Kinematics by Mathalino.

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Particle is a term used to denote an object of point size. A system of particles which
formed into appreciable size is termed as body. These terms may apply equally to the
same object. The earth for example may be assumed as a particle in comparison with
its orbit, whereas to an observer on the earth, it is a body with appreciable size. In
general, a particle is an object whose size is so small in comparison to the size of its
path.

Rectilinear Translation (Motion Along a Straight Line)

Motion with constant velocity (uniform motion)

s=vt

Motion with constant acceleration

vf=vi+at
s=vit+12at2
vf2=vi2+2as

Free-falling body

v=gt
h=12gt2
v2=2gh
Note: From motion with constant acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h, and a =
g to get the free-fall formulas.

Motion with variable acceleration

a=dvdt
v=dsdt
 vdv=ads

Where
s = distance
h = height
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
g = acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI = 32.2 ft/s2 in English)
t = time

Note:
a is positive (+) if v is increasing (accelerate).
a is negative (-) if v is decreasing (decelerate).
g is positive (+) if the particle is moving downward.
g is negative (-)if the particle is moving upward.

Useful conversion factors:

From To Multiply by
Kilometers per hour (kph) Meter per second (m/sec) 1 / 3.6
Meter per second (m/sec) Kilometers per hour (kph or km/hr) 3.6
Miles per hour (mph) Feet per second (fps or ft/sec) 22 / 15
Feet per second (ft/sec) Miles per hour (mph or mi/hr) 15 / 22
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Problem 1002
On a certain stretch of track, trains run at 60 mph (96.56 kph). How far back of a
stopped train should be a warning torpedo be placed to signal an oncoming train?
Assume that the brakes are applied at once and retard the train at the uniform rate of 2
ft/sec2 (0.61 m/s2).

Solution:

English System
Initial velocity
vi=60 mph=60(2215)
vi=88 ft/sec

vf2=vi2+2as
02=8822(2)s
s=1936 ft answer

SI units

Initial velocity
vi=96.56 kph=96.56(13.6)
vi=26.82 m/sec

vf2=vi2+2as
02=26.8222(0.61)s
s=589.7 m answer
Problem 1003
A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. What was its initial
velocity and how high did it go?

Solution:

Return in 10 seconds = 5 seconds upward + 5 seconds downward

SI Units

Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):

vf=vigt
0=vi9.81(5)
vi=49.05 m/sec answer

Going downward (initial velocity is zero; free-fall):

h=12gt2
h=12(9.81)(52)
h=122.625 m answer

English System
Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):
vf=vigt
0=vi32.2(5)
vi=161 ft/sec answer

Going downward (initial velocity is zero; free-fall):

h=12gt2
h=12(32.2)(52)
h=402.5 ft answer
Problem 1004
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft (24.38 m) high at the same instant that
a second ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec
(12.19 m/s). When and where do they pass, and with what relative velocity?

Solution:

English System:

h = 80 ft
vA = 0
vB = 40 ft/s
g = 32.2 ft/s2

From A to C (free-fall)
h1=12gt2
h1=12(32.2)t2
h1=16.1t2

From B to C (upward motion)

From the formula s = vit + at2
h2=vBt12gt2
h2=40t12(32.2)t2
h2=40t16.1t2

A to C plus B to C is equal to height of the tower

h1+h2=h
16.1t2+(40t16.1t2)=80
40t=80
t=2 sec

h1=16.1(22)
h1=64.4 ft

They pass each other after 2 seconds at 64.4 ft from the top of the tower. answer
Velocity at C of stone from A (after 2 seconds)
vC1=gt=32.2(2)
vC1=64.4 ft/s

Velocity at C of stone from B (after 2 seconds)

vC2=vBgt==4032.2(2)
vC2=24.4 ft/s the negative sign indicates that the stone is moving downward

Relative velocity:
vr=vC1+vC2=64.424.4
vr=40 ft/sec answer
SI Units:
h = 24.38 m
vA = 0
vB = 12.19 m/s
g = 9.81 m/s2

From A to C (free-fall)
h1=12gt2
h1=12(9.81)t2
h1=4.905t2

From B to C (upward motion)

From the formula s = vit + at2
h2=vBt12gt2
h2=12.19t12(9.81)t2
h2=12.19t4.905t2

A to C plus B to C is equal to height of the tower

h1+h2=h
4.905t2+(12.19t4.905t2)=24.38
12.19t=24.38
t=2 sec

h1=4.905(22)
h1=19.62 m

They pass each other after 2 seconds at 19.62 m from the top of the tower. answer
Velocity at C of stone from A (after 2 seconds)
vC1=gt=9.81(2)
vC1=19.62 m/s

Velocity at C of stone from B (after 2 seconds)

vC2=vBgt==12.199.81(2)
vC2=7.43 m/s the negative sign indicates that the stone is now moving
downward

Relative velocity:
vr=vC1+vC2=19.627.43
vr=12.19 m/sec answer

Problem 1005
A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later, the sounds of the
splash is heard. If the velocity of sound is 1120 ft/sec (341.376
m/s), what is the depth of the well?

Solution

tstone+tsound=5

For tstone (free-falling body):

h=12gt2

t=2hg

For tsound (uniform motion):

h=vt
t=hv
Thus,

2hg+hv=5
English System

2h32.2+h1120=5

2h32.2=5h1120

2h32.2=(5h1120)2

10h161=25h112+h21254400
11254400h21832576h+25=0
h=88759.73 and 353.31

For h = 88 759.73 ft

t=2(88759.73)32.2

t=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)

For h = 353.31 ft

t=2(353.31)32.2

$t = 4.68 \, \text{ sec } okay!)

Thus, h = 353.31 ft answer

SI Units

2h9.81+h341.376=5

2h9.81=5h341.376

200h981=5125h42672
200h981=(5125h42672)2

200h981=25625h21336+15625h21820899584
156251820899584h216267756976872h+25=0
h=27065.05 and 107.64

For h = 27 065.05 m

t=2(27065.05)9.81

t=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)

For h = 107.64 m

t=2(107.64)9.81

$t = 4.68 \, \text{ sec } okay!)

Thus, h = 107.64 m answer

Problem 1007
A stone is dropped from a captive balloon at an elevation of 1000 ft (304.8 m). Two
seconds later another stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity
of 248 ft/s (75.6 m/s). If g = 32 ft/s 2 (9.75 m/s2), when and where the stones pass
each other?

Solution:
English:

h=1000 ft
vi2=248 ft/s
g=32 ft/s2

Stone dropped from captive balloon (free-falling body):

h1=12gt2=12(32)t12
h1=16t12

Stone thrown vertically from the ground 2 seconds later

s=vi2t212gt22
h2=248t212(32)t22
h2=248(t12)16(t12)2

h1+h2=h
16t12+[248(t12)16(t12)2]=1000
16t12+248(t12)16(t124t1+4)=1000
16t12+248t149616t12+64t164=1000
16t12+248t149616t12+64t164=1000
312t1=1560
t1=5 sec

The stones will pass each other 5 seconds after the first stone was dropped from the
captive balloon. answer
h2=248(52)16(52)2
h2=600 ft

The stones will meet at a point 600 ft above the ground. answer

SI Units:

h=304.8 m
vi2=75.6 m/s
g=9.75 ft/s2

Stone dropped from captive balloon (free-falling body):

h1=12gt2=12(9.75)t12
h1=4.875t12

Stone thrown vertically from the ground 2 seconds later

s=vi2t212gt22
h2=75.6t212(9.75)t22
h2=75.6(t12)4.875(t12)2

h1+h2=h
4.875t12+[75.6(t12)4.875(t12)2]=304.8
4.875t12+75.6(t12)4.875(t124t1+4)=304.8
4.875t12+75.6t1151.24.875t12+19.5t119.5=304.8
4.875t12+75.6t1151.24.875t12+19.5t119.5=304.8
95.1t1=475.5
t1=5 sec

The stones will pass each other 5 seconds after the first stone was dropped from the
captive balloon. answer
h2=75.6(52)4.875(52)2
h2=182.925 m

The stones will meet at a point 182.925 m above the ground. Answer
Problem 1008
A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 48.3 ft per sec
(14.72 m per sec). One second later another stone is thrown vertically upward with a
velocity of 96.6 ft per sec (29.44 m per sec). How far above the ground will the stones
be at the same level?

Solution:

English:

s=vit+12at2
h=vit12gt2
h=vit12(32.2)t2
h=vit16.1t2

For the first stone:

h1=48.3t16.1t2

For the second stone

h2=96.6(t1)16.1(t1)2
h2=96.6(t1)16.1(t22t+1)
h2=96.6t96.616.1t2+32.2t16.1
h2=16.1t2+128.8t112.7

h1=h2
48.3t16.1t2=16.1t2+128.8t112.7
80.5t=112.7
t=1.4 s

h=48.3(1.4)16.1(1.42)
h=36.064 ft answer
SI Units

s=vit+12at2
h=vit12gt2
h=vit12(9.81)t2
h=vit4.905t2

For the first stone:

h1=14.72t4.905t2

For the second stone

h2=29.44(t1)4.905(t1)2
h2=29.44(t1)4.905(t22t+1)
h2=29.44t29.444.905t2+9.81t4.905
h2=4.905t2+39.25t34.345

h1=h2
14.72t4.905t2=4.905t2+39.25t34.345
24.53t=34.345
t=1.4 s

h1=14.72(1.4)4.905(1.42)
h=10.994 m answer
Problem 1009
A ball is shot vertically into the air at a velocity of 193.2 ft per sec (58.9 m per sec).
After 4 sec, another ball is shot vertically into the air. What initial velocity must the
second ball have in order to meet the first ball 386.4 ft (117.8 m) from the ground?

Solution:

English:

s=vit+12at2

a=g=32.2 ft/s2
s=386.4 ft

Thus,
386.4=vit16.1t2

First ball:
386.4=193.2t16.1t2
t212t+24=0
t=9.46 and 2.5

Use t=9.46 s

Second ball:
386.4=vi(t4)16.1(t4)2
386.4=vi(9.464)16.1(9.464)2
vi=158.67 ft/s answer
SI Units

s=vit+12at2

a=g=9.81 m/s2
s=117.8 ft

Thus,
117.8=vit4.905t2

First ball:
117.8=58.9t4.905t2
4.905t258.9t+117.8=0
t=9.47 and 2.54

Use t=9.47 s

Second ball:
117.8=vi(t4)4.905(t4)2
117.8=vi(9.474)4.905(9.474)2
vi=48.36 m/s answer
Problem 1010
A stone is thrown vertically up from the ground with a velocity of 300 ft per sec (91.44
m/s). How long must one wait before dropping a second stone from the top of a 600-ft
(182.88-m) tower if the two stones are to pass each other 200 ft (60.96 m) from the
top of the tower?

Solution:

SI Units

Stone from the ground:

s=vit+12at2
h1=vi1t12gt2
182.8860.96=91.44t129.81t2
4.905t291.44t+121.92=0
t=17.19 sec and 1.44 sec

Stone from the top of the tower:

Let t2 = time to wait before dropping the second stone

h=12g(tt2)2

With t = 17.19 sec

60.96=12(9.81)(17.19t2)2
t2=13.67 sec

With t = 1.44 sec

60.96=12(32.2)(1.44t2)2
t2=2.08 sec (meaningless)

Use t2=13.67 sec answer

English

Stone from the ground:

s=vit+12at2
h1=vi1t12gt2
600200=300t1232.2t2
16.1t2300t+400=0
t=17.19 sec and 1.44 sec

Stone from the top of the tower:

Let t2 = time to wait before dropping the second stone

h=12g(tt2)2

With t = 17.19 sec

200=12(32.2)(17.19t2)2
t2=13.67 sec

With t = 1.44 sec

200=12(32.2)(1.44t2)2
t2=2.08 sec (meaningless)

Use t2=13.67 sec answer

Problem 1011
A ship being launched slides down the ways with constant acceleration. She takes 8 sec
to slide (the first foot | 0.3048 meter). How long will she take to slide down the ways if
their length is (625 ft | 190.5 m)?

Solution:

s=vit+12at2 where vi=0

Thus
s=12at2

English Units SI Units

1=12a(82) 0.3048=12a(82)
a=0.03125 ft/sec2 a=0.009525 m/sec2

625=12(0.03125)t2 190.5=12(0.009525)t2
t=200 sec t=200 sec
t=3 min 20 sec answer t=3 min 20 sec answer

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Problem 1012 A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft (7.32 m) during
the 10th sec of its motion and 18 ft (5.49 m) during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its
initial velocity and its constant acceleration

Solution:

English:

vf=vi+at

24=vo+10a equation (1)

18=vo+12a equation (2)

Equation (1) minus equation (2)

6=2a
a=3 ft/sec2 answer

From equation (1)

24=vo+10(3)
vo=54 ft/sec answer
SI Units

vf=vi+at

7.32=vo+10a equation (1)

5.49=vo+12a equation (2)

Equation (1) minus equation (2)

1.83=2a
a=0.915 m/sec2 answer

From equation (1)

7.32=vo+10(0.915)
vo=16.47 m/sec answer

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Problem 1019
The motion of a particle is given by the equation s=2t416t3+2t2 where s is in meter
and t in seconds. Compute the values of v and a when t=2 sec.

Solution:

s=2t416t3+2t2

v=dsdt
v=8t312t2+4t

a=dvdt
a=24t2t+4

When t = 2 sec

v=8(23)12(22)+4(2)
v=70 m/s answer

a=24(22)2+4
a=98 m/s2 answer

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