Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Donald Trump
Contents
1 Main article 1
1.1 Donald Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Business ventures and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Entertainment media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.5 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.6 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.8 Legal aairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.9 Awards and honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.1.10 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.11 Books about Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.12 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.14 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.1.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Spouses 34
2.1 Ivana Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.2 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.3 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.4 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Marla Maples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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ii CONTENTS
3 Children 41
3.1 Donald Trump, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Ivanka Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.3 Social and political causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.4 Religion and spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.5 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.6 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.7 Published works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Eric Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.2 Career and philanthropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.3 Criticism by PETA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.4 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Father 48
4.1 Fred Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.2 Business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.3 Civil rights lawsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.4 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5 Television Career 51
CONTENTS iii
6 Business Career 60
6.1 The Trump Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1.1 Real estate holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1.2 Financial market holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.1.3 Other ventures and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2 Trump Entertainment Resorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.2 Former properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3 Trump Model Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.1 Fashion models represented by Trump (past and present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.4 Miss Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
iv CONTENTS
6.4.2 Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.3 Ocial song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.4 Competition formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.5 Contestant selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.4.6 Main pageant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4.7 Crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4.8 Recent titleholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.4.9 Gallery of winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.4.10 Miss Universe Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.4.11 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.4.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5 Miss USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.2 Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.5.3 State competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.5.4 Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.5.5 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5.6 Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5.7 Special feature episodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.8 Reality television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6 Miss Teen USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.2 Competition rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.3 Titleholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.6.4 Broadcasting of the pageant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.6.5 Crossovers with Miss USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.6.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.6.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7 Political Career 90
7.1 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.1.2 Early stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.1.3 Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.1.4 Primary campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.5 Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
CONTENTS v
7.1.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.7 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.1.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.2 Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.3 Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2.4 Tax Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.5 Republican front-runner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.6 Campaign nances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.7 Political positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.8 Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3 Tour DuPont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.1 Results and notable moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.2 Past winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8 Bibliography 131
8.1 ''Trump: The Art of the Deal'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.1 Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.2 Copies sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.3 Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The Movie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.2 ''Crippled America'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.1 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Main article
1.1 Donald Trump 1930, aged 18, she visited the United States and met Fred
Trump. They were married in 1936 and settled in Jamaica
For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation). Estates, Queens, and Fred Trump eventually became one
of the citys biggest real estate developers.[13][15] Trump has
one brother, Robert (born 1948), and two sisters: Maryanne
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American (born 1937) and Elizabeth (born 1942). Maryanne is a
businessman, television personality, and since June 2015, a United States federal judge on senior status for the United
candidate for the Republican nomination for President of States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.[16] Another
the United States in the 2016 election. He is the chairman brother, Fred Jr. (19381981), died of complications from
and president of The Trump Organization and the founder alcoholism.[17]
of Trump Entertainment Resorts. Trumps career, branding
eorts, personal life, wealth, and outspoken manner have Trumps paternal grandparents, Elizabeth (ne Christ) and
made him a celebrity. Frederick Trump, were emigrants who moved to the United
States from Germany in 1885.[18] Frederick worked as a
Trump is a native of New York City and a son of Fred successful Klondike Gold Rush restaurateur and brothel
Trump, who inspired him to enter real estate development. keeper.[19][20][21] In a 1976 New York Times biographical
While still attending college he worked for his fathers rm, prole,[22] and again in Trumps 1987 book, The Art of
Elizabeth Trump & Son. Upon graduating in 1968 he the Deal, Donald Trump incorrectly stated that Frederick
joined the company, and in 1971 was given control, renam- Trump was of Swedish origin,[23][24] an assertion that Fred
ing the company The Trump Organization. Since then he Trump had made for many years.[25] Trump later acknowl-
has built hotels, casinos, golf courses, and other properties, edged his German ancestry and served as grand marshal of
many of which bear his name. He is a major gure in the the 1999 German-American Steuben Parade in New York
American business scene and has received prominent media City.[15]
exposure. The NBC reality show The Apprentice bolstered
his fame, and his three marriages were extensively reported The family had a two-story mock Tudor [26]
Revival home on
in tabloids. Wareham Place in Jamaica Estates where Trump lived
while attending The Kew-Forest School. At Kew-Forest,
Trump rst ran for President of the United States in 2000, Fred Trump served as a member of the Board of Trustees.
winning two Reform Party primaries. On June 16, 2015, Due to behavior problems, Trump left the school at age
Trump announced his decision to run again for President, 13 and was enrolled in the New York Military Academy
this time as a Republican, before winning the New Hamp- (NYMA).[27] In 1983, Fred told an interviewer that Don-
shire primary with 35%,[6] the South Carolina primary with ald was a pretty rough fellow when he was small. Trump
33%,[7] and the Nevada caucus with 46% of the votes.[8] nished eighth grade and high school at NYMA.[28] During
his senior year, Trump participated in marching drills and
wore a uniform, attaining the rank of captain.[29] In 2015,
1.1.1 Early life he told a biographer that NYMA gave him more training
militarily than a lot of the guys that go into the military.[30]
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in Queens,
a borough of New York City.[9][10][11][12] He is the fourth of Trump attended Fordham University in the Bronx for two
ve children to Mary Anne (ne MacLeod; 19122000), a years. He entered the Wharton School of Business at the
homemaker and philanthropist[13] and Fred Trump (1905 University of Pennsylvania, as Wharton then oered one of
[31]
1999), who worked as a real estate developer. His mother the few real estate studies departments in U.S. academia.
was born at Tong on the Scottish island of Lewis.[14] In While there, he worked at his fathers company, Elizabeth
1
2 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
Trump Tower The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and
resorts in the U.S. and around the world.[67] On Febru-
Main article: Trump Tower (New York City) ary 11, 2014, it was announced that Trump had purchased
Trump Towera 58-story, mixed-use skyscraper at 725 Doonbeg Golf Club in the Republic of Ireland. It was con-
Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City rmed that the club would [68]
be renamed Trump International
was developed by Trump and the Equitable Life Assur- Golf Links, Ireland.
ance Company, and was designed by architect Der Scutt In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Ab-
of Swanke Hayden Connell.[62] It is today solely owned by erdeenshire, Scotland, creating a highly controversial golf
4 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
Net worth lion dollars from his father,[115] which he paid back with
interest: it has not been easy for me, Trump told one New
Hampshire crowd.[116]
Unlike past Presidential candidates, Trump has never
In April 2011, amidst speculation whether Trump would
publicly veried his income claims by releasing his tax
run as a candidate in the U.S. presidential election of 2012,
returns;[103] I try to pay as little tax as possible ... Its a little
Politico quoted unnamed sources close to him stating that,
tax, Trump told an interviewer in January 2016, while say-
if Trump should decide to run for president, he would le
ing he was preparing the documents for release in the near
nancial disclosure statements that [would] show his net
future and claiming to have led big returns.[104] Former
worth [was] in excess of $7 billion with more than $250 mil-
GOP Presidential candidate Mitt Romney is among those
lion of cash, and very little debt.[117] (Presidential candi-
who have questioned Trumps purported wealth and his un-
dates are expected to disclose their nances after announc-
willingness to release his tax returns, suggesting Trump
ing their intentions to run.) Although Trump did not run as
might be wary of revealing a potential electoral bomb-
a candidate in the 2012 elections, his professionally pre-
shell such as a failure to pay expected tax rates, dishonesty
pared 2012 nancial disclosure was published in his book
about charitable donations, or that hes not anywhere near
which claimed a $7 billion net worth.[118]
as wealthy as he says he is.[105][106][107][108] In the wake
of Romneys accusation, Trump said during a February 25,
2016 debate that he was currently subject to an IRS audit
going back two or three years,[109] later saying the au-
dit aected four or ve years,[110] and that he had been
audited every year for the past 12 years.[111] Trump later
told CNN he suspected the governments scrutiny was due
to religion, because he was a strong Christian.[112] As he
was in the midst of negotiating and talking with the IRS
over tax obligations going back several years, he would nei-
ther reveal recent returns nor records for audited years he
had passed because such records mesh and interrelate
with current disputed IRS lings.[112] Tax experts observed
that the normal statute of limitations for IRS audits is three Trump Hotel Las Vegas
years, and an inquiry involving four or ve years of returns
might indicate substantial under-reporting or evidence of Estimates of Trumps net worth have uctuated along with
fraud, in which case normal statutes of limitations do not real estate valuations: in 2015, Forbes pegged it as $4
apply.[110] billion,[119] while the Bloomberg Billionaires Index (which
Trump was listed on the initial Forbes List in 1982 as hav- scrutinized Trumps FEC lings) estimated a net worth of
ing an estimated $200 million fortune, including a share of $2.9 billion.[120] On June 16, 2015, just prior to announcing
his fathers estimated $200 million net worth.[113] After sev- his candidacy for president of the United States, Trump re-
eral years on the list, Trumps nancial indiscipline in the leased to the media a one-page prepared nancial disclosure
1980s caused him to be dropped from 1990 to 1995, and statement from a big accounting rmone of the most
reportedly obliged him to borrow from his siblings trusts in respected[121] stating a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[122]
1993;[113] in 2005, The New York Times referred to Trumps I'm really rich, Trump said.[121] Forbes called the nearly
verbal billions in a skeptical article about Trumps self- $9 billion gure a 100%" exaggeration.[123] In June 2015,
reported wealth.[113] At the time, three individuals with di- Business Insider published Trumps June 2014 nancial
rect knowledge of Trumps nances told reporter Timothy statement, noting that $3.3 billion of that total is repre-
L. O'Brien that Trumps actual net worth was between $150 sented by Real Estate Licensing Deals, Brand and Branded
and $250 million, though Trump then publicly claimed a net Developments, described by Business Insider as basi-
worth of $5 to $6 billion.[113] Claiming libel, Trump sued cally [implying] that Trump values his character at $3.3
the reporter (and his book publisher) for $5 billion, lost the billion.[124] In July 2015, the Federal election regulators
case, and then lost again on appeal; Trump refused to turn released new details of Trumps wealth and nancial hold-
over his unredacted tax returns despite his assertion they ings when he became a Republican presidential candidate,
supported his case.[114] In a sworn deposition, Trump tes- reporting that his assets are worth above $1.4 billion, which
tied that he once borrowed $9.6 million from his father, includes at least $70 million in stocks, and a debt of at least
calling it a very small amount of money, but could not $265 million.[125][126]
recall when he did so;[115] Trump has since told campaign Trump said in a July 2015 press release, one month after
audiences he began his career with a small loan of one mil- announcing his presidential run, that his net worth is in
6 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
you. Its true, and these are the best and the
nest. When Mexico sends its people, they're
not sending their best. They're not sending you.
They're not sending you. They're sending people
that have lots of problems, and they're bringing
those problems with us. They're bringing drugs.
They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And
some, I assume, are good people.[140]
On social issues, Trump describes himself as pro-life[178] Regarding the environment, Trump has said that the EPA
and would ban late-term abortions except in cases of is an impediment to both growth and jobs. Trump sup-
rape, incest, or health.[178] He is in favor of cutting ports increased fracking and has criticized sustainable wind
federal funding for Planned Parenthood.[179] Trump sup- power alternatives, stating that windmills are destroying
ports the Second Amendment, is opposed to gun con- every country they touch while producing unreliable and
trol in general,[178][180] and has a New York concealed terrible energy.[196] He has called global warming a total
carry permit.[181] He supports xing the federal background hoax.[183]
check system so that criminal and mental health records are On foreign policy, Trump has at various times said he fa-
always put into the system.[180] Trump opposes legalizing
vored sending U.S. troops as well as opposed sending U.S.
recreational marijuana but supports legalizing medical mar- troops to defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[163]
ijuana,[182] while being supportive of states rights.[182]
In a 2002 interview, Trump said he favored invading Iraq.
Trump has stated that he supports traditional marriage.[183] On February 18, 2016, he said that by the time the invasion
Of the June 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court
occurred, he had become an opponent.[197] In 2008, Trump
ruling legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide, he said: I said that George W. Bush should have been impeached for
would have preferred states, you know, making the deci-
the war.[198] Trump has been critical of Pakistan, com-
sion and I let that be known. But they made the decision. paring it to North Korea, describing it as probably the
[...] So, at a certain point you have to be realistic about most dangerous country in the world, and claiming that
it.[178][184] Pakistans nuclear weapons posed a serious problem. He
Regarding healthcare and education, Trump favors replac- has advocated improving relations with India as a check
ing the Aordable Care Act (commonly referred to as to Pakistan.[199]
Obamacare) with a free-market plan and competition to
lower costs, although he has also stated support for a single-
payer system in the past.[185] Trump favors getting rid of Presidential leanings, 19882012
backlogs and waitlists which are the focus of the Veterans
Health Administration scandal. In a statement, he said he See also: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000
believes that Veterans Aairs facilities need to be upgraded Trump oated the idea of running for president in 1988,
with recent technology, hire more veterans to treat other 2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006
veterans, increase support of female veterans, and create and 2014, but did not enter those races.[202][203] He was
satellite clinics within hospitals in rural areas.[186] Trump considered as a potential running mate for George H. W.
has stated his support for school choice and local control Bush on the Republican Partys 1988 presidential ticket but
for primary and secondary schools.[187] He opposes the lost out to future Vice President Dan Quayle. There is dis-
Common Core State Standards Initiative for primary and pute over whether Trump or the Bush camp made the initial
secondary schools,[178][188] and has called Common Core pitch.[204] In 1999, Trump led an exploratory committee
a disaster that must be ended.[189] to seek the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in
[205][206]
[190] 2000. A July 1999 poll matching him against likely
On economic issues, Trump identies as a "free trader".
His campaigns tax plan calls for reducing the corporate tax Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Demo-
rate to 15% concurrent with the elimination of various loop- cratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent
[207]
holes and deductions. [191]
Trump believes the minimum support. Though he dropped out of the race due to party
wage should not be raised because increasing it would hurt inghting, Trump still won the partys California and Michi-
[208][209][210][211]
Americas economic competitiveness. [192] gan primaries.
On the issue of immigration, Trump has emphasized U.S. Trump later said that his national prole changed: What
border security. During his rst town hall campaign meet- happened was I did The Apprentice and it became a tremen-
ing in Derry, New Hampshire Trump claimed that if he won dous success. Who would have thought this was going to
the election, Day 1 of my presidency, illegal immigrants happen?" he told interviewer Larry King in 2005. Theres
are getting out and getting out fast.[193] Trump opposes sort of nothing like having the big hot show on television,
birthright citizenship, arguing that it is not or should not Trump said.[212]
be protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United As Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012
States Constitution.[194][195] On people already illegally in Republican presidential nomination, a Wall Street Jour-
the United States, Trump has variously said they should all nal/NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump
be deported, that all should be deported but some could re- leading among potential contenders, one point ahead
turn, that only some should be deported, or that the decision of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[213] A
should be made after the border has been strengthened.[163] Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump
within a few points of Barack Obama, with many voters
10 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
president in 2016.[241]
Other issues he highlights include taking care of military across the political spectrum, signed a petition urging Ne-
veterans,[274] making the military strong,[275] and getting tanyahu not to meet with Trump later that month;[297] a day
trade agreements more favorable to American workers.[276] later, Trump postponed his visit to Israel until a later date
[298]
Trump is endorsed by Republican Governors Chris Christie after I become President of the U.S., stating that he
[296]
(New Jersey), Paul LePage (Maine) and Republican Rep- did not want to put Netanyahu under pressure.
resentatives Chris Collins (New York), Duncan D. Hunter During a Fox News debate, when asked about the feasibility
(California).[277] of his plan to bar Muslims from entering the United States
(approximately 100,000 Muslim immigrants are admitted
to the U.S. each year),[299] Trump said that Belgium and
France had been blighted by the failure of Muslims in these
Proposed ban on Muslims entering the U.S. In re-
countries to integrate. Trump said that living in Brussels
sponse to recent radical Islamic terrorist attacks, Trump
was like living in a hellhole because of its dire state in
proposed a total and complete shutdown of Muslims en-
Muslim assimilation.[300][301]
tering the United States until our countrys representa-
tives can gure out what ... is going on. The proposal
drew wide criticism from sources both within the U.S. and Petition to ban from the United Kingdom Following
abroadincluding unusual sources such as foreign leaders Trumps controversial comments on Muslim immigration,
who are seldom involved in United States presidential cam- a petition with the title Block Donald J Trump from UK
paigns, and leaders of Trumps own party holding posi- entry[302] was opened in the United Kingdom on the UK
tions that are rarely at odds during the partys presiden- Parliaments e-petition website, calling on the UK Home
tial primaries.[282][283] Critics included British Prime Min- Oce to ban him from entering the country. By 5:00am
ister David Cameron,[282] French Prime Minister Manuel on December 11, the total number of signatures exceeded
Valls,[284] Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal[285] and 500,000,[303] far above the threshold of 100,000 required to
Canadian Foreign Minister Stphane Dion,[286] as well as trigger a parliamentary debate.[304]
the chairman of the Republican Party Reince Priebus, Re-
On January 18, the House of Commons held a de-
publican House Speaker Paul Ryan, and Republican Sen-
bate on whether to ban Trump in the Westminster Hall
ate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.[283][287] A peti-
chamber,[305] although the debate concluded without a vote
tion to block Trump from entry into the United King-
as such a decision is reserved to the Home Secretary.[306]
dom has gained over 540,000 signatures, a record for the
The three-hour long debate saw MPs from all political par-
UK Government website.[288] Members of Trumps own
ties describe Trump as crazy and oensive.[307]
party argued that a proposal banning members of a ma-
jor world religion violated the partys conservative values,
the Constitution's First Amendment (which grants freedom 1.1.6 Personal life
of religion), and the countrys immigrant heritage. Critics
pointed out that the proposal would result in the exclusion
of many of the most important allies in the countrys war on
terror, from interpreters helping the CIA to Jordans King
Abdullah, and that it would bolster ISIL by furthering its
narrative that the U.S. is pitted against the Muslim faith.
The U.S. Pentagon issued a statement that anything that
bolsters ISILs narrative and pits the United States against
the Muslim faith is certainly not only contrary to our values
but contrary to our national security.[289] The Washington
Post reported that, Donald Trump [was] featured in new
jihadist recruitment video.[290]
In January 2013, Trump had been a popular gure in
Trumps eldest daughter Ivanka campaigning for him in 2016
Israel,[291][292] who has himself owned land in Israel.[293]
(serves as executive vice president of The Trump Organization)
Trump released a video endorsing Israeli Prime Minis-
ter Benjamin Netanyahu during the 2013 Israeli elec-
tions.[294][295] However, after Trumps December 2015 call Trump has had three marriages, which have been well doc-
to temporarily exclude Muslims from travel to the United umented in the tabloid media.[308] His personal life has
States, numerous leaders, including Netanyahu,[296] crit- gained extensive media coverage.[309]
icized Trumps proposal. Several dozen Israeli Knesset Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelnkov on April 7,
members, many of whom are Muslim themselves, from 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in New York.[310]
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 13
tation and that she had the height, she had the beauty, she
had the skin, while adding that she was crazy, but these
are minor details.[324]
bella Rose and Joseph Frederick).[338][339] (Ivanka, who converted to Judaism before her marriage to
Jared Kushner) and I am very honored by that it wasn't
in the plan but I am very glad it happened.[354]
Religious views
During the 2008 nancial crisis, Trump International Hotel argued that California Shield Law prevented discovery of
and Tower in Chicago was unable to sell sucient units. a reporters unpublished notes.[400] In 2013, Trump settled
Lender Deutsche Bank refused to let Trump lower the the lawsuit with more than one hundred would-be condo
prices on the units to spur sales. Arguing that the nan- owners for an undisclosed amount.[401]
cial crisis and resulting drop in the real estate market is In 2011, an appellate court upheld a New Jersey Supe-
due to circumstances beyond his control, Trump invoked rior Court judges decision dismissing Trumps $5 billion
a clause in the contract to not pay the loan.[391] Trump then defamation lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, who
initiated a suit asserting that his image had been damaged. had reported in his book, TrumpNation: The Art of Being
Both parties agreed to drop their suits, and sales of the units
The Donald (2006), that Trumps true net worth was in fact
continued.[392] between $150 and $250 million. Trump had reportedly told
In 2008, Trump led a $100 million lawsuit for alleged O'Brien he was worth billions and, in 2005, had publicly
fraud and civil rights violations[393] against the California stated that he was worth billions.[402] Trump complained
city of Rancho Palos Verdes, a seaside town of 41,000 with that the authors alleged underestimation of his net worth
an annual budget just under $20 million, over thwarted was motivated by malice and had cost him business deals
luxury home development and expansion plans on part and reputational damage.[403] The appellate court, how-
of a landslide-prone golf course purchased by Trump in ever, noted the consistency of O'Briens three condential
2002 for $27 million.[393] Trump had previously sued a sources.[404]
local school district over land leased from them in the Trump sued comedian Bill Maher for $5 million in 2013.
re-branded Trump National Golf Club, and had further Maher had appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
angered some local residents by renaming a thorough- and had oered to pay $5 million to a charity if Trump
fare after himself.[393] Trumps lawyer was unable to con- produced his birth certicate to prove that Trumps mother
vince a judge that the citys relentless anti-growth mu- had not mated with an orangutan. This was in reciprocation
nicipal ideology[394] had stymied Trumps ambitions, as for Trump having previously challenged Obama to produce
Trump had never submitted permit applications in the his birth certicate. Trump had oered $5 million payable
rst place,[394] and the suit was ultimately withdrawn in to a charity of Obamas choice, if Obama produced his col-
2012 with Trump and the city agreeing to modied ge- lege applications, transcripts, and passport records.[405][406]
ological surveys and permit extensions for some 20 pro- Trump produced his birth certicate and led a lawsuit af-
posed luxury homes (in addition to 36 homes previously ter Maher was not forthcoming, claiming that Mahers $5
approved).[394][395] Trump ultimately opted for a permanent million oer was legally binding. I don't think he was
conservation easement instead of expanded housing devel-
joking, Trump said. He said it with venom.[405] Ma-
opment on the courses driving range.[396] her replied that Trump needed to learn the dierence be-
In 2009, Trump was sued by investors who had made de- tween what a joke is and what a contract is and that the
posits, typically $200,000$300,000 per person, for con- U.S. legal system is not a toy for rich idiots to play with,
dos in the failed Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico.[397] and said that it was obvious humans and orangutans can-
The investors alleged that Trump (whose videos promot- not reproduce.[407] Trump withdrew his lawsuit against the
ing the development had been shown to potential investors) comedian after eight weeks.[408]
misrepresented his role in the project, stating after its fail- In 2013, in a lawsuit led by New York Attorney Gen-
ure that he had been little more than a spokesperson for eral Eric Schneiderman, Trump was accused of defraud-
the entire venture, disavowing any nancial responsibil- ing more than 5,000 people of $40 million for the oppor-
ity for the debacle.[398] Investors were abruptly informed tunity to learn Trumps real estate investment techniques in
that they would be getting nothing back: All that re- a for-prot training program, Trump University, which op-
mains of Trump Baja is a highway billboard with a large erated from 2005 to 2011.[409][410][411] Schneiderman con-
photo of Donald Trump that advertises condos for sale. It tended that Trumps seminars constituted an unlicensed,
hovers over a closed sales center and showroom, a paved illegal educational institution which utilized false adver-
parking lot, a big hole that cuts a wide swath, drainage tising, bait-and-switch tactics, intentional misrepresenta-
pipes and construction equipment, reported the Associated tion and other fraudulent practices.[383] In January 2014,
Press in 2009.[397] In the litigation that ensued in a Cal- a New York Superior Court upheld part of the Attorney
ifornia court, Trumps attorneys sought to question a San Generals case against Trump,[412] and in October 2014,
Diego Union-Tribune reporter about a 2006 story with the found Trump liable for not obtaining a license to operate
headline Trump puts 'brand' on Baja with condo-hotel, the for-prot investment school, Trump Entrepreneur Ini-
which quoted Trump saying he was a signicant equity
tiative, formerly known as Trump University. (Trump ul-
investor in the development.[399] The California court re- timately stopped using the term University following a
jected Trumps legal maneuver, siding with attorneys who
2010 order from New York regulators, who called Trumps
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 17
use of the word misleading and even illegal"; the state had construction of the building and disrupting its ambience.
previously warned Trump in 2005 to drop the term or not Trump had previously sued twice over airport noise.[424]
oer seminars within New York.)[413][414][415] In a separate In July 2015, Trump led a $10 million lawsuit against chef
class action civil suit in mid-February 2014, a San Diego Jos Andrs claiming that he backed out of a deal to open
federal judge allowed claimants in California, Florida, and the agship restaurant at Trump International Hotel Wash-
New York to proceed.[416] A Trump counterclaim, alleg- ington, D.C.[425] Andrs replied that Trumps lawsuit was
ing that the state Attorney Generals investigation was ac- both unsurprising and without merit.[426] After denounc-
companied by a campaign donation shakedown, was inves- ing chef Georey Zakarian who, like Andrs, withdrew
tigated by a New York ethics board and dismissed in Au-
from the Trump International Hotel project in the wake
gust 2015.[417] Trump also led a $1 million defamation suit of Trumps comments on Mexican illegal immigrants (and
against former Trump University student Tarla Makae,
who was expected to lose his $500,000 restaurant lease de-
who had spent about $37,000 on seminars, after she joined posit as a result),[426] Trump sued Zakarian in August 2015
the class action lawsuit and publicized her classroom expe-
for a sum in excess of $10 million for lost rent and other
riences on social media.[398] Unable to prove malice, Trump damages.[427] Trumps lawsuit called Zakarians oense at
University lost an anti-SLAPP lawsuit (under statutes de- his remarks curious in light of the fact that Mr. Trumps
signed to thwart legal intimidation of class action partici- publicly shared views on immigration have remained con-
pants) and was ordered by a U.S. District Judge in April sistent for many years, and Mr. Trumps willingness to
2015 to pay Makae and her lawyers $798,774.24 in legal frankly share his opinions is widely known.[427]
fees and costs.[418] That just shows you how low they will
go to silence people, Makae said.[398]
In 2014, the former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin ul- Allegations of business with rms linked to organized
timately settled a $5 million arbitration judgment against crime
her, having been sued by Trump after alleging that the Miss
USA 2012 pageant results were rigged. Monnin wrote on Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Cay Johnston, as
her Facebook page that another contestant told her during well as investigative journalist Wayne Barrett who wrote
a rehearsal that she had seen a list of the top ve nalists, an unauthorized 1992 Trump biography, have alleged that
and when those names were called in their precise order, Trump and his companies did business with New York
Monnin realized the pageant election process was suspect, and Philadelphia families linked to the Italian-American
compelling Monnin to resign her Miss Pennsylvania title. Maa.[428][429] According to the Washington Post, He was
Trumps lawyer said that Monnins allegations had cost the never accused of illegality, and observers of the time say
pageant a lucrative British Petroleum sponsorship deal and that working with the mob-related gures and politicos
threatened to discourage women from entering Miss USA came with the territory.[430]
contests in the future.[419] According to Monnin, testimony
Johnston and Barrett claim that Trump purchased the fu-
from the Miss Universe Organization and Ernst & Young
ture site of Atlantic Citys Trump Plaza for twice its market
revealed that the top 15 nalists were selected by pageant
value from the Philadelphia crime family member Salvatore
directors regardless of preliminary judges scores.[420] As
Testa, and according to the State of New Jersey Commis-
part of the settlement, Monnin was not required to retract
sion of Investigations 1986 report on organized crime, con-
her original statements.[419] Standing on truth has cost me
structed the casino using two rms controlled by Nicodemo
much, Monnin said.[421]
Scarfo.[429] Although Trump was a federal target in a 1979
In 2014, the model Alexia Palmer led a civil suit against bribery investigation, and was later questioned in a 1981
Trump Model Management for promising a $75,000 an- racketeering probe, neither investigation resulted in crimi-
nual salary but paying only $3,380.75 for three years work. nal charges.[429] Trump was criticized for omitting mention
Palmer claimed to be owed more than $200,000. Palmer of that investigation in his New Jersey casino license ap-
contended that Trump Model Management charged, in plication. Johnston alleged that Trump had persuaded state
addition to a management fee, obscure expenses from ocials to limit the background investigation of him.[428]
postage to limousine rides that consumed the remainder of Johnston and other investigative reporters also reported that
her compensation. Trump attorney Alan Garten claims the Trump Tower, Trump Plaza, and other New York City
lawsuit is bogus and completely frivolous.[422][423] properties were constructed with concrete purchased from
In 2015, Trump initiated a $100 million lawsuit against S&A Concrete Co., a rm owned by Anthony Salerno, head
Palm Beach County claiming that ocials, in a deliberate of the Genovese crime family, and Paul Castellano, head of
and malicious act, pressured the FAA to direct air traf- the Gambino crime family.[428][430]
c to the Palm Beach International Airport over his Mar- According to British investigative journalist John Sweeney,
a-Lago estate.[424] The air trac is allegedly damaging the Trump walked out of an interview for the BBCs Panorama
18 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
series with Sweeney after Trump answered a question about 1.1.9 Awards and honors
why he continued to do business with Felix Sater, an ex-
convict who identied himself a senior advisor to Don-
ald Trump (a claim disputed by Trumps representatives),
after Saters maa and Russian criminal ties, as well as
a 1998 racketeering conviction for a $40 million Maa-
linked stock fraud scheme,[431] were publicly reported in
2007.[432][433][434] Saters fraud victims included Holocaust
survivors Ernest and Judit Gottdiener, whose estate later
sued Sater and a business partner for failing to pay $7 mil-
lion in restitution.[435] Sater moved into a Trump Tower of-
ce on the same oor as Trumps oce in 2010, according
to court records and Associated Press interviews.[431] Felix
Sater, boy, I have to even think about it, Trump told the AP
Trump receiving the 2015 Marine CorpsLaw Enforce-
in December 2015. I'm not that familiar with him.[431]
ment Foundation's annual Leadership Award in recognition
When previously asked about Sater by The New York Times
for his contributions to American military education
in December 2007, Trump said of Sater We never knew
programs
that. We do as much of a background check as we can on
the principals. I didnt really know him very well.[433] Sater
was born in Russia in 1966 and emigrated to the U.S. with
his family at the age of 8,[433] and later developed ties to
members of the Bonanno and Genovese crime families.[436]
He worked with Trump on at least four projects includ-
ing Trump SoHo, Trump International Hotel and Residence
Phoenix (which failed[436] ), Trump International Hotel and
Residence Ft. Lauderdale (which collapsed amid allega-
tions of fraud[437] ), and an unrealized skyscraper project in
Denver which involved Sater traveling with Trump to the
city[438] and being interviewed with Trump by The Rocky
Mountain News in 2005.[433] Alan Garten, senior attorney Trumps star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
for Trump, said that Sater has got a lot of contacts and
worked with Trump scouting high-end luxury real estate op-
portunities, but was never formally employed, and did not Gaming Hall of Fame (class of 1995)[439]
close any deals for Trump over the course of a six-month
non-contractual working relationship in 2010.[431] If Mr. NY Ride of Fame (class of 2010)[440]
Sater was good enough for the government to work with,
Trump was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Busi-
referring to the cooperation agreement which kept Saters
ness Administration (Hon. D.B.A.), in 2010 by Robert
racketeering conviction sealed from public scrutiny for 14
Gordon University.[441] However, this degree was re-
years, I see no reason why he wasn't good enough for Mr.
voked on December 9, 2015 because Trump had made
Trump.[431]
a number of statements that are wholly incompatible
with the ethos and values of the university.[442]
In February 2016 Trump was nominated by 'an
anonymous U.S. politician' for the Nobel Peace
Campaign contributions Prize, for his 'vigorous peace through strength
ideology'.[443][444][445]
According to a New York state report, Trump circum- Honorary Doctor of Business (Hon. D.B.), 2012,
vented corporate and personal campaign donation limits Liberty University[446]
in the 1980s by donating money to candidates from 18
dierent business subsidiaries, rather than giving primar- WWE Hall of Fame (class of 2013)
ily in his own name.[430] Trump told investigators he did Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
so on the advice of lawyers, and not to curry favor with
business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests Statesman of the Year, The Republican Party of Sara-
from friends.[430] sota, 2012, 2015[447][448]
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 19
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[430] O'Harrow, Jr., Robert (October 16, 2015). Trump swam Named 'Statesman of the Year' By GOP Group Before Con-
in mob-infested waters in early years as an NYC developer. vention. The Hungton Post (New York). Archived from
The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2015. the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
[431] Horwitz, Je (December 4, 2015). Trump picked stock [448] Wallace, Jeremy (May 5, 2015). Trump to get local GOPs
fraud felon as senior adviser. Associated Press. Retrieved Statesman award again. The Sarasota Herald-Tribune
December 4, 2015. (Sarasota, FL). Archived from the original on August 14,
2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
[432] Sweeney, John (July 8, 2013). Donald Trump walks out
over questions about his maa connections during BBC [449] Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump, Yuli Edel-
Panorama interview. The Independent. Retrieved August stein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala. Algemeiner Jour-
5, 2015. nal. February 5, 2015.
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 33
[453] Hascup, Henry (March 27, 2015). 2015 New Jersey Box-
ing Hall of Fame Inductees. New Jersey Boxing Hall of
Fame.
Appearances on C-SPAN
Donald Trump at DMOZ
Chapter 2
Spouses
2.1 Ivana Trump ald and Ivana Trump became leading gures in New York
society during the 1980s. They set to work on several mas-
Ivana Marie Trump (ne Zelnkov; Czech pronuncia- sive projects, including the construction of the Grand Hy-
tion: [vana marj zlitkova]; February 20, 1949) att Hotel, the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic
is a Czech-American socialite and former fashion model, City, New Jersey, and the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue
known for her marriage to American business magnate in Manhattan.[4][5] They had three children: Donald John
Donald Trump. Jr. (born December 31, 1977), Ivanka Marie (born Octo-
ber 30, 1981), and Eric Fredrick (born January 6, 1984).
She has seven grandchildren.[6]
2.1.1 Early years Ivana took a major role in the Trump Organization. She
became the Vice President of Interior Design for the com-
Ivana Zelnkov was born in the Moravian town of then pany, spearheading the signature design of Trump Tower.
Gottwaldov (formerly/presently known as Zln), the daugh- Afterwards, her then husband appointed her to head up the
ter of Milo Zelnek and Marie Francov.[1] From a very Trump Castle Hotel and Casino as president. Ivana be-
young age, her father nurtured and encouraged her skiing came a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988, with Donald at her
talent. She has claimed that she was selected as an alternate side.[7]
on the 1972 Czechoslovak Olympic Ski Team. However,
In the late 1980s, Ivana decided to leave Atlantic City in
in 1989, Petr Pomezny, Secretary General of the Czech
order to devote more time to her family. However, her hus-
Olympic Committee, stated, Who is this Ivana woman,
band asked her to oversee the restoration of the landmark
and why do people keep calling us about her? We have
Plaza Hotel, and she took over as its president. She was
searched so many times and have consulted many, many
named Hotelier of the Year in 1990. Ivanas work at the
people, and there is no such girl in our records.[2]
Plaza would be the zenith of her work within the Trump
In the early 1970s she earned a masters degree in physical Organization. Towards the end of that year, rumors began
education from Charles University of Prague. to circulate that her husband was having an aair with a for-
mer beauty queen from Georgia, Marla Maples. While the
family was on holiday in Aspen, Colorado that Christmas,
2.1.2 Personal life she encountered Maples on the ski slopes; their confronta-
tion was reported in the New York Post the following day.
In 1971, she married real estate agent Alfred Winklemeier, In 1991, she retained entertainment attorney Neil Papiano
but they were divorced in 1973.[3] She left Czechoslovakia and led for divorce, seeking a greater amount of the family
for Canada to be with a childhood friend, George Syrovatka, fortune than had been set out in her prenuptial agreement.
who owned a ski boutique there. For the following two Her husband fought back in court, protesting Ivanas claims
years she lived in Montreal, improved her English taking that she had contributed to the Trump Organization.
night courses at McGill University, and worked as a model
for some of Canadas top fur companies. She then left Sy- The divorce proceedings led to extensive pieces in the gos-
rovatka and moved to New York to promote the Montreal sip columns. In October 1990 her 63-year-old father died
Olympics. suddenly from a heart attack. The Trumps stood side-by-
side at the funeral.[8] Their divorce was settled after that
It was in New York that she met Donald Trump, son of in 1992.[9] Although the settlement remains sealed by the
prominent real estate developer Fred Trump. On April 7, courts, it is rumored that Ivana received $20 million; the
1977, she married Donald in a lavish society wedding. Don-
34
2.1. IVANA TRUMP 35
$14 million family estate in Connecticut; a $5 million hous- In the John David Coles-directed TV movie Trump Unau-
ing allowance; $350,000 annual alimony; all of her jewelry; thorized (2005), Ivana is portrayed by actress Katheryn
and 49% of Mar-a-Lago, the family home in Palm Beach, Winnick.
Florida, that also serves as a private club for the Palm Beach Actress Michaela Watkins portrays Ivana in the Funny or
elite. Not long after her divorce from Donald, Ivana mar- Die parody lm Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The
ried Riccardo Mazzucchelli. The marriage was dissolved Movie.
before two years had elapsed, and Ivana led a $15 million
breach of contract suit against Mazzucchelli for violating
the condentiality clause in their prenuptial agreement. The 2.1.5 References
suit was settled out of court.
In April 2008, Ivana, then 59, married Rossano Rubicondi, [1] Novelguide.com Archived June 17, 2010, at the Wayback
then 36.[10] The $3 million wedding for 400 guests was Machine.
hosted by Donald at his Mar-a-Lago estate. Trumps daugh- [2] van Meter, Johnathan. Thats Why the Lady is a Trump.
ter Ivanka, of the reality show The Apprentice, was her maid Spy Magazine. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
of honor.[11] On December 1, 2008, Trump conrmed to
the Associated Press that she had led a legal separation [3] After Months of Marital Swordplay, the Donalds No
agreement three months previously; she has stated in inter- Longer a Hubby, and Ivanas No Longer a Trump. People.
views that she and her husband have an on-again/o-again April 8, 1991. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
relationship. [4] After The Gold Rush. Vanity Fair. August 1990. Re-
trieved January 10, 2016. They were married in New York
during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding
2.1.3 Career at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his
alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and
Soon after her divorce from Donald Trump, she signed mentor.
on with the William Morris Agency and developed lines
of clothing, fashion jewelry and beauty products that have [5] THE EMPIRE AND EGO OF DONALD TRUMP. New
been successfully sold through television shopping chan- York Times. August 7, 1983. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
nels. She has also written several bestselling books includ- [6] Corcoran, Kieran (June 16, 2015). Dad for President!
ing the novels For Love Alone, Lucy Wilkins and Free to Donald Trumps ve children steal the spotlight at 2016 an-
Love as well as a self-help book The Best is Yet to Come: nouncement - with nine-year-old Barron looking all grown
Coping with Divorce and Enjoying Life Again. In 2001, up. Daily Mail. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
she penned an advice column for Divorce Magazine.[12] She
played a cameo role in the Hollywood lm The First Wives [7] Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen. Associated Press.
May 27, 1988. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
Club with the memorable line, Remember girls: don't get
mad, get everything. [8] Robert E. Tomasson (1990-10-31). Chronicle. Ny-
She was the host of Oxygen Network's reality-dating series times.com. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
Ivana Young Man in 2006. In 2010, Ivana sued a Finnish [9] IvanaTrump.com. IvanaTrump.com. Retrieved 2012-10-
fashion company, accusing it of selling womens clothing 24.
that incorporates her name without permission.[13] In the
same year, she took part in the UKs Celebrity Big Brother, [10] Marx, Linda. Ivana Trump Marries for the Fourth Time -
nishing seventh.[14] Weddings, Ivana Trump. People.com. Retrieved 2012-10-
24.
In the 1996 movie adaptation of The First Wives Club, [14] Celebrity Big Brother: Ivana Trump makes a magical en-
Ivana makes a brief appearance at the end gala. trance into the house Mail Online, January 9, 2010
Absolutely Fabulous creator Jennifer Saunders has admitted [15] The Story of Absolutely Fabulous, BBC, broadcast
that the character Patsy Stone (who shares Trumps charac- 2/1/04. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/abfab/vault/
teristic blond beehive) is partially based on Trump.[15] specials/storyofabfab.shtml
36 CHAPTER 2. SPOUSES
Marla Ann Maples (born October 27, 1963) is an In August 1992, Maples starred as "Ziegfeld's favorite
American actress and television personality, best known for in the Tony Award winning production, The Will Rogers
her six-year marriage to celebrity businessman and 2016 Follies on Broadway.[16][17] She returned to New York in
presidential candidate Donald Trump. 2011 for Love, Loss and What I Wore, an o-Broadway
production.[18]
Maples was born in Cohutta, Georgia, United States, the Maples has always been big on supporting charities and non-
daughter of Lura Ann (ne Locklear; 1940-2014), a home- prot organizations, and has been a long time and vocal sup-
maker and model, and Stanley Edward Maples, a real estateporter of Kids Creating Peace, an organization that unites
developer.[2][3] Israeli and Palestinian children.[19] She has also been known
to share proceeds of sales with those in need, as she shared
Maples attended Northwest Whiteld High School in sales proceeds of her One World of Love album with Suc-
Tunnel Hill, Georgia, where she was crowned Homecoming cess for Kids, and proceeds from her auction with Lindas
Queen.[4] Stu with Spirituality for Kids.[20][21]
Maples and Donald Trump have one child together, Tiany
Ariana Trump, who was born on October 13, 1993.[5] In
December, 1993 the couple married,[6] but they separated Radio/Music
in May 1997[7] and divorced in 1999.[8]
For many years Maples hosted her own talk radio show,
Awakening with Marla, on Contact Talk Radio, where her
guests ranged from naturopathic doctors, to authors, to as-
2.2.2 Career trologists, and more.[22]
Times. 21 December 1993. [21] Dagher, Veronica. Actress Mapless Song for Children,
Teens at Risk. The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.
[2] Marla Maples Biography (1963-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Retrieved 20 December 2014.
[22] Marla Mapless Page. ctrnetwork.com. Retrieved 2016-
[3] Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia: Smoky Moun- 01-25.
tain Ancestral Quest.
[23] iTunes - Music - The Endless by Marla Maples. iTunes.
[4] Video: Donald Trump Marla Maples at her high school
Retrieved 20 December 2014.
homecoming 1991. Frequency. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
[5] Schneider, Karen S. (May 19, 1997). The Donald Ducks [24] Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Music Awards Los
Out. People. Retrieved September 10, 2015. Angeles - Music Awards Hollywood. Hollywood Music in
Media Awards. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
[6] Dullea, Georgia (December 21, 1993). VOWS; Its a Wed-
ding Blitz for Trump and Maples. The New York Times. [25] Foltz, Kim (July 27, 1990). 2 Networks Say No To No
ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27. Excuses Jeans. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
Retrieved 2015-11-27.
[7] Weber, Bruce (May 3, 1997). Donald and Marla Are
Headed for Divestiture. The New York Times. ISSN 0362- [26] Brozan, Nadine (November 24, 1993). Style: Chronicle.
4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-
27.
[8] Fried, Joseph P. (February 24, 2002). Tell-All Book on
Trump Won't Be Telling at All. The New York Times. ISSN
0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
2.2.4 External links
[9] Marla Maples at the Internet Movie Database
Marla Maples at the Internet Movie Database
[10] Inspirational Film 'Switching Lanes Wins 2015 Feature
Film Silver Award [TRAILER]". BREATHEcast. 2015-10-
13. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
2.3.2 Career tional Love Our Children Day and the beginning of National
Child Abuse Prevention month.[5]
Modeling career
After studying design and architecture at the University 2.3.3 Marriage to Donald Trump
of Ljubljana in Slovenia,[9] without graduating, Knauss
worked as a model for major fashion houses in Milan
and Paris before relocating to New York City in 1996.[9]
Working with photographers including Helmut Newton,
Patrick Demarchelier, and Mario Testino,[9][5] Knauss sub-
sequently appeared on the covers of Vogue, Harpers
Bazaar, Ocean Drive, In Style, New York Magazine, Avenue,
Allure, Vanity Fair, Self, Glamour, GQ, Elle, FHM, and was
featured as a bikini model in the 2000 Sports Illustrated
Swimsuit Issue.[11][12][13][14] As a model, she was associated
with several well-known modeling agencies, including Don-
ald Trumps Trump Model Management.[15]
Career pre-marriage
In 2000, Melania appeared with Trump while he Melania and Donald Trump at the Oscar De La Renta Fashion
campaigned for the Reform Party 2000 presidential Show in New York City, 2006
nomination,[16] and several years later, Knauss appeared
in an ad for Aac insurance, in which she and the After moving to New York City in 1996,[22] Knauss met
Aac mascot, a duck, voiced by comedian Gilbert Got- Donald Trump at a Fashion Week party in New York City in
tfried, exchange personalities via a Frankenstein-like September 1998.[1][17] Their relationship gained notoriety
mad experiment.[9] She was interviewed with Trump in after a 1999 interview on The Howard Stern Show,[16] and
May 2005 on Larry King Live, four months after their additional publicity after the 2004 launch of Trumps suc-
marriage,[17] and afterwards co-hosted several episodes of cessful business-oriented reality television show, The Ap-
The View with Barbara Walters.[9] prentice. Donald Trump described their long courtship in
In 2010, she launched her watch and jewelry collection, 2005: We literally have never had an argument, forget
Melania Timepieces & Jewelry, sold on QVC, and in about the word [17]
'ght' ... We just are very compatible. We
2013, debuted a skin care line, Melania Caviar Com- get along.
plexe C6,[9] which she promoted on The Celebrity Appren- After becoming engaged in 2004, Donald Trump and Mela-
tice and The View. Her product lines subsequently suered nia Knauss were married on January 22, 2005, at The
distribution problems,[18] and in 2013, she won a court case Episcopal Church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea in Palm Beach,
and the right to an arbitrated settlement after suing an In- Florida, followed by a reception in the 17,000-sq.-ft. ball-
dianapolis distributor for $50 million for failure to honor room at Trumps Mar-a-Lago estate.[23]
their marketing contract.[19]
The event was attended by noted persons such as Katie
Couric, Matt Lauer, Rudy Giuliani, Heidi Klum, Star Jones,
Charity work P. Diddy, Shaquille O'Neal, Barbara Walters, Conrad
Black, Regis Philbin, Simon Cowell, Kelly Ripa, and then-
She has been associated with various charity events, in- Senator Hillary Clinton and former president Bill Clin-
[23][24]
cluding of The Breast Cancer Research Foundation.[20][21] ton. At the reception, Billy Joel serenaded the crowd
She was Honorary Chairwoman for Martha Graham Dance with "Just the Way You Are", and supplied new lyrics about
Company in April 2005; is an active member of the Police Trump to the tune of "The Lady is a Tramp".[23]
Athletic League, which honored her with Woman of The The Trumps wedding ceremony and reception were widely
Year 2006; has been an Honorary Chairwoman for The covered by the media.[22] Melania wore a $200,000 dress
Boys Club of New York for ve consecutive years; and in made by John Galliano of the house of Christian Dior,[23]
2005, The American Red Cross awarded her with the title and the cake at the reception was a 50-pound orange Grand
of Goodwill Ambassador.[9] In 2008, she rang the closing Marnier chocolate true cake, with a Grand Marnier
bell at NASDAQ to commemorate the Fifth Annual Na- butter-cream lling, and covered with 3,000 roses created
2.3. MELANIA TRUMP 39
2.3.4 References
[1] Jordan, Mary (September 30, 2015). Meet Melania Trump,
a new model for rst lady. The Washington Post. Retrieved
October 1, 2015.
[3] Melania Trump would be a First Lady for the Ages, New
York Post, August 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-17
[24] Gillin, Joshua (July 21, 2015). The Clintons really did at-
tend Donald Trumps 2005 wedding. Politifact (Tampa Bay
Times/Miami Herald). Retrieved August 21, 2015.
Children
3.1 Donald Trump, Jr. on a famous name. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-
07-14.
Don Trump redirects here. For Trumps father, see [4] Weddings: Vanessa Haydon, Donald Trump Jr. New York
Donald Trump. Times. November 13, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
[2] Silverman, Stephen M. (2005-11-14). Donald Trump Jr. Ivanka Marie Trump (/ivnk/, born October 30, 1981)
Marries Model Girlfriend. People. Retrieved 2008-07-14. is an American businesswoman, writer, and former model.
She is the daughter of Ivana Trump and real estate de-
[3] Williams, Alex (2006-11-21). Trump Jr.: Finally trading veloper Donald Trump.[3] In her role as Executive Vice
41
42 CHAPTER 3. CHILDREN
Education
Business
Television appearances
Greg. What did Greg do? Nothing. We were in [28] Spodak, Cassie (June 24, 2015). Trump stands by immi-
college. It was actually a little before college. Are gration remarks, blames media.
you still friends with them? Um, I am. Its dicult
being friends with an ex. I marvel at how people do it [29] Collins, Eliza (October 14, 2015). Ivanka Trump on how
so seamlessly." Pg. 3, 9 she feels about her dads run: Its complicated. POLITICO.
[8] Fitch, Stephane. The Real Apprentices. forbes.com. [30] Ivanka Trump: The Woman Donald Trump Cherishes
Most. newsmax.com. August 13, 2015.
[9] Ivanka Trump shoes. heels.com. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
[31] Henneberger, Melinda. The woman Trump cherishes most
[10] O'Reilly, Kelly (June 3, 2010). Ivanka Trump Adds Hand- is daughter Ivanka. The Detroit News.
bags to the Mix. nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved June 22,
[32] Ivanka Trump: My dad is the best!". USA Today. January
2013.
18, 2016.
[11] Ivanka Trump. 100womeninhedgefunds.org. 100 Women [33] New Donald Trump Radio Ad Features Daughter Ivanka.
in Hedge Funds. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ABC News. January 18, 2016.
[12] Top Choice Magazine Fall 2012 Cover Ivanka [34] Trump declares victory in South Carolina primary.
Trump. topchoicemagazine.com. Retrieved July 29, 2014. komonews.com. February 20, 2016.
[13] Keith, Bill (September 2006). Ivanka on Top. Stu Mag- [35] Holcomb, Justin (February 20, 2016). Victory Speech,
azine. Retrieved August 17, 2006. Trump Sacks 'Bush Country', Dominates the First Southern
State. townhall.com.
[14] Photo of model Ivanka Trump - ID 21133 - Models. fash-
ionmodeldirectory.com. [36] Report: Tycoon Donald Trumps daughter converting to Ju-
daism. haaretz.com. October 30, 2008.
[15] Photo of model Ivanka Trump - ID 345808 - Models -".
fashionmodeldirectory.com. [37] Messer, Lesley. Ivanka Trump Converts to Judaism for Fi-
anc, People, July 17, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
[16] page at the Fashion Model Directory
[38] The View, October 26, 2009
[17] Ivanka Trump to appear on 'Apprentice'". Associated Press.
March 2, 2006. [39] Ivanka Trump Opens Up About Converting to Orthodox Ju-
daism February 26, 2015, Lesley Messer via Good Morning
[18] Soho Hotel, Downtown New York Hotels (PDF). trump- America.
sohohotel.com.
[40] Van Meter, Jonathan (February 25, 2015). Ivanka Trump
[19] http://www.trumpsoho.com/flash/download/press/st1.pdf Knows What It Means to Be a Modern Millennial. Vogue.
[20] Ivanka Trump: I Love My Dads Hair. people.com. Jan- [41] TeamIvanka Learned How to Meditate. Ivanka-
uary 27, 2007. trump.com. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on
3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Ivanka meditates
[21] Gossip Girl at IMDB twice dailyshe even has her recurring twenty-minute ses-
sions blocked o in her calendar. ... Ivanka gave us the
[22] The Trump Card: Playing to Win in Work and Life,
incredible opportunity to participate in a full transcendental
Amazon.com, accessed April 11, 2011.
meditation (TM) course, led by her friend, Bob Roth, of the
[23] Yoon, Robert (April 23, 2007). Celebrities ante up for David Lynch Foundation.
Democratic campaigns. cnn.com. Retrieved July 10, 2015. [42] United Press International, Wedding Gifts for the Couple
Who Have Everything New York Times
[24] Heinze, Christian (March 28, 2012). Ivanka Trump en-
dorses Romney, praises his 'business intelligence'". The Hill. [43] LexiB (2009-10-26). Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner Wed.
Retrieved 10 July 2015. LexiB.net. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[25] Wiersema, Alisa (July 17, 2013). Ivanka Trump Switches [44] Ivanka Trump Marries Jared Kusher in Lavish Ceremony.
Teams For Cory Booker. ABC News. Retrieved July 10, people.com. October 25, 2009. Retrieved February 21,
2015. 2011.
[26] Tierney McAfee - Melania Trump Makes Her First Ap- [45] Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner welcome baby girl. Her-
pearance on Campaign Trail... People, November 25, 2015. ald Sun. July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Retrieved 2015-12-29
[46] Ivanka Trump tweets birth announcement of 1st child, a
[27] Ivanka Trump: Dad '100 percent believes in equality of daughter born in NYC. Washington Post. July 17, 2011.
gender'". CNN. December 29, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
46 CHAPTER 3. CHILDREN
[47] Trump, Ivanka (April 11, 2013). Jared and I are excited as a board member until 2013.[4] He joined The Trump
that Arabella will become a big sister this fall. Thanks for Organization in 2006, after graduating with honors from
all your good wishes! xo Ivanka. Twitter. Retrieved May Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., with a degree
21, 2013. in nance and management.[5]
[48] Ivanka Trump Pregnant; Expecting Third Child with Jared
Kushner Moms & Babies Celebrity Babies and Kids -
Moms & Babies - People.com. people.com. 3.3.2 Career and philanthropy
[49] Donald Trumps brilliant daughter Ivanka is a business- The Trump Organization
woman and mom. Business Insider. September 26, 2015.
[50] Benac, Nancy (October 20, 2015). All about Ivanka: Trump is an Executive Vice President of Development and
Trumps daughter, political muse and deal-maker _ in stiletto Acquisitions, and a task advisor/boardroom judge on The
heels. StarTribune. Apprentice.
[51] Heller, Corinne (October 14, 2015). Ivanka Trump He is charged with the domestic and global expansion of
Proud of Dad Donald Trump Over His Presidential Run, the companys real estate interests.[6] Along with his fa-
But Its Also Complicated for Her. eonline.com. ther, Trump spearheaded the expansion of the Trump Golf
portfolio of properties, increasing the number from three
[52] Ivanka Trump Top Choice Award 2012 Businesswoman when he joined the company in 2006 to over fteen, with
of the Year. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
courses in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida,
North Carolina, California, and Puerto Rico. Trump reg-
ularly identies and pursues distressed golf properties for
3.2.9 External links
domestic and global expansion. Currently, he is responsi-
Biography on Trump website ble for the redesign and renovation of the newly acquired
Trump National Doral, Miami, Florida, and its famed Blue
Ivanka Trump at the Internet Movie Database Monster course, with his sister, Ivanka.[7]
Trump and his siblings are credited with the creation and
Ivanka Trump at the Fashion Model Directory
management of the Trump Hotel Collection properties.
Trumps current management portfolio of global hotels in-
cludes Las Vegas, Chicago, New York, Toronto, Panama,
3.3 Eric Trump Waikiki, Punta del Este, Washington D.C., Vancouver, the
Philippines and Rio de Janeiro.[8]
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox person with Trump also executed the acquisition of the Kluge Winery
unknown parameter political_party (this message is and Vineyard in Charlottesville, Virginia, resulting in the
shown only in preview). creation of Trump Winery. In 2013, Trump earned Wine
Enthusiast Magazine's Rising Star of the Year Award.[9]
Eric Frederic Trump (born January 6, 1984) is an Ameri- In 2012, Trump was recognized by Forbes magazine among
can businessman and philanthropist. He is the third child of their top 30 under 30 in Real Estate and by the New York
American businessman Donald J. Trump and his rst wife, Observer as one of the 20 Most Important Young Philan-
Ivana Trump. He is Executive Vice President, Develop- thropists. [10]
ment and Acquisitions, at The Trump Organization, and di-
rects all new project acquisition and development through-
out the world, alongside his brother, Donald, Jr., and sister, The Eric Trump Foundation
Ivanka. In 2006, he founded The Eric Trump Foundation,
which has donated and pledged over $28 million to St. Jude
Founded in 2006,[1] The Eric Trump Foundation (ETF) is
Childrens Research Hospital.[1] He also owns Trump Win-
dedicated to raising money for terminally-ill children at St.
ery.[2][3]
Jude Childrens Research Hospital donating and pledging
nearly $28 million, to date.
3.3.1 Early life and education The Eric Trump Foundation uses only Trump owned and
operated facilities, full-time volunteers, donated food and
Trump was born in Manhattan and attended Trinity School. beverage product, and pro-bono celebrity performers to en-
His parents divorced in 1991, when he was 7 years old. sure that St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital receives
In 2002, he graduated from The Hill School and served nearly all of the money raised by the foundation each year.
3.3. ERIC TRUMP 47
The Eric Trump Foundation pledged $20 million to St. Jude own Trump Winery, his son does. Page Six. Retrieved on
for the construction of The Eric Trump Foundation Surgery 2015-10-30.
and ICU Center, opening in 2015. In 2012, The Eric Trump
[3] Meet Donald Trumps ve children. Business Insider. Re-
Foundation Cancer Research Lab at St. Jude Childrens Re- trieved on October 30, 2015.
search Hospital made a groundbreaking discovery and iden-
tied a critical fusion gene responsible for almost 30% of a [4] Celebrity Prep Schools. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
rare subtype of childhood leukemia.[11]
[5] Eric Trump, American Royalty. CBS News. June 9, 2003.
The main fundraiser for the foundation is an annual golf Retrieved November 23, 2006.
invitational held every September at Trump National Golf
Club in Westchester County, New York. Past hosts have [6] Kawamoto, Dawn (June 17, 2011). Donald Trumps
Legacy: Kids Who Aim to Think Big. Daily Finance. Re-
included Jimmy Fallon, Bret Michaels, Lisa Lampanelli and
trieved June 17, 2011.
John Rich. This year, the event raised nearly $2 million for
St. Jude. [7] Leon, Alexandra (October 3, 2013). Trump National Do-
ral Miami Construction Ahead of Schedule. NBC 6 South
The foundation also generates nearly $300,000 per year
Florida. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
from a permanent Charitybuzz online auction, which regu-
larly oers such items as Spend the Entire Day with Pres- [8] Sylvester, Ron (April 2, 2013). Hired or Fired? How
ident Bill Clinton" and Sit in Derek Jeter's Personal Seats Trump is doing after Five Years in Las Vegas. Vegas-
at a New York Yankees Game and Meet the Future Hall of Inc.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Famer.
[9] Hoover, Andrew (November 17, 2013). 2013 Rising Star
The Eric Trump Foundation is a tax-exempt charitable or- of the Year: Eric Trump. Wine Enthusiast Magazine. Re-
ganization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue trieved November 17, 2013.
Service code.
[10] Davis, Peter (April 10, 2013). New Yorks Young Philan-
thropist Powerhouse Eric Trump. New York Observer. Re-
trieved April 10, 2013.
3.3.3 Criticism by PETA
[11] Groundbreaking Discovery made by The Eric Trump Foun-
In 2010, PETA criticized Trump for an African hunting trip dation AMKL Cancer Research Lab. Eric Trump Founda-
he took with his brother Donald Trump, Jr. PETA con- tion. May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
demned the pair after photos showed the brothers on an or-
[12] Kelly, Tara (March 13, 2012). Donald Trumps Sons De-
ganized safari in Zimbabwe where they hunted animals.[12] fend Safari Killing Spree In Zimbabwe (PHOTOS)". The
The Director General of The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Hungton Post. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Management Authority, V. Chandenga, issued an ocial
response supporting the brothers and calling any allegations [13] Weiss, Lois (March 28, 2012). Letter: Trump safari not
to the contrary baseless and false.[13] Both brothers fur- 'canned'". New York Post. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
ther defended their safari via Twitter, arming their ac- [14] Pfeier, Eric (November 15, 2011). Donald Trumps
tions as hunters and longtime advocates of the outdoors.[14] sons criticized after brutal hunting photos released. The
Donald Trump, Sr. also addressed the controversy via TMZ Sideshow. Yahoo! News. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
saying that he fully supported his sons.[14]
3.3.5 References
[1] Welcome. Eric Trump Foundation. Retrieved June 30,
2013.
Father
4.1 Fred Trump ket chain.[2] King Kullen continues to operate in the Suolk
County area today.[4]
This article is about the real estate developer. For his During World War II, Trump built barracks and garden
father, see Frederick Trump. apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards
along the East Coast, including Chester, Pennsylvania,
Frederick Christ Fred Trump (October 11, 1905 Newport News, Virginia, and Norfolk, Virginia. After
June 25, 1999) was an American real estate developer. He the war he expanded into middle-income housing for the
was the father of businessman Donald Trump and United families of returning veterans, building Shore Haven in
States Appeals Judge Maryanne Trump Barry. Bensonhurst in 1949, and Beach Haven near Coney Island
in 1950 (a total of 2,700 apartments). In 1963 he built the
3,800-apartment Trump Village in Coney Island, compet-
4.1.1 Early life ing with Lefrak City in Queens. In testimony before the
Senate Banking Committee in 1954, William F. McKenna,
Trump was born on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx, to appointed to investigate scandals within the FHA, cited
German immigrants Elizabeth (ne Christ) and Frederick Fred C. Trump and his partner William Tomasello as ex-
Trump.[1] His father had immigrated to New York City in amples of how prots were made by builders using the
1885 from the small German town of Kallstadt, Rhineland- FHA. McKenna said the two paid $34,200 for a piece of
Palatinate, where he briey returned around 1900, married, land which they then rented to their corporation for over
and reimmigrated. $60,000 per year in a 99 year lease, so that if the apartment
they built on it ever defaulted, the FHA would owe $1.5
Although both of Trumps parents were born in Germany, million on it. McKenna said that Trump and Tomasello
Trump told friends and acquaintances for decades after then obtained loans for $3.5 million more than the apart-
World War II that the family was of Swedish origin. Ac- ments cost. [5] Trump testied before the Senate Banking
cording to his nephew John Walter, He had a lot of Jewish Committee the following month as it investigated windfall
tenants and it wasn't a good thing to be German in those prots. He said that builders would not have built apart-
days.[2] ments under an expired post-war loan insurance program if
regulations had set inexible limits on loans issued by the
FHA.[6] In September 1954, following Trumps testimony,
4.1.2 Business career 2,500 tenants of the Beachhaven apartments sued Trump
and the FHA, claiming the builder made windfall prots
In 1927, at age 22, Fred Trump went into the real estate and that the builder had received loans for $4 million more
development and construction business, forming Elizabeth than the construction actually cost, and that rents were con-
Trump & Son Co. with his mother Elizabeth Christ Trump, sequently inappropriately inated. [7]
who was an active partner, writing the checks.[3]
Trump went on to build and operate aordable rental hous-
In the late 1920s Trump began building single-family ing via large apartment complexes in New York City, in-
houses in Queens, which were sold for $3,990 each. By cluding more than 27,000 low-income multifamily apart-
the mid-1930s in the middle of the Great Depression, he ments and row houses in the neighborhoods of Coney Is-
helped pioneer the concept of supermarkets with the Trump land, Bensonhurst, Sheepshead Bay, Flatbush, and Brighton
Market in Woodhaven, which advertised Serve Yourself Beach in Brooklyn, and Flushing and Jamaica Estates in
and Save!", becoming an instant hit.[2] After only a year Queens.[2] In 1968 his 22-year-old son Donald Trump
Trump sold it for a tidy prot to the King Kullen supermar-
48
4.1. FRED TRUMP 49
joined his company Trump Management Co., becoming around the age of twenty-one. It stated this is not proof that
president in 1974, and renaming it The Trump Organiza- Trump seniorwho would later go on to become a million-
tion in 1980. In the mid-1970s he lent his son money, al- aire real estate developerwas a member of the Ku Klux
lowing him to go into the real estate business in Manhattan,Klan or even in attendance at the event. Despite sharing
while Fred stuck to Brooklyn and Queens. It was good for lawyers with the other men, its conceivable that he may
me, Donald later commented. You know, being the son have been an innocent bystander, falsely named, or other-
of somebody, it could have been competition to me. This wise the victim of mistaken identity during or following a
way, I got Manhattan all to myself.[2] chaotic event.[11] And yet, the article states Fred Trumps
address to have been 175-24 Devonshire Road, Jamaica, so
Folk icon Woody Guthrie, who from 1950, was a tenant
in one of Fred Trumps apartment complexes in Brooklyn, verication of his identity is possible to someone with ac-
cess to period records.
chronicled his disgust with Trump as a landlord, penning
lyrics which accused him of stirring up racial hate in the In 1936, Trump married Scottish immigrant Mary Anne
bloodpot of human hearts.[8] MacLeod (born May 10, 1912, Stornoway, Scotland; died
Hyde Park, New York).[12] The cou-
Although a millionaire, Trump was known for his frugality, August 7, 2000, New[13][14]
saving unused nails, doing his own extermination work and ple had ve children: Maryanne (born 1937), a fed-
mixing his own oor cleaners. Nevertheless, he insisted on eral appeals court judge; Frederick Fred Jr. (193881);
[15]
buying a new navy blue Cadillac every three years, with li- Elizabeth (born 1942), an executive assistant at Chase
[9]
cense plate FCT. By the time of his death, Trump was Manhattan Bank; Donald (born 1946); and Robert (born
estimated to have amassed a fortune worth $250 to $300 1948), president of his fathers property management com-
million.[2] pany. Fred, Jr. predeceased his father when he died of
complications of alcoholism in 1981.[16]
Trump suered from Alzheimers disease for six years. He
4.1.3 Civil rights lawsuit became sick with pneumonia in June 1999[2] at Long Island
Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park.[17]
In 1973, the U.S. Justice Departments Civil Rights Divi-
sion led a civil rights suit against the Trump organization
charging that it refused to rent to black people. The Urban 4.1.5 References
League had sent black and white testers to apply for apart-
ments in Trump-owned complexes; the whites got the apart- [1] Donald Trump genealogy. Wargs.com. Retrieved October
ments, the blacks didn't. According to court records, four 24, 2012.
superintendents or rental agents reported that applications
sent to the central oce for acceptance or rejection were [2] Rozhon, Tracie (June 26, 1999). Fred C. Trump, Postwar
coded by race. A 1979 Village Voice article quoted a rental Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93.
The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
agent who said Trump instructed him not to rent to black
people and to encourage existing black tenants to leave. [3] New Concerns Function with Queens Capital (PDF). The
In 1975, a consent decree described by the head of DOJs Daily Star. April 16, 1927.
housing division as one of the most far-reaching ever nego-
tiated, required Trump to advertise vacancies in minority [4] King Kullen. King Kullen.
papers and list vacancies with the Urban League. The Jus-
tice Department subsequently complained that continuing [5] By-Lined The Nevada State Journal, June 30, 1954
racially discriminatory conduct by Trump agents has oc- [6] Limit on Public Housing May Emerge From Huddle Over
curred with such frequency that it has created a substantial Conicting Bills The Newport Daily News, July 13, 1954
impediment to the full enjoyment of equal opportunity.[10]
[7] Tenants in Suit for Rent Refunds The Post Standard (Syra-
cuse, N.Y.) September 21, 1954
4.1.4 Personal life
[8] Thomas Kaplan (January 25, 2016). Woody Guthrie Wrote
On June 1, 1927, a New York Times article reported that of His Contempt for His Landlord, Donald Trumps Father.
a Fred Trump was arrested and discharged after an inci- New York Times.
dent with members of the Ku Klux Klan turned into a brawl
[9] Fred Trump. Helytimes. June 17, 2015.
with Queens police. The brawl reportedly consisted of over
1,000 Klansmen and 100 police ocers, with Fred Trump [10] <Barrett, Wayne; Campbell, Jon (July 20, 2015). How a
being one of seven men arrested. An internet blog later re- young Donald Trump forced his way from Avenue Z to Man-
discovered the article, and noted Trump would have been hattan. Village Voice. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
50 CHAPTER 4. FATHER
[15] Elizabeth Trump Weds James Grau. The New York Times.
March 27, 1989. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
Television Career
51
52 CHAPTER 5. TELEVISION CAREER
In later seasons, winning teams have been permitted to view tract with a starting yearly salary of $250,000. The pop-
the next stage of the boardroom on the TV in their suite. ularity of the show led to Trump becoming known for his
The entire losing team remains in the boardroom and are fateful catch phrase, You're red!"
confronted with their loss. They are interrogated as to the The opening theme music used on the show is "For the Love
reasons for their loss and which players contributed to or of Money", a 1973 R&B song by The O'Jays.[2]
failed at the task. Then, for the nal stage of the board- For most seasons, the candidates ostensibly live in a com-
room, the project manager is asked to select a certain num-
munal suite at Trump Tower in Manhattan. This was origi-
ber of teammates (typically two, but on occasion one or nally billed as a penthouse suite, and after boardrooms, can-
three) to bring back into the nal-stage boardroom meet- didates were told to go up to the suite. However, in real-
ing. The remaining teammates return to the suite while the ity, the suite and the boardroom (and its elevator lobby) are
project manager and the selected teammates stepped out of all purpose-built sets within Trump Tower, all on the same
the boardroom momentarily so the host can consult his ad- oor. Later seasons of the Celebrity Apprentice no longer
visors. conceal this.
Upon returning to the boardroom for the nal stage, the As the popularity of the series grew, more and more of the
host and his advisors continue interrogating the remaining tasks began to be tied to specic companies. For example,
players about their loss. The project manager is sometimes sales tasks would require a team to take over a brand-name
further analyzed for their choice of teammates to bring storefront or restaurant and operate it; and marketing tasks
back into the boardroom. Ultimately, at least one project would require teams to prepare a marketing material (e.g. a
manager and/or the remaining teammates are red at the jingle or yer) or campaign for an established company. In
hosts discretion, and leave the show. later series, the launches of specic products would be tied
It is notable that Trump was shown to have the ultimate to the airing of episodes of the series. Several companies
discretion in running the boardroom and at times he would have appeared multiple times on the show.
disregard the typical format of the show, including: ring Trumps original advisors were Carolyn Kepcher, Former
multiple candidates in one week; ring candidates before Chief Operating Ocer and General Manager for the
the nal stage; bringing candidates back into the nal stage Trump National Golf Club, and George H. Ross, Execu-
who were not chosen by the project manager and all of this tive Vice President and Senior Counsel, The Trump Orga-
simply because he felt like it. nization. In August 2006, Trump released Kepcher from
When the nal three or four candidates are left (depending her duties at the Trump organization saying only that he
on the season), they engage in a formal interview rather than wishes her the best. Kepcher also left The Apprentice at
a task. Several executives from various companies interview that time. Upon her departure, Trumps daughter, Ivanka
each of the nalists and reported their assessments to the Trump became a regular advisor; though she was not o-
host. Based on the interviews, a boardroom and ring take cially billed as a replacement for Kepcher.[3] As the series
place, leaving a nal two candidates. progressed, the advisors were occasionally substituted on a
The nal two candidates are then each assigned a dier- weekly basis with other advisors including two of Trumps
ent nal task, and given a support team of previously red other children, Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump, as well
candidates. Final tasks generally require the nalists to or- as past winners of the show and other business executives
(typically from the company whose product or service was
ganize (to various degrees) an event such as a party or a
fundraiser. In a nal boardroom following the nal task, featured in the episode.
the host hired one of the two candidates to become his ap- During Trumps tenure, the series frequently featured and
prentice. promoted his properties, products and brand. Trumps wife
Melania Trump was also featured on the series several times
including in several tasks that have featured her fashion and
5.1.2 History and production cosmetic products. Ivanka Trumps fashion products have
also been featured in tasks.
The rst season aired during the winter and the spring of Trumps on-screen (and real-life) assistants have each
2004. The Apprentice is produced and created by Mark grown in personal fame. Two assistants appeared jointly
Burnett and was originally hosted by real estate magnate for the rst ve seasons: Rhona Gra and Robin Himmler.
Donald Trump, who also serves as co-producer of the show. In the sixth season, Trump elected to have his newest exec-
The premise of the show, which bills itself as the ultimate utive assistant, Andi Rowntree, star in the LA-based show.
job interview in the ultimate jungle, is to conduct a job For the Celebrity Apprentice, Annette Dziamba appeared
talent search for a person to head one of Trumps compa- for the seventh season, and Amanda Miller since the eighth
nies. The position starts with an introductory 1-year con-
5.1. ''THE APPRENTICE'' 53
season. although the network stressed that the show was initially
Season 6, unlike the rest of the series, took place in Los planned to air only for one season. The show averaged be-
Angeles. The teams resided in a mansion, with the winning tween six and seven million viewers. Before Stewarts show
team of each challenge occupying the house, and the losing ended, Trump and Stewart had a ght over Stewart accusing
team camping out in tents in the backyard. Trump that he did not want her to have a successful show,
that he might have wanted it jinxed. Trump denied this
On May 14, 2007, the series was left o NBCs schedule but charge, and both TV stars have not worked together again,
NBC Entertainment president Kevin Reilly said he was still and there are no plans for the future.
in discussions with Mark Burnett and Trump.[4] On May 19,
2007, Trump announced that He was moving on from The
Apprentice to a major new TV venture.[5] On May 22, NBC
announced The Apprentice might return next season even
5.1.4 Statistics by season
[6]
though Trump had said he had quit. However, NBC and
Trump resolved their dierences, and the rst season of The Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per
Celebrity Apprentice began production shortly thereafter. episode) of The Apprentice on NBC.
Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late
September and ends in late May, which coincides with the
5.1.3 Spin-os completion of May sweeps.
Martha Stewart
The Apprentice was the breakout rookie hit of the 200304
See also: The Apprentice: Martha Stewart U.S. television season and helped NBC at a time when the
networks two long-running successful comedies, Friends
and Frasier, were ending their series runs. The Appren-
On February 2, 2005, NBC announced that they would tice lled the void on Thursday nights as NBC held on to
broadcast the rst spin-o from The Apprentice, called The the tagline Must See TV, even though CBS was quickly be-
Apprentice: Martha Stewart. The show, which ran from coming the most-watched network on Thursday night.
September 21 to December 21, 2005 was hosted by Martha
Stewart, who was the rst woman in the world to become a Although the series was one of the most-watched programs
self-made billionaire. It kept the format of the original se- on NBC in the advertiser-friendly 1849 age demographic,
ries but changed a few elements to t Stewarts personality. the franchises total audience gradually dissolved, starting in
Trump was one of the executive producers of the show and late 2004, when it aired its second season that culminated
castings were held in 27 cities across the United States. in, what most Apprentice fans deem, an overextended[19]
3-hour season nale on December 16, 2004.
At the time, the original Apprentice was airing new seasons [20]
in each of the fall and winter, each with declining overall The audience numbers (11.25 million viewers) for the
ratings. The Apprentice: Martha Stewart aired on Wednes- June 5, 2006 fth season nale were not factored in the fth
days during the same fall season as the fourth season of season average because it aired after the ocial television
the original Apprentice (which aired Thursdays). The Ap- season ended.
prentice: Martha Stewart struggled while the original series The audience numbers for the show steadily declined fol-
fourth season again earned poorer ratings than the previous lowing the rst season. Originally, NBC aired the sixth sea-
season. Trump claimed that there was confusion between son of The Apprentice, competing against both immensely
the two shows. There has also been talk that Trump did not popular series, Desperate Housewives and Cold Case, just a
want Stewart to host the spin-o show. NBC announced few weeks before competing against Brothers & Sisters and
that it would not bring back the show for a second season, Cold Case.
54 CHAPTER 5. TELEVISION CAREER
5.1.5 Teams by season My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss, a parody and hoax
Win In China
5.1.6 Controversies
Diili, with Hjallis Harkimo
Whereas winners have been named executive vice pres-
idents, and given the title of owners representative, The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate, also known as The
in actuality, they were employed as publicity spokespeo- Magnate, Kenyan business reality show
ple for the Trump Organization. Second season winner
Kelly Perdew, on his rst day working for Trump, was Big Boss (Germany)
introduced by his boss to Florida developers working on
Traumjob (Switzerland)
a Trump-branded condo, the Trump Tower, in Tampa,
Florida, where he was told that he would help promote sales
of the building by appearing at promotional events.[21] 5.1.9 See also
In the wake of Trumps statements about the current pres-
ident of the United States, Barack Obama, The Apprentice The Celebrity Apprentice
has been criticized for its involvement with Trump. There
have been public calls for NBC to re Trump from his role Television in the United States
on The Apprentice most notably from sister-network lib-
eral political commentator Lawrence O'Donnell and from
5.1.10 References
the former US Congressman Anthony Weiner.[22] Indus-
try media has speculated on the extent to which Trumps [1] Hibberd, James (September 14, 2015). Arnold
media comments may have contributed to the decrease in Schwarzenegger to replace Donald Trump as Celebrity
the shows ratings,[23][24] as other Trump-associated busi- Apprentice host. Entertainment Weekly.
nesses have suered since the start of Trumps political
campaign.[25] One (anonymous) Celebrity Apprentice con- [2] Smith, Scott C. DVD Review: The Apprentice Season
testant even announced an intention to boycott the May 15 One blogcritics.org; December 17, 2005
taping of the season 7 nale, unless forced by contract to [3] People Connection AOL
appear.[26][27]
[4] Guthrie, Marisa; UPFRONT: NBC Unveils Fall Picks
broadcastingcable.com; May 14, 2007
5.1.7 Video game
[5] 'The Apprentice' star Donald Trump to NBC: You can't re
Legacy Interactive created a video game version of The Ap- me, I quit Reality TV World
prentice for the PC. It features Donald Trump and his advi- [6] Denhart, Andy; NBC says The Apprentice could return de-
sors, as well as past candidates, and is currently available on spite Trumps quitting realityblurred.com; May 22, 2007
Yahoo! Games. The player selects either a male or a female
character to play and must control the character through a [7] Omarosa: 'The Apprentice' TV shows most popular con-
number of tasks including puzzles. The character must cre- testant has the nation talking and watching., JET, April 12,
ate a billboard; sell ice cream, Italian food, or hamburgers; 2004. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
help create toys, chocolates and lamps; and sell items in dif- [8] Woodman, Tenley (June 17, 2010). Who wants to date a
ferent neighborhoods. diva?". Boston Herald. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
The Benefactor, with Mark Cuban [10] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
April 1218, 2004
Hells Kitchen with Gordon Ramsay
[11] Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the
The Rebel Billionaire, with Richard Branson of the 200405 television season
Virgin Group
[12] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
The Law Firm with Roy Black December 1319, 2004
Fire Me... Please/The Sack Race, where contestants try [13] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
to get red from their job May 1622, 2005
5.2. ''THE CELEBRITY APPRENTICE'' 55
[14] Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 5.2 ''The Celebrity Apprentice''
200506 television season
[15] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of The Celebrity Apprentice is an American television reality
December 1218, 2005 game show. It is a variation of The Apprentice series which
was previously hosted by real estate magnate, businessman
[16] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of and television personality Donald Trump. Also like its pre-
June 511, 2006 cursor, the shows opening theme song is "For the Love
of Money" by The O'Jays. Unlike its precursor, however,
[17] Entertainment/Hollywood News. The Hollywood Re-
porter. Celebrity Apprentice consists of famous people as compet-
ing apprentices rather than unknowns. Some of the celebri-
[18] Andreeva, Nellie (2011-05-27). Full 2010-11 Season Se- ties are relatively current while others tend to be those who
ries Rankings. Deadline Hollywood. Mail.com Media Cor- have been out of the public eye for some time. All of them
poration. 2010-11 Season: Series Ranking In Total Viewers are competing to win money for a charitable organization
(in thousands). Retrieved 2011-05-27. of their choice. The celebrities come from a wide vari-
ety of dierent elds in the media: sitcoms, professional
[19] 16.9 million watch Apprentice 2 nale, fewer than last sea-
sports, music industry, reality television, radio, and other
sons clip show.. Reality Blurred. December 20, 2004.
backgrounds.
[20] Mediaweek.com: The Programming Insider. Mediaweek.
The Celebrity Apprentice is linked in seasons to its precursor
June 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27,
TV show, The Apprentice, which consists of seasons one
2007.
to six and season ten. The Celebrity Apprentice consists of
[21] Setoodeh, Ramin. Whats Second Prize?" msnbc.com; seasons seven to nine and eleven onward.
Reprinted from the May 23, 2007 Newsweek Archived The seventh season (14th overall) premiered on Sunday,
February 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. January 4, 2015.[1]
[22] Poor, Je (April 8, 2011). MSNBC Host Wants Par-
ent Company to Fire Trump. The Fox Nation. Retrieved
February 22, 2013. 5.2.1 History
[23] Sarlin, Benjy (April 25, 2011). Is Donald Trumps Media
On July 6, 2007, it was announced that The Apprentice had
Blitz Wrecking The Apprentices Ratings?". Talking Points
Memo. Retrieved February 22, 2013. been renewed for a seventh season, with a possibility of an
eighth.[2] In an eort to revitalize interest in the series, sea-
[24] Miller, Daniel (May 3, 2011). Donald Trumps 'Celebrity son seven[3] featured celebrities playing the game to raise
Apprentice': Why Only One Advertiser Has Fired Him money for charities, going under the name The Celebrity
(Analysis)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February Apprentice as opposed to continuing under The Apprentice
22, 2013. format. British tabloid editor Piers Morgan was declared
the winner of that season. On January 28, 2008, NBC con-
[25] Hanks, Douglas (April 29, 2011). Groupon Won't Place
Ads on Apprentice' Site After Complaints About Trump.
rmed that season eight would feature celebrities playing
The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 22, 2013. the game to raise money for charity. That season premiered
in March 2009, and resulted in a win for comedian Joan
[26] Sullivan, Molly (May 3, 2011). One 'Celebrity Apprentice' Rivers.[4]
contestant would boycott nale. HollywoodNews.com. Re-
Season three of The Celebrity Apprentice aired in the spring
trieved February 22, 2013.
of 2010, and was won by musician Bret Michaels.
[27] Shuter, Rob (May 3, 2011). "'Apprentice' Contestant On March 17, 2010, NBC ocially stated that a new season
'Would Boycott the Finale' If They Could. PopEater. Re- of the original Apprentice would be brought back, with the
trieved February 22, 2013.
explanation that regular working people would again attract
audiences in light of the damaged U.S. economy. That sea-
son premiered September 16, 2010.[5] This time the ratings
5.1.11 External links
were low, and both Trump and Producer Mark Burnett re-
turned to the 'Celebrity' format, which saw John Rich win
Ocial website
in season four. In season ve, late night host Arsenio Hall
The Apprentice at the Internet Movie Database won. In season six, the rst all-star season took place, bring-
ing back 14 of the most memorable celebrities to compete
The Apprentice at TV.com for the rst title of the All-Star Celebrity Apprentice, which
56 CHAPTER 5. TELEVISION CAREER
country singer Trace Adkins won. In season seven, Donald 5.2.4 Contestants by season
Trump returned the show to regular Celebrity Apprentice,
TV anchor and talk show host Leeza Gibbons won the sea- Celebrity Apprentice 1 (season 7)
son.
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 7)
In June 2015, after Trump made remarks, widely consid-
[6]
ered as oensive, regarding illegal immigrants from Mex-
ico,[7] NBC announced that it would no longer do busi-
ness with him. In September 2015, the network announced Trace Adkins
that former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzeneg- Carol Alt
ger would be the new host and said the next season would
premiere sometime in the 201617 TV season.[8] Stephen Baldwin
Nadia Comaneci
5.2.2 Season installments Tiany Fallon
The Apprentice (U.S. season 11), airing March May Celebrity Apprentice 2 (season 8)
2011
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 8)
The Apprentice (U.S. season 12), airing February
May 2012
Clint Black
The Apprentice (U.S. season 13), airing March May
2013 Andrew Dice Clay
Jesse James
5.2.3 Statistics by season
Claudia Jordan
Note: Given that the show is a sequel television series, the be-
low statistics by season chart is a continuation from its pre- Khlo Kardashian
cursors (The Apprentice) statistics by season chart. Note Brian McKnight
as well that season 10 is omitted from the chart below as the
show reverted back to The Apprentice for that season. Joan Rivers
5.2. ''THE CELEBRITY APPRENTICE'' 57
Niki Taylor
Rod Blagojevich Dionne Warwick
Selita Ebanks
Bill Goldberg Celebrity Apprentice 5 (season 12)
Dayana Mendoza
Gary Busey
Aubrey O'Day
Jose Canseco
Dee Snider
David Cassidy
George Takei
Hope Dworaczyk
Richard Hatch Paul Teutul, Sr.
Geraldo Rivera
Trace Adkins
Ian Ziering
Stephen Baldwin
Jon Lovitz
Celebrity Apprentice 7 (season 14)
Vince Neil
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 14)
Nicole Snooki Polizzi
Kate Gosselin
5.2.5 Similar shows in other nations
Gilbert Gottfried
The Celebrity Apprentice Australia
Sig Hansen
Celebrity Apprentice Ireland
Kevin Jonas
5.2.6 References [17] Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). Complete List Of 2011-
12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football'
[1] Bibel, Sara (March 19, 2014). "'Chicago Fire', 'Chicago Tops, Followed By 'American Idol,' 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With
P.D.' & 'Grimm' Renewed; NBC Conrms Renewals of The Stars". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved May
'Parks & Recreation' & 'Celebrity Apprentice'". TV by the 25, 2012.
Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
[18] Sunday nal Ratings. Nielson. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
[2] Rocchio, Christopher; Rogers, Steve; Report: NBC to an-
[19] Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2012). Complete List Of 2012-13
nounce renewal of Donald Trumps The Apprentice reality-
Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops,
world.com; July 6, 2007
Followed By 'NCIS,' 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'NCIS: Los
[3] The Apprentice: Trump Says NBC Wants Him Back Angeles". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved May 29,
tvseriesnale.com; 31 May 2007 2012.
[5] NBC.com - NBC, Donald Trump and Mark Burnett Want 5.2.7 External links
To Help America Get Back To Work With New Version Of
Popular Original Series 'The Apprentice'
The Celebrity Apprentice at the Internet Movie
[6] Ahmed, Azam. And Now, What Mexico Thinks of Donald Database
Trump. The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Business Career
6.1 The Trump Organization owned by the Trump Organization and together with the
National Broadcasting Company produces the Miss Uni-
verse, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA pageants.[16][17] Fur-
The Trump Organization LLC[2] is a privately owned thermore, the company engages in retailing providing qual-
multinational conglomerate based in TrumpTower in ity fashion apparel, home furnishings, jewelry and acces-
Manhattan, New York. Donald Trump worked for his sories, books, chocolate bars, furniture, lighting products,
fathers rm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the bath textiles and accessories, bedding and home fragrance
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in products, small leather goods, crystal stemware, barware
1968 ocially joined the company.[6] He was given control and gifts, and bottled spring water.[18] A small portion of
of the company in 1971[7][8] and renamed it Trump Enter- Trumps fortune are held in assets outside his holdings in
prises LLC in August 1999 before changing it to Trump the Trump Organization, largely concentrated in the nan-
Organization LLC in November 1999.[2] The company has cial market.[19][20][21]
interests in real estate development, investing, brokerage,
sales and marketing, and property management. The com- The organization is owned and managed by the Trump fam-
pany owns, operates, invests, and develops residential real ily with Donald Trump and three of his eldest children
estate, hotels, resorts, residential towers, and golf courses Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump
in dierent countries, as well as owning several hundred serving as EVPs within the organization.
thousand square feet of prime Manhattan real estate. The
organization also has a stake in Trump Entertainment Re-
sorts, which owned the Trump Taj Mahal, the Trump Plaza, 6.1.1 Real estate holdings
and the Trump Marina casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
The company serves as the principal holding company for As of 2015, it is estimated that Trumps real estate hold-
Trumps business ventures and investments. The Trump or- ings were worth about US$3.5 billion with a value of com-
ganization lists involvement in 515 subsidiaries and enti- mercial properties totaled at US$1.3 billion, his residen-
ties with 264 of them bearing Trumps name and another tial properties at US$410 million, and his club facilities
54 including his initials.[9][10][11][12][13] With investments at US$866 million, and an additional US$940 million for
within the United States, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and properties he has less than 100 percent stake in.[22] Trumps
other parts of the world, The Trump Organization spans a real estate holdings form the core of his assets and provide
wide variety of industries including real estate, construc- much of his income, with a wide array of real estate licens-
tion, hospitality, entertainment, book and magazine pub- ing, branding and marketing deals and royalties that pro-
lishing, media, model management, retail, nancial ser- vide millions in annual cash ow.[16][23][24] In 2015, Trump
vices, board game development, food and beverages, busi- earned $71 million from condo sales and collects $41.9 mil-
ness education, online travel, airlines, helicopter air services lion in rental income on his buildings annually.[25]
and beauty pageants.[9][14]
In addition to real estate along with all the other invest-
ments and entities, other business operations within the Selected completed properties
company include restaurants, a modeling agency and beauty
pageants; public skating rink management; and a New Trump World Tower 845 United Nations Plaza, New
York television production company that produces televi- York City: In 2006, Forbes estimated "$290 mil-
sion programs which include the reality television program, lion in prots and unrealized appreciation going to
The Apprentice.[15] The Miss Universe Organization is also Trump.[26]
60
6.1. THE TRUMP ORGANIZATION 61
Trump Tower 725 Fifth Ave, New York City: A AXA Financial Center 1290 Avenue of the Americas,
68-story mixed-use tower, now 100 percent leased, New York City and 555 California Street, in San Fran-
was developed by a business partnership between the cisco: When Trump was forced to sell a stake in the
Trump Organization and the Equitable Life Assurance railyards on Manhattans West Side, the Asian group
Society of the United States in 1983. Trump retains to which he sold then sold much of the site for $1.76
full control of the commercial and retail components billion. Trump owns a 30 percent stake in both 1290
of the tower.[27] In 2006, it was valued at $318 mil- Sixth Avenue and 555 California Street. A 43-story
lion, less a $30 million mortgage.[26] The total value of trophy oce tower, 1290 Sixth is worth as much as
Trump Towers commercial and retail spaces is $460 $1.5 billion.[27] Trumps stake is estimated to be $450
million. The building was renanced for $100 million million.[27] Trumps interest in 555 California Street is
in August 2012, allowing Trump to take a cash distri- worth $400 million.[27]
62 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
properties as real estate investments rather than vaca- Wollman Rink: A public ice rink in the southern part
tion spots. The homes are worth around $6.5 million of Central Park, Manhattan, New York City. Wollman
and $3 million respectively.[27] Rink has been operated by a joint venture between
Trump Organization and Rink Management Services
Mar-a-Lago Palm Beach, Florida: Most of this es- of Mechanicsville, Virginia since 2001. The Trump
tate has been converted into a private club. This land- name is prominently displayed on the walls of the rink
mark property, according to Trump, has received bids as well as on the Zamboni that maintains the rink. Op-
near $200,000,000. However, Forbes magazine does eration of the Lasker Rink on the north edge of Central
not take into account either of Trumps large vacation Park is also handled by the two companies. The rink
residences (Mar-a-Lago or his 213-acre (0.86 km2 ) generates close to $8.7 million in annual income from
spread near Bedford, NY in Westchester County, NY) rink admissions.[25][34][35]
for its valuation of his wealth. The property is worth
as much as $250 million as of 2013.[27]
Wineries and vineyards
Seven Springs: A 213-acre estate located outside the
town of Bedford in Westchester County. The building Trump Winery: A premier Virginia winery situated
features a 13-bedroom mansion, but is also zoned to on Trump Vineyard Estates in Charlottesville, VA and
allow for the construction of 13 additional homes at the is valued between $5 million to $25 million.[25] The
site. Trump paid $7.5 million for the entire property vineyard was purchased by Trump in April 2011 as
in 1995. Local Westchester County brokers put the a distressed piece of real estate[37] and was ocially
propertys value at around $40 million.[27] opened in October 2011.[38] The property features
over 1,000 acres of scenery, Trump Winery is situated
Beverly Hills estate: A large mansion located on in the Monticello Wine Trail. The purchase was aided
Rodeo Drive. The property is valued at $8.5 to $10 with his son Eric.[39] The winery was later sold to his
million.[27] son, Eric.[40][41]
Skating rink
Trump International Hotel and Tower Waikiki 6.1.2 Financial market holdings
Beach Walk: Completed in November 2009
with 462 hotel-condominium units.
The Trump Organization also houses Trumps personal -
Trump International Hotel and Tower: New Or- nancial market investment portfolio as a portion of Trumps
leans (Project slated to begin construction dur- wealth is concentrated in the nancial and commodities
ing the rst quarter of 2007). Declared dead in markets.[68][69][70][71] The investment portfolio generates
July 2011 after the location land was foreclosed income and cash ow from a variety of mechanisms as div-
on and sold at auction. idends, capital gains, and compounded carried interest. He
invested a minimum of $70 million in stocks.[72][73] Though
International: real estate is still is his most preferred asset class, Trump be-
came an active nancial market investor in 2011 following
Elite Tower, Ramat Gan, Israel was a planned disappointment from depressed American real estate mar-
commercial real estate development slated to be ket and various investments in the Federal Reserves inter-
the tallest building in Israel. Called the Trump est yields on CDs were next to nothing.[74][75] Trump stated
Plaza Tower, Trump shelved the plans in 2007, that he was not enthusiastic to be a stock market investor,
when the site was sold on to Azorim for NIS but that prime real estate at good prices was hard to nd at
306.5 million.[64][65] Trump purchased the site that time and that stocks and equity securities were cheap
for $44 million.[66] and generating good cash ow from dividends.[76] He prof-
ited from 40 of the 45 stocks he purchased which he sold
Trump International Hotel & Tower Vancou- in 2014, making it almost a 90% success rate in capital ap-
ver, Vancouver. A skyscraper under construc- preciation in addition to millions in earned dividends. The
tion in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, biggest gainers in his stock portfolio were Bank of Amer-
Canada. The 63-story, 188-metre-high (617 ft), ica Corporation, The Boeing Company and Facebook, Inc
mixed-use tower will be located at 1133 West earning a windfall prot of $6.7 million, $3.96 million and
Georgia Street, and is scheduled to be completed $3.85 million, respectively.[77]
in 2016. Trump Vancouver will be the second
tallest building in the city, after the Shangri-La Trumps stock portfolio is valued somewhere between
tower located across West Georgia Street. In $33.4 million and $87.9 million stock diversied with hun-
2013, it was announced that the new hotelier of dreds of enterprises in variety of industries. He owns a stake
the tower will be Marriott International. in a number of public companies within numerous sec-
tors that include tobacco distributors, retail outlets, phar-
Trump Towers Istanbul, Istanbul[67] maceutical companies, manufacturing companies, nancial
Trump World Seoul: Which Trump received a conglomerates, oil companies, [25][78]
high technology companies
licensing fee of $5 million to lend his name. and defense contractors. Public stock investments
within his portfolios include General Electric, Chevron,
Trump International Hotel and Tower Toronto, UPS, Coca-Cola, Home Depot, Comcast, Sano, Ford,
Toronto ConocoPhillips, Energy Transfer Partners, Altera, Verizon
Communications, Procter & Gamble, Bank of Amer-
The Palm Trump International Hotel and Tower, ica, Nike, Google, Apple Inc., Philip Morris, Citigroup,
Dubai Morgan Stanley, Whole Foods, Intel, IBM, Bristol-Myers
Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Caterpillar, Kinder Morgan,
Tower Panama AT&T and Facebook.[76][79][80][81][82][83] He has at least
$78 million USD invested in a variety of paper assets such
Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico was a planned as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, private equity funds, fund of
3 tower, 25 story, 526 unit hotel condominium, funds, and hedge funds.[84] His nancial market investment
San Diego. This project collapsed due to the accounts are kept at JPMorgan, Barclays, Deutsche Bank
projects failure to secure nancing. and Oppenheimer.[81][85][86] His Barclays account includes
Trump at Cap Cana will be located in Punta investments in 32 entities and cash worth between $49,021
Cana, Dominican Republic. and $396,001 and having stock in two accounts at Deutsche
Bank that contain cash, treasury bills, and stock in 173 en-
Trump Tower Manila, Makati City, Metro tities. His investment account with Oppenheimer contains
Manila, Philippines: The brand name and mark cash and has 31 positions worth between $10,380,031 and
under license. Anticipated completion is to be $33,301,000. His account with JPMorgan contains stock in
announced. 60 rms valued between $1,251,008 and $2,617,000.[87][88]
6.1. THE TRUMP ORGANIZATION 67
Trump has also invested in funds that focus on middle and ucts. He has made $9.5 million to $28 million USD at-
smaller sized businesses such as Tesla Motors, the elec- taching his name on numerous products and services that
tric car maker and has invested internationally in a num- range from energy drinks to books.[12][13] He also raked
ber of emerging market, growth and hedge funds located in $1.1 million in mens wear licensing royalties.[24][25][106]
in Europe and Asia.[89] He has also invested in a num- He also earns $3.4 million annually from his association
ber of private equity and hedge funds including $1 to $5 with the Miss Universe Organization.[42] Trump also earns
million in Advantage Plus, $1 to $5 million in in AG Di- $15,000 to $100,000 in book royalties and $2.2 million
versied Funds, $2 million in MidOcean Credit Opportu- for his involvement with Trump Model Management ev-
nities, $4 million in Paulson & Co., and around $5 mil- ery year.[107][108] Trump also owns the Miss Universe, Miss
lion with Angelo, Gordon & Co..[90][91][92] Trumps biggest USA and Miss Teen USA pageants, which are collectively
fund holding has been in Black Rocks Obsidian Fund, worth $15 million.[27]
where his stake is estimated to be between $25 million to Trump has marketed his name on a large number of prod-
$50 million.[93] Nearly all of Trumpss open end mutual
ucts and services achieving mixed success doing so. Many
fund investments are concentrated in Baron Capital Man- of his external entrepreneurial and investment ventures in-
agement, a mid-sized mutual fund family headed by mu-
clude Trump Financial (a mortgage rm), Trump Sales
tual fund mogul Ronald S. Baron.[89][94] Trump invested and Leasing (residential sales), Trump International Re-
$16.2 million in Baron Capital Management, making him alty (a residential and commercial real estate brokerage
a signicant minority shareholder.[95] He revealed that he rm), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a for prot busi-
earned over $22 million with his private equity, hedge fund, ness education company, formerly called the Trump Uni-
and mutual fund investments and generated between $1.5 versity), Trump Restaurants (Located in Trump Tower
million and $10 million in income almost all of it from and consisting of Trump Buet, Trump Catering, Trump
investments such as dividends, capital gains, and carried Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (an online
interest.[96] Trump also has a portion of his portfolio in- travel search engine[109][110][111] ), Select By Trump (a line
vested in U.S. Treasury bonds.[93] of coee drinks),[112] Trump Drinks (an energy drink for
A portion of Trumps nancial market portfolio contain the Israeli and Palestinian markets)[30][113][114][115] Don-
gold and his gold holdings are estimated to be between ald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear,
$100,001 and $200,000 in gold.[97][98] Trump has armed mens accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fra-
to investing in physical gold bullion in his investment port- grance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (a second
folio in September 2011.[99] In 2011, The Trump Organiza- fragrance launched by the Trump Organization and the
tion accepted a security deposit worth $176,000 in the form Five Star Fragrance Company released in March 2012),
of three 32-ounce bars of gold from a real estate tenant of Trump Ice bottled water, the former Trump Magazine,[116]
Trumps where the new tenant wanted to make a point about Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home (home
accepting gold instead of cash for certain transactions.[100] furnishings),[32] Trump Productions (a television produc-
tion company), Trump Institute, Trump: The Game (1989
board game with a 2005 re-release version tied to The
Apprentice),[110] Donald Trumps Real Estate Tycoon (a
6.1.3 Other ventures and investments
business simulation game), Trump Books, Trump Model
Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mortgage, Trump
Trump also owns a wide variety of other enterprises out-
Vodka,[32][117][118] Trump Steakhouse[109][119] and Trump
side real estate which have an estimated value of US$317.6
Steaks.[110] In addition, Trump reportedly receives $1.5
million.[101] Other investments include a 17.2% stake
million for each one-hour presentation he does for The
in Parker Adnan, Inc. (formerly AdnanCo Group), a
Learning Annex.[42][120] Trump also endorsed ACN Inc.
Bermuda-based nancial services holdings company. In
a multi-level marketing telecommunications company. He
late 2003, Trump, along with his siblings, sold their late
has spoken at ACN International Training Events at which
fathers real estate empire to a group of investors that in-
he has praised the companys founders, business model and
cluded Bain Capital, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and Lam-
video phone.[121] He earned a total $1.35 million for three
boNuni Bank reportedly for $600 million. Donald Trumps
speeches given for the company amounting to $450,000 per
one-third share was $200 million, which he later used to
speech.[30][122][123][124][125][126][127]
nance Trump Casino & Resorts.[102][103][104][105]
The Trump Organization also houses ventures started by
Beyond his traditional ventures in the real estate, hospital-
Donald Trumps daughter, Ivanka, which includes Ivanka
ity, and entertainment industries and having carved out a
Trump Fine Jewelry (a jewelry line) and The Ivanka Trump
niche for the Trump brand within these industries, Trump
Lifestyle Collection (a high end designer fashion and cos-
has since then moved on to establish the Trump name
metics line that includes fragrances, footwear, handbags,
and brand in a multitude of other industries and prod-
68 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
outerwear and eyewear collections).[128] [17] Sam Thielman, Dominic Rushe and Adam Gabbatt (22 July
2015). Donald Trump is already president of 457 rms,
campaign lings reveal. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 Jan-
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17 January 2016. External link in |title= (help)
Retrieved 16 January 2016.
[84] Bowsher, Karla (9 December 2015). Trump Worth $10
[101] What does Donald Trump really own. The Real Deal. 1
Billion Less Than If Hed Simply Invested in Index Funds.
July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Money Talks News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[102] Greenberg, John (9 December 2015). Occupy Democrats
[85] Stewart, Emily (16 July 2015). Donald Trump Says He graphic oversimplies Trumps inheritance. PunditFact.
Made Over $1 Million on Each of These 5 Stocks. The Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Street. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[103] Jordan Weissmann. I Cant Believe Im About to Defend
[86] Hunnicutt, Trevor (23 July 2015). Donald Trumps invest- Donald Trumps Business Skills. Slate. Retrieved 17 Jan-
ment portfolio a messy hodgepodge: advisers. Investment uary 2016.
News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[104] Dylan Matthews (September 2, 2015). Donald Trump isn't
[87] Hunter Walker and Myles Udland (22 July 2015). Heres rich because hes a great investor. Hes rich because his dad
whats in Donald Trumps stock portfolio. Business Insider. was rich. Vox. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Retrieved 16 January 2016.
[105] Exposing How Donald Trump Really Made His Fortune:
[88] Woods, Laura (29 July 2015). Donald Trumps Stock Port- Inheritance from Dad and the Governments Protection
folio: See How You Can Invest Like the Presidential Candi- Mostly Did the Trick. Alternet. July 9, 2012. Retrieved
date. GoBankingRates. Retrieved 16 January 2016. 17 January 2016.
6.2. TRUMP ENTERTAINMENT RESORTS 71
[106] Brian Balogh (November 3, 2015). Trump the brand, not [124] James V. Grimaldi and Mark Maremont (13 August 2015).
the candidate. Miller Center. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Donald Trump Made Millions From Multilevel Marketing
Firm. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[107] Woods, Laura (29 July 2015). Donald Trumps Stock Port-
folio: See How You Can Invest Like the Presidential Candi- [125] Salo, Jackie. Donald Trump Financial Disclosure:
date. Go Banking Rates. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Speeches Paid Presidential Candidate More Than $1M, Ac-
cording To Federal Election Form. International Business
[108] Diamond, Jeremy (22 July 2015). Donald Trumps 92-page Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
nancial disclosure released. CNN. Retrieved 17 January
2016. [126] Ross, Chuck (22 July 2015). Trump Earned Speaking Fees
From Pyramid Scheme Company. The Daily Caller. Re-
[109] Holodny, Elena (October 10, 2014). 12 Donald Trump trieved 17 January 2016.
businesses that no longer exist. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved
[127] Chuck Epstein (November 9, 2015). Which presidential
17 January 2016.
candidate earns the most per speech. Las Vegas Review
[110] Koer, Jacob (August 7, 2015). Donald Trumps 16 Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Biggest Business Failures and Successes. TIME Magazine. [128] Ivanka Trump Collections. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Retrieved August 29, 2015.
[111] 5-screw-ups-that-tell-us-donald-trump-should-not-teach-
business-degree-classes.
6.1.5 External links
[117] Tuttle, Brad (16 June 2015). 8 Epic Business Failures with
Donald Trumps Name on Them. Time. Retrieved 17 Jan- 6.2.1 History
uary 2016.
[120] Thats rich! The Donald cash advice costs 1.5m. New
York: New York Daily News. October 23, 2005. Archived
from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-
04.
[123] ACN & Donald J. Trump. ACN Inc. Archived from the Donald Trump began purchasing properties along the At-
original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2015. lantic City boardwalk in the early 1980s and received a
72 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
casino license from the New Jersey Casino Control Com- it might le for bankruptcy. A possible arrangement with
mission (CCC) on March 15, 1982.[2] He had planned to Credit Suisse First Boston was not completed because the
build his own casino on the boardwalk, but was stalled on bondholders rejected it.[17]
the project when Mike Rose, then CEO of Holiday Inn and On October 21, 2004, the company announced a prelim-
Harrahs approached him to manage construction of a Holi- inary agreement with its investors. Trump, who had been
day Inn Casino-Hotel. It opened in May 1984 and two years the majority owner, would reduce his stock ownership from
later Trump bought out Holiday Inns shares in the property 56 percent to 27 percent. Bondholders would surrender
and renamed it the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino.[3] some of their debt in exchange for stock. On October 27,
In 1985, Trump purchased the nearly-complete Atlantic the company announced that Morgan Stanley would be the
City Hilton hotel and casino property at the Atlantic ma- joint lead arranger for a nancing of $500 million nanc-
rina from Hilton Hotels for $325 million. The hotel chain ing as part of the restructuring plan. On November 21,
sold the property after its application for a gaming license the company led for bankruptcy. Trump said the ling
was turned down by the CCC.[4] Trump originally opened was really just a technical thing as the best way to imple-
the property as Trumps Castle Hotel Casino, and later re- ment the restructuring plan.[18] The plan was submitted to
named it the Trump Marina. the Bankruptcy Court on December 16, 2004.
In 1988, Trump purchased the unnished Taj Mahal prop- After the 2004 bankruptcy ling, Trump Hotels & Casino
erty from Resorts International for $230 million after ne- Resorts changed its name to Trump Entertainment Resorts
gotiations with Merv Grin in which the two men divided (TER).
the assets of the failing company.[5] The casino, at the time
In 2005, the companys involvement in the Spotlight 29
the largest in Atlantic City, would eventually cost almost $1
Casino ended, as the tribe bought out the casino manage-
billion by the time it opened in 1990. Trump completed the ment agreement for $6 million.[19] Later that year, TER sold
project using junk bonds, a decision that hurt the company
its Indiana casino to The Majestic Star Casino, LLC for
afterward as the gaming industry struggled in a recession $253 million.[20][21] The company had also been awarded a
and interest rates became unmanageable.[6][7]
license to build a second casino in Orange County, Indiana,
In 1995, Trump established Trump Hotels and Casino but dropped this plan, due in part to the states concerns
Resorts (THCR) as a publicly traded company, granting it about the companys viability.[22]
ownership of the Trump Plaza and the under-development On May 18, 2007, the company announced that it was in
Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[8] The following year, the preliminary stages of negotiating a buyout with several
THCR bought the Trump Taj Mahal at a valuation of $890 public and private rms. On July 2, 2007 Trump Entertain-
million,[9][10] and bought the Trump Castle from Trump for ment Resorts announced that they could not make a deal
$486 million (including $355 million in assumed debt).[11] with any company that they were in talks with and decided
In 1996, the company opened Trump Worlds Fair, a casino to take itself o the market. The company planned to lay
adjunct to the Trump Plaza.[12] The Worlds Fair was closed o employees in order to cut costs.[23]
in 1999, with plans to replace it with a larger resort.[13]
In 1999, THCR agreed to purchase the Flamingo Hilton
Casino Kansas City for $15 million,[14] but the deal fell 2009 bankruptcy and restructuring
through when Missouri gaming regulators did not approve
the companys gaming license by a contractual deadline.[15] The casino group led for bankruptcy again in February
2009 [24] owing $1.2 billion. Two sets of debt holders even-
THCR entered a management agreement in 2000 to oper-
tually proposed reorganization plans for the group in U.S.
ate the Spotlight 29 Casino, an Indian casino in Coachella,
bankruptcy court.
California.[16]
Trump initially made an agreement with banker/high-stakes
poker player Andrew Beal, owner of Beal Bank, which held
$500 million in the groups debt, to take over the resorts.
Financial troubles
However, citing concerns about the banks experience with
gaming, he dropped them in favor of the hedge fund Avenue
Trump Entertainment Resorts and its predecessors have Capital Management, a plan favored by other bond-holders.
led for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection four times, in Beal then partnered with investor, Carl Icahn, who had
1991, following construction of the $1-billion Trump Taj worked on restructuring another Atlantic City casino, the
Mahal, and in 2004, 2009 and 2014. Tropicana.[25] In court, Trump argued that he would ght
In 2004, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts explored vari- the Icahn/Beal team if they sought to use his name and
ous options for restructuring its debt, amid speculation that likeness on the groups properties.[26] Instead he signed an
6.2. TRUMP ENTERTAINMENT RESORTS 73
agreement with Avenue Capital in which he would receive 6.2.2 Former properties
5% stock in the reorganized company and another 5% in
exchange for the use of his name and likeness in perpetu- Trump Entertainment Resortss only current property is the
ity. Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Judith H. Wizmur, Chief Judge of the United States The companys former properties include:
Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey, eventu-
ally sided with the Trump/Avenue partnership, favored by Harrahs at Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jer-
bond holders who believed that Trumps brand would result sey (formerly a 50/50 partnership with Harrahs) now
in a stronger company after reorganization.[27] wholly owned and renamed as the Trump Plaza, which
In 2011, TER sold the Trump Marina to Landrys Restau- was closed on September 16, 2014.
rants, which also operates the Golden Nugget in Las
Trump 29 in Coachella, California (formerly a 50/50
Vegas.[28]
partnership with the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mis-
sion Indians of California) now Spotlight 29 Casino.
[10] Form 8-K: Current Report (Report). Trump Hotels & [28] Trump Entertainment to sell Atlantic City Marina Hotel for
Casino Resorts Inc. May 2, 1996. Retrieved 2014-12-14. $38M, Star-Ledger, Feb. 14, 2011
[11] Douglas Feiden (October 1, 1996). Trump co. buying Cas- [29] Wayne Parry (February 14, 2013). Atlantic Citys Trump
tle. New York Daily News. Retrieved 2014-12-14. Plaza goes for bargain $20M. Miami Herald. AP. Re-
trieved 2013-02-14.
[12] Amy S. Rosenberg (May 16, 1996). At Trumps Worlds
Fair opening, gamblers hope casino 13 is lucky. Philadel- [30] http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_
phia Inquirer. Retrieved 2014-12-15. city/carl-icahn-won-t-approve-sale-of-trump-plaza-for/
article_6bf05244-abb4-11e2-97a7-0019bb2963f4.html
[13] Patrick Jenkins (February 17, 2000). Trump closes old
resort for new one in Atlantic City, N.J.. Knight Rid- [31] Parry, Wayne. Trump: Plaza and Taj Mahal to shabby to
der/Tribune Business News. Retrieved 2014-12-15. via bear his name anymore. philly.com. Associated Press. Re-
HighBeam (subscription required) trieved 23 August 2014.
[14] Rick Alm (January 15, 1999). Trump buying casino in [32] Reuters (September 9, 2014). Trump Entertainment Re-
KC. Kansas City Star via NewsBank. sorts Files For Bankruptcy. Hungton Post. Retrieved
February 19, 2015.
[15] Rick Alm (September 14, 1999). KC Flamingo to be
bought by Station. Kansas City Star via NewsBank. [33] Salzberg, Mark A. (23 January 2016). Trump (En-
tertainment) Wins! Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and Union
[16] Tom Gorman; Dan Morain (March 9, 2000). Palm Springs CBAs - See more at: http://www.natlawreview.com/article/
tribe, Trump sign casino deal. Los Angeles Times. Re- trump-entertainment-wins-chapter-11-bankruptcy-and-union-cbas#
trieved 2014-12-15. sthash.Pr4sJVjY.dpuf". The National Law Review (Squire
Patton Boggs (US) LLP). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
[17] Lore Croghan (September 24, 2004). Trump Hotels says External link in |title= (help)
deal with Credit Suisse First Boston is dead. Daily News.
[34] Christopher Palmieri (February 26, 2016). Trumps for-
[18] Trump casinos le for bankruptcy; 'Apprentice' stars rm mer Atlantic City jewel exits bankruptcy, now Icahns.
seeks protection from creditors. Associated Press. Novem- Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
ber 22, 2004.
[24] Love, Zach, Bankruptcy Roundup: Trump Dumps Casi- 6.3.2 References
nos, Fortuno Gets Sued, and Peanut Corp. Goes Under,
Law.Com, Feb. 17, 2009 [1] Trump Model Management ocial website
[26] Church, Steven, Trump Argues Name Cant Be Used By Ic- 6.3.3 External links
ahn for Casinos (Update4) , Bloomberg, February 23, 2010
Trump Model Management ocial website
[27] Gallagher, Mary Pat, Trump-Icahn Bankruptcy Pact OK'd
but Bondholders Legal Fees Unresolved, Law.Com, Oct. 8, Mention of Trump Model Management on Trump Or-
2010 ganization website
6.4. MISS UNIVERSE 75
6.4 Miss Universe organized and conducted by the Miss Universe Organiza-
tion. Eventually Pacic Mills and its subsidiaries were ac-
Not to be confused with Mrs. Universe. quired by the Kayser-Roth Corporation, which was in turn
acquired by Gulf and Western Industries. Donald Trump
acquired the pageant in 1996.[13]
Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant
that is run by the Miss Universe Organization.[1] Along with The pageant was rst televised in 1955. CBS began
its rival contests, Miss World and Miss Earth, this pageant is broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe
one of the most important and publicized beauty contests in pageants in 1960, and as separate contests in 1965. John
the world.[2][3][4][5] The pageant was founded in 1952 by the Charles Daly hosted the pageant from 1955 to 1966, Bob
California clothing company Pacic Mills, and is owned, Barker from 1967 to 1987, Alan Thicke in 1988, John
along with Miss USA, by WME/IMG.[6] Forsythe in 1989, Dick Clark from 1990 to 1993, and
Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996. In 2003, NBC outbid
In 1998, Miss Universe, Inc. changed its name to Miss Uni- the other networks for the TV rights.[14] From 2003 to
verse Organization, and moved its headquarters from Los 2014, the pageant was broadcast in the US on NBC. NBC
Angeles to New York City.[7][8] and Univision dropped the pageant in 2015 due to com-
In 1998, the logo of Miss Universe the woman with stars ments made by presidential candidate Donald Trump about
was created,[8] representing the beauty and responsibility undocumented immigrants from Mexico.[10] Starting in
of women around the world.[9] The same logo is used in 2015, Fox is the ocial broadcaster of the Miss Universe
present-day pageants.[8] pageant.[15]
In 2015, after Donald Trump made statements about
immigrants from Mexico in his presidential campaign kick- 6.4.2 Ownership
o speech, NBC decided to end their business relation-
ship and stated that they will no longer air the pageant, or Up until September 2015, the Miss Universe Organization
the Miss USA pageant, on their networks.[10] In September was a joint venture between NBC and Donald Trump. The
2015, Trump bought the entire stock of the Miss Universe company has run the contest since 2002.[1] NBC cancelled
Organization from NBC, becoming its sole owner for three all business relationships with the Miss Universe Organiza-
days until selling the entire stock to WME/IMG.[6] tion and with Trump in response to his political comments
The current Miss Universe is Pia Wurtzbach of the about illegal immigration during his campaign for the pres-
Philippines who was crowned on 20 December 2015 in Las idency of the United States.[16] In September 2015, Trump
Vegas, USA.[11] bought out NBCs 50% stake in the organization making
him the companys sole owner, which he held for three days
before selling the entire pageant to WME/IMG.[17] The cur-
6.4.1 History rent president of the Miss Universe Organization is Paula
Shugart.[18]
The title Miss Universe was rst used by the International
Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926. This contest was held an-
nually until 1935, when the Great Depression and other 6.4.3 Ocial song
events preceding World War II led to its demise.
Miss Universes historical song, You are my star, was the
Todays Miss Universe Pageant was founded after Yolande
ocial song for the pageant from 1987 to 1995. It was sung
Betbeze, the winner of the 1951 Miss America pageant, re-
by the Little Sisters, a group of young children from the
fused to pose in a swimsuit from its major sponsor, Catalina
host country.[19]
Swimwear. The brands manufacturer Pacic Mills with-
drew its sponsorship from Miss America and set up the Miss
USA and Miss Universe contests. The rst Miss Universe 6.4.4 Competition formats
Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was
won by Armi Kuusela from Finland, who gave up her title, During the early years of the pageant, the delegates who
though not ocially, to get married, shortly before her year made the rst cut were announced after the preliminary
was completed.[12] Until 1958, the Miss Universe title, like competition. From 1965 to the present day, the seminal-
that of Miss America, was dated by the year following the ists were not announced until the night of the main event.
contest, so at the time Ms. Kuuselas title was Miss Uni- The seminalists once again competed in evening gown and
verse 1953. swimsuit and ve nalists were announced. An interview
Since its founding by Pacic Mills, the pageant has been portion was introduced in 1960 to decide the runners-up
76 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
and the winner. Local organizations that wish to select the Miss Universe
From 1959 to 1964 there were slight format changes. From contestant for their countries must submit bids to the Miss
1959 through 1963 there was no cut to reach the ve nal- Universe Organization for that right. Occasionally, the tra-
ists. The runners-up and winner were called from the as- ditional license holder for a particular country may lose its
sembled 15 seminalists. In 1965 the pageant returned to bid, as has happened in Italy, Denmark, France, Sweden,
the original format of a cut to ve nalists, and remained Germany, Great Britain, and more.
so until 1989. In 1969 a nal question was posed to the Usually a countrys candidate selection involves pageants in
last ve contestants. The nal question was an on-and-o major cities, whose winners compete in a national pageant,
feature of the pageant. In 1990 it had taken root, and with but there are exceptions. For example, from 2000 to
every pageant since the nal contestants have had to answer 2004, Australian delegates were chosen by a modeling
a nal question. In 1990 the pageant implemented major agency. Although such castings are generally discouraged
changes in the competition itself. Instead of ve nalists, by the Miss Universe Organization, Miss Australia Jennifer
the eld was reduced from ten seminalists to six. Each Hawkins was chosen to be Miss Universe in 2004. When
contestant then randomly selected a judge and answered the Australia resumed its national pageant, Michelle Guy be-
question posed by the judge. After that, the eld was nar- came Miss Universe Australia 2005.
rowed down further to a nal three. In 1998, the number of Some of the most successful national pageants in the
nalists was reduced to ve, although there still was a cut to last decade have been Venezuela, USA, Puerto Rico,
a nal three. This continued until 2001, when the nal ve France, Philippines which command consistently high in-
format was reinstated. terest and television ratings in their respective countries.[21]
In the year 2000, the interview portion of the seminal was Recent arrivals in the pageant include Slovenia (2001),
dropped, and the contestants competed only in swimsuits China and Albania (2002), Vietnam, Georgia and Ethiopia
and evening gowns, as in the early years of the pageant. In (2004), Latvia (2005), Kazakhstan (2006), Tanzania
2003, the number of seminalists was increased to fteen, (2007), Kosovo (2008), Gabon and Lithuania (2012) along-
with cuts made to ten, and then to ve contestants. The nal side Azerbaijan (2013); there have also been eorts to
question varied, each coming from the nal delegates them- revive strong national pageants in South Africa, Canada,
selves and the current Miss Universe. In 2006, twenty semi- Spain, Japan and Latin America (especially Venezuela,
nalists were selected for the swimsuit competition, ten of Puerto Rico, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil). Prior power-
whom went on to the evening gown competition. The ve houses are Finland, Germany and Sweden. England is the
who passed that stage competed in an interview round, af- most successful nonwinning country with nine top-ve po-
ter which the runners-up and winner were announced. The sitions. The current powerhouses that often make the semi-
2007 contest followed a similar format, with fteen con- nals are: USA, Philippines, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil,
testants competing in the swimsuit stage. In 2011, for the Ukraine, France, and Australia.
rst time, one of the sixteen seminalists was selected ex- The organization makes continual eorts to expand the
clusively by TV viewers via online voting. In the 2014 con- pageant, but the participation of some countries such as
test held in January 2015, a nal question was chosen from Algeria has proven dicult due to cultural barriers to
thousands submitted by Facebook.[20] the swimsuit competition, while others such as Armenia,
In 2015, the contest followed a similar format from its pre- Mozambique, and Nepal have balked at sending represen-
vious years. In the nal 5, a contestant answered the ques- tatives due to the cost. As of 2014, only four countries
tion which is related to national issue of their country. Af- have been present at every Miss Universe since its incep-
ter that, the eld was narrowed down further to a nal three tion in 1952: Canada, France, Germany (East and West
who will then go on to answer one common question, the up to 1990), and the USA. Many European countries allow
nal Q and A. Finally, there will be a nal vote based on 17-year-old contestants to compete in their pageants, while
overall impression and performance in the last round. For Miss Universes minimum age is 18, so national titleholders
the rst time, the rest of the contestants played the role of often have to be replaced by their runners-up. Miss Uni-
a nal judge and had the chance to choose the new Miss verse had previously prohibited transsexual applicants and
Universe. age fabrication, but beginning in 2012, transgender women
were allowed to compete, as long as they win their national
pageants.[22]
was broadcast from the Crown Convention Center in Nha Miss Universe 2010
Trang, Vietnam was crowned with the masterpiece which Ximena Navarrete,
was designed by Rosalina Lydster of Jewelry by Rosalina Mexico
and Ms. Dang Thi Kim Lien of CAO Fine Jewelry. The
crown, valued at $120,000, is made of 18K white and yel- Miss Universe 2009
low gold. It is composed of over 1,000 precious stones; Stefana Fernndez, Venezuela
including 555 white diamonds (30 carats), 375 cognac dia- Miss Universe 2008
monds (14 carats), 10 smoky quartz crystals (20 carats) and Dayana Mendoza, Venezuela
19 morganite gemstones (60 carats). The colors of the jew-
els chosen for the crown have great signicance. The yellow Miss Universe 2007
luster of the gold represents the prosperous thriving econ- Riyo Mori, Japan
omy in Vietnam. White, light pink and cognac are the main
hues in the crown which represent inspiration and feeling. Miss Universe 2006
Each piece of the crown was designed to represent an im- Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rico
portant attribute of the Miss Universe Pageant. The curves
Miss Universe 2005
of inlaid precious stones represent the strong development
Natalie Glebova, Canada
and potential of each country. The image of the crane (Lac
Bird) symbolizes Vietnamese spirit and culture. The image Miss Universe 2004
of the heart represents unied breath, rhythm and vision, Jennifer Hawkins, Australia
which are powerful internal forces that stress faith, hope
and unity. Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega, Dominican Republic
The Miss Universe crown used from 20022007 was de-
signed by Mikimoto, the ocial jewelry sponsor of the Miss Universe 2002
Miss Universe Organization, and depicted the phoenix ris- Justine Pasek, Panama
ing, signifying status, power and beauty. The crown has
500 diamonds of almost 30 carats (6.0 g), 120 South Sea Miss Universe 2001
and Akoya pearls, ranging in size from 3 to 18 mm diam- Denise Quinones, Puerto Rico
eter and is valued at $250,000. The Crown was designed
for the pageant on Mikimoto Pearl Island in Japan with the Miss Universe 2000
Mikimoto crown and tiara being rst used for Miss Uni- Lara Dutta, India
verse 2002.[28] Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe, Botswana
6.4.8 Recent titleholders Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee, USA
For full list and details, see List of Miss Universe titlehold-
ers. Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen, India
Miss Universe Organization titleholders Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Crystle Stewart, Miss USA
2008
The following is a list of all Miss Universe Organization
titleholders over the years. b
In 1957, Gage was stripped of her Miss USA title when
a
In 2002, Fedorova was dethroned by the Miss Universe it was revealed that she was married and the mother of two
Organization and replaced by Pasek, the rst runner-up. children. Sheeld, the rst runner-up, replaced her.
80 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Riyo Mori, Miss Universe
2007 attend the Fashion Rocks the Universe event prior to the Miss
USA 2008 pageant
Chelsea Cooley, Miss USA 2005 and Shelley Hennig, Miss Teen
USA 2004 at Guantanamo Bay
[3] Sylvia Toh Paik Choo (24 June 2008). MISS Singapore
Universe. Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Re-
trieved 11 October 2013.
[12] FUNFARE by Ricky Lo (June 28, 2006). A misty-eyed 6.4.12 External links
look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe. philstar.com.
The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 9, 2013. Ocial website
[13] Prestigious Beauty Pageant (November 18, 2013). Four Big
Ships Dominate International Beauty Pageants. Prestigious
Beauty Pageants. Retrieved June 15, 2014. 6.5 Miss USA
[14] Jim Rutenberg (June 22, 2002). Three Beauty Pageants
Leaving CBS for NBC. The New York Times. Retrieved Not to be confused with Miss America, Miss World
October 8, 2013. America, Miss U.S. International, or Miss Earth United
States.
[15] Miss Universe and Miss USA Pageants to Air on Fox. TV
Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
The Miss USA beauty pageant has been held annually since
[16] NBCUniversal cuts ties with Donald Trump. CNN Money.
1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe
June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both
[17] Jethro Nededog (14 September 2015). Donald Trump sells pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA.
the Miss Universe Organization - Business Insider. Business
The pageant was owned by Donald Trump from 1996 to
Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
2015, and was previously broadcast on NBC. In 2015, after
[18] PAULA M. SHUGART. Miss Universe. Miss Universe Trump made statements about undocumented immigrants
Organization. Retrieved June 29, 2015. from Mexico in his presidential campaign kicko speech,
NBC decided to end their business relationship and stated
[19] Miss Universe 1988 Evening Gown Competition.
YouTube. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015. that they will no longer air the pageant, or the Miss Uni-
verse pageant, on their networks.[1] In September 2015,
[20] Yahr, Emily (26 January 2015). Miss Universe Pageant WME/IMG purchased the pageant from Trump.[2]
makes always-awkward Q&A segment worse with viewer
questions. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2015. The current Miss USA is Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma who
was crowned on July 12, 2015 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
[21] Miss Venezuela Parades Online. PR Newswire. Septem- Traditionally, Miss USA lives in New York City during her
ber 18, 2002. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. reign.
Retrieved 23 October 2010. The Miss Venezuela broadcast,
which on average captures a whopping 74% of the Venezue-
lan television market share for Venevision, will also be avail- 6.5.1 History
able to users on demand.
[22] Dillon, Nancy (10 April 2012). Transgender contestantsThe Miss USA pageant was conceived in 1950 when
can compete in Miss Universe. Daily News (New York). Yolande Betbeze, winner of the rival Miss America
pageant, refused to pose for publicity pictures while wear-
[23] Felicia R. Lee (October 10, 2007). Three Crowns Shar-
ing a swimsuit. Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull
ing One Apartment. nytimes.com (The New York Times).
Retrieved October 9, 2013. their sponsorship o the pageant and create their own
competition.[3] Other owners have included a subsidiary of
[24] http://armenpress.am/static/news/b/2015/12/830296.jpg Gulf+Western Industries, ITT Corporation, and billionaire
Pia Wurzbach with the Czech Crown Donald Trump.[4][5]
[25] 4every1 s.r.o. New Miss Universe to be decorated by The rst Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held
crown made by Czech company DIC, for the rst time in concurrently in Long Beach, California in 1952; the rst
the pageants history. Retrieved 9 January 2016. Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Lough-
[6]
[26] Connection to MISS UNIVERSE". diamondnexus.com. ery. There were thirty delegates in the rst year of com-
petition, and many states did not compete every year dur-
[27] Diamond Nexus Labs Announced as The Ocial Jewelry of ing the rst two decades of the pageants history. From the
The Miss Universe Organization. redorbit.com (redOrbit). 1970s, each state and the District of Columbia have sent
February 3, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
a delegate each year. Alaska rst competed in 1959 and
[28] Mikimoto History Timeline. mikimotoamerica.com. Hawaii in 1960. Both had competed at Miss Universe until
Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. this time.
[29] Don Chareunsy. Philippines crowned Miss Universe af- The pageant aired on CBS from 1963 until 2002, and for
ter Harvey wrongly names Colombia winner. LasVegas- many years was known for having a CBS game show host
Sun.com. Retrieved 5 February 2016. as pageant host. John Charles Daly hosted the show from
82 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
19631966, Bob Barker from 1967 (He wasn't a regular From this, seminalists are chosen, and they are announced
for the CBS network until 1972 when he became host of during the live broadcast of the nal competition. These
The Price Is Right which he hosted until 2007) until 1987 seminalists then compete in swimsuit and evening gown,
(at which point he quit in a dispute over fur coats), Alan and the nalists are chosen. These nalists then proceed to
Thicke in 1988, Dick Clark from 1989-1993, and Bob the nal question portion of the competition. The runners-
Goen from 19941996. The shows highest ratings were up and winner are announced at the end of the telecast.
in the early 1980s, when it regularly topped the Nielsen Since 1997, dierent panels of judges have ociated the
ratings.[7][8][9] Viewership dropped sharply from the 1990s nals and the Preliminary competition.
to the 2000s, from an estimated viewership of 20 million
From 19752000, all delegates who made the initial cut
to an average of 7 million from 20002001.[10] In 2002, competed in an interview competition in some format, of-
owner Donald Trump brokered a new deal with NBC, giv-
ten involving all semi-nalists. As of 2001, this interview
ing them half-ownership of the Miss USA, Miss Universe portion was taken away, leaving only the nal question for
and Miss Teen USA and moving them to NBC on an ini-
the top ve delegates to answer.
tial ve-year contract.[11] The pageants were rst shown on
NBC in 2003. From 19792002, the average scores of each delegate were
shown on the television broadcast; thus the semi-nalists
Historically, the winner of the Miss USA title represented could be ranked. This was changed in 2003 to a circle sys-
the U.S. in its sister pageant Miss Universe. Since its in- tem, wherein judges choose a certain number of delegates
ception, eight Miss USA titleholders have gone on to win to circle, and those with the most circles make the cut.
Miss Universe. In the mid-1960s, the organization estab- This system was used prior to the computer scoring system
lished a rule that when a Miss USA wins the Miss Universe implemented in 1979. In 2007, the circle system was rein-
title, the rst runner-up assumes the Miss USA title for the stated and contestants composite scores were shown live.
remainder of the year. This occurred in 1980, 1995,1997,
and 2012.[12][13] In 1967, the rst runner-up Susan Bradley
of California declined the title and the crown went to the
second runner-up Cheryl Patton of Florida. The only in-
stance when a rst runner-up assumed the title of Miss
USA prior to this period was in 1957, when Mary Leona 6.5.3 State competitions
Gage of Maryland resigned after it was discovered she was
married.[14] Every year, each state holds a preliminary competition to
See also: Miss USA 2015 Controversy choose their delegate for the Miss USA pageant. In some
states (such as Texas and Florida), local pageants are also
held to determine delegates for the state competition. The
In late-June 2015, both NBC and Spanish-language net- state winners hold the title Miss State USA for the year
work Univision announced that they would cut their ties of their reign.
with Donald Trump and the Miss Universe Organization
in response to derogatory remarks Trump made relating to The most successful state is Texas, which has had the most
illegal immigration during the launch of his 2016 U.S. pres- semi-nalists and winners, including [21]ve consecutive Miss
idential campaign, resulting in both Miss USA and Miss USA titleholders during the 1980s. Other successful
Universe being dropped from their schedules. NBCUniver- states include California, New York, Alabama, Tennessee
sal also plans to take steps to remove itself from the MUO and Georgia. The least successful states are Delaware, plac-
joint venture. Trump threatened to sue both companies ing only once in 2015; Montana, which has not placed since
over the decision; on June 30, 2015, Trump sued Univision the 1950s; South Dakota, which has only placed twice (the
for defamation and breach of contract.[15][16] As a result, last time in 1974), and Wyoming, which gained only its sec-
Miss USA 2015 will instead be carried via a webcast on ond placement in 2010. The only state which has produced
the pageants website.[17] On July 1, digital cable network more than one Miss Universe is South Carolina.
Reelz announced they would televise the 2015 pageant.[18] The Miss Universe Organization licenses out the state
Starting 2016, Fox will broadcast the pageant.[19] pageants to pageant directors, who in some cases are re-
sponsible for more than one state. The most well established
directorial groups are RPM Productions, created in 1980
6.5.2 Competition (Alabama, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina), and
Vanbros, created in the early 1990s (Arkansas, Kansas,
The modern pageant consists of a preliminary competition Missouri, Nebraska and Oklahoma). Future Productions
held a week before the pageant when all contestants are direct the most states, seven, across the Midwest and Rock-
judged in swimsuit, gown, and interview competitions.[20] ies.
6.5. MISS USA 83
6.5.6 Locations
In the rst eight years of competition (19521959) the Miss
USA pageant was held in Long Beach, California. The
Miss USA winners by state up to 2015 (Includes dethroned winners
and those who have inherited the title.) competition moved to Miami Beach, Florida in 1960 and
stayed there until 1971. In 1972 the pageant was held in
1
Won Miss Universe title. Puerto Rico, the only time the pageant has been held out-
2
Since 1961, the rst runner-up takes over the Miss USA side the continental United States.[25] That pageant was rocked
title if the reigning Miss USA wins Miss Universe. There was by an explosion at the host hotel.
an exception in 1967, when the rst-runner up refused the From 1972 onwards the pageant has been held in various
crown and the second runner-up became Miss USA. locations, generally being held in each location for two to
3
Miss USA winner dethroned. three years.
4
Replaced the dethroned Miss USA. As of 2014 the pageant has been held in the following states:
6.5.10 References
[1] Stanhope, Kate (2015-06-29). NBC Cuts Ties With Don-
6.5.7 Special feature episodes ald Trump Over Derogatory Statements, Pulls Miss USA
and Miss Universe Pageants. The Hollywood Reporter. Re-
trieved 2015-06-30.
Since 2003, a number of delegates have been involved in
special episodes of regular programs broadcast by NBC. [2]
From 20032005, six delegates each year were chosen to
participate in a special Miss USA edition of Fear Factor, [3] Deam, Jenny (2005-10-11). There she goes...Miss Amer-
with the victorious contestant taking the title Miss Fear ica Once queen of the airwaves, beauty pageant is left home-
Factor USA and a prize of $50,000 ($25,000 of which was less. Denver Post. p. F01.
to be donated to a charity of the winners choice). These [4] Gulf+Western Industries announces reorganization plan.
were broadcast immediately prior to the live pageant broad- PR Newswire. 1985-03-12.
cast.
[5] Associated Press (1996-10-24). Trump buys Miss Uni-
In 2006, Chelsea Cooley and twenty-six delegates partici-
verse, two other beauty pageants. The Globe and Mail. p.
pated as briefcase models in a Miss USA special of Deal or B14.
No Deal.
[6] Colon, Marisa (1999-05-28). Long Beach, Calif., Consul-
In 2010, ten Miss USA and Miss Universe winners com-
tant Coaches Beauty Contestants. Press-Telegram.
peted for charity on a special Last Beauty Standing edi-
tion of Minute to Win It. [7] Associated Press (1980-05-21). U.S. pulchritude tops TV
charts. The Globe and Mail. p. P15.
[16] Donald Trump Hits Univision With $500M Miss USA 6.6 Miss Teen USA
Lawsuit, Network Calls It Ridiculous Update. Dead-
line. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Uni-
[17] Miss USA To Be Streamed After NBC And Pageant Co- verse Organization for girls aged 1419. The reigning ti-
Hosts Bail. Deadline. Retrieved 1 July 2015. tleholder is Katherine Haik of Louisiana. Unlike its sister
pageants Miss Universe and Miss USA which are broad-
[18] http://mashable.com/2015/07/02/miss-usa-reelz/ cast on Fox this pageant is webcast on the Miss Teen USA
website and simulcast on Microsoft's Xbox Live service.
[19] http://www.tvinsider.com/article/49807/
miss-universe-and-miss-usa-pageants-to-air-on-fox/ The pageant was rst held in 1983 and has been broadcast
live on CBS until 2002 and then on NBC from 20032007.
[20] Beauty business as usual;Miss USA contest ghts the In March 2007 it was announced that the broadcast of the
blemishes. USA Today. 1988-03-01. p. 01D. Miss Teen USA pageant on NBC had not been renewed,
and that Miss Teen USA 2007 would be the nal televised
[21] Associated press (1991-03-27). Pair who groomed beauty event.[1]
queens red as Miss Texas USA directors. The Dallas
Morning News. p. 29A. Since 2008, the pageant is held at the Atlantis Paradise Is-
land Resort, located in Nassau, Bahamas.
[22] "'Royalty' Happy Overseas. Albuquerque Journal. 2001- Notable pageant winners include actresses Kelly Hu (1985,
05-16. p. D2.
Hawaii), Bridgette Wilson (1990, Oregon), Charlotte
Lopez-Ayanna (1993, Vermont), Vanessa Minnillo (1998,
[23] Knowles, David (2010-05-17). Rima Fakih, First Muslim
Miss USA - David Knowles - Paradigms Lost. True/Slant.
South Carolina), Shelley Hennig (2004, Louisiana), and
Retrieved 2012-11-06. sportscaster Allie LaForce (2005, Ohio).
[28] Andy Cohen on Hosting the Miss USA Pageant: I Want Prior to the nal telecast the delegates compete in the
to Bring Out the Competition - Todays News: Our Take. preliminary competition, which involves private interviews
TVGuide.com. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-11-06. with the judges and a presentation show where they com-
pete in swimsuit and evening gown.
[29] Miss USA 2012: Olivia Culpo Crowned, Beats Latina
Beauties | Fox News Latino. Latino.foxnews.com. 2012- During the nal competition, the semi-nalists are an-
06-04. Retrieved 2012-11-06. nounced and go on to compete in swimsuit and evening
gown. From 1983 to 2002 all semi-nalists also competed
in an interview competition as well as both swimsuit and
6.5.11 External links evening gown, followed by one or two nal interview ques-
tions. In 2003, a new format was introduced where the top
Miss USA ocial website fteen competed in evening gown, the top ten competed in
swimsuit and the top ve competed in the nal question.
Miss USA 2014 - Baton Rouge, LA In 2006, the order of competition was changed where the
top fteen competed in swimsuit and the top ten in evening
gown. The latest competition format was used since 2008
http://kidstoteens.blogspot.com/2015/02/ the nal not broadcast on TV, where the top fteen both
miss-teen-usa-2015_17.html competed in swimsuit and evening gown, and the top ve
http://kidstoteens.blogspot.com/2015/02/ competed in the nal question who all signed up by a panel
miss-teen-usa-2015_17.html of judges.
6.6. MISS TEEN USA 87
Miss Teen USA 1998 Cerina Vincent (Miss Nevada Teen USA 1996) went
Vanessa Minnillo, South Carolina on to become a successful model and actress, with
many lm and television credits to her name. Her most
Miss Teen USA 1985 notable role being Maya, the Yellow Ranger in the tele-
Kelly Hu, Hawaii vision series Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999).
sachusetts USA 1998. However, to date it has never hap- [2] Crowning tears: Miss Teen USA skids. Media Life Maga-
pened that the same woman had won the 2 separate pageants zine. 2006-08-16. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
ocially.
There have been two years when two Miss Teen USA win-
ners participated at Miss USA. The rst was 1984, when
Miss Teen USA 1983 and Miss Teen USA 1984 partici-
pated, the second was 1998, when Jamie Solinger competed
as Miss Iowa USA but went unplaced, and Shauna Gambill
competed as Miss California USA and placed rst runner-
up.
The rst Miss Teen USA not to win a Miss USA state
pageant on her rst attempt was Christie Lee Woods, Miss
Teen USA 1996, of Texas, who placed third runner-up in
the Miss Texas USA 2002 pageant. She would also become
the rst Miss Teen USA to compete for, but never win a
Miss USA state title (she also placed as a semi-nalist in
2003 and 2004). The second Miss Teen USA who did not
win a Miss USA state title on her rst attempt was Ashley
Coleman, Miss Teen USA 1999, of Delaware, who com-
peted in the Miss California USA 2006 pageant and n-
ished third runner-up. She is the rst Miss Teen USA win-
ner to compete in a dierent state from that where she won
her Miss Teen USA crown. Tami Farrell, Miss Teen USA
2003, competed at Miss California USA 2009 as Miss Mal-
ibu USA, but failed to win the crown, placing rst runner-up
to Carrie Prejean. Farrell competed at Miss Teen USA as
Miss Oregon Teen USA, and was one of the few Miss Teen
USA winners to try for the state crown outside of the state
she represented for Miss Teen USA. In a span of only two
years later, Miss Teen USA 2006, Katie Blair also com-
peted at Miss California USA 2011. Representing the state
of Montana at Miss Teen USA 2006, Blair is only the third
Miss Teen USA to compete in a state other than the state
she competed in Teen. Similarly to Coleman and Farrell,
Blair placed 1st runner up in the pageant, to Alyssa Cam-
panella, who also competed in Miss Teen USA representing
another state. Campanella went on to win Miss USA 2011.
Miss USA
6.6.7 References
[1] Hall, Sarah (March 29, 2007). Trump and Miss Universe
Stay in Bed with NBC. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
Chapter 7
Political Career
7.1 Donald Trump presidential cam- Internal conict caused Ventura to exit the Reform Party in
February 2000, removing Trumps most vocal proponent.
paign, 2000 Trump ocially ended his campaign on the February 14,
2000 airing of The Today Show. Though he believed he
The Donald duck presidential campaign of 2000 for the could still win the Reform Party presidential nomination, he
nomination of the Reform Party began when real estate felt the party was too dysfunctional to support his campaign
magnate Donald Trump of New York announced the cre- and enable a win in the general election. A poll matching
ation of a presidential exploratory committee on the Oc- Trump against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush
tober 7, 1999 edition of Larry King Live. Though Trump and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump
had never held elected oce, he was well known for his with seven percent support. Despite his withdrawal, Trump
frequent comments on public aairs and business exploits won both primaries for which he qualied. Buchanan would
as head of The Trump Organization. He had previously go on to win the nomination.
considered a presidential run in 1988 as a Republican, but After the election, Trump gained even greater notoriety as
chose not to run. For 2000, Minnesota Governor Jesse the host of The Apprentice. He seriously considered run-
Ventura convinced Trump to seek the presidential nomi- ning as a Republican in the 2012 presidential election but
nation of the Reform Party, which was fracturing despite decided against it. Four years later he initiated a full-scale
achieving ballot access and qualifying for matching funds presidential campaign and became the front-runner for the
as a result of the presidential campaign of industrialist Ross Republican Partys 2016 presidential nomination.
Perot, the partys 1996 presidential nominee. Trumps
entrance into the Reform Party race coincided with that
of paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan, whom 7.1.1 Background
Trump attacked throughout the campaign as a "Hitler-
lover. Real estate magnate Donald Trump, head of The Trump
Trump focused his campaign on the issues of fair trade, Organization since 1971, rst dabbled in presidential pol-
eliminating the national debt, and achieving universal itics in the early summer of 1987. Republican politi-
healthcare as outlined in the campaign companion piece cal organizer Mike Dunbar, unimpressed with the can-
The America We Deserve, released in January 2000. He didates for the 1988 Republican presidential nomination,
named media proprietor Oprah Winfrey as his ideal running founded the Draft Trump for President organization. Be-
mate and said he would instantly marry his girlfriend lieving Trump had the makings of a president, Dunbar
Melania Knauss to make her First Lady. Critics ques- pitched Trump the idea of speaking at an event for Re-
tioned the seriousness of Trumps campaign and specu- publican candidates in the rst-in-the-nation primary state
lated that it was a tactic to strengthen his brand and sell of New Hampshire. According to Dunbar in a later inter-
books. Trump defended his candidacy as a serious en- view, Trump was receptive to this idea.[1] Then a registered
deavor and proclaimed that he had a chance to win the elec- Democrat, Trump ocially changed his registration to Re-
tion. Though he never expanded the campaign beyond the publican in July 1987.[2] Speculation that he would actu-
exploratory phase, Trump made numerous media appear- ally run for president intensied two months later,[3] when
ances as a candidate, traveled to campaign events in Florida, he purchased $94,801 worth of full-page advertisements in
California, and Minnesota, and qualied for two presiden- the The New York Times, Boston Globe, and The Washington
tial primaries. Veteran campaign strategist and longtime Post with the heading Theres nothing wrong with Amer-
Trump aide Roger Stone was hired as director of the ex- icas Foreign Defense Policy that a little backbone cant
ploratory committee. cure. The advertisements reected Trumps concerns that
90
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 91
prompted Trump to ask top aide Roger Stone to nd the seven percent support nationally in a match up against Re-
most eminent hack writer in America to put Trumps po- publican candidate George W. Bush and Vice President Al
litical ideas into a book. Stone reached out to Shiett, a con- Gore.[21]
tributor to The American Spectator. In Spring 1999, Shiett Two months later, amid reports that paleoconservative po-
met with Trump about the project that would later become litical commentator and adviser Pat Buchanan was about
The America We Deserve. During the initial meeting, Shi- to join the Reform Party to seek the nomination, Trump
ett claims Trump raised concerns about a suitcase bomb announced that he would consider running as a sign of re-
destroying Manhattan.[17] spect for Ventura. He labeled the views of Buchanan as
prehistoric,[22] and commented that even though he liked
Pat, I'm on the conservative side, but Buchanan is Attila
the Hun.[23] He expected that a primary battle between the
two would be nasty.[24] According to columnist Robert
Novak, Bush operatives concerned about a third party run
by Buchanan contacted Ventura indirectly about preventing
Buchanans nomination. Novak argued that Trump seems
a bad match with Perots party, but he may be the GOPs last
hope to stop Buchanan.[25] When Weicker decided not to
seek the partys nomination due to internal bickering, Ven-
tura reportedly went all in for Trump.[26] The media capi-
talized on a potential Trump versus Buchanan challenge,[24]
and Saturday Night Live satirized it with a skit in which
Darrell Hammond portraying Trump and Chris Parnell as
Buchanan pitched their candidacies to Ross Perot played by
Cheri Oteri. The segment also featured an appearance by
Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura privately encouraged Trump to Will Ferrell as Ventura.[27][28]
run. Trump further increased speculation of a full-scale cam-
paign when his publisher Renaissance Books announced a
In July 1999, the Democratic[18] polling rm Schroth and
January 2000 release date for The American We Deserve.
Associates conducted a poll of 400 Reform Party leaders[19]
The publishers press release announced a book tour and
and found Trump tied for third place for the Reform Party
teased, Donald Trump for President? Run or not, Donald
presidential nomination.[18] Both the Reform Party and
Trumps ideas will have a major impact on the next presi-
Trump denied having commissioned the poll.[19] Days later
dential election.[29] Trump set January also as the month
Newsweek raised speculation[19] when it cited an unnamed
on which he would decide whether to run. He expressed,
close friend of Trump who said Trump was toying with
Im not interested in being the [third-party] candidate who
the idea of a presidential campaign, allegedly in response to
gets the most votes in the history of the world outside of
rumors of Venturas courting of Weicker for a run. Trump
the Democratic and Republican parties, I would only con-
purportedly held a grudge against Weicker for blocking his
sider this if I thought I could win.[30] On September 30,
plans to build a casino in Bridgeport[20] in 1994. The two
Trump wrote an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal
had an exchange of insults in which Weicker labeled Trump
titled, America Needs a President Like Me in which he
a dirt bag and Trump referred to Weicker as a fat slob
argued that he would be the kind of president America
who couldn't get elected dog catcher.[18] In response to
needs in the new millennium. He cited the repugnant
the Newsweek report, Trump sent out a press release in
comments of Buchanan and Venturas personal encourage-
which he criticized the two party system, praised the Re-
ment as factors contributing to his decision.[31] In an Octo-
form Party, and stated If the Reform Party nominated
ber 6 interview on Dateline NBC, Trump armed that he
me, I would probably run and probably win. However, he
was very serious about his run.[32]
added that if the party nominated him he would ask for an
immediate recount.[18] In an interview, he told The New
York Times, I'm honored and I'm attered [by the specula-
tion], but the fact is I've never had more fun than I'm having 7.1.3 Announcement
right now, building the most spectacular buildings in New
York.[18] Chairman Verney denied that the Reform Party On October 7, Trump announced on Larry King Live that
had any interest in Trump, explaining that party members he formed an exploratory committee to explore a Reform
had never spent one second thinking about him. [19] A Party presidential bid. Trump planned not to use the
CNN-Time poll conducted later in July showed Trump with committee to raise moneyhe would personally fund his
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 93
The Daily Telegraph, Marla Maples, Trumps second ex- November 1999
wife, threatened to reveal what Trump is really like if he
chose to run for president in the general election. In re- In an eort speculated to implore the media to view the
sponse, Trump withheld $1.5 million in alimony he owed campaign more seriously,[52] Trump rolled out a tax pro-
Maples, claiming she was in violation of the condentiality posal that became the subject of attention. In a series of
agreement in the couples divorce decree. After a Man- telephone interviews in early November,[52] Trump pro-
hattan judge refused to hear the matter, a brief conference posed a one-time 14.25 percent net worth tax that would
was held, wherein the judges law secretary advised Trump apply to individuals and trusts with assets greater than $10
to pay the alimony and advised Maples that further inci- million. The plan was meant to raise $5.7 trillion in rev-
dents would be cause for the judge to reconsider hearing the enue to wipe out the national debt, estimated at the time
matter.[44] Trumps attorneys were satised that the meet- to be $5.66 trillion. The plan exempted ones homestead
ing would cause Maples to rethink making any public state- from the calculation. Trump estimated that the tax would
ments on her marriage to Trump.[45] only apply to one percent of the population and that the re-
On October 24, Trump appeared on Meet the Press, where maining 99 percent would receive a federal income tax cut
he announced that he would ocially join the Reform as well as an elimination of the estate tax. He projected
Party. During the interview, Trump questioned why a a 35 to 40 percent increase in economic activity as a result
politician was better suited to be president than him, com- and eliminate $200 billion in federal interest payments, half
menting I understand this stu. He said that the Republi- of which would be used to fund middle class tax cuts and
can Party has become too crazy right. Notably, he identi- the rest to allocate for Social Security.[53] The original plan
ed Buchanan as a Hitler-lover and mused, I guess hes provided only one year for taxpayers to pay the new tax, but
an anti-Semite . . . He doesn't like the blacks, he doesn't that was later increased to 10 years. Economists predicted
like the gays. Its just incredible that anybody could em- that enactment of the plan would risk capital ight[54] and
brace this guy.[46] As for his reputation as a womanizer, prick the stock market bubble.[52][55] Bruce Bartlett of the
Trump said he would not run if he believed it would be National Center for Policy Analysis wrote in the Wall Street
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 95
Journal that the proposed rate would fall short of its goal and Foundation.[63] The foundation invited Trump after he
that at any rate, would introduce devastating disruption to wrote a Miami Herald article denouncing Cuban President
the economic system.[56] Tax attorney Robert L. Sommers, Fidel Castro and favoring the U.S. embargo against Cuba
writing in the San Francisco Chronicle argued that many several months earlier.[61] During the visit, Trump was met
wealthy people lacked sucient cash on hand to pay the tax with supporters touting Trump 2000 posters and shout-
and that doing so would lead to the mass liquidation of as- ing Viva Donald Trump!" There, he delivered his rst for-
sets, roil[ing] the stock and real estate markets.[57] Trump eign policy speech, capped with the line, I'd have, person-
defended his plan, rejecting the speculation that it would be ally, two words for [Castro]: 'Adios, amigo!'" Covering the
a shock to the system.[52] Roger Stone noted that Trump event, columnist Maureen Dowd wrote that the fascination
had been thinking about the plan for a while and that he felt with Trump was the apotheosis of our Gilded Age, where
so strong about it that he was willing to pay $725 million money, celebrity, polling, and crass behavior warp poli-
of his own money in taxes under it.[57] CBS News spec- tics and the television show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
ulated that the plan meant to appeal to middle and lower dominates the culture.[58] Following this theme, Saturday
class Americans.[52] Trumps tax plan diered signicantly Night Live performed a sketch in which Darrell Hammond
from the plan put forward by Reform Party rival Buchanan, reprised his role as Trump, holding a press conference an-
who had called for a 16 percent at tax on earnings over nouncing Millionaire winner John Carpenter as his running
$35,000.[52] mate.[64] Soon thereafter, the actual Trump oated possi-
I think the only dierence between me and the other can- ble running mates and members of his presidential cabinet
didates is that I'm more honest and my women are more during a November 28 episode of Late Edition with Wolf
beautiful. Blitzer. He identied Senator John McCain, a Republican
presidential candidate, as a possible Secretary of Defense.
Trump said he would consider Democratic Congressman
Charles Rangel for Secretary of Housing and Urban Devel-
opment and mentioned retired General Colin Powell as a
Donald Trump[58] possible Secretary of State. He praised General Electric
CEO Jack Welch, and discussed him as either Secretary
of Treasury or running mate. He again mentioned Oprah
Despite the discussion of substantive issues, the campaigns Winfrey as a possible running mate. During the inter-
seriousness continued to come under attack. Ed Koch el- view, Trump expressed his willingness to spend $100 mil-
evated his criticisms of the campaign, calling it fraud- lion to self-nance a full-scale campaign.[65] The Reform
ulent and arguing that Trump is the greatest con artist Party scheduled a debate of the candidates seeking the pres-
in the world when it comes to trumpeting his own name idential nomination on December 3 in Portland, Oregon.
. . . . [M]y gut tells me that he knows nothing [about When a reporter asked a Trump aide whether Trump would
policy].[59] Former White House adviser Dick Morris said appear, the aide was unaware of the debate. Ultimately,
I think hes mainly selling books. Republican strategist Buchanan attended but Trump did not.[66]
Ed Rollins questioned whether Trump could say the right
things or be willing to let somebody put an organization
together. A New York Daily News/WNBC-TV poll showed Trumps proposed cabinet
that 74% of New Yorkers believed the campaign was being
used only for Trump to promote himself. Roger Stone Media proprietor
commented that the perception problem would solve it- Oprah Winfrey
self once the campaign would reveal the number of pe- Vice President
[60]
tition signatures it collected. By mid-November, the
campaign started receiving advice from political consultant General
Douglas Friedline, who ran Venturas successful 1998 gu- Colin Powell
bernatorial campaign. Upon Friedlines advice, Trump as- Secretary of State
sembled communications and campaign sta, and began General Electric CEO
planning events in strategic states.[61] As an further step Jack Welch
in organization, Trump set up a campaign website at the Secretary of Treasury
domain www.donaldjtrump2000.com and used Venturas
webmaster Phil Madsen to create an online community of Senator
supporters.[62] John McCain
Secretary of Defense
On his rst campaign stop, Trump traveled to Miami,
Florida and spoke before the Cuban American National Congressman
96 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
Charles Rangel press conference with responses that seemed tailored more
Secretary of HUD to entertain his listeners than establish his credibility.[68]
In Burbank, Trump appeared on The Tonight Show with
Jay Leno where he attacked Buchanan as having a love af-
December 1999
fair with Adolf Hitler and discussed his upcoming book,
The America We Deserve. The Weekly Standard reported
that though the release date was only a month away, the
book had yet to be written.[66] After the Tonight Show ap-
pearance, Trump attended a meeting of 100 Southern Cal-
ifornia Reform Party members, to whom he delivered a
speech and answered questions. Crowds cheered Trump
when he discussed his opposition to NAFTA, but some
were oended[68] when he questioned the existence of a Re-
form Party platform and, after receiving a copy, left it on the
podium when he exited. On the nal day, Trump visited
the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Museum of Tolerance and
walked through an exhibit of The Holocaust. He delivered
a speech and held another press conference at the museum
atrium, where he denounced Buchanans views on Nazis.
Afterwards, Trump boarded his jet for Long Beach.[66]
During an on-jet interview, Trump placed his odds of wag-
ing a full-scale campaign at 50/50, but edging closer,
believing there to be a fervor among the public about his
campaign. The AP evaluated the California response as
more warm than fervent, but described Trumps treatment
as that of a high prole dignitary. At Trumps nal event,
he spoke at a Tony Robbins motivational conference.[68]
Robbins and Trump had made an agreement that would pay
Trump $1 million for showing up at ten of Robbins events.
Trump planned to make campaign stops to coincide with
Robbins shows, speculating that he could be the rst pres-
idential candidate to run and make money on it.[69] At the
event, Trump received what the AP called a moderately
enthusiastic applause[68] after asking the 21,000 people in
attendance[66] whether he should run for president.[68] He
Top adviser Roger Stone was part of Trumps campaign entourage. received a large ovation when he proclaimed, people want
to hear straight talk. We're tired of being bullied by these
As the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations col- moron politicians. Overall, The Weekly Standard [66]
praised
lapsed amid protests at a summit in Seattle, Trump ap- Trump for his candor on the campaign trail.
peared on the December 5 airing of ABC's This Week. He In discussing his campaign strategy with The Los Angeles
said that the WTO was not necessarily fair to the United Times, Trump proclaimed, the only strategy is, I'll be on
States, and argued that our best, and our smartest, and our television a lot. Responding to a poll of probable Reform
brightest were not being used to negotiate the deal. He Party voters that showed him with only 14% support, fourth
renewed his attack on the negotiation skills of Barshefsky, place behind Ventura (20%), Perot (25%), and Buchanan
saying that both she and Secretary of Commerce William (30%), Trump pointed to the spike in ratings each televi-
M. Daley did not know how to negotiate.[67] Next, Trump sion network received whenever he appeared on air. He ad-
embarked on a two-day campaign stop in California, which mitted, whether or not TV ratings can transfer into votes is
the media covered extensively. During the stop, Trump held an interesting question. The Times characterized Trumps
a press conference, appearing with his campaign entourage campaign as Political Science 101 on how far politics is de-
that included his girlfriend Melania, Roger Stone, and body- volving into pure entertainment.[70] Nevertheless, Trump
guard Matt Calamari. Aides made hand sanitizer readily contemporaneously delved into the politics of third party
available for reporters, presumably due to Trumps alleged campaigns when he wrote a letter to Commission on Pres-
germaphobia.[66] The Associated Press (AP) noted that idential Debates asking the body to review its standard for
Trump made little attempt to appear statesman-like at the
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 97
January 2000
The America We Deserve book cover
Trump ocially released his book The America We Deserve
on January 1. Dave Shiett received credit as co-writer.[76]
To promote the book, Trump held a January 5 press confer- baseball player Sammy Sosa and entertainer Sean Combs
ence at Trump Tower, which aired on C-SPAN. He signed as making Trump more understanding of racial diversity.
books and answered questions from reporters, once assert- Trump later backpedaled his books praise of Combs af-
ing, I may be too honest to be a politician.[77] Trumps ter Combs was charged with violating gun laws following a
book, consisting of 286 pages,[76] covers Trumps political shooting at a New York nightclub. Trump said he did not
positions and policy proposals including strict anti-crime know [Combs] really well.[81] The book condemns Con-
measures, increased pressure on China, fair trade, border gressman Jerrold Nadler as a hack for opposing Trumps
control, increased military spending, support for public cap- development of waterfront real estate in Manhattan, and de-
ital punishment, and the implementation of single-payer scribes Senator Bob Smith as the dumbest guy in the U.S.
health care.[78] It advocates eliminating soft money contri- Senate after he grilled Trumps sister Maryanne Trump
butions to political parties and full disclosure of campaign Barry on abortion when she testied before the Senate Judi-
donations to political candidates, but calls for the removal ciary Committee in 1999 upon her nomination to the Third
of limits on the amount of donations, arguing, "[i]f you want Circuit Court of Appeals. It criticizes Democratic presiden-
to give your life savings to Al Gore, that should be between tial candidate Bill Bradley as a phony for his Senate spon-
you, Al Gore and your psychiatrist. In addition, it raises sorship of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 that purportedly
concerns about terrorism, proposing the creation of a na- hurt Trump nancially. It also notes the hypocrisy of both
tional lottery to raise funds for anti-terrorism programs,[79] an unnamed Senator and an unnamed conservative colum-
and oers a choice to North Korea to disarm or face mil- nist who each engaged in extramarital aairs at Trumps
itary strikes.[17] The America We Deserve also includes hotels and resorts while they attacked President Clinton for
praise for former boxer Muhammad Ali, Teamsters leader the Lewinsky scandal.[80] In a scathing review, New York
James P. Hoa, as well as Trumps future political oppo- Magazine described the book as inadvertently satirical.[82]
nents Florida governor Jeb Bush and New York governor Booklist pondered whether Trump was the only man ever
George Pataki, among others.[80] It cites friendships with to run for president in order to promote a book.[83] Dave
98 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
Saltonstall of the New York Daily News, labeled it as auto- tion with supporters and would embarrass Trump by win-
biographical and reported that it contains enough details to ning all the states delegates. There were also growing indi-
paint a fairly comprehensive picture of what a Trump pres- cations Trump was considering withdrawing from the race,
idency might look like.[79] commenting that he was deeply concerned about the con-
On January 7, Trump appeared in Brooklyn Park, Min- ict within the party.[93] In another attempt to unite the
nesota, where he spoke before the Chamber of Commerce, partys factions, Trump wrote letters to Ventura and Perot,
attended a Reform Party fundraiser, and held a joint press requesting the two make peace.[94] Trump believed the in-
conference with Ventura. At the fundraiser, Trump iden- stability of the party would hinder his chances of presiden-
tial success. Stone commented that the [Reform] party is
tied North Korea as the nations greatest foreign policy
threat, blasted Japan for ripping us o for the last 25 melting down before our very eyes.[92] On the nal day of
January, Trump was removed from the New York primary
years, and ripped Russia as being totally mixed up for
placing people nobody ever even heard of in charge of ballot after a judge determined that Trumps supporters had
failed to obtain the required 5,000 signatures from regis-
missiles.[84] At the press conference, Trump claimed he had
yet to decide whether to run ocially and so had not asked tered Reform Party members. This marked a victory for
Buchanans supporters, including leftist activist Lenora Fu-
for Venturas endorsement. Ventura said that if Trump de-
cided to run, he would give his full consideration. Trump lani, who had hoped to prevent Trump from appearing on
asserted it would be disaster for the Reform Party if the ballot in his home state.[95]
Pat Buchanan received the presidential nomination.[85] De-
scribing himself and Ventura as self-made not part of the
lucky sperm club, Trump made an indirect jab at both the February 2000
Republican frontrunner George W. Bush, the son of former
President Bush, and Democratic frontrunner Al Gore, son Despite Trumps eorts, the conict within the Reform
of the late Senator Albert Gore, Sr..[86] Trump and Ventura Party escalated. A special Reform Party meeting was
released a written statement opposing the Commission on planned for Nashville at which the Perot faction was ex-
Presidential Debates decision to limit debate participation pected to vacate the national chairmanship of Ventura ally
to candidates polling above 15 percent in the general elec- Jack Gargan.[96] Both Trump and Ventura expressed dis-
tion and urging the Federal Election Commission to take gust with the national party. Ventura desired to disassoci-
action.[87] ate the Minnesota Reform Party from the national party.
An unnamed ocial within the party told the AP that Ven-
Trump ended his relationship with Melania Knauss in
tura and Trump discussed a scenario where Ventura would
January 2000, removing a key gure of the campaign
run as the presidential nominee of the disaliated party
entourage.[88] According to the New York Daily News, an
with Trump as his running mate. The chairman of the Min-
associate of Trump said the move was meant to appease Re-
nesota Reform Party denied Ventura would be part of any
form Party leaders. Roger Stone denied the suggestion.[89]
presidential ticket.[97] After privately notifying Trump of
In addressing the matter, Trump complimented Knauss and
his intentions and seeking his blessing,[98] Ventura held a
commented, she will be missed.[90] Shortly thereafter,
press conference on February 12 and ocially left the na-
in an attempt to bring the two Reform Party factions to-
tional Reform Party, remaining a member of his state party,
gether, Trump invited party leaders to the Trump-owned
which he urged to disaliate and to return to its original
Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida. Addressing the
name, the Independence Party of Minnesota. He voiced
170 party members who attended the event including for-
dissatisfaction with the presidential contest, explaining that
mer chairman Russ Verney, Trump proclaimed I'm very
Pat Buchanan was running virtually unopposed and re-
proud to be in the party of Ross Perot and Jesse Ventura.
ceiving support from former Ku Klux Klan leader David
Verney appreciated the gesture and in shifting from his
Duke; something with which Ventura could not associate.
once-chilly reception to the Trump candidacy, welcoming
Ventura invited Trump to run for the presidential nomi-
him into the race. After opening the event to questions,
nation of the Independence Party, which Ventura believed
one attendee asked Trump whether he would appear at the
could become a national entity.[99] At the partys next meet-
Florida Reform Party's state convention. Trump said he
ing, it disaliated.[100] Trump considered Venturas invita-
would consider it very seriously. Concerning Buchanan,
tion but had concerns, particularly the question of whether
Trump repeated he could not support Buchanan as the
other state parties would aliate with the new party.[101]
partys nominee.[91] Despite the retreat, the intra-party dis-
Minnesota political scientist Steve Schier doubted the party
pute over the location of the convention continued.[92] Cit-
could become a national entity, arguing that it was far too
ing scheduling conicts, Trump did not attend the Florida
small to make an impact on the national level.[99] Venturas
Reform Partys state convention. Reports suggested that
move came just ahead of the Nashville meeting where, with
Trump insiders believed Buchanan had packed the conven-
the rationale of failing to faithfully perform and execute
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 99
the duties of his oce, Gargan was removed by a 109 to to the Trump campaign.[69]
31 committee vote.[102] The chaotic meeting, dominated by
Several days after withdrawing, Trump reected on his
Perot-faction members, featured shoving matches and phys-
campaign in an editorial published in The New York Times
ical squabbles as the Metropolitan Nashville Police Depart-
titled What I Saw at the Revolution. Disputing the claim
ment intervened to restore order. Gargan charged that the
that he ran for the publicity, Trump countered that he felt
meeting was illegal due to insucient notice, though a quo-
the nation was ready for a non-establishment businessman
rum was present.[103] president who oered straight talk. He cited three rea-
sons for dropping out: (1) the criteria of the Commission
on Presidential Debates, which would have made it im-
7.1.5 Withdrawal possible for him to qualify for general election debates;
(2) the rise of the presidential campaign of John McCain,
So the Reform Party now includes a KlansmanMr. Duke, whose similar message would have made a contrast dicult;
a Neo-NaziMr. Buchanan, and a CommunistMs. Fu- and (3) the exit of Ventura from the Reform Party. Trump
lani. called his run the greatest civics lesson that a private citi-
This is not company I wish to keep. zen can have, but said it was enormous fun and a great
life experience, though it doesn't compare with complet-
ing one of the great skyscrapers of Manhattan.[109]
Donald Trump[104]
7.1.6 Results
On February 14, Trump withdrew from the race.[105] In
a press release, he cited inghting in the Reform Party as During the campaign, Trump qualied for the Michigan and
not conducive to victory, concluding he could not win the California Reform Party presidential primaries. Both of
election as the partys nominee and so, as pledged, would these elections were held after Trump exited the race.[110]
On February 22, Trump won the Michigan Primary with
not continue his campaign. He expressed concerns about
the direction of the party, particularly its membership, re- 2,164 votes defeating uncommitted with 948 votes.[111]
Trump won the California primary on March 7 with 15,311
ferring to David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani as
a Klansman, a Neo-Nazi, and a Communist, respectively. votes (44.28%) defeating perennial candidate George D.
Weber who received 9,390 votes (27.16%), former Di-
However, he lauded party members Russ Verney, Jack Gar-
gan, and others as wonderful people he was honored to rector of Advanced Space Programs Development Robert
M. Bowman who received 4,879 (14.11%), former Con-
meet. Trump lamented the exit of Jesse Ventura from the
party, arguing without Jesse, the Reform Party is just an gressman John B. Anderson who received 3,158 (9.13%),
extremist shell and cannot be a force or even a factor in and political activist Charles E. Collins who received 1,837
2000. Trump declined to seek the nomination of Venturas (5.31%).[112] Pat Buchanan was not listed on either ballot.
new Independence Party, nding it healthy but too young A slate of Trump supporters petitioned to list Trump on the
to win. He expressly kept open the possibility of running New York Independence Party presidential primary ballot
for president in 2004.[104] Trump publicly announced his but were denied on a technicality.[113]
withdrawal on The Today Show in an interview with Matt Pat Buchanan eventually won the Reform Party presiden-
Lauer. He explained that though he still could have won the tial nomination at a chaotic[114] National Convention in
Reform Party nomination, he believed he would only win Long Beach in August 2000.[115] Buchanan had lost the sup-
20 percent in the general election, which he did not want. port of the Perot faction, which accused Buchanan of fraud
He claimed the party was on the verge of self-destructing and held a counter-convention, nominating Buchanans only
and referred to it as a total mess.[98] In response, Pat major opponent physicist John Hagelin of the Natural Law
Choate, who became the new Reform Party chairman af- Party.[116] According to Russ Verney, the Perot faction lost
ter the unseating of Gargan, disputed Trumps claim about faith in Buchanan when he emphasized pro-life and anti-
the party[106] and said Trumps campaign was meant only homosexual issue positions after promising to respect the
to smear Pat Buchanan.[107] He declared Trump unwel- partys neutral stance on social issues.[117] After the ling
come to seek the partys 2004 presidential nomination.[106] of a complaint over the partys matching funds, the FEC
Choate later remarked that he believed Trumps campaign ruled against the Perot faction and invalided the Hagelin
was a Republican dirty trick orchestrated by Roger Stone selection.[118] The decision was armed on appeal. On
to disgust people and drive them away from the Reform Election Day, Buchanan appeared on the ballot in all 50
Party.[108] Stone argued that John McCain running on states and received 448,895 votes, 0.42% of the popu-
Trumps message and surging in the polls signaled an end lar vote. George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in a close
100 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
7.1.7 Aftermath
California
Donald Trump
John B. Anderson
Robert M. Bowman
Charles E. Collins
George D. Weber
No votes
Trump in 2015
maries, but ultimately decided against it.[127] Jesse Ven- 7.1.8 References
tura, who choose not run for re-election as Governor of
Minnesota in 2002,[128] also considered a 2004 presidential [1] Sargent, Hilary (January 22, 2014). The man responsible
run and publicly asked for and received Trumps support at for Donald Trumps never-ending presidential campaign.
WrestleMania XX. [129]
However, Ventura did not run. Boston.com. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
In 2009, Trump changed his voter registration from Demo- [2] Chasmar, Jessica (June 16, 2015). Donald Trump changed
crat back to Republican.[2] He seriously considered run- political parties at least ve times: report. The Washington
ning for president as a Republican in 2012 and led in Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
an April 2011 Rasmussen Reports survey.[130] While con-
[3] Weinstein, Jamie (July 10, 2015). The Consistent Mes-
sidering a run, Trump emphasized Chinas currency ma-
sage Trump Has Promoted For Three Decades. The Daily
nipulation and criticized the trade policies of the Barack Caller. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Obama administration.[131] Additionally, he questioned the
legitimacy of Obamas citizenship and birth certicate.[132] [4] Ben-Meir, Ilan (July 10, 2015). That Time Trump Spent
He decided not to run in May 2011,[133] but proclaimed Nearly $100,000 On An Ad Criticizing U.S. Foreign Policy
I maintain the strong conviction that if I were to run, I In 1987. BuzzFeed. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
would be able to win the primary and, ultimately, the gen-
eral election.[134] After reports that a group in Texas was [5] Buttereld, Fox (October 23, 1987). New Hampshire
Speech Earns Praise for Trump. The New York Times. Re-
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Trump briey considered a 2012 Independent bid and [6] Barbaro, Michael (September 8, 2015). Donald Trump,
changed his voter registration from Republican to I do Praised by Former President Nixon, Biography Says. The
not wish to enroll in a party.[2][136] Trump said he would New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
run if the Republicans selected the wrong candidate.[135]
Ultimately, he again decided against running. Trump re- [7] Peters, Jeremy W.; Brian Stelter (April 2, 2011). Trump
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vals for the Republican nomination including Jeb Bush and terview, NBC Pushed Donald Trump on Presidential Run;
retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson.[139] Trump has styled Chided His Wealth. Media Research Center. Retrieved Au-
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102 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
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uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
[108] Barrett, Wayne; Singer, Jessie (May 11, 2004). The Sex
[90] Barron, James (January 13, 2000). Public Lives. The New Scandal That Put Bush in the White House. The Village
York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2015. Voice. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
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Amarillo Globe-News. January 15, 2000. Retrieved Septem- Revolution. The New York Times. Retrieved October 3,
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[92] Trump wants to see party bickering end. The Salina Jour- [110] 2000 Presidential Primary Dates by State. FEC. June 23,
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[93] Singer, Stacey (January 21, 2000). Trump Out Of Tampa [111] Michigan Presidential Primary Facts and Statistics (PDF).
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[113] Winger, Richard (December 25, 2011). Donald Trump
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[96] Olson, Rochelle (February 12, 2000). Gov. Jesse Ventura dential Primaries. Ballot Access News. Retrieved October
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[114] Collins, Gail (August 13, 2000). Fractionalized, fromage*
[97] Ventura Wants Separation From the Reform Party. and fringe. Record-Journal. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
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[115] Kellman, Laurie (August 12, 2000). Buchanan nominated,
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form Party nomination. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Re-
[99] "'Dysfunctional' party loses Venturas support. The Daily trieved July 26, 2011.
Herald (Chicago). February 12, 2000. p. 3.
[117] Kellman, Laurie (August 6, 2000). Buchanan still facing
[100] Reform Party votes to leave national group. Saint Paul obstacles. Ukiah Daily Journal (Ukiah, California).
Pioneer Press. March 5, 2000. Retrieved September 22,
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[102] Reform Party ousts Ventura ally after scue. The Post and
Courier. February 13, 2000. [120] McBride, Alex (December 2006). Bush v. Gore (2000)".
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[103] Ayres, B. Drummond (February 13, 2000). Perot Support-
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7.2. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2016 105
[124] Seelye, Katharine Q. (May 13, 2004). Reform Party Backs [140] Tesfaye, Sophia (July 28, 2015). Pat Buchanan is bullish on
Nader, Oering Line On Ballots. The New York Times. The Donald: Right-wing pundit predicts Trump will go the
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[125] Donald Trump Would 'Fire' Bush Over Iraq Invasion. Je [141] Scott, Eugene; Mark Preston and Eric Bradner (July 20,
Rense. July 14, 2004. Retrieved October 6, 2015. 2015). Deant Donald Trump refuses to apologize to John
McCain. CNN. Retrieved October 12, 2015. Cite uses dep-
[126] Owens, Eric (August 31, 2015). Trump Wanted Bush IM- recated parameter |coauthors= (help)
PEACHED Over Iraq. The Daily Caller. Retrieved Octo-
ber 5, 2015. [142] Swoyer, Alex (September 14, 2015). Poll: Donald Trump
Favorability Surges Among Republican Voters. Breitbart
[127] Terbush, Jon (January 14, 2014). Donald Trumps never- News Network. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
ending ctional campaign for oce. The Week. Retrieved
October 6, 2015. [143] Gass, Nick (September 23, 2015). Donald Trump 2016:
Tired of Political correctness. Politico. Retrieved October
[128] Wilgoren, Jodi (June 19, 2002). Gov. Ventura Says He 6, 2015.
Won't Seek Re-election. The New York Times. Retrieved
October 12, 2015. [144] Costa, Robert (August 8, 2015). Trump ends relationship
with longtime political adviser Roger Stone. The Washing-
[129] Garcia, Eric (August 14, 2015). That Time Jesse Ventura ton Post. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Asked Donald Trump for Political Support at Wrestlema-
nia. National Journal. Retrieved October 6, 2015. [145] Trump Change. Rasmussen Reports. October 2, 2015.
Retrieved October 7, 2015.
[130] National GOP Primary Poll: Trump 19% Romney 17%
Huckabee 15% -". Rasmussen Reports. April 28, 2011. Re-
trieved October 6, 2015.
7.2 Donald Trump presidential cam-
[131] Grove, Lloyd (January 11, 2011). Donald Trump Spells
Out What Obama Is Doing Wrong And Why He Should Be paign, 2016
The Next President. Business Insider. Retrieved October 6,
2015. Donald Trump presidential campaign redirects here.
For his 2000 presidential campaign, see Donald Trump
[132] Eldridge, David (April 10, 2011). Trump rides issue of
Obamas birth certicate. The Washington Times. Re- presidential campaign, 2000.
trieved October 6, 2015.
The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald John
[133] Kucinich, Jackie (May 17, 2011). Donald Trump will sit
Trump, businessman and television personality, formally
out 2012 race. USA Today.
launched on June 16, 2015.[3] Donald Trump announced
[134] MacAskill, Ewen (May 16, 2011). Donald Trump bows his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2016
out of 2012 US presidential election race. The Guardian. election at the Trump Tower in New York City with the slo-
Retrieved October 6, 2015. gan "Make America Great Again!"[4] His campaign man-
ager is Corey Lewandowski.[5]
[135] Batheja, Aman (January 1, 2012). Report: Activists have
led paperwork in Texas for a Donald Trump third-party run Trumps populist and nativist politics[6][7] brought him
for president. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved Octo- support among Republican working-class voters, espe-
ber 6, 2015. cially voters without college educations,[8] as well as white
supremacists [9] and hate groups promoting racial bigotry
[136] Johnson, Luke (January 2, 2012). Donald Trump Talks
such as the Ku Klux Klan and Stormfront, whose endorse-
Possible Independent Run, Iowa Caucus 2012. The Hu-
ments Trump has publicly declined to repudiate, [10] and
ington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
who have attributed a notable recent surge in their popular-
[137] Trump endorses Mitt Romney for president. CBS News. ity to Trumps campaign, [11] amid heavy and frequent con-
February 2, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012. troversies in the news media.[12] His proposed policies and
his statements about the state of the country have propelled
[138] "'I'll Build a Wall and Mexico Will Pay for It': Watch High- him to be the consistent Republican front-runner in public
lights of Trumps 2016 Address. Fox News Channel. June
opinion polls.[13][14] A number of his remarks are regarded
16, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
as highly oensive by the public, other political candidates,
[139] Agiesta, Jennifer (September 10, 2015). Donald Trump the media, and Trumps business partners, many of whom
Tops 30% in CNN/ORC poll. CNN. Retrieved October 6, have terminated their business relationships with Trump
2015. over his incendiary racial remarks, as in his description of
106 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States as supporters.[41][42][43] In December 2008, Trump emerged
rapists and drug dealers. Many political analysts suggest as an early supporter of the 2009 government backed res-
that Trump deliberately makes these inammatory remarks cue plan for the U.S. auto industry which by 2012 gained
to increase media coverage of his campaign in the absence the support of 56% of Americans (63% support in Michi-
of signicant campaign contributions or supporting Polit- gan), according to a Pew Research Center poll.[44][45] In
ical Action Committees, which Trump has criticized..[15] May 2015, Trump said he was opposed to granting Pres-
[16][17]
His lack of political correctness, habit of describing ident Barack Obama fast track trade authority in a Trans-
various ethnic and demographic groups such as Muslims, Pacic Partnership.[46] Instead, Trump expressed a desire
Mexicans, and women in perjorative, sterotypical terms, for stronger negotiations with China on trade together with
and his willingness to openly insult members of the media, taris if necessary.[47][48][49] Trump has called for a policy
fellow political candidates, and religious leaders such as the of leadership to deal with the Organization of Petroleum
Pope for what he perceives to be their personal aws, in- Exporting Countries (OPEC) which he has criticized for
cluding their appearance, has been a staple theme of his causing high oil prices.[50][51]
campaign, and has proved to be popular among his sup- In 2011, polls had Trump among the leading candidates.
porters, reputedly earning him the nickname The Glori-
A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll from March 2011
ous Leader in some White Nationalist circles. [18][19][20] showed Trump in the lead for the Republican nomination
Trumps most polarizing and widely reported statements for president of the United States.[52] A February 2011
have been on issues of immigration and border security, Newsweek poll placed Trump within a few points of Pres-
with Trump proposing deportation of all illegal immigrants, ident Obama in a potential 2012 presidential contest, with
a substantial wall on the Mexican-American border, and a many voters undecided.[53] A poll released in April 2011
temporary ban on alien Muslims entering the U.S.,[21] while by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point
speaking extensively about perceived issues pertaining to il- lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination
legal immigrants travelling over the Mexican border into for President of the United States while he was still actively
the U.S.[22][23][24] considering a run.[54][55] In December 2011, Trump placed
In the 2016 Iowa caucus, Trump ranked second out of all sixth in the ten most admired men and women living of
the Republican nominees, garnering 24% of the vote, be- 2011 USA Today/Gallup telephone survey.[56] Trump has
hind Ted Cruz with 28%.[25][26] Trump later won the New been a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Ac-
Hampshire primary with slightly over 35% of the vote,[27] tion Conference (CPAC).[57] In 2013, Trump researched a
the South Carolina primary with 33%,[28] and the Nevada possible run for President of the United States in 2016.[58]
caucus with 46%.[29] In October 2013, New York Republicans suggested Trump
should run for governor of the state in 2014.[59] In February
2015, Trump did not renew his television contract for The
7.2.1 Background Apprentice, which raised speculation of his candidacy for
president of the United States in 2016.[60]
Further information: Donald Trump presidential cam-
paign, 2000
7.2.2 Announcement
Since the 1988 presidential election, Trump has been con-
sidered a potential candidate for President in nearly every
election.[30][31][32] In October 1999, Trump declared him-
self a potential candidate for the Reform Party's presiden-
tial nomination,[33] but withdrew on February 14, 2000.[34]
In 2004, Donald Trump identied as a Democrat, openly
supported Hillary Clinton, and donated a large sum of
money to Democratic groups.[35] Trump rejoined the Re-
publican Party in 2009. In early 2011, presidential spec-
ulation reached its highest point and Trump began to take
a lead in polls among Republican candidates in the 2012
election. However, Trump announced in May 2011 that he
would not be a candidate for the oce.[36][37]
At the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference
(CPAC), Trump said he is pro-life and against Donald Trump speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action
gun control.[38][39][40] He has spoken before Tea Party Conference (CPAC)
7.2. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2016 107
Trump formally announced his candidacy for the presi- immigration Trump is more accurate than not.[98] Rudy
dency in the 2016 election on June 16, 2015.[3][61][62] His Giuliani, who ran in 2008, said Trumps statement could
announcement came at a campaign rally at Trump Tower have been better stated, and that most illegal immigrants
in New York City.[61][62][63] Trump said, We are go- are good people who come to the country to work, but that
ing to make our country great again and also announced an insecure border does also let in terrorists, drug dealers,
that he would be the greatest jobs president that God rapists, murderers, all of whom I've prosecuted.[99] Vari-
ever created.[62] His 45-minute presidential campaign an- ous families of the victims of crimes committed by illegal
nouncement speech, the longest of the major party can- immigrants have come forth in support of Trump.[100] For
didates to date, included a pledge to restore the Amer- his part, Trump has defended his comments,[101] claimed
ican dream ... bigger and better and stronger than ever that Democrats and [my] enemies[86] picked a relatively
before.[63][64] Trump said he would keep Iran from ac- small portion of his announcement speech to criticize, cited
quiring nuclear weapons, and criticized John Kerry's Ira- news articles to back up his claims[102] and made illegal
nian negotiations. He also criticized Kerrys overall judg- immigration a major issue in his campaign.[103] Trump
ment, in breaking[65] his leg (at age 71) riding his bicycle; later said that he intended his comments to be aimed solely
Trump made a campaign promise never [to] be in a bicycle at the government of Mexico, specically for using the
race.[66] In the speech, Trump also pledged he would fund insecure border as a means of transferring criminals out of
Social Security, renegotiate U.S. trade agreements, oppose their own country, and says he did not intend his comments
federal Common Core education standards, and complete to refer to immigrants themselves in general.[88]
the United StatesMexico border fence and make Mexico Trumps announcement generated the highest Google
pay for it.[3][66][67] Trump said he would self fund his pres- search volume of any of the presidential candidates to
idential campaign, and would not need to use money from date.[104] According to Politico, the speech was discursive,
donors and lobbyists.[66] pugnacious... bizarre... most entertaining.[66] Trumps an-
Most attention focused on Trumps comment on illegal im- nouncement speech included the song "Rockin' in the Free
migration where he stated in part When Mexico sends its World", causing Neil Young, the author of this song, to
people, they're not sending their best... They're sending distance himself from Trump; Young supports Democratic
people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those candidate Bernie Sanders.[105] Despite a casting company
problems with [them]. They're bringing drugs. They're having sent emails (some of which have leaked) to back-
bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are ground actors explicitly asking them to cheer Trump for
good people.[68][69] money, Trumps campaign manager denied that Trump paid
any actors to cheer him at the event.[106][107][108][109][110]
The comment on illegal immigrants entering the
United States through Mexico led several businesses An early supporter of Ronald Reagan for president, Trump
trademarked the campaign slogan from the 1980 election,
and organizationsincluding NBC, Macys, Univision, and
NASCAR (along with sponsor Camping World)to cut Make America Great Again.[2]
ties with Trump in the following days.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
Reactions from other presidential candidates were mixed,
with some Republican candidates disagreeing with the 7.2.3 Campaign
tone of Trumps remarks yet supporting the core idea
that illegal immigration is an important campaign issue, See also: Nationwide opinion polling for the Republican
other Republican candidates preferring to avoid intra-party Party 2016 presidential primaries and Nationwide opinion
feuds with other Republican candidates and concentrate polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
on putting forth their own positions, and several Re- Immediately after his announcement in New York, Trump
publican candidates criticizing both Trumps remarks traveled to Iowa to campaign in the state ahead of the rst-
and his policy-stances (as did leading Democratic party in-the-nation Iowa caucus.[111] Trump has also campaigned
candidates).[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] extensively in New Hampshire, site of the rst Republi-
Beyond the candidates, journalistic response to Trumps can primary.[112][113] Trumps campaign cancelled events in
statement ranged from negative[86][89][90][91][92][93] to neu- Charleston, South Carolina, in light of the June 17 mass
tral or positive.[93][94][95][96] Fact-checking the comment, shooting.[114] Trump kicked o a western swing in early
Washington Post wrote that the allegation of a correlation July 2015, giving rallies and speeches in Las Vegas[115] and
between illegal immigration and crime was false and gave Los Angeles.[116]
the statement four pinocchios.[97] Republican politician In June, Trump said that he would like to have Oprah Win-
Steve King said he admired Trumps response to the frey as his running mate.[117]
backlash, saying that Trump delivers more facts to
On July 22, the Federal election regulators released new de-
support [his] statement and that on the subject of illegal
tails of Trumps wealth and nancial holdings that he sub-
108 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
ing a 1984 NPR report in which the term was used to mean
beaten badly.[125][126][127]
Democrats and independents to change parties so that they Trump unfairly when they meet with him if he becomes
can vote in states that allow only registered Republicans to presidenta nefarious source tells us that Trump has his
participate.[139] own secret plan to replace the Cabinet with his Twitter fol-
[161]
Trumps campaign, scheduled for a January 7, 2016, ap- lowers to see if he should even go to those meetings.
pearance in the traditionally liberal city of Burlington, Ver- Trump responded by criticizing the wise-guy press re-
mont, came under scrutiny for releasing approximately lease and said he would instead host a competing event
20,000 tickets for a 1,400-person venue. The Burlington in the state designed to raise money [162][163]
for wounded veterans,
mayor and police chief both expressed concern for a public- which he held the day of the debate.
safety risk from crowds of people, likely including many Trump has frequently criticized the media, saying the me-
protesters, to be turned away from entry.[140] dia is among the worst people I've ever met, I mean a pretty
good percentage is really a terrible group of people. They
write lies, they write false stories. They know they're false.
Media coverage It makes no dierence. And frankly I don't call it thin-
skinned, I'm angry.[164][165][166] He has constantly called
Trump is by far the most newsworthy storyline of Cam- upon his supporters to be the silent majority, apparently
[131]
paign 2016, accounting alone for more than a quarter of referencing the media. At a rally in Fort Worth, Texas
all coverage on NBC, CBS and ABCs evening news- in February 2016, Trump stated that if elected he would
casts, Andrew Tyndall said.[141][142][143][144] In response, a open up our libel laws so when they write purposely neg-
petition to Stop promoting Donald Trump accused the ative and horrible and false articles, we can sue them and
media of relentlessly chasing ratings and devoting mas- win lots of money, specically referencing the New York
[167][168]
sive airtime to Donald Trump interviews and live cover- Times and the Washington Post.
age of his speeches and quickly amassed over 200,000
signatures.[145][146] The medias coverage of Trump has
generated some disagreement as to its aect on his Border wall and illegal immigration
campaign.[147] John Sides of The Washington Post said,
Trump is surging in the polls because the news media See also: Political positions of Donald Trump Border
has consistently focused on him.[148] In a later analysis, wall between U.S. and Mexico
The Washington Post said, support for Trump appears
to increase in spite of media coverage declining.[149] A In his announcement speech, Trump promised that he
Rasmussen Reports survey showed that 47% of likely vot- would build a great, great wall on the United States
ers think most reporters are biased against Trump, 31% Mexico border, and has continued to lay emphasis on
disagree, but 22% are not sure.[150] Politico said, blam- this proposal throughout his campaign, further stating
ing the press for the Trump surge neglects the salient fact
that the construction of the wall would be paid for by
that so much of the coverage of him has been darkly Mexico.[68][169] He proposed a broader crack-down on il-
negative.[151][152][153]
legal immigration, and in a statement of July 6 claimed that
TV appearances and coverage of his tweets, rallies and con- the Mexican government is forcing their most unwanted
troversial statements allowed Trump to dominate the me- people into the United States"in many cases, criminals,
dia landscape on the cheap.[154] In an interview with CBS, drug dealers, rapists, etc.[170] In his rst town hall meet-
Trump said of his campaigns plans to purchase advertis- ing in Derry, New Hampshire on August 19, 2015, Trump
ing, I think Im probably wasting the money. But I'm $35 stated: Day 1 of my presidency, they're getting out and
million under budget. Look, I was going to have 35 or 40 getting out fast.[171] These statements elicited considerable
million spent by now. I haven't spent anything. I almost feel controversy.[170]
guilty ... I'm leading by, as you all say, a lot. You can take Jos Antonio Meade Kuribrea, Mexican Secretary of
the CBS poll. You can take any poll and I'm winning by Foreign Aairs, said that Trump is a politician who ig-
a lot. I don't think I need the ads. But I'm doing them. I nores the context in which it is participating, with re-
almost feel guilty.[155][156][157] gard to U.S. international economic relations and Trumps
Some conservative leaning media sources have covered comments.[172] Trumps Republican rival Jeb Bush stated
Trump negatively. In January 2016, National Review re- that Trump is wrong on this and to make these extraor-
leased a special issue Against Trump in opposition to dinarily kind of ugly comments is not reective of the Re-
Trumps bid for the presidency.[158][159][160] A statement is- publican Party.[173] Trump acknowledged that Republican
sued by Fox News days before the GOP Debate preceding National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus asked him
the Iowa Caucus said, We learned from a secret back chan- to tone down his rhetoric on immigration reform and stated
nel that the Ayatollah and Putin both intend to treat Donald that his conversations with the RNC were congratulatory
110 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
as well.[174] However, Jamiel and Anita Shaw, whose son Macys announced it would phase out its Trump-branded
was murdered by an illegal immigrant in 2008, came for- merchandise.[202] Serta, a mattress manufacturer, also de-
ward to defend Trump, with Anita Shaw stating on July 7, cided to drop their business relationship with Trump.[203]
2015, that, its time people listened to Trump and this NASCAR ended sponsorship with Trump by announcing
guy who is running for President, Donald Trump, hes trying it would not hold their post season awards banquet at the
to do something and they're trying to shut him down.[175] Trump National Doral Miami.[204] ESPN decided to relo-
Jamiel Shaw spoke at the podium for Trumps July 11 rally cate its ESPY Celebrity Golf Classic to the Pelican Hill
at the Phoenix convention center, in part declaring, I Trust Golf Club in Newport Beach. The charity golf tournament
Donald Trump.[176] Two days later, escaped high-prole was once scheduled to be held at a golf course owned by
druglord Joaqun Guzmn was alleged to have issued threats Trump.[205]
through a Twitter account against Trump.[177] The brother
Reuters journalists found that Trumps companies sought
of Kate Steinle who was shot in San Francisco criticized to import 1,100 workers on H-2B visas since 2000.[206]
Trump for politicizing his sisters death, telling Anderson
The Trump-owned Palm Beach, Florida resort of Mar-
Cooper Trumps platform isn't exactly what our family be- a-Lago is notable for the large number of guest workers
lieves in.[178] employed.[207]
U.S. Senator Ted Cruz saluted Trump for giving atten-
tion to illegal immigration, while Congressman Steve King
also defended Trumps remarks about illegal immigration Temporary Muslim ban proposal
and crime.[79][98][179] Conservative radio host Rush Lim-
baugh has repeatedly praised Trumps comments and his See also: Political positions of Donald Trump Muslims
continued response to the backlash, saying that Trump has
successfully changed the debate and brought the issue of In remarks made following the November 2015 Paris at-
immigration reform back to the foreground, while also not tacks, Trump stated that he would support a database track-
backing down against media scrutiny and businesses sever- ing Muslims in the United States and expanded surveil-
ing ties with him.[180][181][182] Former Arizona governor Jan lance of mosques.[208][209] Trump justied his views by stat-
Brewer said, I believe that Mr. Trump is kind of telling it ing that he recalled thousands and thousands of people
like it really, truly is.[179][183][184] Over 36,000 criminally ... cheering when the World Trade Center towers fell on
convicted illegal immigrants were released by U.S. Immi- September 11, 2001.[208] On December 7, 2015, Trump
gration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in 2013.[185][186] further called for a total and complete shutdown on Mus-
On July 10, 2015, Limbaugh cited a report which he lims entering the United States until our countrys represen-
claimed supports Trumps remarks about illegal immigra- tatives can gure out what the hell is going on.[210]
tion and crime.[187]
Following these remarks, on December 8, 2015, the
Univision announced it would no longer carry broadcasts of Pentagon issued a rare statement of concern, stating any-
the Miss USA Pageant.[188] In response, Trump indicated thing that bolsters ISILs narrative and pits the United States
the matter would be handled by legal action, and followed against the Muslim faith is certainly not only contrary to
through by ling a US$500 million lawsuit against Univi- our values but contrary to our national security.[211] The
sion. The complaint asserts that Univision is attempting to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron,
suppress Trumps First Amendment rights by putting pres- and the Prime Minister of France, Manuel Valls, both is-
sure on his business ventures.[189] NBC announced it would sued statements in response to Trumps press release con-
not air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageant.[190][191] Af- demning him.[212][213] However, Geert Wilders, leader of
terwards, the multinational media company Grupo Televisa the right-wing Party for Freedom in the Netherlands ap-
severed ties with Trump,[192] as did Ora TV,[193] a televi- plauded his remarks calling them brave and good for
sion network partly owned by Mexican billionaire Carlos Europe.[214] Among the European right wing, Nigel Farage
Slim.[194] Trump gave the rights to broadcast the Miss Uni- of the UK Independence Party called it perhaps a political
verse and Miss USA Pageants to the Reelz Channel.[195] mistake too far,[215] and Marine Le Pen of the conservative
[216]
Paulina Vega, the current Miss Universe and former Miss French National Front separated herself from the idea.
Colombia, said that, although she repudiates the immi- Benjamin Netanyahu, [217]
the Israeli Prime Minister, rejected
gration remarks of Trump, [196]
who in turn called her a Trumps proposal.
hypocrite,[197] she cannot give up the crown because her Trump was widely criticized by leading GOP gures,
contract forbids it, and she could be sued.[198] including Reince Priebus[218][219] and Republican lead-
[220]
Mexico,[199] Panama,[200] and Costa Rica[201] will not send ers in South Carolina and Iowa. A number of com-
representatives to the Miss Universe competition. mentators and news outlets subsequently likened Trump
to a fascist[221][222][223][224] or Adolf Hitler.[225][226][227]
7.2. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2016 111
Other commentators and news outlets refuted the labels as McCain for having totally failed on veterans issues and
obscene,[228] with Gianni Riotta, saying, I am dead sure: on securing the border.[250] Trump declared his support for
Trump is not a fascist. Using the label not only belittles veterans and pledged to build the nest and most modern
past tragedies and obscures future dangers, but also indicts veterans hospitals in the world.[250][251]
his supporters, who have real grievances that mainstream Asked whether Trump should apologize to him for the
politicians ignore at their peril.[229][230][231] remarks, McCain said on MSNBC: I dont think so. I
During the controversy regarding his comments, Trump al- think he may owe an apology to the families of those who
leged that We have places in London and other places that have sacriced in conict and those who have undergone
are so radicalized that the police are afraid for their own the prison experience in serving their country.[252][253]
lives. The Metropolitan Police, responsible for policing Trump later stated that he did not owe the Senator
in London, responded by stating we think its important an apology.[254][255][256] Investigative journalist Sharyl At-
to state to Londoners that Mr Trump could not be more tkisson detailed how the Washington Post had taken
wrong. Conservative Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, Trumps remarks on McCain out of context; she stated in
demanded an apology and described Trumps comments part, In fact, Trumps actual quote is the opposite of what
as ill-informed and complete and utter nonsense.[232] is presented in the Posts rst sentence.[257] Politifact rated
Several Metropolitan police ocers backed Trumps claim; Trumps claim that the quote was taken out of context as
Trumps not wrong; we can't wear uniform in our own mostly false.[258] Trumps comments generated disagree-
cars.[233] ment among the other Republican presidential candidates,
Following Trumps controversial comments on Muslim im- including Jeb Bush, Scott Walker, Rick Santorum, Rand
migration, a petition with the title Block Donald J Trump Paul, Bobby Jindal, Mike Huckabee, and Chris Christie.
from UK entry[234] was opened in the UK, on the Parlia- Two candidates, George Pataki and Rick Perry, openly
ments e-petition website, calling on the UK governments called on Trump to withdraw from the race over his com-
Home Oce to ban him from entering the country. By ments. Conversely, two other candidates came to Trumps
5:00 am on December 11, the total number of signatures defense: Ben Carson and Ted Cruz, with Carson comment-
exceeded 500,000,[235] far above the threshold of 100,000 ing that all diering opinions should be heard, and with
required for a Parliamentary debate.[236] On January 18, Cruz opining that the party should stop its inghting alto-
the UKs House of Commons debated whether to ban gether in order to unite.[259][260] Before the rst voting in
Trump,[237] but ended without a vote, as UK members of Iowa, all the candidates who criticized Trump had either
parliament did not have the power to enact such a ban.[238] withdrawn or were in single-digit popularity polling.[261]
The three-hour long debate saw members on all sides of
parliament describe Trump as a buoon, crazy, of-
Lindsey Graham
fensive, and a wazzock.[239]
Trump caused further outrage when he recounted a story On July 21, Trump publicly gave out Senator Lindsey Gra-
about how U.S. general John J. Pershing shot Muslim ter- ham's phone number during a speech in South Carolina as
rorists with pigs blood-dipped bullets in order to deter a response to Graham calling him a jackass.[262][263] Gra-
them during the Moro Rebellion. His comments were ham released a statement on Twitter that he would prob-
strongly denounced by the Council on American-Islamic ably [be] getting a new phone[262] and later released a
Relations.[240][241][242][243] video in which he destroyed his phone.[264] Gawker subse-
quently released a phone number belonging to Trump,[265]
and he responded by setting the phone number to play a
John McCain
campaign message. Trumps response was described as
brilliant and Time Magazine said, You can't out-troll the
Arizona Senator John McCain was not supportive of
Donald.[266][267]
Trumps position on illegal immigration, and in an inter-
view with The New Yorker said, what he did was he red
up the crazies.[244][245] Trump later asked McCain for an Jeb Bush
apology.[246] McCain did not apologize, saying crazies
was a term of endearment, and a term of aection.[247] The Jeb Bush-Trump dynamic was one of the most ery
Trump received criticism for saying of McCain: Hes not relationships among the Republican contenders.[268][269]
a war hero and He was a war hero because he was cap- Bushs campaign spent millions of dollars on anti-Trump
tured. I like people who werent captured.[248][249] Trump ads,[270][271][272] while in response Trump mocked
acknowledged, If somebodys a prisoner, I consider them Jeb Bush with the lasting epithet that he was low
a war hero"; however, he criticized politicians like John energy.[273][274][275] During an exchange with Jeb
112 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
Bush in the ninth GOP Debate in South Carolina, Veterans for a Strong America event
the audience (most favoring Bush) repeatedly boo'd
Trump.[276][277][278][279] Trump scoed that the au- For more details on this topic, see Veterans for a Strong
dience was made up of Jebs special interests and America.
lobbyists".[276][280][281] When asked whether he remained
in favor of impeachment for George W. Bush for starting
The Veterans for a Strong America (VSA) organized an
the Iraq War, Trump said, They [the George W. Bush
event for Trump on September 15, 2015.[296] According to
administration] lied. They said there were weapons of mass
the Associated Press, the IRS revoked the nonprot status
destruction. There were none. And they knew there were
of the organization, and its endorsement of Trump raised
none. There were no weapons of mass destruction.[282][283]
campaign nance questions as corporations are restricted
Yet, according to the Washington Post, the most telling as- to donating up to US$2,700 to a campaign, but the event
pect of the Bush-Trump duel may have been the fact that, exceeded that amount.[296] Other concerns raised include
No candidate in the race was prepared for GOP voters reports that the VSA does not appear to have any mem-
opposition to immigration, with the exception of Trump, bers or relation with veterans.[297] According to CNN, the
and the anti-immigration sentiment that Trump tapped into group sounds like a charity, touted having more than a
throughout the campaign, and, tellingly, with the Act of half-million supporters, is a political action group whose
Love (advertisement).[284] tax-exempt status was revoked but is appealing the deci-
sion, and CNN had found scant evidence the group has
the number of supporters claimed.[298] Regarding female
veteran support, Trump has addressed the issue that VA
hospitals do not permanently sta ObGyn doctors; showing
an utter lack of respect for female veterans. Trump contin-
Fox News and Megyn Kelly
ued on to express that Under the Trump plan, every VA
hospital in the country will be fully equipped with ObGyn
Trump was one of ten candidates in the main Fox News and other womens health services.[299]
debate on August 6, 2015. At the beginning of the de-
bate, Bret Baier asked the candidates in case they do not
win the Republican nomination if they would pledge not Campaign support from family members
to run as an independent candidate and would support the
eventual nominee. Trump was the only candidate who re- Although Trump has called his wife Melania my pollster,
fused to pledge at that time. Baier questioned Trump about and has said she strongly supports his presidential run, he
Obamacare,[285] Chris Wallace asked him about Mexican held back early in the campaign from asking her to actively
illegal immigrants,[286] and Megyn Kelly asked about how campaign for him, although she will, he told CNN in
he would respond to a Clinton campaign saying that he September 2015.[300] She did appear both at her husbands
was waging a "war on women".[287] Trump replied, I June 2015 campaign announcement, and in the audience at
think the big problem this country has is being politically the Fox News debate in Cleveland;[300] and in November
correct.[288] 2015 did several televised interviews, and spoke briey at a
Trump campaign rally in South Carolina, also attended by
In a later interview with Don Lemon on CNN Tonight, a number of Trumps other family members.[301]
Trump said that Kelly is a lightweight and had blood
coming out of her eyes, blood coming out of her... If Trump were to become President, his wife Melania
wherever.[289][290] Trump tweeted that his remark referred (Slovenian-born, and a naturalized U.S. citizen) would be-
to Kellys nose but was interpreted by critics as a refer- come only the second U.S. First Lady in history to be born
ence to menstruation. RedState.com editor Erick Erickson outside the United States (after Louisa Adams, wife of John
[302]
cancelled Trumps invitation to a RedState meeting, saying Quincy Adams).
there are just real lines of decency a person running for
President should not cross.[291] The Trump campaign is- False ag conspiracy theory
sued a statement calling Erickson a total loser and saying
that anyone who thought Trumps comment was a reference A conspiracy theory appearing in the Washington Post,
to menstruation was a deviant.[292] Salon, Esquire, Gawker, Talking Points Memo and several
Trump retained the rst place after the debate, with an other political news outlets, and which has been endorsed
NBC News poll showing him at 23% support[293] and a by several of Trumps opponents, posits that Trump is run-
Reuters/Ipsos poll at 24%,[294] followed by Ted Cruz at ning a "false ag operation for presumptive Democratic
13% and Ben Carson at 11%.[295] nominee Hillary Clinton.[303][304] According to this theory,
7.2. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2016 113
Trump intends to help her secure the presidency by obtain- See also: Ted Cruz tax plan
ing the Republican nomination, or running as a third party See also: Marco Rubio tax plan
candidate,[305] which Trump was initially reluctant to rule
out, but eventually did.[306][307][308][309]
7.2.5 Republican front-runner
Tax returns
ber 2015 found that many of his supporters are working bounded to a signicant victory in the New Hampshire pri-
class voters with negative feelings towards migrants, as mary, exceeding poll predictions.[340] Trump commented
well as strong nancial concerns.[329][330] Numerous polls that in the run-up to the primary, his campaign had learned
show Trump polling signicantly favorably among minor- a lot about ground games in a week.[341] This was followed
ity and woman voters compared to past and present Re- by another wide victory in South Carolina, furthering his
publican presidential candidates, citing a September 2015 lead among the Republican candidates.[342][343] He won the
SurveyUSA poll. This poll also reports that Trump garners Nevada caucus on February 24 with a landslide 45.9% of
some support from voters outside of his party.[327][331] the vote, his biggest victory yet; Marco Rubio placed sec-
ond with 23.9%.[344][345]
Trumps status as the consistent front-runner for the Re-
publican nomination led to him being featured on the cover
of Time magazine in August 2015, with the caption: Deal
with it.[332] Although some establishment Republicans ex- 7.2.6 Campaign nances
pressed concern by late 2015 about Trumps perceived neg-
ative eect, were he to become the Republican nominee, Trump rejected all super PACs that claimed to support
on other Republican candidates running for Congressional him. He has said: I am self-funding my campaign and
or Gubernatorial positions in 2016, few leading donors therefore I will not be controlled by the donors, special in-
seemed willing to sponsor a negative campaign against terests and lobbyists who have corrupted our politics and
him.[328] A 'Stop Trump' eort wouldn't work, and it might politicians for far too long. I have disavowed all super
help him, said Republican Senator Lamar Alexander.[328] PACs, requested the return of all donations made to said
While the National Republican Senatorial Committee cir- PACs, and I am calling on all presidential candidates to do
culated a condential memo in September 2015 that did not the same.[16][17][346] Politifact reports that Trumps claims
dismiss the possibility of Trump winning the GOP nomina- that he is self-funding his campaign are half-true. By
tion, it called him a misguided missile with wacky ideas the end of 2015, Trumps campaign had raised $19.4 mil-
about women, and noted that he is subject to farcical ts. lion, with almost $13 million (about 66%) coming from
The memo urged candidates to carve out platforms broadly Trump himself and the remainder (34%) coming from oth-
consonant with Trumps anti-Washington messaging, and to ers contributions.[347]
stake out turf in the same issue zone and oer your own
The announcement came a day after a main super PAC
ideas, while not getting drawn into every Trump state-
backing Trump closed amid scrutiny about its relation-
ment and every Trump dust-up.[333] Candidates were ad-
ship to the campaign itself.[348][349] Trump said he never
vised in particular not to re-engage the 'war on women'
gave his endorsement to that super PAC (Make Amer-
ght and were told they shouldn't go near this ground
ica Great) or any of the other eight super PACs support-
other than to say that your wife or daughter is oended by
ing his run.[350][351] Trump told campaign crowds I dont
what Trump said.[333]
want anybodys money, and criticized other candidates for
form[ing] all these PACs. People pour money into the
PACs. I dont want 'em, dont support 'em.[349]
Early caucuses and primaries
7.2.9 See also coming... if they want to come and share our ag, our
interests, our language, assimilate into our culture be-
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016 cause they believe in what we stand for.[83]
Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 [3] Jeb Bush, whose wife is from Mexico, said that we
should control our borders... [but] these extraordi-
Republican Party presidential debates, 2016 narily ugly kind of comments [are] not reective of
the Republican Party,[84] and that such comments are
meant to iname and incite.[85]
7.2.10 Notes Marco Rubio, the other Republican candidate whose
parents are from Cuba, said that Trumps comments
[1] Ben Carson, the only African-American candidate were not just oensive and inaccurate, but also
from either major party in the 2016 race, said that divisive.[79]
Trumps wording was perhaps a little inammatory
Lindsey Graham said Trump was a wrecking ball for
but that this was more a consequence of Trumps in-
the future of the Republican Party with the Hispanic
cendiary style, and that Trumps core message about
community[86]
the problems with illegal immigration was correct.[77]
Carson also said that the uproar over Trumps com- [4] Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders said Trumps
ments was driven by political correctness, under which remarks were throwing slurs... totally unacceptable...
crimes committed by illegal immigrants was a taboo an outrage.[87]
topic.[78]
Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton said Basta!
Rick Santorum said he disagreed with Trumps spe- Enough!... appalling... people and business[es] ev-
cic comments, but that the economic impact of im- erywhere rejected his hateful comments... shameful
migration (both legal as well as illegal) was an impor- and that if elected in 2016, said she would create a path
tant issue.[72] to citizenship, preserve Barack Obama's executive or-
ders related to immigration, and do everything pos-
[2] Ted Cruz, a Republican candidate whose father was
sible under the law to go even further [on immigration
from Cuba, said the need to address illegal immigra-
than Obama]" despite the likelihood of a Republican-
tion should no longer be ignored, and although Trump
controlled Senate and House.[88]
had a bold... brash... colorful way of speaking, Cruz
did not intend to attack Trump over his specic phras- [5] Recent historical examples:
ing, furthermore suggesting that the Washington me- Johnson'12/Roemer'12/Goode'12, Barr'08/Keyes08,
dia was interested in encouraging such Republican Buchanan'00/Smith'00, Perot'92, Paul'88, and Anderson'80,
in-ghting.[79] see also Chafee'16.
Scott Walker has said he does not wish to lock
horns[80] with other Republican candidates; when
asked about Trumps remarks specically, Walker 7.2.11 References
said other candidates would have to speak for them-
selves, and that although Trump may have some ap- [1] Candidate (P80001571) Summary Reports 2016 Cycle.
peal to votes for speaking out boldly, Walker respect- Federal Election Commission. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
fully disagreed with Trumps stances, and said he sup-
ports securing the border and enforcing existing laws [2] Martosko, David (May 12, 2015). Exclusive: Trump trade-
(but that he no longer supports amnesty and that a path marked slogan 'Make America Great Again' just Days after
to citizenship should have a high bar).[81] the 2012 election and says Ted Cruz has agreed not to use
it again after Scott Walker booms it Twice in speech. Daily
Rand Paul also said he tries to stick to laying out his Mail.
own immigration plan, rather than commenting on
other candidates, but that most people come to this [3] Full text: Donald Trump announces a presidential bid. The
country in the search of the American dream... doesn't Washington Post, June 16, 2015.
mean you can have a lawless border though... we do
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8.2.1 Contents
9.1 Text
Donald Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump?oldid=707847489 Contributors: Eloquence, Devotchka, Kowloonese,
Danny, William Avery, AntonioMartin, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Edward, HollyAm, Michael Hardy, Modster, Liftarn, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Zani-
mum, Dori, Mprudhom, Tregoweth, Radicalsubversiv, Ronabop, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Engelsepiet, Bueller 007, Darkwind, Bogdangiusca,
Vzbs34, Agtx, Redjar, Adam Bishop, Rainer Wasserfuhr~enwiki, Andrevan, CTSWyneken, Dysprosia, Jay, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Timwhit,
Tpbradbury, Tschild, Furrykef, Itai, Nv8200pa, Thue, Nricardo, Raul654, Jason M, Johnleemk, Palere, RadicalBender, Calieber, Huangdi, Jni,
Dimadick, Bearcat, RedWolf, Moncrief, ZimZalaBim, Stephan Schulz, Romanm, Postdlf, Llavigne, Polonius, Merovingian, Der Eberswalder,
Flauto Dolce, Meelar, Rasmus Faber, Andrew Levine, Matty j, Hadal, UtherSRG, Saforrest, Mushroom, Seth Ilys, Xanzzibar, AmericanCen-
tury21, Pengo, GreatWhiteNortherner, JamesMLane, Smjg, Knobunc, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Nmg20, Philwelch, Haeleth, Nunh-
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Quinn, Mboverload, Pascal666, Christofurio, Fourlittlediamonds, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Lawrennd, Manuel Anastcio, Utcursch,
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133
134 CHAPTER 9. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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9.1. TEXT 135
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136 CHAPTER 9. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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pearse, Highplainswiki, Fm2004, Cozy00, Mypotatolife, MBUSHIstory, Humanweb, CometEncke, Connor Machiavelli, TheAWOLTurtle,
Jkerrigan8, Khantymansisk, Codyydodyy, Caviar Cohort, TheFancyFedoraWielder, ICat Master, Marquis de Faux, Freys Fray, Theeco2015
and Anonymous: 1672
Ivana Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Trump?oldid=707772914 Contributors: Deb, Modster, Kingturtle, Andrevan, Joy,
Owen, Moncrief, Romanm, Rossrs, Philwelch, Rj, Mboverload, D6, CALR, Haruo, Discospinster, Pavel Vozenilek, Kwamikagami, Sole Soul,
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Gmosaki, Vlad, Patrickongew, Ross Feldman, [email protected], Fram, Cotoco, West Virginian, CommanderBond, SmackBot, Cronium,
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haven86, Monkelese, Anbu121, BattyBot, Radinska D, Cyberbot II, The Elixir Of Life, Mediran, Livin'InAGhostTown, TheEnterpreneur, Fire-
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Dogg, KasparBot, MB298, CAPTAIN RAJU, Roomcool, Qzd, Jkerrigan8, Ushtriapopullore, Adonisscholar and Anonymous: 243
nenplatz, Joyous!, D6, Discospinster, MattTM, RussBlau, Hooperbloob, Philip Cross, Andrewpmk, Cdc, TVSRR, Wtmitchell, Dhartung, Pin-
ball22, Ekem, Male1979, Mandarax, BD2412, Tabercil, Koavf, Sdornan, Gurch, Sophitus, Osomec, RussBot, Cancan101, Chick Bowen, Jgrant-
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East718, PrincessCaitlai, Waacstats, BrianGV, Spellmaster, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Acalamari, SJP, Ontarioboy, Juliancolton,
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ger, RJaguar3, Goustien, JerryR05, Ugonow68, Dr. Ulalume, LAX, All Hallows Wraith, Aurora2698, BOTarate, Canihaveacookie, Aurora1218,
Gwandoya, Bernardoni, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Jmnaca03, Wulf Isebrand, SanLuisO, Buggylam, Hampon100, King Cobb, Jim10701, Ap-
pletiger, Sammyschust, Lightbot, Sky83, Tarheelz123, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, B. Fairbairn, Cristil111, Ohmahdayum, Capri-
corn42, Sandi saraya, Shadowjams, Michu1945, Jun Nijo, I dream of horses, Tinton5, Mean as custard, John of Reading, ZroBot, Donner60,
Spicemix, ClueBot NG, BG19bot, AvocatoBot, CBRVA, Trump721Tower, Janelitamirta, YFdyh-bot, Ebong abd, ArnieNY, SPECIFICO, Cj-
tz724, Marla A Maples, Decwell, Te9, TropicAces, James Dunne 10, Kethrus, Vesuvius Dogg, KasparBot, MB298, Sherbertlady, Jkerrigan8,
Caviar Cohort, Kayla12376, Adonisscholar and Anonymous: 127
Melania Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump?oldid=707824941 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zocky, IZAK, JeTL,
Sander123, Moncrief, Romanm, Lowellian, Postdlf, David Gerard, Cherkoori, Jareha, Neutrality, Klemen Kocjancic, Arminius, Thorwald,
D6, Discospinster, Brianhe, Pavel Vozenilek, Smalljim, Brim, Sasquatch, Haham hanuka, Luckyluke, Alansohn, Wtmitchell, Jost Riedel,
Bsadowski1, Gene Nygaard, Angr, Cryptico, Bluemoose, Sin-man, Ashmoo, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Crazynas, Gene Wood, Valentinian,
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boy, [email protected], GraemeL, Lil Flip246, Fram, Garion96, NeilN, Nymosis, NickelShoe, West Virginian, Mix321, Pouchkidium,
SmackBot, Anagnorisis, Delldot, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Qtoktok, Kyem2010, Colonies Chris, WorldWide Update, OrphanBot,
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toon Boy, 512jellybeans, Jmouse, Somnath4uall, Autumninjersey, HOT L Baltimore, MarshalN20, R'n'B, J.delanoy, Foober, WFinch, Creepy
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Brettfern, Scotts33, LeapFrog Ship, Dcola, Ellbeecee, Iveschavira, WTucker, Georgecruz, Flyer22 Reborn, Monegasque, Oxymoron83, As-
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BrEdWhite, BenHyams, Mathonius, Sophus Bie, Kacir, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, Sessee, Tobby72, Lelepat, Rudolph Davis, AndrejDo, Highyack07,
Killercrossover, Blondieqween, LittleWink, Tinton5, NaughtyMan, FFM784, MrX, Foreverpus, Utbindas, Tbhotch, Sunshineisles2, Rjwilm-
siBot, Kovala, RFernandez97, Segenay, RA0808, 89funtime, Dcirovic, Annabarbara, ZroBot, Correctus2kX, Deutschgirl, Ihardlythinkso,
Tangledorange, ClueBot NG, NapoleonX, Shylocksboy, Widr, Danim, Mikeifc123, Calidum, BG19bot, Suitiable, Pristinegoal, Safehaven86,
Sweet Kill, Pimp854, Ducknish, ParrotPrince, Libby995, Malerooster, Epicgenius, Marxistfounder, ToriJana, NYBrook098, Comp.arch, Magi-
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gle22, Canadianlasagna, Americanravioli, Caviar Cohort, Mrbigwilly12345, Freys Fray, Adonisscholar, Shawnthomasmcn15, Creeperthesnake,
Biscuit2007 and Anonymous: 272
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Thorwald, D6, Jojit fb, Nsaa, Disneyfreak96, Astragal, Mduvekot, Denniss, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Trlovejoy, Old Moonraker, Kystilla, Raider Duck,
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debot, Bkessler23, Tkynerd, Alaibot, TonyTheTiger, Jazznutuva, Obiwankenobi, Geniussansom, Matthew Fennell, LittleOldMe, S0uj1r0, Bong-
warrior, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Waacstats, Philg88, MartinBot, Johnpacklambert, DrKay, Adavidb, WFinch, Creepy Crawler, Jonathan1984,
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Reborn, Arknascar44, Aspects, Lightmouse, MoFosRule, Werldwayd, TubularWorld, Superush, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, All Hallows
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cookie, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Clbast, Transpoman, Wulf Isebrand, ContiAWB, CanadianLinuxUser, Tiger1000, Tide
rolls, Alan16, Teles, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bbb23, Wiki Roxor, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Dwayne, Materialscientist, GB fan, MASWJ, Tyrol5,
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Pristinegoal, Safehaven86, Monkelese, Now We Try It My Way, BattyBot, Nimsu1987, Xoxo18, FoCuSandLeArN, Guiletheme, Rkso-
mayaji, Frosty, Sriharsh1234, Malerooster, 069952497a, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Epicgenius, JohnTsnnrt, The Sackinator, Junior Michaud,
Rollinsondrs, Backendgaming, SNUGGUMS, Te9, Miss.Indecisive, Hope65, Torrian2014, Te99, Himanshimunjal, Jodiaz104, Human3015,
Vesuvius Dogg, MB298, Renamed user jC6jAXNBCg, Machucanator1000, Munnu10, Swankypants020, OpusDayNotDei, More pork chops
please, Munnu20, Ljtrie, 77554Web, Rockstarnoah2002, Qzd, Theburningringore, Americanravioli, Bigpikachu1, Wow897909, Jkerri-
gan8, Lupillo1212, Bear2Man, Anisabegum678, IndigoTiger, Germanese, Brandy&hrvimse, Thelizardlovr, Adonisscholar, Basketball1203 and
Anonymous: 177
Ivanka Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump?oldid=706947280 Contributors: Stevertigo, Edward, IZAK, Tregoweth,
Ahoerstemeier, Samw, Ec5618, Bearcat, ZimZalaBim, Postdlf, Lysy, Centrx, DocWatson42, Everyking, Jason Quinn, Quadell, OverlordQ,
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Mandarax, BD2412, Tabercil, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Nightscream, MZMcBride, The wub, MarnetteD, Williamborg, Yamamoto Ichiro, Kys-
tilla, Wattly, Amchow78, FeldBum, Albanaco, Todd Vierling, Bhoeble, SpuriousQ, Cancan101, C777, Gaius Cornelius, Mark Kim, NawlinWiki,
Irk, Jgrantdu, Kristeneaugusta, Francis Ocoma, ILDuceMas, Asarelah, DRosenbach, Caerwine, Patrickongew, Sandstein, Calaschysm, Zzuuzz,
138 CHAPTER 9. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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parBot, MB298, MusikBot, JJMC89, Aashay114, SSTyer, Peppy Paneer, Kathelyn1981, OpusDayNotDei, Itrump69, Iamkindle51, Tisaloser,
Tarawa es Puta and Anonymous: 450
Eric Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump?oldid=707833943 Contributors: Phil Boswell, Bearcat, Jemiller226, Rjwilmsi,
Koavf, Pleiotrop3, Vegaswikian, The wub, Ecelan, Raider Duck, ImGz, EEMIV, Lawyer2b, SmackBot, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Hmains,
Bazonka, Le fantome de l'opera, Emann15, Ohconfucius, Guat6, A. Parrot, Levineps, Van helsing, BeenAroundAWhile, HalJor, Cydebot, Ten-
dancer, Doug Weller, Ishdarian, Marek69, Obiwankenobi, Avaya1, Albany NY, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Tom342342,
Lclaureate, Dmcnutt, KylieTastic, Luisas, Strongtness, Philip Trueman, Malinaccier, MushroomQueen, Lightmouse, CallMeHenry, Stakelover,
ClueBot, All Hallows Wraith, FDAINFO, Arjayay, SoxBot III, DION 123 YOU NO, Vjmlhds, Fastily, MystBot, Kbdankbot, Emeritahears, Ad-
dbot, Clbast, Wulf Isebrand, Ehrenkater, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Speedyear123, Liftman, Materialscientist, E2eamon, Rudolph Davis,
Masterknighted, Elevatorman138, Gourami Watcher, Tinton5, Fat&Happy, Fvassy, Mmartinnyc, Inilrn, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Secret-
Name101, Boycool42, Tolly4bolly, Timcanxitnow, TYelliot, ClueBot NG, Marinna, Trumpgirl, RakiSykes, Bigsean0300, Liam Braithwaite,
Pristinegoal, Monkelese, Jakebarrington, BattyBot, The Elixir Of Life, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Volcontim, EddieMoore26, Mogism, Verba-
timusia, Equilibrium Allure, JTtheOG, Harlem Baker Hughes, Backendgaming, Antideregister, Te9, ClassicOnAStick, Adam9007, Dolly Cao,
Cookieo131, OpusDayNotDei, Jkerrigan8, Adonisscholar, Marianna251, Tomakin walsh and Anonymous: 117
Fred Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump?oldid=707828267 Contributors: Tpbradbury, Everyking, Wfaulk, Xezbeth,
Bender235, Wolfman, Noren, WikiLeon, Alansohn, Embryomystic, KevinOKeee, Male1979, DaveTheRed, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Lockley,
Design, Osomec, RussBot, NawlinWiki, Nowa, Jaxl, Nikkimaria, Arthur Rubin, [email protected], Garion96, West Virginian, SmackBot,
Brian1979, C.Fred, Yamaguchi , Bluebot, Flibbert, Stevenmitchell, DMacks, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sliderule, Guat6, Syrcatbot, Stearns-
brian, Levineps, Eastlaw, Cgy01, Ibadibam, Brandubh Blathmac, Cydebot, Crossmr, Gogo Dodo, DumbBOT, Alaibot, TonyTheTiger, Farn-
hamJ, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Canoone, Waacstats, Tgeairn, Sundar1, Donmike10, Erzan, Wikimandia, Rmromero, Hammersoft, Strongt-
ness, Oshwah, Dpodoll68, Maxim, Runerr, Logan, Brandon97, Brettfern, Rystheguy, Flyer22 Reborn, Aspects, G.-M. Cupertino, A21sauce,
ClueBot, All Hallows Wraith, Carnetremula, Tombell12, Trivialist, 842U, Botsjeh, BGAndersson, Cyve, Canihaveacookie, XLinkBot, Wik-
iuser100, Ost316, Bernardoni, Addbot, Wulf Isebrand, Cetaphil, PhilOSophocle, RichardBond, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313,
Materialscientist, Jbruin152, Purplebackpack89, Coretheapple, GPI-MediaWiki Union, Life 4ft3r Death, NoldorinElf, Metronews, Fat&Happy,
Serols, WikiDropper, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Wiking, Xatian11968, Dcirovic, SporkBot, Donner60, HandsomeFella, Factothy, ClueBot NG,
NapoleonX, Gareth Grith-Jones, Joefromrandb, BG19bot, Neptunes Trident, Graham11, Bigsean0300, Timur9008, Pristinegoal, VanEman,
Esszet, Finnegas, FoCuSandLeArN, Bigsean300, VIAFbot, Limit-theorem, RotlinkBot, Bigsean12001, Hillbillyholiday, Epicgenius, Distelnck,
Harlem Baker Hughes, Annacannafrannistan, Mike Latorus, Backendgaming, Boone jenner, SNUGGUMS, Kebabpizza, Thesixthsta, Zacwill,
HMSLavender, ClassicOnAStick, Crystallizedcarbon, Knowledgebattle, Sencerselcuk, Anonymous200169, JulianGomez900, Vesuvius Dogg,
Goingagin, KasparBot, 3 of Diamonds, MB298, Musa Raza, Tropicalkitty, CAPTAIN RAJU, Jhhayes1, CyberWarfare, Kurousagi, Chevvin,
Plankton89, Ravespine23423, Indian IT secret police conspiracy, Wackymush45435, HalloweenNight, Jsherm12261990, Stupidliberals, Qzd,
Rvddzx, SocialJusticeWarriors, NeemNarduni2, Jkerrigan8, Black Squirtle and Anonymous: 185
The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_(U.S._TV_series)?oldid=707701278 Contributors:
Edward, Zanimum, Frin, Moriori, DaveJB, JimWae, Now3d, Rich Farmbrough, SidP, Paul1337, Forteblast, Dismas, Woohookitty, Madchester,
ClaudioFaria, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, MZMcBride, The wub, A Man In Black, Blmurch, CR85747, Appren-
ticeFan, Chobot, Metropolitan90, Mhking, Zimbabweed, UkPaolo, TexasAndroid, RussBot, Mark Kim, Korny O'Near, Tony1, Caballero1967,
Itub, SmackBot, Georgeryp, Vikramsidhu, Oscarthecat, Chris the speller, Sirex98, Vinay427, [email protected], AussieLegend, OrphanBot,
Matthew, Azumanga1, Cybercobra, Primogen, Ohconfucius, Guat6, Ckatz, Fuzzy510, TheHYPO, Masem, Levineps, The Giant Pun, Sean-
9.1. TEXT 139
paune, Godgundam10, Joncnunn, ShelfSkewed, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, Siberian Husky, Sorryaboutleroy, Bmitchelf, Dalejenkins, TonyTheTiger,
ABCxyz, Hoponpop69, Richiew13, Jamie jca, East718, TAnthony, T. Moitie, T@nn, ChristopherF, KConWiki, JohnnyChicago, Seaserpent85,
Makro, Cube b3, R'n'B, Ictl, Dewelar, Aureez, MoiraMoira, 97198, Snake bgd, Danigro89, Jwh335, Shortride, Mrh30, Bovineboy2008, Dr-
margi, Station1, Bbqsauce13, Maxim, Mikipe2, Cooly123, Staka, Feudonym, Joseph A. Spadaro, Italianlover07, SieBot, UWMSports, Jon0513,
MOOOOOPS, D'Ranged 1, Flyer22 Reborn, Aspects, Fnlanzr, Prevalis, Pinkadelica, RealityTelevisionFan, Nemo24, Ruby booby 04, Rate-
month, Mild Bill Hiccup, Sasuke9031, Shirarae, Trivialist, Auntof6, Kaktibhar, PixelBot, Sun Creator, Arjayay, CowboySpartan, Leroyinc,
Anywikiuser, Tdslk, DumZiBoT, Tam001, My December (old), WikHead, DanielHemp, Hellevision123, Likelife, Addbot, Gato08, Blethering
Scot, Mikey-is-lost, TBird100636, Jon2guevarra, CarsracBot, Mickyw1, Glane23, Tassedethe, TNT79, NewYorkStyledCheesecakes, Pointer1,
Yobot, Amirobot, Bathysphere, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, KiasuKiasiMan, GB fan, Laubbaum, Sb1990, Digifan23, Trap The Drum Won-
der, Pizzamaniac09, Armbrust, AVBOT, Beyoncetan, Pedro thy master, IDALGHAMTFPD, FrescoBot, DinajGao, Rycroftdovalani, Ben76266,
Kevinman2, Heddois, Garsty, Lamp301, Samuel Salzman, FoxBot, Trappist the monk, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, MegastarLV, Rollins83, Emaus-
Bot, John of Reading, Louise-Anne BA, TVFAN24, TheAD1000, William Edmonds, BunnyHareRabbit, Daonguyen95, Vgmddg, Unreal7,
SporkBot, Tolly4bolly, , Hurley2000, Epark360, Tangledorange, 0wendy33, ClueBot NG, Ok2010, NapoleonX, Loginnigol, Spartan7W, Kev-
dude24, Ali ringo, Helpful Pixie Bot, Festermunk, Abmnik, MisterXswagX, RAWeyman, Freebiekr, MusikAnimal, JackJackUK, ComicBook-
sRocks, Blonquist, Sulfurboy, Cyberbot II, Raymond1922A, Mogism, Z105space, Sport and politics, Brianis19, CCamp2013, Corn cheese, San-
valentine23, AmericanDad86, Zdawg1029, FedeMonty, Sunny Nights, Backendgaming, A Certain Lack of Grandeur, Ilovetopaint, Monners345,
Timschaefer86, Truewhit, Appetizer8088, IPadPerson, Bearsfan654, Landingdude13, Prof. Mc, Diskutator, Godwin1996, ClassicOnAStick,
Bigs7, Nmatoian2015, Great Lakes Editor, MB298, Rossgritz, Qzd, Golluman, Packathin55, Marianna251 and Anonymous: 262
The Celebrity Apprentice Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celebrity_Apprentice?oldid=706842514 Contributors: Stismail,
BD2412, Azitnay, Bgwhite, RussBot, Tenebrae, Maelwys, Gilliam, Chanlord, BarryTheUnicorn, Esrever, Exhummerdude, Dalejenkins, Bai
brother, AdamDeanHall, Propaniac, Racer Dude, Philg88, Seaserpent85, Makro, Tgeairn, Cooly123, StAnselm, Karaboom, Presidentman,
Fuddle, Erika3536, Icarusgeek, Frmorrison, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Jpgwriter, NellieBly, Addbot, Musdan77, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou,
AnomieBOT, Rockypedia, Armbrust, Amaury, Tktru, FrescoBot, Allinotte2000, Rollins83, Pol-m-32, Moswento, Vineetmbbs, Unreal7, D-rok
the xer, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Spartan7W, BG19bot, Ymblanter, XXniftyXx, Lostrocks123, Joshualeverburg1, Mymis, AmazingRaceClub,
Sharkman720, Brianis19, PC-XT, Distelnck, AmericanDad86, Realityme, UWHuskyFan, Daustinc2, Quenhitran, Sharklover5555, Swag-
boss01, IPadPerson, Bgisbg, Jessicarocks5555, Godwin1996, Br78392, 74thClarkBarHG, Briadean, Equality 7-2522, Wanheda and Anony-
mous: 94
The Trump Organization Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization?oldid=707801349 Contributors: Zanimum, Tre-
goweth, SEWilco, Anythingyouwant, Discospinster, Smalljim, Mysdaao, Snowolf, Guthrie, GabrielF, BDD, SteinbDJ, Ekem, Rogerd, Veg-
aswikian, Visor, Albanaco, Hairy Dude, Caballero1967, NeilN, SmackBot, Ashenai, Gnangarra, C.Fred, Commander Keane bot, Chris the
speller, Victorgrigas, TPO-bot, Pilotguy, Will Beback, General Ization, Guat6, Dr.K., Zarex, Sk5893, Mr. Turcotte, Cydebot, Trident13,
Trexer0, Wikid77, TonyTheTiger, Obiwankenobi, Dream Focus, 1g, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklam-
bert, WFinch, Jasebee, Katalaveno, KylieTastic, Jvcdude, Wikimandia, Scott Illini, GrahamHardy, Funandtrvl, Deor, Philip Trueman, TXiK-
iBoT, Oshwah, From-cary, Centerone, Bostonzjay, Logan, SieBot, Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, Trivialist, Jimbalaya1978, John Nevard, Leroy-
inc, Apparition11, XLinkBot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Amirobot, AnomieBOT, Keithbob, Randomstuikecheese, FrescoBot, Pennmw,
WikiH2O, I dream of horses, Fat&Happy, Ellenb71, , Cnwilliams, BaldBoris, TheMesquito, RjwilmsiBot, Katherine, Mauro Tozzi, J. Clef,
Dcirovic, AaronLLF, Alpha Quadrant, Hodgdons secret garden, Matthewrbowker, Mervynbunique, ClueBot NG, NapoleonX, Costesseyboy,
Widr, Wbm1058, Abmnik, BG19bot, Graham11, TheFilthyMcNasty, Bigsean0300, Frischee113, Sandrastern, Friends147, BattyBot, TheCul-
turati, Cyberbot II, ZappaOMati, Ermanuruk, Frosty, Magellan Maestro, Epicgenius, Equilibrium Allure, Silentvik, Gaknowitall, Lithium Dy-
namics, Everymorning, Backendgaming, NYBrook098, RaphaelQS, Flat Out, DavidLeighEllis, Arthur goes shopping, Weejie54, Joppa Chong,
AirportExpert, Doblecaa, Helanzovinicius, ClassicOnAStick, Holypod, Torrian2016, Zppix, Gladamas, Uishax, Eteethan, SirLagsalott, Bugsys-
iegal, Arnezzman, JJMC89, ProprioMe OW, BU Rob13, CAPTAIN RAJU, Dolly Cao, Oriole7, Chickenmaster21, Munnu20, Gonzolorod,
Odkdkd, Xxdannyputas, Klaus Hohenstaufen, Qzd, Allthefoxes, Doctordannursestan, Jimmyceb, Bart middle, Doodlevonpoodle, Nsc2019,
Fighton0506070809 and Anonymous: 142
Trump Entertainment Resorts Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Entertainment_Resorts?oldid=707150073 Contributors: Ed-
ward, Huangdi, Misterrick, JamesMLane, Sam Hocevar, 2005, Jerryseinfeld, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Ekem, Uris, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, SiberioS,
MZMcBride, Vegaswikian, The wub, Carina22, Fredricwilliams, Bachrach44, Shyam, NeilN, John Broughton, SmackBot, Yamaguchi ,
Hmains, Stevenmitchell, Njsamizdat, James-wr, The pi pirate, Eric Komar, Accurizer, Green Giant, RafaelRGarcia, Levineps, Jaysonx, Cyde-
bot, TonyTheTiger, JustAGal, Truthbtold, Toohool, Albany NY, 1g, Doc Accurate, B64, Squids and Chips, Strongtness, Bostonzjay, 3yoda,
PipepBot, Jimbalaya1978, Addbot, Blethering Scot, Zarcadia, Buster7, Yobot, Dancing is Forbidden, Doulos Christos, TyrantSinner, Natu-
ral Cut, Bradofathousandnights, RightCowLeftCoast, Full-date unlinking bot, SecretName101, Djembayz, Alpha Quadrant, Mervynbunique,
Slotkin, YborCityJohn, Bigsean0300, BrianWo, Hmainsbot1, Backendgaming, NYBrook098, MuppetHammer26II, Smok3yblu3dog, Classi-
cOnAStick, Hey111184, Curro2 and Anonymous: 46
Trump Model Management Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Model_Management?oldid=706801635 Contributors: William Av-
ery, Tregoweth, Bobo192, SDC, BD2412, Eugrus, Ryanminier, Lil Flip246, D C McJonathan, Cordless Larry, Robertg9, Cydebot, Thijs!bot,
MainlyTwelve, Obiwankenobi, Iperlchen, Waacstats, Am86, Entinfo, Bwcieslak, Canihaveacookie, MystBot, Addbot, Kerrylionberry, OlEnglish,
Yobot, Fraggle81, IPhone DJ2008, RiverFattieRCool, Juancarlospaz, Begone2, Utbindas, SecretName101, Wayne Slam, ChuispastonBot, Wiki-
wikineoohyeah, Jjj1238, Backendgaming, PetarrPoznic, Donkzilla101 and Anonymous: 29
Miss Universe Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe?oldid=707774686 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mark, Someone else, An-
tonioMartin, Ubiquity, Patrick, Ixfd64, Docu, Zannah, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki, Mpt, Jay, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Wik, Zoicon5, CB-
Dunkerson, Nv8200pa, Topbanana, Johnleemk, Eugene van der Pijll, Astronautics~enwiki, Pigsonthewing, RedWolf, Altenmann, Rholton, He-
manshu, Texture, Meelar, Lupo, Seth Ilys, Cyrius, Alan Liefting, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Zigger, Marcika, Cantus, Niteowlneils, DO'Neil,
Ezhiki, Node ue, Chowbok, CryptoDerk, Abu badali, Quadell, CaribDigita, DragonySixtyseven, Kevin B12, Winston Marshall, Sam Hocevar,
JulieADriver, Gerald Farinas, CyclopsScott, Grunt, RandalSchwartz, Valmi, Mike Rosoft, Poccil, Discospinster, Guanabot, NrDg, ThomasK,
MCBastos, Bishonen, Solkoll~enwiki, Debigboy, Bender235, ESkog, Fenice, CanisRufus, TMC1982, Guettarda, Stesmo, 23skidoo, Reinyday,
BrokenSegue, Maurreen, Giraedata, Vizcarra, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Ricky81682, Lectonar, XLR8TION, Bootstoots, Superbob,
140 CHAPTER 9. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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Kamimura, SMC, Vegaswikian, DoubleBlue, MarnetteD, Eleazar~enwiki, Gary Brown, Sango123, SNIyer12, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Dan Guan,
Jw21, CarolGray, SeK612, Tom Foolery, AlexCovarrubias, Mito, ApprenticeFan, Czar, Chobot, Jaraalbe, Metropolitan90, Bgwhite, YurikBot,
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Wimt, Alal22000, NawlinWiki, RattleMan, Gian89, Mike Halterman, Chunky Rice, Mortein, Anetode, Jorgenpfhartogs, PhilipO, Dr Debug,
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Bloompy, Cronostvg, Airodyssey, Caballero1967, David Biddulph, Eaefremov, Demogorgons Soup-taster, NeilN, Roke, Thecrookedcap, Wex-
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JJay, Canderra, Edgar181, Mauls, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Carl.bunderson, Bluebot, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg,
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WayKurat, TenPoundHammer, Chubster rye, Zavreio, Rklawton, Kuru, John, AnonEMouse, Gobonobo, Accurizer, IronGargoyle, Riem, Orlino,
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Adam7744, Yobot, MRDU08, Angel Clinton, Imcoolme, Raa74, AnomieBOT, S12796, Jim1138, Cheetah255, Pubmix, Mairol, Kevin mar-
tinez132, Ulric1313, , Materialscientist, Mcrosweet, J1 Formidable, Amit6, RockJuno, , ArthurBot, Mckerym0, MASWJ,
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as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Amayaaldin, Radyboy, NerdyScienceDude, Assegaf, Therayandraafnan, DASHBot, Puchiwonga, John of Reading,
WikitanvirBot, Gfoley4, Rocbirdman, GoingBatty, Arilicious, Moswento, Dcirovic, , Ronk01, Daniel Callegaro, Iaki Salazar, Nica-
tronTg, Alpha Quadrant, Edititok, Evanex, Hazard-SJ, A930913, Alex Moss, Wayne Slam, Egtj, Lexusuns, Fetx2002, SamDara, Anpoboss,
Brandmeister, John KB, YrtFanatic, Donner60, Pag Police, Muo4, Subrata Roy, Martille93, Robinquinc329, Chopstixx88, BayonitoRaj, AR-
IHER06, Sitic, BabbaQ, GrayFullbuster, WOBPADMIN, Knownguy46, Mikelastiz, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, GuglielmoMontesanti,
CocuBot, Rigorimpossible, En4588, TheWize, Nano1001, Loginnigol, Frietjes, MissPageantNews, MrliverpoolALEX, Arielle Leira, Widr,
Kyle.blades, Adisorn1234, PressJWM, Anselmo2011, Skepticalcanuk, Phamch, HMSSolent, Peter nasser, Nick428, Imtitanium, BG19bot,
Arnavchaudhary, Bdelacru, Lacp...ryro19, Northamerica1000, Yeibatista825, Nelson2013si, EliG.Weinmann, Antonyjeronimo, MusikAnimal,
Kalyanraman, DeshintaChandra, Renzegabriel, GTAjaxoxo, M01022011, Ariftech, Areth Hatta, Supsupfan, Aeshxianne, Limjennyjones, Road-
tomissuniverse, Rudirainbow, Miigueh, PatTag2659, MU2011BRSL, , Wannabemodel, Shaun, KENYORUSS, Praline97, Carsenegame,
BattyBot, Great big day, AnthonyJeronimo, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Mrdhimas, 22dragon22burn, Khazar2, Pinkieseb, JYBot, MBarrera-
Paz, Zaney204, EagerToddler39, E4024, Socal78, ImFromCuliacan, Oasismine, June1981, Mmjjggss, Hmainsbot1, BryanMendozaUSA, Mo-
gism, Jsicavoravit, Aaaaaaaa311, Whatever318, Dodgersfan11, Mrskorea, Kim Chrissy, Frosty, Watermelongloss, Dark WikiEditor, Kike-
Folan, Bryski 25, Mbh 1707, Snawple, Malerooster, BKFREEDOM, Hillbillyholiday, Bangkoksky, Dorots24, Ekips39, Rnogueiraa, JHUbal27,
Miss Model World, PunchoCooksRamen, Jamesmcmahon0, Rararawr21, Marktanoja78, Panumart, Queenrich, Tataytuyay, Potanton, Jjj1238,
MrssDaSilva, RaineLanto, Jean70000, Backendgaming, B14709, Flat Out, Dina shaker, DavidLeighEllis, Nicco18, Hoho24, Rampratapbish-
noi, Babitaarora, A Certain Lack of Grandeur, Icequeen10, Sandeepmittal622, Sam Sailor, Peaceexclusive, Jackmcbarn, Novr, Vogueprada,
9.1. TEXT 141
UY Scuti, Henry Rojas Pacheco, Adriconline, Jaam0121, Quartzd, Sharwin job, Azmy25, Mf. von Karma, Appleshue, Archwayh, Ed-
itor David, Miss patriot, Alphaceruleus, Purzagaste, Baklangdragon, 16.98.10.15 Pwede, Finnigan7767, WikiWinters, Oxtoterena, Marki-
matix, TresEleven, Vespadriver, Filedelinkerbot, Noxiuzpr, Ortiz Gaytan, , Doncoleogne, Jansonsudaria, Mamayoungggg, Lienatan91,
Samtandereano, Jayreen, Yacrol, Bugsiiee, A guy saved by Jesus, Riza1234, Ben casto, WordSeventeen, Pptimesinnity, KBH96, Apriljack-
son, Noncommittalp, Gvf23, Kjerish, Cargom, Mapdolls, Holypod, Jonathan121501, KH-1, Deferimus, Gusthes, Leox, Melvin Villacote,
Enigma9694, 12345blub, Camo1473, Eurodyne, Elvinsantiago27, Wonder Sunshine, Fejapaar, LincolnRussiaUglySweater, USA19901990,
Jillian Hall, Iwilsonp, San.rama, Akmal90, Gabrielaisler, Romerojg, JMLigad, Dennybluer, Zyannlim, Denny blosum, Amielmathew, Mis-
sUniverse2015Page, DWTSAU15, Syahrial fkhipb, Aoowassana, IrishFemale, AmbassadourXStreamm, Cheruppuppup, ThorpLove, Zule-
icaWilson, Yan2xlloyd, Ksenia2006, PeregrinuxXX, Fabo2014, Oripaypaykim, Evenewyear, Pallanabe, Fanofmissworld, Juanonly29, Niomi44,
Shwauhshatta, Janeoineza12, PiperAmidala98, YMCAInternational, Samuelperez34, BigFiveBP2015, Tenkingdoms, GeneralizationsAreBad,
YoungStarLegenD, Estebangrii3, Taiki0409, Missjelinamae, Colombiabeauty, Anugna Yadav, Athaylay, Khi lun2000, Chartruse chipmunk,
Analol19, Davao123, Taikikudo, Tiban21, Khendygirl, Annaw1, Hotjsr, Honeycreamluver, Portalsource, Zenjiro, Jtarucan.3, Ies, Pinagpalang-
gwapo, Alexis8780, MusaGela25, Youssef353, Victoricoll, Elmisterioso1979, Jallej, Srednuas Lenoroc, Are you freaking kidding me, Pauveg-
afan, ColbyParvati, Kindy456, CAPTAIN RAJU, Babymissfortune, Wafaa88888, Abdielbp15, Toyoko 2015, AbhishekJain5, HectorMBossioP,
Adrian2526, Oriole7, No Nick, Lexarih, Felixdominguez, Lanlabello, En1206, Mubarix, Brinda28, Colonel frmling hideg!, The Avengers,
Francinerosanes, Missuniverse123, BeautyQueen327, Yuliaalipova, AdrianHernandez1, Northernxd, Pageantfan07, Josefo1992, Scbuitragol,
EnRouteAviation, Lovelyusa, Chlovettesalas, Missuniverse2017, Torrie1975, MissPageant, Cyber28brin, Darwgon0801, Wikibulilit, Plope-
niopaolo, Chburnett98, Jinnykamikaze, Wikidits, Meers boutique, Rendiirfan, Erfaron, JoshuaAngeloSanCarlos, Jejdkksks, Emmanjopplo,
Kevinthevirgin, Valentinaitaly, Theyag, Ohyeah1989, Rievayischa Ariana, Willynleyson, Mlcoching, LucaD96, Amgood1993, AmboyV, Em-
melienalcantara, Schuddeboomw, Welovesn, Venezuela2013, Vidatafazoli, Nitinotecool and Anonymous: 2806
IrishFemale, Ksenia2006, BestandYoungTwo, Colombiabeauty, Torrie1975, HKelsey25, Amgood1993 and Anonymous: 216
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign%2C_2000?
oldid=707848735 Contributors: Tpbradbury, Dimadick, Bender235, Jared Preston, DVdm, NeilN, Chris the speller, MilborneOne, Yourmanstan,
WFinch, Antony-22, Legion , Hello71, All Hallows Wraith, Niceguyedc, Another Believer, William S. Saturn, Purplebackpack89, I dream of
horses, Wikidude10000, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Spartan7W, Graham11, Einstein2, Epicgenius, DavidLeighEllis, Horseless Head-
man, Vesuvius Dogg, 3 of Diamonds, Cheep, Tropicalkitty, TheReferenceProvider, WannaBeEditor, ISer Vlad714, Vlad Sanguine, NootLord,
Lonely harvest and Anonymous: 17
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign%2C_2016?
oldid=707847996 Contributors: Fred Bauder, Owen, Dimadick, Stephan Schulz, Sheridan, Vir4030, Tomruen, Neutrality, AliveFreeHappy,
Vsmith, Smyth, Bender235, Smalljim, Anthony Appleyard, Wikidea, BDD, Scjessey, Pol098, MONGO, BorgHunter, Drbogdan, Nightscream,
Pleiotrop3, MarnetteD, Ground Zero, Bgwhite, Rsrikanth05, Zzuuzz, Arthur Rubin, Caballero1967, NeilN, Ashenai, Garchy, Gilliam, Ohnoits-
jamie, Victorgrigas, Muboshgu, GRuban, Tdl1060, Nakon, Yulia Romero, Derek R Bullamore, Kuru, Nolte, SQGibbon, Dr.K., Iridescent, Your-
manstan, NickW557, DumbBOT, Varavour, Thomas Paine1776, Zigzig20s, Nthep, Inks.LWC, Samuel Webster, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Jmor-
rison230582, Rowsdower45, KConWiki, Elinruby, Sicaspi, Gandydancer, Jim.henderson, Keith D, Mr Ernie, Adavidb, Oceanynn, JayJasper,
Rwessel, Malik Shabazz, Martinevans123, Oshwah, Olly150, GlobeGores, David in DC, Wiae, Meters, Monty845, Cowlinator, Coee, Laoris,
Rystheguy, LuvataciousSkull, MaynardClark, Tedperl, Ratemonth, Objective3000, Niceguyedc, LizardJr8, Arjayay, Another Believer, Callinus,
StarMountain, Chris1834, Jax 0677, Dthomsen8, Doc9871, Non-dropframe, Blethering Scot, Musdan77, Buster7, Lihaas, Favonian, Peridon,
William S. Saturn, Yobot, JJARichardson, Fernandosmission, AnomieBOT, Rockypedia, Jim1138, Materialscientist, Eumolpo, Mk17b, Clifto-
nian, IP75, Purplebackpack89, TheAlmightyDru, Ita140188, Coltsfan, Rubenstein.mark, FrescoBot, Calibrador, Krj373, Adam9389, Charles
Edwin Shipp, Ben76266, Sparrowhawk64, Edisonorellana12, Savonneux, Jschnur, Calvin999, Cnwilliams, Victor Victoria, FFM784, Zakawer,
MrX, Hshook, IRISZOOM, RjwilmsiBot, DarkApollo, Orphan Wiki, EclecticEnnui, Dewritech, GoingBatty, SecretName101, Laurel Lodged,
Dcirovic, K6ka, Djembayz, Checkingfax, Josve05a, Truthsort, Jenks24, Lacon432, Stemoc, Jakobees, AndrewOne, Gparyani, Donner60, What
was this guy eating?, Ihardlythinkso, HandsomeFella, BabbaQ, LM2000, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Somedierentstu, Baseball
Watcher, David O. Johnson, Spartan7W, A wild Rattata, Frietjes, Castncoot, Lauracaluncle, NextUSprez, Wbm1058, BG19bot, Ymblanter,
Chess, Iselilja, Northamerica1000, TheGeneralUser, MusikAnimal, Darouet, Bruzaholm, The Almightey Drill, Schmooble, Praline97, BattyBot,
Radiohist, Buzzards-Watch Me Work, Cyberbot II, Winkelvi, Cwobeel, 331dot, Guiletheme, Sport and politics, Dsteel2012, TDKR Chicago
101, John D. Rockerduck, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Hillbillyholiday, Eagleash, PrairieKid, Epicgenius, Oreotoast, Distelnck, Benedikt
Aron, FiredanceThroughTheNight, Dustin V. S., Backendgaming, DavidLeighEllis, Nayabthelion, Mathmensch, Billybob2002, Haminoon,
JustBerry, NottNott, Jackmt, Liz, Nizolan, 1990sguy, Legendiii, Joppa Chong, ColRad85, HamOntPoliFiend, Kcida10, Chesnaught555, Kevin-
Ninja, User2534, Golf, Orthodox2014, Darmokand, Jlat73, Moviemistakes, Iamahashtag, Chuyo7, WeaponOfChoice1, Knowledgebattle,
E.M.Gregory, Cynulliad, AJFU, Krett12, Sensied, Gladamas, Eteethan, Eclipsoid, Syek88, SirLagsalott, Sundayclose, Absolutelypuremilk,
Zhanmusi, Pancho507, Finagle29, GeneralizationsAreBad, ErdrickLoto, Themidget17, Jdcomix, Vesuvius Dogg, Cosmic Sans, History2222,
MB298, RES2773, Politrukki, JJMC89, AuroralColibri, Musa Raza, Tenor12, ProprioMe OW, Professor JR, Kmccr, Misternails, BU Rob13,
Spaghetti07205, VastatoSuprme, DisuseKid, JillMarx, Modulus12, Lk718, Oye289, Dannyop1234, Majora, Barbequeue, Dick Santorum,
4gjdig0e0s, Saleem 15, Chickenmaster21, VoteAgainstMeAndIShallWipeThyDescendantsOTheFaceOfTheEarth, NobleHumanBeing, Cuck-
servative, Caleb David Smith, Laramie.maki, TheSharkMan7, ShadowDragon343, Skubydoo, Yamamura Sadako, CLCStudent, D3ST40, The-
MaskedMeowth, Ekaf eht Xela, Reattacollector, Tpdwkouaa, KareemShouhdy, Snittle timberry, Qzd, Cozy00, H.dryad, NinjaDoritos, Groot-
woord, MBUSHIstory, DefenderOfFreedom, Not Here To Build A Encyclopedia, Ghostmen2, Kingshowman Returns, The Soul of the Mari-
onette, The Edit Warrior, DisruptiveEditor23, Kingshowman Rises, Lord Of The Wikipedians, Knowledgeablecitizen, Knowledgeablecitizen2,
HistoryReaderWithPHD, Efbeeye, ElD3r4o, Jkerrigan8, LucaD96, Eltoner97, P. Romanus, Defendpoppunk2016, TheFancyFedoraWielder,
Egedbersa, Djt016, Keatzee, Lakshimiof, Lolyface95, Bernardglee, Fireblue34, Axes are cool, Stanley Owens, Theeco2015, thelberht of
Kent, Jarmalinen, Billyboyd777, ChewyCarmel, Trumpoy, Landon8994, Thebestusernameeverismine, Jim a miles and Anonymous: 241
Tour DuPont Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_DuPont?oldid=707096125 Contributors: Christopherlin, Rdsmith4, Rlquall, Reiny-
day, Pearle, Duke33, SDC, Stevenplunkett, SuperD, Vclaw, Jamesmorrison, Wade Blomgren, SmackBot, Robth, DRahier, OrphanBot, Quat-
loo, Sayden, Djharrity, Cydebot, Munnymann, Thijs!bot, Coyets, Drunt, Severo, Foober, Flyer22 Reborn, Miniapolis, Mild Bill Hiccup, Xurei,
Alexbot, PixelBot, Addbot, RevelationDirect, Erik9bot, RedBot, RecyclingJerseys, Modulus12 and Anonymous: 14
Trump: The Art of the Deal Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump%3A_The_Art_of_the_Deal?oldid=707588976 Contributors: BDD,
MZMcBride, Dialectric, Korny O'Near, Bazonka, Obiwankenobi, Magioladitis, Makro, Zacchiro, Oshwah, Lamro, Randy Kryn, TychaBrahe,
Trivialist, Sun Creator, Airplaneman, Favonian, AnomieBOT, Green Cardamom, Spartan7W, EddieMoore26, Fireyfanboy, Backendgaming,
MB298, Deezbiscuits and Anonymous: 11
Crippled America Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippled_America?oldid=700843232 Contributors: Rowsdower45, Another Believer,
Ihardlythinkso, BizarreLoveTriangle, The Almightey Drill, Backendgaming, ShadowDragon343, WayfaringWanderer and Anonymous: 4
9.2 Images
File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Chelsea_Cooley_Shelley_Hennig_GTMO.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Chelsea_Cooley_
Shelley_Hennig_GTMO.png License: Public domain Contributors: Page url (screenshot from pdf) Original artist: Spc. Dave Lankford
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
9.2. IMAGES 143