1.

Introduction
ServletisaJavaprogramminglanguageclass,partofJavaEnterpriseEdition(JavaEE).SunMicrosystemsdevelopeditsfirstversion1.0
intheyear1997.ItscurrentVersionisServlet3.1.

Servletsareusedforcreatingdynamicwebapplicationsinjavabyextendingthecapabilityofaserver.Itcanrunonanywebserver
integratedwithaServletcontainer.

1.1ServletProcess
Theprocessofaservletisshownbelow:

Figure1:servletprocessingofuserrequests

ARequestissentbyaclienttoaservletcontainer.ThecontaineractsasaWebserver.
TheWebserversearchesfortheservletandinitiatesit.
Theclientrequestisprocessedbytheservletanditsendstheresponsebacktotheserver.
TheServerresponseisthenforwardedtotheclient.

1.2Merits
Servletsareplatformindependentastheycanrunonanyplatform.
TheServletAPIinheritsallthefeaturesoftheJavaplatform.
Itbuildsandmodifiesthesecuritylogicforserversideextensions.
ServletsinheritthesecurityprovidedbytheWebServer.
InServlet,onlyasingleinstanceoftherequestsrunsconcurrently.Itdoesnotruninaseparateprocess.So,itsavesthememory
byremovingtheoverheadofcreatinganewprocessforeachrequest.

2.LifeCycle
Servletlifecycledescribeshowtheservletcontainermanagestheservletobject.

LoadServletClass
ServletInstanceiscreatedbythewebcontainerwhentheservletclassisloaded
init() :Thisiscalledonlyoncewhentheservletiscreated.Thereisnoneedtocallitagainandagainformultiplerequests.

1 publicvoidinit()throwsServletException
{
2
3 }

service() :Itiscalledbythewebcontainertohandlerequestfromclients.Heretheactualfunctioningofthecodeisdone.The
webcontainercallsthismethodeachtimewhenrequestfortheservletisreceived.

Itcalls doGet() , doPost() , doTrace() , doPut() , doDelete() andothermethods

doGet() :

1 publicvoiddoGet(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
2 throwsServletException,IOException{
3 //code
4 }

doPost() :
 1 publicvoiddoPost(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
2 throwsServletException,IOException{
3 //code
4 }

destroy() :Itisusedtocleanresourcesandcalledbeforeremovingtheservletinstance.

1 publicvoiddestroy()

Figure2:ServletLifeCycle

3.Container
ItisknownasservletenginewhichmanagesJavaServletcomponentsontopofawebservertotherequestsendbytheclient.

3.1Services
ServletContainerprovidesthefollowingservices:

Itmanagestheservletlifecycle.
Theresourceslikeservlets,JSPpagesandHTMLfilesaremanagedbyservletcontainer.
ItappendssessionIDtotheURLpathtomaintainsession.
Providessecurityservice.
Itloadsaservletclassfromnetworkservices,filesystemslikeremotefilesystemandlocalfilesystem.

3.2ServletContainerConfigurations
Theservletcontainercanbeconfiguredwiththewebservertomanageservletsinthreewayslistedbelow:

Standalonecontainer
Inprocesscontainer
Outprocesscontainer

Standalonecontainer:InthistypetheWebServerfunctionalityistakenbytheServletcontainer.Here,thecontainerisstrongly
coupledwiththeWebserver.

InProcesscontainer:InthisthecontainerrunswithintheWebserverprocess.

OutProcesscontainer:InthistypethereisaneedtoconfiguretheservletcontainertorunoutsidetheWebserverprocess.Itis
usedinsomecaseslikeifthereisaneedtorunServletsandServletcontainerindifferentprocess/systems.

4.Demo:Tostartwith
HereisanexampleshowingDemoServlet.FollowthesestepstostartwithyourfirstServletApplicationinNetBeansIDE.

Step1:OpenNetBeansIDE>File>NewProject>WebApplication>SetProjectnameasWebApplicationServletDemo
 Figure3:CreatenewWebApplicationprojectinNetBeansIDE:WebApplicationServletDemo

Step2:NowclickonNext>asshownabove.Thiswillcreatenewprojectwiththefollowingdirectorystructure.

Figure4:ProjectDirectory
aftercreatingnewproject

Step3:CreatenewservletapplicationbyRightClickingonProjectDirectory>New>Servlet

Figure5:AddingServletfile

Step4:AddtheServletClassNameasServletDemoandclickonNext.

Figure6:AddingServletClassName

Step5:Now,ConfigureServletDeploymentbycheckingAddinformationtodeploymentdescriptor(web.xml)andaddingURLPattern
(thelinkvisible)asServletDemo.Thisstepwillgenerateweb.xmlfileinWEBINFfolder.
 Figure7:ConfiguringServletDeployment

Step6:ClickonFinishasshownabove,thiswilladdServletDemo.javaservletunderprojectdirectory.Checkthechangesunder
DirectoryStructure:

Figure8:Changesunderproject
directoryafterconfiguring

Hereisthecodefordeploymentdescriptor(web.xml)withURLpatteras/ServletDemo:

Listing1:web.xml

01 <?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF8"?>
02 <web
appversion="3.1"xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaeehttp://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web
app_3_1.xsd">
03 <servlet>
04 <servletname>ServletDemo</servletname>
05 <servletclass>ServletDemo</servletclass>
06 </servlet>
07 <servletmapping>
08 <servletname>ServletDemo</servlet
name>
09 <urlpattern>/ServletDemo</url
pattern>
10 </servletmapping>
11 <sessionconfig>
12 <sessiontimeout>
13 30
14 </sessiontimeout>
15 </sessionconfig>
16 </webapp>

Here,

1 <servletname>:namegiventoServlet
2 <servletclass>:servletclass
3 <servletmapping>:mapsinternalnameto
URL
4 <urlpattern>:linkdisplayswhenServlet
runs
ThehyperlinkNextismentionedasServletDemo.So,whentheuserwillclickonit,thepagewillredirecttoServletDemoservletwhose
urlpatternismentionedasServetDemo:

Listing2:index.html

01 <html>
02 <head>
03 <title>Welcome</title>
04 <metacharset="UTF8">
05 <metaname="viewport"content="width=device
width,initialscale=1.0">
06 </head>
07 <body>
08 <div><h2>Welcome</h2></div>
09 <p>We'restillunderdevelopmentstage.
StayTunedforourwebsite'snewdesign
andlearningcontent.</p>
10 <ahref="ServletDemo"><b>Next</b></a>
11 </body>
12 </html>

Listing3:ServletDemo.java
01 importjava.io.IOException;
02 importjava.io.PrintWriter;
03 importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
04 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
05 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
06 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
07
08 publicclassServletDemoextendsHttpServlet
{
09
10 protectedvoidprocessRequest(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
11 throwsServletException,
IOException{
12 response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF
8");
13 try(PrintWriterout=
response.getWriter()){
14 out.println("<!DOCTYPE
html>");
15 out.println("<html>");
16 out.println("<head>");
17 out.println("<title>Servlet
ServletDemo</title>");
18 out.println("</head>");
19 out.println("<body>");
20 out.println("<h1>Servlet
ServletDemoat"+
request.getContextPath()+"</h1>");
21 out.println("</body>");
22 out.println("</html>");
23 }
24 }
25
26 @Override
27 protectedvoiddoGet(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
28 throwsServletException,
IOException{
29 response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF
8");
30 PrintWriterout=
response.getWriter();
31 try{
32 /*TODOoutputyourpagehere.
Youmayusefollowingsamplecode.*/
33 out.println("<!DOCTYPE
html>");
34 out.println("<html>");
35 out.println("<head>");
36 out.println("
<title>Servlets</title>");
37 out.println("</head>");
38 out.println("<body>");
39 out.println("<br/><p><h2>First
DemoServletapplication</h2><br/>Here,the
URLpatternisServletDemoinweb.xml.So,
theaddressis
<i>WebApplicationServletDemo/ServletDemo</i>.
</p>");
40 out.println("<br/><br/><a
href=\"index.html\">PreviousPage</a>");
41 out.println("</body>");
42 out.println("</html>");
43 }
44 finally
45 {
46 out.close();
47 }
48 }
49 }

Figure9:Outputshowingindex.htmlwelcomepage
 Figure10:OutputshowingredirectiontoServletDemo.java

5.Filter
Filterstransformthecontentofrequests,responses,andheaderinformationfromoneformattoanother.Thesearereusablecodes.

Filterclassisdeclaredinthedeploymentdescriptor.
Itisusedtowritereusablecomponents.
Therequestisprocessbeforeitiscalledusingfilters.
Itcanbeusedunderawebapplicationforsometaskslike:
Validation
Compression
Verification
Internationalization

5.1Interface
Itconsistsofthese3filters:

Figure11:FilterAPIInterfaces

Filter

Thisistheinitialandbasicinterfacewhichallfilterclassshouldimplement. Java.servlet.Filter interfacehasthefollowingmethods:

Methods Description

init(FilterConfig) Thismethod
initializesafilter

doFilter(ServletRequest, Thismethod
ServletResponse, FilterChain) encapsulatesthe
servicelogicon
ServletRequestto
generate
ServletResponse.
FilterChainisto
forward
request/response
 pairtothenext
filter.

destroy() Itdestroysthe
instanceofthe
filterclass.

FilterConfig

Itsobjectisusedwhenthefiltersareinitialized.Deploymentdescriptor(web.xml)consistsofconfigurationinformation.Theobjectof
FilterConfiginterfaceisusedtofetchconfigurationinformationaboutfilterspecifiedinweb.xml.Itsmethodsarementionedbelow:

Methods Description

getFilterName() Itreturnsthenameoffilterin
web.xml

getInitParameter(String) Itreturnsspecified
initializationparameters
valuefromweb.xml

getInitParameterNames() Itreturnsenumerationofall
initializationparametersof
filter.

getServletContext() ItreturnsServletContext
object.

FilterChain

Itstoresinformationaboutmorethan1filter(chain).Allfiltersinthischainshouldbeappliedonrequestbeforeprocessingofa
request.

5.2Example
ThisisanexampleshowingfiltersapplicationinNetBeansIDE.CreateaWebApplicationprojectWebApplicationFilterDemointhesame
waysasshownunderDemosection.NewFiltercanbeaddedinthewebapplicationbyRightClickingonProjectDirectory>New>
Filter

Figure12:AddnewFiltertowebapplication

Figure13:AddClassNameasNewFilterandclickonNext
ConfigureFilterDeploymentbycheckingAddinformationtodeploymentdescriptor(web.xml).Now,theNextbuttonisdisabledhere
duetoanerrorhighlightedinFigure13.TheerrorEnteratleastoneURLpatterncanbesolvedbyclickingonNew.

Figure14:ConfigureFilterDeploymentbycheckingAddinformationtodeployment
descriptor(web.xml)

Now,filterismappedbyaddingURLpatternasshowninFigure15.

Figure15:Filtermapping

AfteraddingnewfilterandclickingonOK,theerrorwillgetresolved.Now,addinitparameterwithnameandvalue.ThenclickFinish.

Figure16:Addinginitparameter

Listing4:web.xml

TheFilterNewFiltercanbeappliedtoeveryservletas/*isspecifiedhereforURLpattern.

01 <?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF8"?>
02 <web
appversion="3.1"xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaeehttp://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web
app_3_1.xsd">
03 <filter>
04 <filtername>NewFilter</filtername>
05 <filterclass>NewFilter</filterclass>
06 <initparam>
07 <paramname>newParam</paramname>
08 <paramvalue>valueOne</paramvalue>
09 </initparam>
10 </filter>
11 <filtermapping>
12 <filtername>NewFilter</filtername>
13 <urlpattern>/*</urlpattern>
14 </filtermapping>
15 <sessionconfig>
16 <sessiontimeout>
17 30
18 </sessiontimeout>
19 </sessionconfig>
20 </webapp>

Listing5:NewFilter.java
 01 importjava.io.*;
02 importjavax.servlet.*;
03 importjavax.servlet.http.*;
04 importjava.util.*;
05
06 publicclassNewFilterimplementsFilter{
07
08 publicvoidinit(FilterConfigfilterConfig)
{
09 //initparameter
10 Stringvalue=
filterConfig.getInitParameter("newParam");
11
12 //displayinginitparametervalue
13 System.out.println("TheParameter
value:"+value);
14 }
15
16 publicvoiddoFilter(ServletRequest
request,ServletResponseresponse,
FilterChainchain)
17 throwsIOException,
ServletException{
18
19 //IPaddressoftheclient
machine.
20 StringremoteAddress=
request.getRemoteAddr();
21
22 //Returnstheremoteaddress
23 System.out.println("Remote
InternetProtoclAddress:"+
remoteAddress);
24
25 chain.doFilter(request,response);
26 }
27
28 publicvoiddestroy(){
29
30 }
31 }

Figure17:Showingconsoleoutput

6.Session
ItisacollectionofHTTPrequestsbetweenclientandserver.Thesessionisdestroyedwhenitexpiresanditsresourcesarebacktothe
servletengine.

6.1SessionHandling
Itisameanstokeeptrackofsessiondata.Thisrepresentsthedatatransferredinasession.Itisusedwhensessiondatafromone
sessionmayberequiredbyawebserverforcompletingtasksinsameordifferentsessions.Sessionhandlingisalsoknownassession
tracking.

6.2MechanismsofSessionHandling
Therearefourmechanismsforsessionhandling:

URLrewriting:ThesessiondatarequiredinthenextrequestisappendedtotheURLpathusedbytheclienttomakethenext
request.

QueryString:AstringappendedaftertherequestedURIisquerystring.Thestringisappendedwithseparatoras?character.

Example1): http://localhost:8080/newproject/login?user=test&passwd=abcde
PathInfo:ItisthepartoftherequestURI.SessiondatacanbeaddedtothepathinfopartoftherequestURI.

Example2): http://localhost:8080/newproject/myweb/login;user=test&passwd=abcde

Hiddenformfield:AtypeofHTMLformfieldwhichremainshiddenintheview.Someotherformfieldsare:textbox,passwordetc.
Thisapproachcanbeusedwithformbasedrequests.Itisjustusedforhidinguserdatafromotherdifferenttypesofusers.

Example3: <input type="hidden" username="name" value="nameOne"/>

Cookies:Itisafilecontainingtheinformationthatissenttoaclientbyaserver.Cookiesaresavedattheclientsideafterbeing
transmittedtoclients(fromserver)throughtheHTTPresponseheader.

Cookiesareconsideredbestwhenwewanttoreducethenetworktraffic.Itsattributesarename,value,domain,versionnumber,path,
andcomment.Thepackage javax.servlet.http consistsofaclassnamesCookie.

Somemethodsin javax.servlet.http.Cookie classarelistedbelow:

setValue (String)

getValue()

getName()

setComment(String)

getComment()

setVersion(String)

getVersion()

setDomain(String)

setPath(String)

getPath()

setSecure(boolean)

getSecure(boolean)

HTTPsession:ItprovidesasessionmanagementserviceimplementedthroughHttpSessionobject.

SomeHttpSessionobjectmethodsarelistedherethisisreferredfromtheofficialOracleDocumentation:

Method Description

public Object Itreturnstheobjectboundwith

getAttribute(String name) thespecifiednameinthissession
ornullifnoobjectisboundunder
thename.

public Enumeration Itreturns

getAttributeNames() EnumerationofStringobjects
containingthenamesofallthe
objectsboundtothissession.

public String getId() Itreturnsastringcontainingthe

uniqueidentifierassignedtothis
session.

public long Itreturnsthetimewhenthis

getCreationTime() sessionwascreated,measured
inmillisecondssincemidnight
January1,1970GMT.

public long Itreturnsthelasttimetheclient

getLastAccessedTime() sentarequestassociatedwith
thissession.

public int Itreturnsthemaximumtime

getMaxInactiveInterval() interval,insecondsthatthe
 servletcontainerwillkeepthis
sessionopenbetweenclient
accesses.

public void invalidate() ItInvalidatesthissessionthen

unbindsanyobjectsboundtoit.

public boolean isNew() Itreturnstrueiftheclientdoesnot

yetknowaboutthesessionorif
theclientchoosesnottojointhe
session.

6.3Example
SessionInformationlikesessionid,sessioncreationtime,lastaccessedtimeandothersisprintedunderthisexample.

Listing6:ServletSession.java

01 importjava.io.IOException;
02 importjava.io.PrintWriter;
03 importjava.util.Date;
04 importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
05 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
06 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
07 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
08 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
09
10 publicclassServletSessionextendsHttpServlet
{
11
12 @Override
13 protectedvoiddoGet(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
14 throwsServletException,
IOException{
15 //sessionobjectcreation
16 HttpSessionnewSession=
request.getSession(true);
17 //Sessioncreationtime.
18 DatecTime
=newDate(newSession.getCreationTime());
19 //Thelasttimetheclientsenta
request.
20 DatelTime=newDate(
newSession.getLastAccessedTime());
21
22 /*setsthetime,inseconds,
betweenclientrequestsbeforetheservlet
container
23 invalidatesthissession*/
24 newSession.setMaxInactiveInterval(1*60*60);
25 Stringstr="Website|Session";
26
27 response.setContentType("text/html");
28 PrintWriterout=
response.getWriter();
29
30 Stringdocument=
31 "<!doctypehtmlpublic\"//w3c//dtd
html4.0"+
32 "transitional//en\">\n";
33 out.println(document+
34 "<html>\n"+
35 "<head><title>"+str+"
</title></head>\n"+
36 "<body
bgcolor=\"#bbf5f0\">\n"+
37 "<h2>Website:Displaying
SessionInformation</h2>\n"+
38 "<tableborder=\"2\">\n"+
39 "<tr>\n"+
40 "<td>Uniqueidentifier
assignedtothissession</td>\n"+
41 "<td>"+
newSession.getId()+"</td>"
 newSession.getId()+"</td>"
42 +"</tr>\n"+
43 "<tr>\n"+
44 "<td>Thetimewhenthis
sessionwascreated</td>\n"+
45 "<td>"+cTime+
46 "</td>"
47 +"</tr>\n"+
48 "<tr>\n"+
49 "<td>Thelasttimethe
clientsentarequestassociatedwiththis
session</td>\n"
50 +"<td>"+lTime+
51 "</td>"
52 +"</tr>\n"+
53 "</tr>\n"+
54 "<tr>\n"+
55 "<td>themaximumtime
interval,insecondsthattheservlet
containerwillkeepthissessionopen
betweenclientaccesses.</td>\n"+
56 "<td>"+
newSession.getMaxInactiveInterval()+
57 "</td>"
58 +"</tr>\n"+
59 "</table>\n"+
60 "</body></html>");
61 }
62 }

Figure18:Displayingoutput

7.ExceptionHandling
Exceptionsareusedtohandleerrors.Itisareactiontounbearableconditions.Herecomestheroleofweb.xmli.e.deployment
descriptionwhichisusedtorunJSPandservletpages.Thecontainersearchestheconfigurationsinweb.xmlforamatch.So,in
web.xmlusetheseexceptiontypeelementsformatchwiththethrownexceptiontypewhenaservletthrowsanexception.

7.1ErrorCodeConfiguration
The/HandlerClassservletgetscalledwhenanerrorwithstatuscode403occursasshownbelow:

Listing7:ForErrorcode403

1 <errorpage>
2 <errorcode>403</errorcode>
3 <location>/HandlerClass</location>
4 </errorpage>

7.2ExceptionTypeConfiguration
IftheapplicationthrowsIOException,then/HandlerClassservletgetscalledbythecontainer:

Listing8:ForExceptionTypeIOException

1 <errorpage>
2 <exception
type>java.io.IOException</exceptiontype>
3 <location>/HandlerClass</location>
4 </errorpage>

Ifyouwanttoavoidtheoverheadofaddingseparateelements,thenuse java.lang.Throwable asexceptiontype:

Listing9:Forallexceptionsmentionjava.lang.Throwable:

1 <errorpage>
2 <exception
type>java.lang.Throwable</exceptiontype>
3 <location>/HandlerClass</location>
4 </errorpage>

8.Debugging
8.Debugging
ClientserverinteractionsareinlargenumberinServlets.Thismakeserrorsdifficulttolocate.Differentwayscanbefollowedfor
locationwarningsanderrors.

8.1MessageLogging
Logsareprovidedforgettinginformationaboutwarninganderrormessages.Forthisastandardloggingmethodisused.ServletAPI
cangeneratethisinformationusinglog()method.UsingApacheTomcat,theselogscanbefoundinTomcatDirectory/logs.

8.2JavaDebugger
ServletscanbedebuggedusingJDBDebuggeri.e.JavaDebugger.Inthistheprogrambeingdebuggedissun.servlet.http.HttpServer.
Setdebuggersclasspathforfindingthefollowingclasses:

servlet.http.HttpServer
server_root/servletsandserver_root/classes:Throughthisthedebuggersetsbreakpointsinaservlet.

8.3Headers
UsersshouldhavesomeinformationrelatedtostructureofHTTPheaders.Issuescanbejudgedusingthemwhichcanfurtherlocate
someunknownerrors.InformationrelatedtoHTTPheaderscanhelpyouinlocatingerrors.Studyingrequestandresponsecanhelpin
guessingwhatisnotgoingwell.

8.4Refresh
Refreshyourbrowserswebpagetoavoiditfromcachingpreviousrequest.Atsomestages,browsershowsrequestperformed
previously.Thisisaknownpointbutcanbeaproblemforthosewhoareworkingcorrectlybutunabletodisplaytheresultproperly.

Listing21:ServletDebugging.java

Here,ServletDebuggingisshownwhichdisplaystheerrorsinTomcatlog.
 01 importjava.io.IOException;
02 importjava.io.PrintWriter;
03 importjavax.servlet.ServletContext;
04 importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
05 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
06 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
07 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
08
09 publicclassServletDebuggingextendsHttpServlet
{
10
11 @Override
12 protectedvoiddoGet(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
13 throwsServletException,
IOException{
14
15 //parameter"name"
16 Stringstrpm=
request.getParameter("name");
17
18 ServletContextcontext=
getServletContext();
19
20 //checksiftheparameterisset
ornot
21 if(strpm==null||
strpm.equals(""))
22 context.log("Nomessage
received:",newIllegalStateException("Sorry,
the
23 parameterismissing."));
24 else
25 context.log("Hereisthevisitor's
message:"+strpm);
26
27 }
28 }

Figure19:OutputasvisibleinApacheTomcatlog

9.Internationalization
Forbuildingaglobalwebsite,someimportantpointsareconsideredwhichincludeslanguagerelatedtousersnationality.
Internationalizationisenablingawebsiteforprovidingcontenttranslatedindifferentlanguagesaccordingtousersnationality.

9.1Methods
Forfindingvisitorslocalregionandlanguage,thesemethodsareused:

Method Description

String getCountry() Returnsthecountrycode.

String getDisplayCountry() Returnsanameforthevisitors

country.

String getLanguage() Returnsthelanguagecode.

String getDisplayLanguage() Returnsanameforthevisitors

language.
 String getISO3Country() Returnsathreeletter
abbreviationforthevisitors
country.

String getISO3Language() Returnsathreeletter

abbreviationforthevisitors
language.

9.2Example
Theexampledisplaysthecurrentlocaleofauser.FollowingprojectiscreatedinNetBeansIDE:

1 ProjectName:
WebApplicationInternationalization
2 ProjectLocation:
C:\Users\Test\Documents\NetBeansProjects
3 Servlet:ServletLocale
4 URLPattern:/ServletLocale

Listing22:ServletLocale.java

01 importjava.io.IOException;
02 importjava.io.PrintWriter;
03 importjava.util.Locale;
04 importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
05 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
06 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
07 importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
08
09 publicclassServletLocaleextendsHttpServlet
{
10
11 @Override
12 protectedvoiddoGet(HttpServletRequest
request,HttpServletResponseresponse)
13 throwsServletException,
IOException{
14 //Gettheclient'sLocale
15 Localenewloc=request.getLocale();
16 Stringcountry=
newloc.getCountry();
17
18 //Setresponsecontenttype
19 response.setContentType("text/html");
20 PrintWriterout=
response.getWriter();
21
22 //thissetsthepagetitleandbody
content
23 Stringtitle="FindingLocaleof
currentuser";
24 StringdocType=
25 "<!doctypehtmlpublic\"//w3c//dtd
html4.0"+
26 "transitional//en\">\n";
27 out.println(docType+
28 "<html>\n"+
29 "<head><title>"+title+"
</title></head>\n"+
30 "<bodybgcolor=\"#C0C0C0\">\n"+"
<h3>"+country+"</h3>\n"+
31 "</body></html>");
32 }
33 }

Listing23:index.htmlwithlocationhyperlinkasURLpatternServletLocale
 01 <html>
02 <head>
03 <title>User'sLocation</title>
04 <metacharset="UTF8">
05 <metaname="viewport"content="width=device
width,initialscale=1.0">
06 </head>
07 <body>
08 <p>Clickonthefollowinglinkfor
findingthelocaleofvisitor:</p>
09 <ahref="ServletLocale">
<b>Location</b></a>
10 </body>
11 </html>

Listing24:web.xmlwithURLpatternas/ServletLocale

01 <?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF8"?>
02 <web
appversion="3.1"xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaeehttp://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web
app_3_1.xsd">
03 <servlet>
04 <servletname>ServletLocale</servlet
name>
05 <servletclass>ServletLocale</servlet
class>
06 </servlet>
07 <servletmapping>
08 <servletname>ServletLocale</servlet
name>
09 <urlpattern>/ServletLocale</url
pattern>
10 </servletmapping>
11 <sessionconfig>
12 <sessiontimeout>
13 30
14 </sessiontimeout>
15 </sessionconfig>
16 </webapp>

Figure20:Displayingindex.html

Figure21:Displayingthelocaleasoutput

10.References

10.1Website
10.1Website
OfficialOracleDocumentation
SunDeveloperNetwork
FreeNetBeansDownload
FreeApacheDownload
FreeJavaDownload

10.2Books
HeadFirstServletsandJSP:PassingtheSunCertifiedWebComponentDeveloperExam,byBryanBasham,KathySierra,BertBates
ServletandJSP(ATutorial),byBudiKurniawan

11.Conclusion
ServletisfastinperformanceandeasytousewhencomparedwithtraditionalCommonGatewayInterfaces(CGI).Throughthisguide
youcaneasilylearntheconceptsrelatedtoJavaServlets.TheprojectcodesaredevelopedunderNetBeansIDE,soyouwillgetanidea
aboutsomeofitsamazinguserfriendlyfeaturesaswell.