First Order Ordinary Differential Equations (1st Order - ODE)

A. Separable : P(x) dx = Q(y) dy.

1. Find a general solution :

dy 2
a. + ( x +2 ) y =0
dx
dy
b. =2 sec2 y
dx
dy
c. =( y+ 9 x )2 (let y +9 x=v)
dx
dy 2 2 y
d. 2 xy = y x (divided by 2 xy ,then u= )
dx x
dy
e. y +36 x=0
dx
2 2
dy 4 x + y
f. =
dx xy
dy
g. sin x = y cos x
dx
dy 1
h. x = y 2+ y
dx 2
dy x 2
i. e = y +1
dx

2. Find the particular solution :

2
dy 3 x + 4 x4 and y(1) = 3
a. = (ans : y2 4y = x3 + 2x2 4x 2)
dx 2 y4
1
b. 1+ x 2 dy =x y and y(0) = -1 (ans : y ( x )=
3
)
dx 32 1+ x 2
dy
c. 2 xy =3 y 2+ x 2 and y(1) = 2
dx
dy
d. x lnx = y and y(3) = ln 81
dx
2 x4
e. y'= y and y(5) = 0 (ans : y ( x )=ln ( x 24 x4) )
e
2
dr r and r(1) = 2 2
f. = (ans : r= )
d 12 ln
dy yt 2
g. =e sec y ( 1+t ) and y(0) = 0 (ans : e y ( sin ycos y )=2 et ( t 2 +2 t+3 ) + 5 )
dt
h.
3. Solve the following differential equation and determine the interval of validity for the
solution
dy 2 1
=6 y :x y ( 1 )=
ans
dx 25

is the interval of validity for that satisfy for x = 1. And the interval validity depend to the value of x.

dy
+ P ( x ) . y=Q(x ) e
P ( x ) dx
B. Linear/Integrating Factor : with integrating factor .
dx
Multiply both side with integrating factor.
dy
LHS becomes ( P (x ) . y )
dx
Integrate both side.
1. Find the general solution to the following differential equation :
dy
a. =9.80.196 y (ans : y (t )=50+c e0.196 x )
dx
dy
b. y cos x =cos x (ans : y ( x )=1+c e sin x )
dx
x x
dy 3 y e e +c
c. + = 3 (ans : y= 3 )
dx x x x
dy 3 y 3 1 2
d.
dx x +1
4
=( x+ 1 ) (ans : y=( x +1 ) (
2
x +x +c )
dy 2 y sin x ccos x
e. + = 2 (ans : y= )
dx x x x2
dy y x 1
f. + x =0
dx x e
(ans : y=x x + c ( )
e
)

dy 2 y 3 3 4 2
g. =3 x (ans : y= x + c x )
dx x 2
1 dy 2y
h. =x cos x+ 2 for x > 0. (ans : y=x 2 sin x +c x 2 )
x dx x
dy c cos 2 x
i. x 2 +2 xy=sin 2 x (ans : y= 2 2
dx x 2x
j.
2. Find particular solution :
dy 2
a. + y tan x=cos x and y(0) = 2 (ans : y=sin x cos x+ 2cos x )
dx
dy 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
b. t +2 y=t t +1 and y(1) = (ans : y (t )= t t + + )
dt 4 3 2 12 t 2
dy 3
c. 2t y=t+ 1 and y(2) = 4 (ans : y (t )=t1+ 2 t )
dt 2
dy
d.
2
dt
3
cos t sin t + y cos t=1 and y () 4
=0 (ans : y = sec t cosec t)
dy
e. t 2 y=t 5 sin 2 tt 3 + 4 t 4 and y ( ) =1.5 4
dt
1 1 1
(ans : y (t )=
1 4
2 2 4 ( )
t cos 2t + t 3 sin 2 t+ t 2 cos 2tt 3+ 2t 4 + t 2
4
3. In a chemical reaction, the amount x grams of a substance at time t seconds is related to
dx
the rate at which x is changing by the equation =k (3x)(6x) where k is a constant.
dt
When t = 0, x = 0 and when t = 1, x = 1.
1 5
a. Show that k = ln
3 4
b. Find the value of x when t = 2
4. The height, h metres, of a shrub t years after planting is given by the differential equation
dh 6h
= . A shrub is planted when its height is 1 m
dt 20
5
a. Show by integration that t=20 ln
6h ( )
b. How long after planting will the shrub reach at height of 2 m ?
c. Find the height of the shrub 10 years after planting
d. State the maximum possible height of the shrub.
5. Newtons law of cooling states that the rate at which the temperature of an object is
falling at any instant is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the
object and the temperature of its surroundings at that instant. A container of hot liquid is
placed in a room which has a constant temperature of 20 C.
At time t minutes later, the temperature of the liquid is C.
 a. Explain how the information above leads to the differential equation
d
=k (20) , where k is a positive constant.
dt
b. The liquid is initially at a temperature of 100 C. It takes 5 minutes for the liquid to
t

cool from 100C to 68C. Show that ( 15 ln 53 )

=20+ 80 e
c. Calculate how much longer it takes for the liquid to cool by a further 32 C.
6. A forest is burning so that, t hours after the start of the fire, the area burnt is A hectares. It
is given that, at any instant, the rate at which this area is increasing is proportional to A 2.
a. Write down a differential equation which models this situation.
b. After 1 hour, 1000 hectares have been burnt; after 2 hours, 2000 hectares have
been burnt. Find after how many hours 3000 hectares have been burnt.
7. A liquid is being heated in an oven maintained at a constant temperature of 160 C. It
may be assumed that the rate of increase of the temperature of the liquid at any
particular time t minutes is proportional to (160 ), where C is the temperature of the
liquid at that time.
a. Write down a differential equation connecting and t. When the liquid was placed
in the oven, its temperature was 20 C and 5 minutes later its temperature had
risen to 65 C.
b. Find the temperature of the liquid, correct to the nearest degree, after another 5
minutes
8. Water flows out of a tank through a hole in the bottom and, at time t minutes, the depth of
water in the tank is
x metres. At any instant, the rate at which the depth of water in the tank is decreasing is
proportional to the square root of the depth of water in the tank.
a. Write down a differential equation which models this situation.
b. When t= 0, x= 2; when t= 5, x= 1. Find t when x= 0.5, giving your answer correct
to 1 decimal place)

9. Water flows into and out of a 100,000 liter (l) reservoir at a constant rate of 10 liter/min.
The reservoir initially contains pure water, but then the water coming in has a
concentration of 10 grams/liter of a certain pollutant. The reservoir is well-stirred so that
the concentration of pollutant in it is uniform at all times.
a. Set up the DE for the concentration c = c(t) of salt in the reservoir at time t. Specify
units.
b. Solve for c(t) with the given initial condition, and graph the solution c vs. t.
c. How long will it take for the concentration of salt to be 5 gram/liter ?
d. What happens in the long run?
(ans :
dx dx
a. =net rate of change=salt ratesalt rate out , x(0) = 0 then =10 2104 x in
dt dt
gram/minutes.)