01 ARTICLE 2

T-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-221 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-222 Surface Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-223 Backscatter Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-224 System of Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
T-226 Extent of Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-231 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-232 Intensifying Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
T-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
T-261 Source Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
T-262 Densitometer and Step Wedge Comparison Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
T-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-271 Radiographic Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-272 Radiation Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-273 Direction of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-274 Geometric Unsharpness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-275 Location Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T-276 IQI Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
T-277 Use of IQIs to Monitor Radiographic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
T-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
T-281 Quality of Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
T-282 Radiographic Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
T-283 IQI Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-284 Excessive Backscatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-285 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-286 Evaluation by Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-291 Radiographic Technique Documentation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
T-292 Radiograph Review Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure
T-275 Location Marker Sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Tables
T-233.1 Hole-Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
T-233.2 Wire IQI Designation, Wire Diameter, and Wire Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
T-276 IQI Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
T-283 Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

16
Mandatory Appendices
Appendix I In-Motion Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-223 Backscatter Detection Symbol Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-263 Beam Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-274 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-275 Location Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I-277 Placement and Number of IQIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
I-279 Repaired Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
I-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
I-285 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix II Real-Time Radioscopic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-221 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-235 Calibration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-237 Equivalent Performance Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-263 System Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II-264 Measurement With a Calibration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-278 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-286 Factors Affecting System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-291 Radioscopic Technique Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Appendix III Digital Image Acquisition, Display, and Storage for Radiography and
Radioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-221 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-222 Original Image Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-231 Digital Image Examination Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-234 Viewing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test Pattern and Optical Density Step Wedge . . . . . . 35
III-250 Image Acquisition and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-255 Area of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-258 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
III-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-263 System Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-286 Factors Affecting System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-287 System-Induced Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

17
 III-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Appendix IV Interpretation, Evaluation, and Disposition of Radiographic and

Radioscopic Examination Test Results Produced by the Digital Image
Acquisition and Display Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-221 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-222 Original Image Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
IV-234 Viewing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test Pattern and Optical Density Step Wedge . . . . . . 38
IV-250 Image Acquisition, Storage, and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-255 Area of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-258 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-263 System Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IV-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Appendix V Glossary of Terms for Radiographic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

V-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
V-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
V-230 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Appendix VI Digital Image Acquisition, Display, Interpretation, and Storage of Radiographs for
Nuclear Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-221 Supplemental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-222 Written Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-223 Personnel Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VI-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-231 System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-232 System Spot Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-240 System Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-241 Spatial Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-242 Contrast Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-243 Dynamic Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-244 Spatial Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-250 Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VI-260 Demonstration of System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-261 Procedure Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-262 Processed Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

18
 VI-261 Procedure Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-262 Processed Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-264 Frequency of Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-265 Changes in System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-271 System Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-272 Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-273 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-281 Process Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-282 Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-283 Baseline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-291 Reporting Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VI-292 Archiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-220 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-221 Reference Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-230 Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-231 Reference Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-233 Contrast Sensitivity Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-234 Dynamic Range Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
VI-A-235 Spatial Linearity Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-240 Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-241 Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-242 Film Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-244 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI-A-245 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Appendix VII Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

VII-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-220 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-224 System of Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-271 Radiographic Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-276 IQI Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-282 Radiographic Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-290 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII-293 Layout Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Figures
I-263 Beam Width Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
VI-A-1 Reference Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Nonmandatory Appendices
Appendix A Technique Sketches for Pipe or Tube Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
A-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

19 A02
 Single-Wall Radiographic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Double-Wall Radiographic Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Appendix C Hole-Type IQI Placement Sketches for Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

C-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Appendix D Number of IQIs (Special Cases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

D-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Figures
C-210-1 Side and Top Views of Hole-Type IQI Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
C-210-2 Side and Top Views of Hole-Type IQI Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
C-210-3 Side and Top Views of Hole-Type IQI Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C-210-4 Side and Top Views of Hole-Type IQI Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
D-210-1 Complete Circumference Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
D-210-2 Section of Circumference 240 deg. or More Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
D-210-3 Section(s) of Circumference Less Than 240 deg. Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . 58
D-210-4 Section(s) of Circumference Equal to or More Than 120 deg. and Less Than 240
deg. Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
D-210-5 Complete Circumferential Welds Spherical Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
D-210-6 Welds in Segments of Spherical Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
D-210-7 Plan View A-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
D-210-8 Array of Objects in a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

20
 ARTICLE 2
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

T-210 SCOPE tional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process

to such a degree that the resulting radiographic image
The radiographic method described in this Article
due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be
for examination of materials including castings and
confused with the image of any discontinuity.
welds shall be used together with Article 1, General
Requirements. Definitions of terms used in this Article T-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface
are in Mandatory Appendix V of this Article. irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and
Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and ap- outside shall be removed by any suitable process to
plication-specific requirements are also given in other such a degree that the resulting radiographic image
Mandatory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be
table of contents. These additional requirements shall confused with the image of any discontinuity.
also be complied with when an Appendix is applicable The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may
to the radiographic or radioscopic examination being be flush with the base material or may have reasonably
conducted. uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that
specified in the referencing Code Section.

T-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

T-221 Procedure Requirements T-223 Backscatter Radiation

01 T-221.1 Radiographic examination shall be per- A lead symbol B, with minimum dimensions of
1
A02 formed in accordance with a written procedure. Each 2 in. (13 mm) in height and 116 in. (1.6 mm) in
procedure shall include at least the following informa- thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film
tion, as applicable: holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter
(a) material type and thickness range, radiation is exposing the film.
(b) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used,
(c) minimum source-to-object distance,
(d) distance from source side of object to the film T-224 System of Identification
at the minimum source-to-object distance, A system shall be used to produce permanent identi-
(e) maximum source size, fication on the radiograph traceable to the contract,
(f) film brand and designation, and component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as
(g) screens used. appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturers symbol or
name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly
T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration
and permanently included on the radiograph. This identi-
of the density and IQI image requirements of the written
fication system does not necessarily require that the
procedure on production or technique radiographs shall
information appear as radiographic images. In any case,
be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with
this information shall not obscure the area of interest.
that procedure.

T-222 Surface Preparation T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations of

Radiographs
T-222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfaces
shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film
specification or referencing Code Section, with addi- shall be used for judging film density.

21
 T-226 2001 SECTION V T-233.2

T-226 Extent of Examination T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design A02

The extent of radiographic examination shall be as T-233.1 Standard IQI Design. IQIs shall be either
specified by the referencing Code Section. the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type IQIs shall
be manufactured and identified in accordance with the
requirements or alternates allowed in SE-1025. Wire-
type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accord-
T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS ance with the requirements or alternates allowed in
T-231 Film SE-747, except that the largest wire number or the
identity number may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs
A02 T-231.1 Selection. Radiographs shall be made using shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type
industrial radiographic film. and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type.
A02 T-231.2 Processing. Standard Guide for Controlling
T-233.2 Alternative IQI Design. IQIs designed and
the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing,
manufactured in accordance with other national or
SE-999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of Standard Guide
international standards may be used provided the re-
for Radiographic Examination SE-94 shall be used as
quirements of either (a) or (b) below, and the material
a guide for processing film.
requirements of T-276.1 are met.
(a) Hole Type IQIs. The calculated Equivalent IQI
Sensitivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1, is equal
T-232 Intensifying Screens
to or better than the required standard hole type IQI.
Intensifying screens may be used when performing (b) Wire Type IQIs. The alternative wire IQI essential
radiographic examination in accordance with this Ar- wire diameter is equal to or less than the required
ticle. standard IQI essential wire.

A02 TABLE T-233.1

HOLE-TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS
IQI 1T Hole 2T Hole 4T Hole
IQI Thickness, Diameter, Diameter, Diameter,
Designation in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)

5 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)

7 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
10 0.010 (0.25) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
12 0.0125 (0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27)
15 0.015 (0.38) 0.015 (0.38) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52)
17 0.0175 (0.44) 0.0175 (0.44) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78)
20 0.020 (0.51) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02) 0.080 (2.03)
25 0.025 (0.64) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54)
30 0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05)
35 0.035 (0.89) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56)
40 0.040 (1.02) 0.040 (1.02) 0.080 ((2.03) 0.160 (4.06)
45 0.045 (1.14) 0.045 (1.14) 0.090 (2.29) 0.180 (4.57)
50 0.050 (1.27) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54) 0.200 (5.08)
60 0.060 (1.52) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (6.10)
70 0.070 (1.78) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56) 0.280 (7.11)
80 0.080 (2.03) 0.080 (2.03) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13)
100 0.100 (2.54) 0.100 (2.54) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.16)
120 0.120 (3.05) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (6.10) 0.480 (12.19)
140 0.140 (3.56) 0.140 (3.56) 0.280 (7.11) 0.560 (14.22)
160 0.160 (4.06) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13) 0.640 (16.26)
200 0.200 (5.08) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.16) ...
240 0.240 (6.10) 0.240 (6.10) 0.480 (12.19) ...
280 0.280 (7.11) 0.280 (7.11) 0.560 (14.22) ...

22
 T-234 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-262.3

A02 TABLE T-233.2 (a) X-Ray Machines. For X-ray machines operating
WIRE IQI DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER, at 500 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined
AND WIRE IDENTITY by the pinhole method,1 or in accordance with SE-
Set A Set B 1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal
Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging.
Wire Wire Wire Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity
(b) Iridium-192 Sources. For Iridium-192, the source
size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114,
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6 Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size
0.004 (0.01) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7 of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources.
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.41) 8
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.008 (0.20) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11 T-262 Densitometer and Step Wedge
Comparison Film
Set C Set D
T-262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali-
Wire brated at least every 90 days during use as follows:
Diameter, Wire Wire Wire
in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity (a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge
calibration film, traceable to a national standard step
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.54) 16 tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.20) 17
from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
0.063 (1.60) 14 0.200 (5.08) 19 wedge calibration film shall have been verified within
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.250 (6.35) 20 the last year by comparison with a national standard
0.100 (2.54) 16 0.320 (8.13) 21 step tablet.
(b) The densitometer manufacturers step-by-step in-
structions for the operation of the densitometer shall
be followed.
(c) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and
4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge
T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs
calibration film shall be read.
Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background (d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density
lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome readings do not vary by more than 0.05 density units
reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equip- from the actual density stated on the national standard
ment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall step tablet or step wedge calibration film.
provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential
IQI hole or designated wire to be visible for the T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge
specified density range. The viewing conditions shall comparison films shall be verified prior to first use,
be such that light from around the outer edge of the unless performed by the manufacturer, as follows:
radiograph or coming through low-density portions of (a) The density of the steps on a step wedge compari-
the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation. son film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer.
(b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable
if the density readings do not vary by more than
0.1 density units from the density stated on the step
T-260 CALIBRATION wedge comparison film.
T-261 Source Size T-262.3 Periodic Verification
T-261.1 Verification of Source Size. The equipment (a) Densitometers. Periodic cablibration verification
manufacturers or suppliers publications, such as techni- checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1 at
cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu- the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous
menting the actual or maximum source size or focal use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes
spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification. first. The densitometer is acceptable if the density

T-261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manu- 1

Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume I, First Edition, pp.
facturers or suppliers publications are not available, 14.3214.33, Measuring Focal-Spot Size. Also, pp. 2021 of Radi-
source size may be determined as follows: ography in Modern Industry, Fourth Edition.

23
T-262.3 2001 SECTION V T-275

readings are within 0.05 of the calibration readings separate the images of the source-side and film-side
determined in T-262.1(c). portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of the
(b) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is
checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2. required, a minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg.
to each other shall be made for each joint.
T-262.4 Documentation
(2) As an alternative, the weld may be radio-
(a) Densitometer calibration readings required by T-
graphed with the radiation beam positioned so that the
262.1(c) shall be recorded in an appropriate calibra-
images of both walls are superimposed. When complete
tion log.
coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures
(b) Periodic verification readings required by T-262.3
taken at either 60 deg. or 120 deg. to each other shall
do not have to be recorded.
be made for each joint.
(3) Additional exposures shall be made if the
required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using
T-270 EXAMINATION
the minimum number of exposures indicated in (b)(1)
T-271 Radiographic Technique2 or (b)(2) above.
A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for
radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical T-272 Radiation Energy 01
to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique
The radiation energy employed for any radiographic
shall be used. An adequate number of exposures shall
technique shall achieve the density and IQI image
be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has
requirements of this Article.
been obtained.
T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall
T-273 Direction of Radiation
technique, the radiation passes through only one wall
of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance The direction of the central beam of radiation should
on the radiograph. be centered on the area of interest whenever practical.
T-271.2 Double-Wall Technique. When it is not
practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the T-274 Geometric Unsharpness
following double-wall techniques shall be used.
Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be
(a) Single-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds
determined in accordance with:
in components, a technique may be used in which the
radiation passes through two walls and only the weld
Ug p Fd /D
(material) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance
on the radiograph. When complete coverage is required
for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of where
three exposures taken 120 deg. to each other shall be Ugp geometric unsharpness
made. Fp source size: the maximum projected dimension
of the radiating source (or effective focal spot)
(b) Double-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds
in the plane perpendicular to the distance D
in components 312 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal
from the weld or object being radiographed, in.
outside diameter, a technique may be used in which
Dp distance from source of radiation to weld or
the radiation passes through two walls and the weld
object being radiographed, in.
(material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on
dp distance from source side of weld or object be-
the same radiograph. For double-wall viewing, only a
ing radiographed to the film
source-side IQI shall be used. Care should be exercised
to ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is NOTE: Refer to Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94 for
not exceeded. If the geometric unsharpness requirement a method of determining geometric unsharpness. Alternatively, a
nomograph as shown in Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing
cannot be met, then single-wall viewing shall be used. SE-94 may be used.
(1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset
from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to
T-275 Location Markers
2
Sketches showing suggested source, film, and IQI placements for pipe Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to
or tube welds are illustrated in Article 2, Nonmandatory Appendix A. appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be

24
T-275 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.1

placed on the part, not on the exposure holder /cassette. T-276 IQI Selection
Their locations shall be permanently marked on the
T-276.1 Material. IQIs shall be selected from either A02
surface of the part being radiographed when permitted,
the same alloy material group or grade as identified
or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest
in SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy
on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location
material group or grade with less radiation absorption
on the part, for the required retention period of the
than the material being radiographed.
radiograph. Evidence shall also be provided on the
radiograph that the required coverage of the region T-276.2 Size. The designated hole IQI or essential
being examined has been obtained. Location markers wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner
shall be placed as follows. or thicker hole-type IQI may be substituted for any
section thickness listed in Table T-276, provided an
T-275.1 Single-Wall Viewing
equivalent IQI sensitivity is maintained. See T-283.2.
(a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be
(a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on
placed on the source side when radiographing the
which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall
following:
thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to
(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylin- exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing Code
drical or conical components; Section. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered
(2) curved or spherical components whose concave as part of the thickness in IQI selection. The actual
side is toward the source and when the source-to- measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required.
material distance is less than the inside radius of the (b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness
component; on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall
(3) curved or spherical components whose convex thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered
side is toward the source. as part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.
(b) Film-Side Markers
(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film T-276.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or
side when radiographing either curved or spherical Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld
components whose concave side is toward the source metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation
and when the source-to-material distance is greater attenuation that differs from the base material, the IQI
than the inside radius. material selection shall be based on the weld metal
(2) As an alternative to source-side placement in and be in accordance with T-276.1. When the density
T-275.1(a)(1), location markers may be placed on the limits of T-282.2 cannot be met with one IQI, and the
film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond exceptional density area(s) is at the interface of the
the location markers to the extent demonstrated by Fig. weld metal and the base metal, the material selection
T-275, sketch (e), and when this alternate is documented for the additional IQIs shall be based on the base
in accordance with T-291. material and be in accordance with T-276.1.
(c) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be
placed on either the source side or film side when
radiographing either curved or spherical components T-277 Use of IQIs to Monitor Radiographic
whose concave side is toward the source and the Examination
source-to-material distance equals the inside radius
of the component. T-277.1 Placement of IQIs A02
(a) Source-Side IQI(s). The IQI(s) shall be placed
T-275.2 Double-Wall Viewing. For double-wall on the source side of the part being examined, except
viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed for the condition described in T-277.1(b).
adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it
of interest) for each radiograph. is not practical to place the IQI(s) on the part or weld,
the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate
T-275.3 Mapping the Placement of Location Mark- blocks shall be made of the same or radiographically
ers. When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent similar materials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be
the placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and used to facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction
T-275.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker on the separate block thickness, provided the IQI /area-
placement shall accompany the radiographs to show of-interest density tolerance requirements of T-282.2
that full coverage has been obtained. are met.

25
 Fig. T-275

Source side
acceptable
Film side Source side
unacceptable acceptable
Film side
Film side Source side unacceptable
unacceptable acceptable

Flat component or longitudinal seam Curved components with radiation source to Curved components with convex surface
[See T-275.1(a)(1)] film distance less than radius of component towards radiation source
[See sketch (e) for alternate] [See T-275.1(a)(2)] [See T-275.1(a)(3)]
(a) (b) (c)

26
Either side
location marker
is acceptable
D
2001 SECTION V

x Mf x
Source side
unacceptable Film side
Source side marker alternate
acceptable
Flat component or logitudinal seam
Curved components with radiation source to x = (t / D) (Mf / 2) Curved components with radiation source
film distance greater than radius of curvature x = additional required coverage at center curvature
[See T-275.1(b)(1)] beyond film side location marker [See T-275.1(c)]
(d) t = component thickness (f)
Mf = film side location marker interval
LEGEND: Radiation source D = source to component distance
[See T-275.1(b)(2)]
Location marker (e)
Component center

FIG. T-275 LOCATION MARKER SKETCHES

T-277.1 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.2

TABLE T-276
IQI SELECTION
IQI

Nominal Single-Wall Source Side Film Side

Material Thickness Range
Hole-Type Wire-Type Hole-Type Wire-Type
in. mm Designation Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire

Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4

Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 0.375 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through 12.7 17 7 15 6
Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over 12.7 through 19.0 20 8 17 7
Over 0.75 through 1.00 Over 19.0 through 25.4 25 9 20 8
Over 1.00 through 1.50 Over 25.4 through 38.1 30 10 25 9
Over 1.50 through 2.00 Over 38.1 through 50.8 35 11 30 10
Over 2.00 through 2.50 Over 50.8 through 63.5 40 12 35 11
Over 2.50 through 4.00 Over 63.5 through 101.6 50 13 40 12
Over 4.00 through 6.00 Over 101.6 through 152.4 60 14 50 13
Over 6.00 through 8.00 Over 152.4 through 203.2 80 16 60 14
Over 8.00 through 10.00 Over 203.2 through 254.0 100 17 80 16
Over 10.00 through 12.00 Over 254.0 through 304.8 120 18 100 17
Over 12.00 through 16.00 Over 304.8 through 406.4 160 20 120 18
Over 16.00 through 20.00 Over 406.4 through 508.0 200 21 160 20

(1) The IQI on the source side of the separate when used, the lead letter F, may be placed in the
block shall be placed no closer to the film than the area of interest.
source side of the part being radiographed.
(2) The separate block shall be placed as close T-277.2 Number of IQIs. When one or more film
as possible to the part being radiographed. holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI
(3) When hole-type IQIs are used, the block dimen- image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined
sions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the in (b) below.
outline of at least three sides of the IQI image shall (a) Multiple IQIs. If the requirements of T-282 are
be visible on the radiograph. met by using more than one IQI, one shall be representa-
(b) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents tive of the lightest area of interest and the other the
hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) darkest area of interest; the intervening densities on
shall be placed on the film side in contact with the the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable
part being examined. A lead letter F shall be placed density.
adjacent to or on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the (b) Special Cases3
essential hole where hole IQIs are used. (1) For cylindrical components where the source
(c) IQI Placement for Welds Hole IQIs. The is placed on the axis of the component for a single
IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The exposure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120
identification number(s) and, when used, the lead letter deg. apart, are required under the following conditions:
F, shall not be in the area of interest, except when (a) When the complete circumference is radio-
geometric configuration makes it impractical. graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(d) IQI Placement for Welds Wire IQIs. The (b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-
IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
of the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using
The identification numbers and, when used, the lead one or more film holders. Additional film locations
letter F, shall not be in the area of interest, except may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
(e) IQI Placement for Materials Other Than Welds.
3
The IQI(s) with the IQI identification number(s), and, Refer to Nonmandatory Appendix D for additional guidance.

27
T-277.2 2001 SECTION V T-282.2

(2) For cylindrical components where the source (8) In order to maintain the continuity of records
is placed on the axis of the component for a single involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhib-
exposure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each iting IQIs that qualify the techniques permitted in
end of the span of the circumference radiographed and accordance with (1) through (6) above shall be retained.
one in the approximate center of the span, are required
T-277.3 Shims Under Hole IQIs. For welds, a shim
under the following conditions:
of material radiographically similar to the weld metal
(a) When a section of the circumference, the
shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed,
length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than
so that the radiographic density throughout the area of
240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or; interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than)
(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer- the radiographic density through the IQI.
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions
sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI
more than one film holder. image shall be visible in the radiograph.
(3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitu-
dinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are
radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential
T-280 EVALUATION
weld, an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitu-
dinal weld at the end of the section most remote T-281 Quality of Radiographs
from the junction with the circumferential weld being All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemi-
radiographed. cal, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not
(4) For spherical components where the source is mask and are not confused with the image of any
placed at the center of the component for a single discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being
exposure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not lim-
deg. apart, are required under the following conditions: ited to:
(a) When a complete circumference is radio- (a) fogging;
graphed using one or more film holders, or; (b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks,
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer- or chemical stains;
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost (c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using marks, smudges, or tears;
one or more film holders. Additional film locations (d) false indications due to defective screens.
may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
(5) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single T-282 Radiographic Density
exposure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each T-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film
end of the radiographed span of the circumference density through the radiographic image of the body of
radiographed and one in the approximate center of the the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
span, are required under the following conditions: wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
(a) When a section of a circumference, the 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs
length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than made with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for
240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or; radiographs made with a gamma ray source. For com-
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer- posite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost of the composite set shall have a minimum density of
sections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using 1.3. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single
more than one film holder. or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density
is allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
(6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are
radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential T-282.2 Density Variation
weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each (a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere
other weld. through the area of interest varies by more than minus
(7) When an array of components in a circle is 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body
radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on each of the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of
component image. a wire IQI, within the minimum /maximum allowable

28
T-282.2 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-291

TABLE T-283 T-284 Excessive Backscatter

EQUIVALENT HOLE-TYPE IQI SENSITIVITY
If a light image of the B, as described in T-223,
Hole-Type Equivalent Hole-Type Designations
appears on a darker background of the radiograph,
Designation
2T Hole 1T Hole 4T Hole protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radio-
graph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image
10 15 5 of the B on a lighter background is not cause for
12 17 7
rejection.
15 20 10
17 25 12
20 30 15
25 35 17 T-285 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations 01
30 40 20
35 50 25 Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall not
40 60 30 exceed the following:
50 70 35
60 80 40 Material Ug
80 120 60 Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum, in. (mm)
100 140 70 Under 2 (50.8) 0.020 (0.51)
120 160 80 2 through 3 (50.876.2) 0.030 (0.76)
160 240 120 Over 3 through 4 (76.2101.6) 0.040 (1.02)
200 280 140 Greater than 4 (101.6) 0.070 (1.78)

NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.

T-286 Evaluation by Manufacturer 01

density ranges specified in T-282.1, then an additional
IQI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review,
the radiograph retaken. When calculating the allowable interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com-
variation in density, the calculation may be rounded pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the require-
to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in T- ments of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section.
282.1. As an aid to the review and evaluation, the radiographic
(b) With Shims. When shims are used the plus 30% technique documentation required by T-291 shall be
density restriction of (a) above may be exceeded, completed prior to the evaluation. The radiograph review
provided the required IQI sensitivity is displayed and form required by T-292 shall be completed during the
the density limitations of T-282.1 are not exceeded. evaluation. The radiographic technique details and the
radiograph review form documentation shall accompany
the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prior
T-283 IQI Sensitivity to presentation of the radiographs and accompanying
T-283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be documentation to the Inspector.
performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to
display the designated hole IQI image and the 2T hole,
or the essential wire of a wire IQI. The radiographs T-290 DOCUMENTATION
shall also display the IQI identifying numbers and
letters. If the designated hole IQI image and 2T hole, T-291 Radiographic Technique A02
or essential wire, do not show on any film in a multiple Documentation Details
film technique, but do show in composite film viewing, The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the
interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the
viewing. following information shall be provided.
T-283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type Sensitivity. If a thin- (a) identification, e.g., job/contract number and heat
ner or thicker hole-type IQI than listed in Table T- number (if applicable)
276 was substituted, an equivalent IQI sensitivity, as (b) the dimensional map (if used) of marker place-
specified in Table T-283, shall have been maintained ment in accordance with T-275.3
as well as all other requirements for radiography having (c) number of radiographs (exposures)
been met. (d) X-ray voltage or isotope type used

29
T-291 2001 SECTION V T-292

(e) X-ray machine focal spot size or isotope physical T-292 Radiograph Review Form
sources size
The Manufacturer shall prepare a radiograph review
(f) base material type and thickness, weld thickness, form. As a minimum, the following information shall
weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable be provided.
(g) minimum source-to-object distance (a) a listing of each radiograph location
(h) distance from source side of object to the film (b) the information required in T-291, by inclusion
at the minimum source-to-object distance or by reference
(i) film manufacturer and Manufacturers type/desig- (c) evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or
nation weld(s) examined
(d) identification (name) of the Manufacturers repre-
(j) number of film in each film holder/cassette
sentative who performed the final acceptance of the
(k) single- or double-wall exposure radiographs
(l) single- or double-wall viewing (e) date of Manufacturers evaluation

30
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX I IN-MOTION bp distance from source to the weld side of the

RADIOGRAPHY diaphragm
cp distance from weld side of the diaphragm to the
I-210 SCOPE source side of the weld surface
In-motion radiography is a technique of radiography Fp source size: the maximum projected dimension
where the object being radiographed and /or the source of the radiating source (or focal spot) in the
of radiation is in motion during the exposure. plane perpendicular to the distance b + c from
In-motion radiography may be performed on weld- the weld being radiographed
ments when the following modified provisions to those NOTE: Use consistent units.
in Article 2 are satisfied.

I-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS I-270 EXAMINATION

I-223 Backscatter Detection Symbol I-274 Geometric and In-Motion

Location Unsharpness

(a) For longitudinal welds the lead symbol B shall I-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness. Geometric un-
be attached to the back of each film cassette or at sharpness for an in-motion radiograph shall be deter-
approximately equal intervals not exceeding 36 in. (914 mined as specified in T-274.
mm) apart, whichever is smaller. I-274.2 In-Motion Unsharpness. In-motion un-
(b) For circumferential welds, the lead symbol B sharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in
shall be attached to the back of the film cassette in accordance with:
each quadrant or spaced no greater than 36 in. (914
mm), whichever is smaller. wd
UM p
D

I-260 CALIBRATION where

I-263 Beam Width UMp in-motion unsharpness
wp beam width at the source side of the weld mea-
The beam width shall be controlled by a metal sured in the direction of motion determined as
diaphragm such as lead. The diaphragm for the energy specified in I-263
selected shall be at least 10 half value layers thick. dp distance from source side of the weld being
The beam width as shown in Fig. I-263 shall be radiographed to the film
determined in accordance with: Dp distance from source of radiation to weld being
radiographed
c (F + a)
wp +a
b NOTE: Use consistent units

where
I-275 Location Markers
wp beam width at the source side of the weld mea-
sured in the direction of motion Location markers shall be placed adjacent to the
ap slit width in diaphragm in direction of motion weld at the extremity of each film cassette and

31
 I-275 2001 SECTION V I-285

A02 FIG. I-263 BEAM WIDTH DETERMINATION

also at approximately equal intervals not exceeding 15 Wire IQIs, when used, shall be placed on the weld
in. (381 mm). seam so that the length of the wires is perpendicular
to the length of the weld and spaced as indicated above
for hole IQIs.
I-277 Placement and Number of IQIs
(a) For longitudinal welds, hole IQIs shall be placed I-279 Repaired Area
adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam, or on When radiography of a repaired area is required, the
the weld seam at the beginning and end of the weld length of the film used shall be at least equal to the
seam, and thereafter at approximately equal intervals length of the original location marker interval.
not exceeding 36 in. (914 mm) or for each film cassette.
Wire IQIs, when used, shall be placed on the weld
seam so that the length of the wires is perpendicular I-280 EVALUATION
to the length of the weld and spaced as indicated above
for hole IQIs. I-285 Geometric and In-Motion
Unsharpness Limitations
(b) For circumferential welds, hole IQIs shall be
placed adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam Neither the geometric nor in-motion unsharpness of
or on the weld seam in each quadrant or spaced no the radiograph shall exceed the values specified in
greater than 36 in. (914 mm) apart, whichever is smaller. T-285.

32
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX II REAL-TIME II-235 Calibration Block

RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION The calibration block shall be made of the same
II-210 SCOPE material type and product form as the test object. The
calibration block may be an actual test object or may
Real-time radioscopy provides immediate response be fabricated to simulate the test object with known
imaging with the capability to follow motion of the discontinuities.
inspected part. This includes radioscopy where the
motion of the test object must be limited (commonly
referred to as near real-time radioscopy). II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern
Real-time radioscopy may be performed on materials and Step Wedge
including castings and weldments when the modified
The line pair test pattern shall be used without an
provisions to Article 2 as indicated herein are satisfied.
additional absorber to evaluate the system resolution.
SE-1255 shall be used in conjunction with this Appendix
The step wedge shall be used to evaluate system contrast
as indicated by specific references in appropriate para-
sensitivity.
graphs. SE-1416 provides additional information that
The step wedge must be made of the same material
may be used for radioscopic examination of welds.
as the test object with steps representing 100%, 99%,
98%, and 97% of both the thickest and the thinnest
material sections to be inspected. Additional step thick-
II-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS nesses are permissible.
This radioscopic methodology may be used for the
examination of ferrous or nonferrous materials and II-237 Equivalent Performance Level
weldments.
A system which exhibits a spatial resolution of 3 line
pairs per millimeter, a thin section contrast sensitivity of
II-221 Procedure Requirements 3%, and a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2% has
A written procedure is required and shall contain as an equivalent performance level of 3% 2% 3
a minimum the following (see SE-1255, 5.2): lp /mm.
(a) material and thickness range
(b) equipment qualifications
(c) test object scan plan II-260 CALIBRATION
(d) radioscopic parameters System calibration shall be performed in the static
(e) image processing parameters mode by satisfying the line pair test pattern resolution,
(f) image display parameters step wedge contrast sensitivity, and calibration block
(g) image archiving discontinuity detection necessary to meet the IQI re-
quirements of T-276.

II-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

II-263 System Performance Measurement
II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record
Real-time radioscopic system performance parameters
The radioscopic examination data shall be recorded shall be determined initially and monitored regularly
and stored on videotape, magnetic disk, or optical disk. with the system in operation to assure consistent results.

33
II-263 2001 SECTION V II-292

The system performance shall be monitored at suffi- II-280 EVALUATION

ciently scheduled intervals to minimize the probability
II-286 Factors Affecting System Performance
of time-dependent performance variations. System per-
formance tests require the use of the calibration block, The radioscopic examination system performance
line pair test pattern, and the step wedge. quality is determined by the combined performance of
System performance measurement techniques shall the components specified in II-278. (See SE-1255, 6.1.)
be standardized so that they may be readily duplicated When using wire IQIs, the radioscopic examination
at the specified intervals. system may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, therefore,
the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the axis
of the least sensitivity of the system.
II-264 Measurement With a Calibration
Block
II-290 DOCUMENTATION
The calibration block shall also be placed in the
II-291 Radioscopic Technique Information
same position as the actual object and manipulated
through the same range and speed of motions as will To aid in proper interpretation of the radioscopic
be used for the actual object to demonstrate the systems examination data, details of the technique used shall
response in the dynamic mode. accompany the data. As a minimum, the information
shall include the items specified in T-291 when applica-
ble, II-221, and the following:
(a) operator identification
II-270 EXAMINATION (b) system performance test data
II-278 System Configuration
The radioscopic examination system shall, as a mini- II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
mum, include the following: Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-
(a) radiation source ance, the examination data shall be interpreted by the
(b) manipulation system Manufacturer as complying with the referencing Code
(c) detection system Section. The Manufacturer shall record the interpretation
(d) information processing system and disposition of each weldment examined on a radio-
(e) image display system graphic interpretation review form accompanying the
(f) record archiving system radioscopic data.

34
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX III DIGITAL IMAGE III-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

ACQUISITION, DISPLAY, III-231 Digital Image Examination Record
AND STORAGE FOR RADIOGRAPHY
AND RADIOSCOPY The digital image examination data shall be recorded
and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.
III-210 SCOPE
Digital image acquisition, display, and storage can
be applied to radiography and radioscopy. Once the III-234 Viewing Considerations
analog image is converted to digital format, the data The digital image shall be judged by visual compari-
can be displayed, processed, quantified, stored, retrieved, son to be equivalent to the image quality of the original
and converted back to the original analog format, for image at the time of digitization.
example, film or video presentation.
Digital imaging of all radiographic and radioscopic
examination test results shall be performed in accord- III-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test
ance with the modified provisions to Article 2 as Pattern and Optical Density Step
indicated herein. Wedge
An optical line pair test pattern operating between
0.1 and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate
the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system.
III-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate
III-221 Procedure Requirements system contrast sensitivity.

A written procedure is required and shall contain,

as a minimum, the following system performance param-
eters: III-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION AND
(a) image digitizing parameters modulation trans- STORAGE
fer function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensi- III-255 Area of Interest
tivity, and dynamic range;
(b) image display parameters format, contrast, Any portion of the image data may be digitized and
and magnification; stored provided the information that is digitized and
(c) image processing parameters that are used; stored includes the area of interest as defined by the
referencing Code Section.
(d) storage identification, data compression, and
media (including precautions to be taken to avoid
data loss);
III-258 System Configuration
(e) analog output formats.
The system shall, as a minimum, include the fol-
lowing:
(a) digitizing system
III-222 Original Image Artifacts (b) display system
Any artifacts that are identified in the original image (c) image processing system
shall be noted or annotated on the digital image. (d) image storage system

35
III-260 2001 SECTION V III-292

III-260 CALIBRATION confused with the image of any discontinuity in the

original analog image.
The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity.
III-290 DOCUMENTATION
III-263 System Performance Measurement III-291 Digital Imaging Technique
System performance parameters (as noted in III-221) Information
shall be determined initially and monitored regularly To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
with the system in operation to assure consistent results. tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
The system performance shall be monitored at the the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
beginning and end of each shift to minimize the proba- items specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,
bility of time-dependent performance variations. III-221, III-222, and the following:
(a) operator identification
(b) system performance test data
III-280 EVALUATION
III-286 Factors Affecting System Performance III-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
The quality of system performance is determined by Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-
the combined performance of the components specified ance, the digital examination data from a radiographic
in III-258. or radioscopic image shall have been interpreted by
the Manufacturer as complying with the referencing
Code Section.
III-287 System-Induced Artifacts
The digital examination data from a radiograph that
The digital images shall be free of system-induced has previously been accepted by the Inspector is not
artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be required to be submitted to the Inspector for acceptance.

36
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX IV INTERPRETATION, the unprocessed original full image and the digitally
EVALUATION, AND DISPOSITION processed image, shall be recorded and stored on video
OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND tape, magnetic tape, or optical disk.
RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION TEST
RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE
IV-221 Procedure Requirements
DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION
AND DISPLAY PROCESS A written procedure is required and shall contain,
as a minimum, the following system performance param-
IV-210 SCOPE eters:
The digital image examination test results produced (a) image digitizing parameters modulation trans-
in accordance with Article 2, Mandatory Appendix II, fer function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensi-
and Article 2, Mandatory Appendix III, may be interpre- tivity, dynamic range, and pixel size;
ted and evaluated for final disposition in accordance (b) image display parameters monitor size includ-
with the additional provisions to Article 2 as indicated ing display pixel size, luminosity, format, contrast, and
herein. magnification;
The digital information is obtained in series with (c) signal processing parameters including density
radiography and in parallel with radioscopy. This data shift, contrast stretch, log transform, and any other
collection process also provides for interpretation, evalu- techniques that do not mathematically alter the original
ation, and disposition of the examination test results. digital data, e.g., linear and area measurement, pixel
sizing, and value determination;
(d) storage identification, data compression, and
IV-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS media (including precautions to be taken to avoid data
loss). The non-erasable optical media should be used
The digital image shall be interpreted while displayed for archival applications. This is frequently called the
on a cathode ray tube (soft display). The interpretation WORM (Write Once Read Many) technology. When
may include density and contrast adjustment, quantifica- storage is accomplished on magnetic or erasable optical
tion, and pixel measurement, including digital or optical media, then procedures must be included that show
density values and linear or area measurement. trackable safeguards to prevent data tampering and
The interpretation of a digitized image is dependent guarantee data integrity.
upon the same subjective evaluation by a trained inter-
preter as the interpretation of a radiographic or radio-
scopic image. Some of the significant parameters consid- IV-222 Original Image Artifacts
ered during interpretation include: area of interest, image
Any artifacts that are identified shall be noted or
quality, IQI image, magnification, density, contrast,
annotated on the digital image.
discontinuity shape (rounded, linear, irregular), and
artifact identification.
The digital image interpretation of the radiographic
and radioscopic examination test results shall be per- IV-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
formed in accordance with the modified provisions to
IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record
Article 2 as indicated herein.
After the interpretation has been completed, the inter- The digital image examination data shall be recorded
pretation data and the digital image, which shall include and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

37
IV-234 2001 SECTION V IV-292

IV-234 Viewing Considerations IV-263 System Performance Measurement

The digital image shall be evaluated using appropriate System performance parameters (as noted in IV-221)
monitor luminosity, display techniques, and room light- shall be determined initially and monitored regularly
ing to insure proper visualization of detail. with the system in operation to assure consistent results.
The system performance shall be monitored at the
beginning and end of each shift to minimize the proba-
IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test bility of time-dependent performance variations.
Pattern and Optical Density Step
Wedge
An optical line pair test pattern operating between IV-280 EVALUATION
0.1 and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance
the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system.
High spatial resolution with 14 line-pairs per millimeter The quality of system performance is determined by
(lp /mm) translates to a pixel size of 0.0014 in. (0.035 the combined performance of the components specified
mm). Lesser spatial resolution with 2 lp /mm can be in IV-258.
accomplished with a pixel size of 0.012 in. (0.3 mm).
The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts
system contrast sensitivity. Alternatively, a contrast
sensitivity gage (step wedge block) in accordance with The digital images shall be free of system-induced
SE-1647 may be used. artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be
confused with the image of any discontinuity.

IV-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION, STORAGE,

AND INTERPRETATION IV-290 DOCUMENTATION

IV-255 Area of Interest IV-291 Digital Imaging Technique

Information
The evaluation of the digital image shall include all
areas of the image defined as the area of interest by To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
the referencing Code Section. tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
items specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,
IV-258 System Configuration III-221, III-222, IV-221, IV-222, and the following:
The system shall, as a minimum, include: (a) operator identification
(a) digital image acquisition system (b) system performance test data
(b) display system (c) calibration test data
(c) image processing system
(d) image storage system IV-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-
ance, the digital examination data from a radiographic
IV-260 CALIBRATION
or radioscopic image shall have been interpreted by
The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer the Manufacturer as complying with the referencing
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity. Code Section.
The electrical performance of the hardware and the The digitized examination data that has previously
quality of the digital image shall be measured and been accepted by the Inspector is not required to be
recorded. submitted to the Inspector for acceptance.

38
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX V GLOSSARY OF annotate to provide an explanatory note on the

TERMS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC digital image
EXAMINATION calibrated line pair test pattern see optical line
pair test pattern
V-210 SCOPE calibrated step wedge film a radiograph with
This Mandatory Appendix is used for the purpose discrete density steps, which is traceable to a national
of establishing standard terms and definitions of terms standard
relating to radiographic examination. cathode ray tube (soft display) a device that
produces an image by exciting a fluorescent substance
with a magnetically guided beam
data compression a reduction in the size of a
A02 V-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
digital data set to a smaller data set
(a) The Standard Terminology for Nondestructive density shift a function that raises or lowers all
Examinations (ASTM E 1316) has been adopted by density /greyscale values equally such that contrast is
the Committee as SE-1316. maintained within the data set
(b) SE-1316 Section 7 provides the definitions of designated wire the specific wire that must be
terms listed in V-230(a). discernible in the radiographic image of a wire-type
(c) For general terms, such as Indication, Flaw, image quality indicator
Discontinuity, Evaluation, etc., refer to Article 1, Man- diaphragm an aperture (opening) in a radiation
datory Appendix I. opaque material that limits the usable beam size of a
(d) Paragraph V-230(b) provides a list of terms and radiation source
definitions that are Code specific. Paragraph V-230(c) display pixel size the length and width dimensions
provides a list of terms and definitions that are specific of the smallest element of a displayed image
to Section V, Article 2, Appendix VI. display system a system that can display an array
of pixels on a screen (CRT)
dynamic range the range of operation of a device
A02 V-230 REQUIREMENTS between its upper and lower limit; this range can be
given as a ratio (e.g., 100:1) of the maximum signal
(a) The following SE-1316 terms are used in conjunc-
level capability to its noise level, the number of measur-
tion with this Article: analog image, back scattered
radiation, cassette, composite viewing, contrast sensitiv- able steps between the upper and lower limits, the
ity, contrast stretch, densitometer, density (film), digital, number of bits needed to record this number of measur-
digital image, digitize, digital image acquisition system, able steps, or the maximum and minimum measurable
erasable optical medium, focal spot, fog, geometric values
unsharpness, intensifying screen, IQI sensitivity, line equivalent IQI sensitivity that thickness of hole-
pair per millimeter, line pair test pattern, location type IQI, expressed as a percentage of the part thickness,
marker, luminosity, magnetic storage medium, optical in which 2T hole would be visible under the same
density, pixel, pixel size, radiograph, screen, source, radiographic conditions
step wedge, system-induced artifacts, transmission den- essential hole the specific hole that must be
sitometer, and transmitted film density. discernible in the radiographic image of a hole-type IQI
(b) The following Code terms are used in conjunction image processing system a system that uses mathe-
with this Article. matical algorithms to manipulate digital image data

39
V-230 2001 SECTION V V-230

image quality indicator sensitivity the smallest discernible detail and /or
hole type a rectangular plaque, made of material contrast change (e.g., IQI hole or wire) in a radiographic
radiographically similar to that of the object being image
radiographed, with small diameter holes (1T, 2T, and shim a material, radiographically similar to the
4T) used to check the image quality of the radiograph object being radiographed, that is placed between a
wire type a set of small diameter wires, made hole-type IQI and the object in order to reduce the
of material radiographically similar to that of the object radiographic density through the image of the hole-
being radiographed, used to check the image quality type IQI
of the radiograph source side that surface of the area of interest
image storage system a system that can store being radiographed for evaluation nearest the source
digital image data for future use of radiation
IQI image quality indicator step wedge calibration film a processed film
line pair resolution the number of line pairs per with discrete density steps that have been verified by
unit distance that are detectable in an image comparison with a national standard step tablet
log transform a function that applies a logarithmic step wedge comparison film a processed film
mapping to all density /greyscale values in an image; with discrete density steps that have been verified by
this operation is often performed when the resulting use of a calibrated densitometer, which is used to
distribution is normal, or if the resulting relationship determine if production radiographs meet density limits
with another variable is linear WORM (write once read many) a term relating
modulation transfer function (MTF) a measure to a type of digital storage media where the data can
of spatial resolution as a function of contrast; a plot be stored only once but accessed (nondestructively)
of these variables (spatial resolution and contrast) yields many times
a curve representing the frequency response of the (c) The following Code terms are used in conjunction
system with Article 2, Appendix VI:
national standard step tablet an x-ray film with contrast sensitivity the size of the smallest detect-
discrete density steps produced and certified by a nation- able change in optical density
ally recognized standardizing body dynamic range the extent of measurable optical
nonerasable optical media (optical disk) a storage density obtained in a single scan
media that prevents the erasure or alteration of digital image the digital representation of a target on
data after it is stored the reference film used to evaluate both the digitization
optical density step wedge a radiographic image and display aspects of a film digitization system
of a mechanical step wedge with precise thickness reference film a single industrial radiographic film
increments and may be used to correlate optical film that encompasses the targets necessary for the evaluation
density to the thickness of material, also known as a and quantification of the performance characteristics of
step tablet a film digitization system
penetrameter no longer used in Article 2; see spatial linearity the accuracy to which a digitiza-
image quality indicator tion system reproduces the physical dimensions of
quantification the act of determining or expressing information on the original film [both in the horizontal
a quantity (i.e., giving a numerical value to a measure- (along a single scan line) and vertical (from one scan
ment of something) line to another) directions]
radiographic examination a nondestructive method spatial resolution the size of the smallest detectable
for detecting discontinuities in materials and components element of the digitized image
using penetrating radiation to produce an image on a target a physical pattern on a reference film used
recording medium to evaluate the performance of a film digitization system

40
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX VI DIGITAL IMAGE (d) spot size(s) of the film scanning system;
ACQUISITION, DISPLAY, (e) image display pixel size as defined by the vertical/
INTERPRETATION, AND STORAGE horizontal resolution limits of the monitor;
OF RADIOGRAPHS FOR NUCLEAR (f) luminance of the video display; and
APPLICATIONS (g) data storage medium.

VI-210 SCOPE VI-222.2 Digitizing Technique

(a) digitizer spot size (in microns) to be used (see
Digital imaging process and technology provide the
VI-232);
ability to digitize and store the detailed information
contained in the radiograph (analog image), thus elimi- (b) loss-less data compression technique, if used;
nating the need to maintain and store radiographs for (c) method of image capture verification;
permanent record. (d) image processing operations;
(e) time period for system verification (see VI-264);
(f) spatial resolution used (see VI-241);
VI-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (g) contrast sensitivity (density range obtained) (see
VI-242);
VI-221 Supplemental Requirements
(h) dynamic range used (see VI-243); and
VI-221.1 Additional Information. Article 2, Manda- (i) spatial linearity of the system (see VI-244).
tory Appendices III and IV, contain additional informa-
tion that shall be used to supplement the requirements
of this Appendix. These supplemental requirements VI-223 Personnel Requirements
shall be documented in the written procedure required
by this Appendix. Personnel shall be qualified as follows:
(a) Level II and Level III Personnel. Level II and
VI-221.2 Reference Film. Supplement A contains
Level III personnel shall be qualified in the radiographic
requirements for the manufacture of the reference film.
method as required by Article 1. In addition, the
employers written practice shall describe the specific
VI-222 Written Procedure training and practical experience of Level II and Level
III personnel involved in the application of the digital
A written procedure is required. The written procedure
imaging process and the interpretation of results and
shall be the responsibility of the owner of the radio-
acceptance of system performance. Training and experi-
graphs and shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
ence shall be documented in the individuals certification
the Authorized Nuclear Inspector (ANI). When other
records.
enforcement or regulatory agencies are involved, the
(b) As a minimum, Level II and III individuals shall
agency approval is required by formal agreement. The
have 40 hours of training and 1 month of practical
written procedure shall include, as a minimum, the
experience in the digital imaging process technique.
following essential variables:
(c) Other Personnel. Personnel with limited qualifi-
VI-222.1 Digitizing System Description cations performing operations other than those required
(a) manufacturer and model no. of digitizing system; for the Level II or Level III shall be qualified in
(b) physical size of the usable area of the image accordance with Article 1. Each individual shall have
monitor; specified training and practical experience in the opera-
(c) film size capacity of the scanning device; tions to be performed.

41
VI-230 2001 SECTION V VI-254

VI-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS VI-244 Spatial Linearity

VI-231 System Features Spatial linearity shall be determined as described in
VI-254. The system shall return measured dimensions
The following features shall be common to all digital
with 3% of the actual dimensions on the reference film.
image processing systems:
(a) noninterlaced image display format;
(b) WORM write-once/read-many data storage; VI-250 TECHNIQUE
and
(c) fully reversible (loss-less) data compression (if The reference film described in Supplement A and
data compression is used). Fig. VI-A-1 shall be used to determine the performance
of the digitization system. The system settings shall
be adjusted to optimize the display representation of
the reference targets (images). The reference film and
VI-232 System Spot Size
all subsequent radiographs shall be scanned by the
The spot size of the digitizing system shall be: digitization system using these optimized settings.
(a) 70 microns, or smaller for radiographs made with
energies up to 1 MeV; or
VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation
(b) 100 microns or smaller for radiographs made
with energies over 1 MeV. At least two of the converging line pair images (0
deg., 45 deg., and 90 deg. line pairs) shall be selected
near the opposite corners of the digitizing field and
one image near the center of the digitized reference
VI-240 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE film. The spatial resolution in each position and for
REQUIREMENTS each orientation shall be recorded as the highest indi-
cated spatial frequency (as determined by the reference
System performance shall be determined using the lines provided) where all of the lighter lines are observed
digitized representation of the reference targets (images). to be separated by the darker lines. The system resolu-
No adjustment shall be made to the digitizing system tion shall be reported as the poorest spatial resolution
which may affect system performance after recording obtained from all of the resolution images evaluated.
the reference targets.

VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation

VI-241 Spatial Resolution Using the contrast sensitivity images and the digitized
Spatial resolution shall be determined as described stepped density scale images to evaluate the detectability
in VI-251. The system shall be capable of resolving of each density step (the observed density changes
a pattern of 7 line pairs/millimeter (lp/mm) for systems shall be indicative of the systems capability to discern
0.02 density differences), the detectability of each den-
digitizing with a spot size of 70 microns or less, or
sity step and the difference in density between steps
5 line pairs/millimeter for spot sizes greater than 70
microns. shall be evaluated.

VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation

VI-242 Contrast Sensitivity The dynamic range of the digitization system shall
Contrast sensitivity shall be determined as described be determined by finding the last visible density step
in VI-252. The system shall have a minimum contrast at both ends of the density strip. The dynamic range
sensitivity of 0.02 optical density. shall be measured to the nearest 0.50 optical density.

VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation

VI-243 Dynamic Range
The digitization system shall be set to read the inch
Dynamic range shall be determined as described in scale on the reference film. The measurement tool shall
VI-253. The system shall have a minimum dynamic then be used to measure the scale in a vertical direction
range of 3.5 optical density. and horizontal direction. The actual dimension is divided

42
VI-254 ARTICLE 2 MANDATORY APPENDIX VI-291

by the measured dimension to find the percentage of VI-272 Artifacts

error in the horizontal and vertical directions.
Radiographs shall be visually examined for foreign
material and artifacts (e.g., scratches or water spots)
in the area of interest. Foreign material not removed
VI-260 DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEM and artifacts observed shall be documented.
PERFORMANCE
VI-261 Procedure Demonstration VI-273 Calibration
The written procedure described in VI-222 shall be The calibration for a specific set of parameters (i.e.,
demonstrated to the ANI and, if requested, the regulatory film size, density range, and spatial resolution) shall
agency, as having the ability to acquire, display, and be conducted by following VI-240 and Supplement A.
reproduce the analog images from radiographs. Evidence The results shall be documented.
of the demonstration shall be recorded as required by
VI-291.
VI-280 EVALUATION
VI-262 Processed Targets VI-281 Process Evaluation
The digitizing process and equipment shall acquire The Level II or Level III Examiner described in VI-
and display the targets described in Supplement A. The 223(a) shall be responsible for determining that the
digitally processed targets of the reference film shall digital imaging process is capable of reproducing the
be used to verify the system performance. original analog image. This digital image shall then
be transferred to the write-once-read-many (WORM)
optical disc.
VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables
Any change in the essential variables identified in VI-282 Interpretation
VI-222 and used to produce the results in VI-250 shall
be cause for reverification of the System Performance. When interpretation of the radiograph is used for
acceptance, the requirements of Article 2, Mandatory
Appendix IV and the Referencing Code Section shall
VI-264 Frequency of Verification apply. If analog radiographs must be viewed in compos-
ite for acceptance, then both radiographs shall be digi-
The System Performance shall be initially verified tized. The digital image of the analog radiographs shall
in accordance with VI-262 at the beginning of each be interpreted singularly.
digitizing shift. Reverification in accordance with VI-
262 shall take place at the end of each shift or at the
end of 12 continuous hours, whichever is less, or at VI-283 Baseline
any time that malfunctioning is suspected.
Digital images of previously accepted radiographs
may be used as a baseline for subsequent in-service
VI-265 Changes in System Performance inspections.

Any evidence of change in the System Performance

specified in VI-240 shall invalidate the digital images VI-290 DOCUMENTATION
processed since the last successful verification and shall
be cause for reverification. VI-291 Reporting Requirements
The following shall be documented in a final report:
(a) spatial resolution (VI-241);
VI-270 EXAMINATION (b) contrast sensitivity (VI-242);
(c) frequency for system verification;
VI-271 System Performance Requirements
(d) dynamic range (VI-243);
The digitizing system shall meet the requirements (e) Traceability technique from original component
specified in VI-240 before digitizing archival radio- to radiograph to displayed digital image, including
graphs. original radiographic report(s). (The original radio-

43
 VI-291 2001 SECTION V VI-A-234

graphic reader sheet may be digitized to fulfill this VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets
requirement);
The reference film shall contain spatial resolution
(f) condition of original radiographs (VI-281);
targets as follows:
(g) procedure demonstration (VI-261);
(h) spatial linearity (VI-244); VI-A-232.1 Converging Line Pair Targets. Con- 01
(i) system performance parameters (VI-241); and verging line pairs shall consist of 3 identical groups
(j) personnel performing the digital imaging process of no less than 6 converging line pairs (6 light lines
(VI-223). and 6 dark lines). The targets shall have a maximum
resolution of no less than 20 line pairs per millimeter
(lp/mm) and a minimum resolution of no greater than
VI-292 Archiving 1 lp/mm. The 3 line pair groups shall be oriented in
When the final report and digitized information are the vertical, horizontal, and the last group shall be 45
used to replace the analog radiograph as the permanent deg. from the previous two groups. The maximum
record as required by the referencing Code Section, resolution shall be oriented toward the corners of the
all information pertaining to the original radiography film. Reference marks shall be provided to indicate
shall be documented in the final report and processed spatial resolution at levels of no less than 1, 2, 3, 4,
as part of the digital record. A duplicate copy of the 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/mm. The spatial
WORM storage media is required if the radiographs resolution targets shall be located in each corner of
are to be destroyed. the needed film sizes.
VI-A-232.2 Parallel Line Pair Targets. Parallel line 01
pairs shall consist of parallel line pairs in at least the
ARTICLE 2 vertical direction on the reference film. It shall have
MANDATORY APPENDIX VI a maximum resolution of at least 20 lp/mm and a
SUPPLEMENT A minimum resolution of no less than 0.5 lp/mm. It shall
have distinct resolutions of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
VI-A-210 SCOPE 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/ mm and have the corresponding
The reference film described in this supplement pro- reference marks. It shall be located near the middle
vides a set of targets suitable for evaluating and quantify- of the reference film.
ing the performance characteristics of a radiographic
digitizing system. The reference film is suitable for
evaluating both the radiographic film digitization process VI-A-233 Constrast Sensitivity Targets 01

and the electronic image reconstruction process. Contrast sensitivity targets shall consist of approxi-
The reference film shall be used to conduct perform- mately 0.4 in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) blocks
ance demonstrations and evaluations of the digitizing centered in 1.6 in. by 1.6 in. (40 mm by 40 mm)
system to verify the operating characteristics before blocks of a slightly lower density. Two series of these
radiographs are digitized. The reference film provides step blocks shall be used with an optical density of
for the evaluation of spatial resolution, contrast sensitiv- approximately 2.0 on a background of approximately
ity, dynamic range, and spatial linearity. 1.95, an optical density change of 0.05. The second
block series will have an optical density of approxi-
mately 3.5 on a background of approximately 3.4, an
01 VI-A-220 GENERAL optical density change of 0.10. The relative density
change is more important than the absolute density.
VI-A-221 Reference Film
These images shall be located near the edges and the
The reference film shall be specified in VI-A-230 center of the film so as to test the contrast sensitivity
and VI-A-240. throughout the scan path.

VI-A-234 Dynamic Range Targets 01

01 VI-A-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Stepped density targets shall consist of a series of
VI-A-231 Reference Targets
0.4 in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) steps aligned
The illustration of the reference film and its targets in a row with densities ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 with
is as shown in Fig. VI-A-1. no greater than 0.5 optical density steps. At four places

44
 VI-A-234 ARTICLE 2 MANDATORY APPENDIX VI-A-245

on the density strip (at approximately 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, VI-A-242 Film Size
and 4.0 optical densities), there shall be optical density
The film size shall be sufficient to accommodate the
changes of 0.02 which shall also be used to test the
largest area of interest to be digitized.
contrast sensitivity. These stepped density targets shall
be located near the edges of the film and near the
center so as to test the dynamic range throughout the VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution
scan path.
The spatial resolution shall be a minimum of 20
lp/mm.
01 VI-A-235 Spatial Linearity Targets
Measurement scale targets shall be located in the VI-A-244 Density 01

horizontal and vertical dimensions. The measurement The relative densities stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A-
scale targets shall be in English and/or metric divisions. 234 shall be within 0.005 optical density.
(a) The tolerance for the optical density changes
stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A-234 shall be 0.005.
01 VI-A-240 MISCELLANEOUS (b) The measured densities shall be within 0.15 of
REQUIREMENTS the values stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A-234. The actual
densities shall be recorded and furnished with the
Manufacturing specifications shall be minimum re- reference film.
quirements necessary for producing the reference film. (c) Density requirements shall be in accordance with
The reference film shall have a unique identification ANSI IT-2.19.
which appears as an image when digitized. (d) The background density, where there are no
images located, shall have a 3.0 optical density 0.5.
VI-A-241 Material
VI-A-245 Linearity
The reference film shall be a fine grain, industrial
type film. The film used will be of high quality so The measurement scale targets shall be accurately
the required specifications in VI-A-230 are met. electronically produced to 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).

45
Fig. VI-A-1 2001 SECTION V

FIG. VI-A-1 REFERENCE FILM

46
 ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX VII RADIOGRAPHIC (a) Casting Areas Prior to Finish Machining. The
EXAMINATION OF METALLIC IQI shall be based on a thickness that does not exceed
CASTINGS the finished thickness by more than 20% or 14 in. (6.4
mm), whichever is greater. In no case shall an IQI
VII-210 SCOPE size be based on a thickness greater than the thickness
Metallic castings, due to their inherent complex con- being radiographed.
figurations, present examination conditions that are (b) Casting Areas That Will Remain in the As-Cast
unique to this product form. Condition. The IQI shall be based on the thickness
Radiographic examination may be performed on cast- being radiographed.
ings when the modified provisions to Article 2, as
indicated herein, are satisfied.

VII-280 EVALUATION
VII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS VII-282 Radiographic Density
VII-224 System of Identification VII-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film
A system shall be used to produce permanent identi- density through the radiographic image of the body of
fication on the radiograph traceable to the contract, the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
component, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
each film of a casting being radiographed shall be 1.5 minimum for single film viewing. For composite
plainly and permanently identified with the name or viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the
symbol of the Material Manufacturer, Certificate Holder, composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.0.
or Subcontractor, job or heat number, date, and, if The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or
applicable, repairs (R1, R2, etc.). This identification composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is
system does not necessarily require that the information allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
appear as radiographic images. In any case, this informa-
tion shall not obscure the area of interest.

VII-290 DOCUMENTATION
VII-270 EXAMINATION
VII-293 Layout Details1
VII-271 Radiographic Technique
To assure that all castings are radiographed consist-
VII-271.2 Double-Wall Viewing Technique. A ently in the same manner, layout details shall be
double-wall viewing technique may be used for cylindri- provided. As a minimum, the layout details shall include:
cal castings 312 in. (89 mm) or less in O.D. or when (a) sketches of the casting, in as many views as
the shape of a casting precludes single-wall viewing. necessary, to show the approximate position of each
location marker; and
(b) source angles if not perpendicular to the film.
VII-276 IQI Selection
VII-276.3 Additional IQI Selection Requirements. 1
Sample layout and technique details are illustrated in SE-1030,
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the single- Appendix (Nonmandatory Information) X1, Fig. X1.1, Radiographic
wall thickness. Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS).

47
 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX A TECHNIQUE
SKETCHES FOR
PIPE OR TUBE WELDS
A-210 SCOPE
The sketches in the Appendix illustrate techniques
used in the radiographic examination of pipe or tube
welds.
Other techniques may be used.

48
 ARTICLE 2 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

SINGLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI

Location
Pipe Exposure Radiograph Marker
O.D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement

Film Source
Single-
Wall Side
T-271.1 T-277.1(a)

T-276 Either
Single- and Side
Any
Wall Table T-275.3
Source T-275.1(c)
T-276

Film
Side
T-277.1(b)
Exposure Arrangement A

Single- Source
Wall Side
Source
T-271.1 T-277.1(a)

T-276 Film
and Side
Any Single-
Table T-275.1
Wall
T-276 (b)(1)

Film
Film
Side
Exposure Arrangement B T-277.1(b)

Source

Source
Side
Single- T-277.1(a)
Wall
T-271.1 T-276 Source
Film and Side
Any Single-
Wall Table T-275.1
T-276 (a)(3)

Film
Side
Exposure Arrangement C T-277.1(b)

49
 2001 SECTION V

DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI Location
Marker
Exposure Radiograph Placemen
Pipe O.D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement t

Optional
source
location Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.1(a)
271.2(a) at
T-276 Film
Least 3
Single- and Side
Any Exposures
Wall Table T- T-275.1
120 deg. to
276 (b)(1)
Each Other
for Complete
Coverage Film Side
Film T-277.1(b)

Exposure arrangement D

Optional
source
location Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.1(a)
271.2(a) at
T-276 Film
least 3
Single- and Side T-
Any Exposures
Wall Table T- 275.1
120 deg. to
276 (b)(1)
Each Other
for Complete
Coverage Film Side
T-277.1(b)
Film

Exposure arrangement E

Source

Double-Wall Double-
T- Wall
271.2(b)(1) (Ellipse):
T-276
at Least 2 Read Source Either
312 in. (89 mm) and
Exposures at Offset Side T- Side T-
or Less Table T-
90 deg. to Source 277.1(a) 275.2
276
Each Other Side and
for Complete Film Side
Coverage Images

Film
Exposure arrangement F

(continued)

50
 ARTICLE 2 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES (CONTD)

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI Location
Radiograph Marker
Exposure Viewing Placemen
Pipe O.D. Technique End View Side View Selection Placement t

Source

Double-
Wall: T- Double-
271.2(b)(2) Wall: Read
at Least 3 Super- T-276
Source Either
312 in. (89 mm) Exposures at imposed and
Side T- Side T-
or Less 60 deg. or Source Table T-
277.1(a) 275.2
120 deg. to Side and 276
Each Other Film Side
for Complete Images
Coverage

Film
Exposure arrangement G

51
 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX C HOLE-TYPE
IQI PLACEMENT SKETCHES
FOR WELDS
C-210 SCOPE
The figures in this Appendix demonstrate typical IQI
(hole type) placement for welds. These sketches are
tutorial to demonstrate suggested locations of IQIs and
are not intended to cover all configurations or applica-
tions of production radiography. Other IQI locations
may be used provided they comply with the require-
ments of Article 2. Wire IQIs shall be placed in
accordance with the requirements of Article 2.

52
 ARTICLE 2 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig C-210-1

GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not P p IQI placement
intended to cover all geometric configurations or applications P1 p alternate IQI placement
of production radiography. SH p shim
T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
TN p nominal wall thickness
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforce-
ment when not removed

FIG. C-210-1 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

53
Fig C-210-2 2001 SECTION V

GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

(a) P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are P p IQI placement
not intended to cover all geometric configurations or P1 p alternate IQI placement
applications of production radiography. SH p shim
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus rein- T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
forcement. TN p nominal wall thickness
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforce-
ment when not removed

FIG. C-210-2 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

54
 ARTICLE 2 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig C-210-3

GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not P p IQI placement
intended to cover all geometric configurations or applications P1 p alternate IQI placement
of production radiography. SH p shim
T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
TN p nominal wall thickness
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforce-
ment when not removed

FIG. C-210-3 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

55
Fig C-210-4 2001 SECTION V

GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

(a) P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are P p IQI placement
not intended to cover all geometric configurations or P1 p alternate IQI placement
applications of production radiography. SH p shim
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus rein- T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
forcement. TN p nominal wall thickness
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforce-
ment when not removed

FIG. C-210-4 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

56
 ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX D NUMBER OF
IQIs (SPECIAL CASES)
D-210 SCOPE
The figures in this Appendix illustrate examples of
the number and placement of IQIs that may be used
in the special cases described in T-277.2(b). These
figures are not intended to cover all configurations or
applications of production radiography.

57
Fig. D-210-1 2001 SECTION V Fig. D-210-4

FIG. D-210-1 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-2 SECTION OF CIRCUMFERENCE

CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT 240 deg. OR MORE CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(1)(a) & T-277.2(b)(3)] (EXAMPLE IS ALTERNATE INTERVALS)
[T-277.2(b)(1)(b) & T-277.2(b)(3)]

FIG. D-210-3 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-4 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE

LESS THAN 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT EQUAL TO OR MORE THAN 120 deg. AND LESS
[T-277.2(b)(2)(b)] THAN 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(2)(b) OPTION]

58
Fig. D-210-5 ARTICLE 2 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig. D-210-8

FIG. D-210-6 WELDS IN SEGMENTS OF

SPHERICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(5) & T-277.2(b)(5)(b) & T-277.2(b)(6)]

FIG. D-210-5 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENTIAL

WELDS SPHERICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(4)(a) & T-277.2(b)(6)]

FIG. D-210-7 PLAN VIEW A-A FIG. D-210-8 ARRAY OF OBJECTS IN A CIRCLE
[T-277.2(b)(7)]

59