the amount of concrete used
in a buildings construction, greatly strengthen the overall frame, and better distribute the
weight of the concrete that is actually used. Another surprising factor is that BubbleDeck
makes use of recycled plastic in an effort to promote sustainability within its construction.6

According to the article UW-Madison's La Bahn Arena Marks U.S. Debut of

Revolutionary BubbleDeck Technology, BubbleDeck is a unique patented integration
system of linking air, steel and concrete in a two-way structural slab. The system is
especially unique in the way it incorporates recycled plastic bubbles to eliminate concrete.
The result improves building design and performance while reducing overall construction
cost.7

From the Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6 No.2, June 2013, the
stiffness values of BubbleDeck slabs were different from solid slab. Especially, (BD2-bu80
and BD3- bu100) specimens showed some one-way flexural cracks and lower stiffness. In
view of the results so far achieved, two-way BubbleDeck slabs act like general solid R.C
slabs basically and their flexural capacities were good enough to use. The use of plastic
spheres in reinforced concrete slabs (B/H=0.51, 0.64 and 0.80), had a result in comparison
with reference solid slabs (without plastic spheres), bubbled slabs has (100%, 100% and
90%) of the ultimate load of a similar reference solid slab but only (76%, 75% and 70%)
of the concrete volume due to plastic spheres, respectively. The deflections under service
load of BubbleDeck specimens were a little higher than those of an equivalent solid slab.
The concrete compressive strain of BubbleDeck specimens is greater than that of an
equivalent solid specimen.8

________________
6
BubbleDeck Technology: A Look at How Plastic Bubbles Make Greener Buildings
http://www.ecopedia.com/design/a-look-at-bubbledeck-technology-recycled-plastic-
replaces-concrete-in-building-construction-in-progress/
7
UW-Madison's La Bahn Arena Marks U.S. Debut of Revolutionary BubbleDeck
Technology (2011); http://www.spancrete.com/our_company/news/?article=16
8
Flexural Capacities of Reinforced Concrete Two- Way BubbleDeck Slabs of Plastic Spherical
Voids, Ibrahim, Ali, and Salman; Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences Volume 6 No.2,pp.
9-20, June 2013

113
CEGE Journal
ISBN _____________________

5 Conclusion
The team has successfully designed a building of Two-storey Cultural Center with
mezzanine for the Local Government of Mandaluyong located in Maysilo Circle,
Mandaluyong City. The building provides the need of the public in terms of studies. It
primarily seeks to be a help for students and to nurture the mind of the people in the
history of the city. The cultural center will consist of museum, offices and some
commercial establishments on the first floor and an auditorium with mezzanine on the
second floor.

The cultural center is designed as to resists Live Load, Dead Load and Earthquake
Load together with the structural design based on the codes under NSCP. Ordinary
resisting moment is being used as the design. The team applied the use of isolated footing
in the structural design since the project is two-storey building. In addition, there will also
be an incorporated green system with the use of recycled plastic which will make the
project cost efficient structure and more eco-friendly for the city of Mandaluyong.

The project consists of three phases which include the pre-construction, development,
and operational. For the pre-construction phase, it includes the requirements before the
project begins; the construction phase serves as the execution of the project and
operational is the phase wherein the project designs are ready to use and can already be
applied to its purpose

The BubbleDeck system is incorporated in the cultural center to decrease the dead
load of the structure and to prefabricate a two-way concrete slab economically.
BubbleDeck system comprises a hollow, flat slab that spans in two directions, in which
plastic balls are incorporated to replace, and eliminate the concrete in the middle of a
conventional slab which does not contribute to its structural performance. The
BubbleDeck slabs can be analyzed using the same method for solid two-way slabs.
Reusing or recycling of the plastic is an alternative for the replacement of concrete to
reduce the amount of concrete used in a buildings construction. With this system, slab
saves 1 kg of plastic for every 100kg of concrete.

One of the problems encountered by the group is the thickness of the slab in STAAD
Pro given that bubble deck system is incorporated. There are five standard thicknesses
for the BubbleDeck which vary from 230mm to 450mm. For this project, the thickness of
the slab is 230mm, however, the team used thinner slab in the program since the STAAD
Pro do not have the calculation for the bubble deck system. The deal with the situation,
the team calculated the volume of hollow sphere and subtracted to the volume with
230mm thickness. As a result of the computation, the team conclude that the thickness of
the slab is reduced to 160mm, therefore, 160mm thickness of slab is applied instead of
230mm in the program.

114
CEGE Journal
ISBN _____________________

6 Recommendation
The team highly recommends that the Local Government of Mandaluyong review
the design of proposed two-storey cultural center located in Maysilo Circle.

As the team study and investigate the design of two-storey cultural center, it has been
found that environmental aspects will greatly influenced by the construction of the
project. Since the location of the project is within the Maysilo Circle and has an area of
almost 1000 m; the group recommend a consultation to environmental engineers to
assess the effects of the said project. To ensure that the sewerage system has been well
organized, the group also recommends the consultation from a sanitary engineer.

The team also recommends to future thesis team to re-study the system about
BubbleDeck and apply it not just on slab but also in other parts of the building such as
walls, columns, beams and girders.

This study presents how aspiring civil engineers from Mapua Institute of
Technology address the need of Mandaluyong City in the plan of having an efficient and
sustainable cultural center.

7 Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Engr. Bievenido Cervantes, a very persevering and supportive
adviser, for his guidance all throughout the completion of this thesis. His words helped
build the bases of the studies and designs. To the beneficiary of this thesis, Engr. Minrado
Dimayuga, we thank you for the time you have given us despite your busy schedule. To all
our professors, classmates, dearest friends and relatives who helped us in finishing this
thesis, their efforts to teach, advice, support and comment were priceless. Their acts, big
and small, created the pathway to the completion of this thesis. To our beloved families,
whom we are all indebted, for all the support and encouragement, for inspiring us to strive
hard and always be honest to ourselves along the way, for loving and understanding us to
no end, our thanks would never be enough to show our happiness and gratitude. Lastly, to
the Almighty God for His ever-gracious guidance and unending blessings which carried us
to what we are now and made this thesis happen.

References
1. BubbleDeck Technology: A Look at How Plastic Bubbles Make Greener Buildings
http://www.ecopedia.com/design/a-look-at-bubbledeck-technology-recycled-plastic-
replaces-concrete-in-building-construction-in-progress/

2. UW-Madison's La Bahn Arena Marks U.S. Debut of Revolutionary BubbleDeck

Technology (2011); http://www.spancrete.com/our_company/news/?article=16

115
CEGE Journal
ISBN _____________________

3. Flexural Capacities of Reinforced Concrete Two- Way BubbleDeck Slabs of Plastic

Spherical Voids, Ibrahim, Ali, and Salman; Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences
Volume 6 No.2,pp. 9-20, June 2013

4. Country Report on Climate Change Policies, Green Jobs and Decent Work in the
Philippines, Eross S. Ocampo

5. BubbleDeck: Two-way Hollow Deck, September 2003

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/pdf/BDOverview9-03.pdf

6. Mandaluyong Official Website

http://www/mandaluyong.gov.ph

7. Lighter Flat Slab Technology

http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/design.html

116
 APPENDIX B:
Original Project Report
Assessment Sheet by
Panel Members

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 APPENDIX C:
English Editor
Assessment and
Evaluation Rubrics

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 APPENDIX D:
Accomplished
Consultation Forms

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 APPENDIX E:
Compilation of
Assessment Forms
(Rubrics)

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 APPENDIX F:
Soil Investigation Report

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 APPENDIX G:
Copy of Engineering
Drawings and Plans

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Site Plan

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Architectural Plan

Perspective

Elevations

228
Structural Plans

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Miscellaneous Sheet

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Plumbing Layout

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Lighting Layout

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APPENDIX H:
Copy of Poster

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 APPENDIX I:
Photocopy of Receipts

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 APPENDIX J:
Other Required Forms

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Adviser Endorsement Form

252
Invitation for the Beneficiary

253
Turnitin Results

254
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Received Letter for Article Type Paper

257
Proof of Edit

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 APPENDIX K:
Student Reflections

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 What have I achieved 3 to 5 years from date of graduation?

After graduation, it will be the start of my career life and I believe I am prepared. I have lot
of great thing planned and it is the time to accomplish my goals. One of my goals is to fully utilize
my skills and knowledge while contributing for the betterment of the company.

In three to five years after the graduation, I can see myself achieved some my goals in life. I
had passed the licensure exam and worked as a site engineer or project manager in a respective
company. And as I gained enough experiences, knowledge and connection with the people in
construction industry, I started to form a small construction firm together with my brother, an
architect.

Five years from now, we did not know what awaits us in the future. There will be obstacles
coming our way but we can fight it as long as we believe in ourselves and it will lead us to achieving
our goals. A key to success is to believe in yourself. And I believe!

-Ma. Leilani T. Manalaysay

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 What have I achieved 3 to 5 years from date of graduation?

Two weeks before the graduation day, since I am competitive engineer graduate and love the
challenge of mastering new things, I will seek for a job in position of civil engineering where I can
work with diversified and creative projects. I will compete to those people who have experience and
show them that I will be the chosen one for the job.

Three to five years from the date of graduation, I am pretty sure that I am already a project-
in-charge or even project manager in the construction site. As mention in the first paragraph, I like to
master new things preferably in construction to gain knowledge to establish my career and my life.
With that situation, I will be a contractor or subcontractor which will construct buildings not just safe
but also economical.

I am personally interested to become an engineer, however, there are many opportunities in

this unpredictable world. I will integrate those opportunities with engineering aspects and make this
world predictable. As of now, we cannot predict but we can project. Hopefully, someday, some things
will be predictable in the future.

-Neil Bryan P. Robles

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 What have I achieved 3 to 5 years from date of graduation?

Looking back at my college years a lot has happened during those times. I cried, laughed,
gained friends and knowledge about my field of interest, learned different skills in order to prepare
myself as a future civil engineer. Ive been through hardships and sacrifices in order to be where I am
today. In the near future, I would be willing to make sacrifices in order to achieve my dream.

Five years from the date of my graduation, I see myself as a licensed Civil Engineer. Im not
quite sure in which field I would be in. Whichever field I may be in the future, I see myself progressing
in whichever field I take as well as the company Im in, learning new and different skills in order to
benefit the company. As a newly graduate civil engineer I can see a lot of challenges ahead of me, I
am confident that I can surpass all the bumps ahead the road. Some of my personal achievements
would be: I have a stable job, I am continually rising up the ladder of my field. I would be going
around the different places here in the Philippines due to the different projects that Im handling.

Some would think that all of this is impossible to achieve, no one knows what exactly would
happen in the future. I believed in what Walt Disney had said All our dreams can come true, if we
have the courage to pursue them. So if I would be determined to pursue this field then someday I
would be able to achieve all my dreams.

-Ayah Rose M. Rosete

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APPENDIX L:
RESUME

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MANALAYSAY, MA. LEILANI T.
Sta. Barbara Baliuag, Bulacan
[email protected]
09162684027
______________________________________________________________

OBJECTIVE:

To apply a company where I can improve more my working skills and abilities.
To enhance my knowledge in the different aspect and kinds of fields.
To learn what it means to be working as a civil engineer, along with the
experiences and responsibilities of one.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

B.S Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology
Batch 2009-2014

Marian College
Batch 2005-2009

SKILLS

Can communicate and speak in Filipino and English.

Well knowledgeable in M.S Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
Proficient in AutoCAD.
Knowledgeable in Google SketchUp and STAAD.

PERSONAL DATA

Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: May 12, 1993

ORGANIZATIONS

Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies - Transportation Science Society of

the Philippines (EAST TSSP) - Mapua Student Chapter
Member, 2013

SEMINARS

Civil Engineering Specialization Congress: Taking Civil Engineering to Another

Level
August 18, 2012

Student Conference on Transportation Research

Feb 21-23, 2013

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OJT TRAINING:

Project: Avida Towers Centera

Company: ALPA Plumbing Works Inc.

Project: Breeze Residences

Company: DDT Konstract Inc.

Project: Reconstruction/Improvement of Bonifacio Drive and Widening of Anda

Circle
Company: Department of Public Works and Highways

REFERENCES:

Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes

College Professor, Mapua Institute of Technology
[email protected]

Engr. Raul C. Asis

College Professor, Mapua Institute of Technology
+632-304-3302
[email protected]

I hereby certify that the above information are true and correct.

_____Ma. Leilani T. Manalaysay____

Signature over Printed Name

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Neil Bryan P. Robles
Civil Engineer
Mobile No.: 09052533353
E-mail: [email protected]
_____________________________________________________________________

Objective: In search of a challenging position of civil engineering where I can work with
diversified and creative projects.

QUALIFICATION HIGHLIGHTS

Excellent problem solving and analytical skills.

Efficient management and organizational skills.
Open minded and able to work in complex projects and environment.
Mastery in engineering mathematics and arithmetic
Profound leadership qualities. Ability to motivate and encourage assistants for
accomplishment of assigned targets.
Fast learner with the ability to adapt to organization culture
Hardworking, dedicated, creative and self motivated team player with the
ability to handle multi-task level of responsibility.

EDUCATION
High School:

Immaculate Conception School of Baliuag with honors (2003)

College:

Bachelor of Civil Engineering from Mapa Institute of Technology, Intramuros,

Manila (2009-2014)

COMPUTER SKILLS

AutoCAD
C++
MS Office
Windows
HTML
Staad.Pro

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ORGANIZATION/AFFILIATION

Kizuna Bond Project Youth Ambassador

10th National Youth Parliament Regional Convener

Eastern Asia Sociaty for Transportation Studies Transportation Science Society of the
Philippines Mapua Student Chapter (EAST-TSSP-MSC) Member
Voice Of The Youth Member

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth February 05, 1992
Civil Status Single
Nationality Filipino

REFERENCES

Ms. Coline Esther B. Cardeo

Professor
(02)508-93-71

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 Ayah Rose M. Rosete
011 Rizal St. Brgy. Sto. Nio
Lumban, Laguna
Telephone: +639162652634 (Mobile)
Educa Email: [email protected]

Objective

To obtain a position in a stable work environment with growth potential and to expand
my knowledge and to assist in the continued improvement of the organization.

Education
2009 - 2013 MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

2006 2009 Little Shepherd Business and Science High School

Lumban, Laguna
Secondary Education

Skills

Proficient in Microsoft Office application such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.

Proficient in English and Filipino
Able to use Staad, and AutoCad
Has good interpersonal communication skills and has the ability to work effectively
in a team environment as well as independently.
Can work under pressure with minimal supervision.

Work Experience
January 2014 March 2014 OJT
OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT
Millennium Erectors Corporation

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 April 2014 Aug 2014 OJT
OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT
DDT KONSTRACT, INC.

Attainment
Attainment
2009 1st Honorable Mention
Little Shepherd Business and Science High School

Trainings and Seminars

August 2012 Civil Engineering Specialization Congress:
Taking Civil Engineering to another Level
February 2013 Student Conference on Transportation
Research

References
Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes
Engineer, Professor
Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila
09272186726

Engr. Francis Aldrine A. Uy

Dean, School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Mapa Institute of Technology, Intramuros Manila
527-84-56
[email protected]

I hereby certify that the aforementioned information are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

Ayah Rose M. Rosete

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