Pavement Types

Load transfer to sub grade

Rigid pavement Flexible pavement

Concrete Asphalt

Concrete Pavements

Advantages Disadvantages

o High initial cost

o Long life
o Rider discomfort at high speed
o Strength increases with age
o Resist water, oil o Tend to get polished with time
o Withstand heavy axle loads
o Resist sub grade failure
o Unaffected by high temperature
Suitable for
o Less maintenance
o Excellent light reflection providing Poor sub soil condition
greater visibility in the night Poor drainage condition
Slow moving heavy traffic
 Economical
Concrete

Very Low Low cement

workability (zero content
slump)
Low w/c
ratio
Roller Compacted
Concrete

Placed with
asphalt pavers

Compacted by vibrating
steel drum rollers and
rubber rollers
 Roller Compacted
Concrete Pavement
(RCCP)
Performance of RCCP depends on

Pavement thickness Structural design

Properties of Concrete Mix design
Construction method
 Properties of RCC

Flexural Strength Wet Density

Vibratory roller

Static weight + Vibration

Experimental
Flexural strength
Rigid Pavement Investigation
Wet density

Experimental Investigation

To determine a suitable coarse aggregate grading for RCC

To propose guidelines to carry out mix design of RCC

To investigate the suitability of fly ash to enhance the compaction

compaction
 Suitable aggregate grading

Best grading Minimum void content

Blending of 10mm and 20 mm single size aggregate

0.43
Compacted Density of coarse aggregate
20mm (%) 10mm (%) Compacted Compacted
0.42 Optimum %
weight kg density 0.41

Void Ratio
kg/m3
0.40
100 0 29.0 1629.09
90 10 29.10 1636.36 0.39
80 20 28.70 1607.27
70 30 29.30 1650.91 0.38
Void Rat io
60 40 29.70 1680.00
0.37
50 50 29.00 1629.09
0 20 40 60 80 100
40 60 28.90 1621.82
30 70 28.40 1585.45 10mm aggregate%
20 80 28.80 1641.55
10 90 28.70 1607.27
0 100 27.80 1541.82

Determination of optimum fine/coarse ratio

0.45

0.40
Void Ratio

Void Ratio-V constant

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fine Conte nt (%)
Combined aggregate grading

100

80
Results
% passing

60 limits

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)

Effect of aggregate grading

100
100
90 Recommended Limits
Recommended
90
Grading BLimits
PercentageParsing(%)

80 80 Grading A
Grading C
70 70 Grading B
Passing percentage

60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20

10
10
0
0
0.1 0.1 1 1 10
10 100
100

Sieve
Sie ve sizsize
e (m m)(mm)
 Mix proportions
Mix Proportions for grading A
Mix W/C Cement Water Fine Agg: Coarse Agg:
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
A1 280 095.20 930.97 1234.05
A2 0.34 300 102.00 884.94 1173.06
A3 320 108.80 882.10 1169.30
A4 280 106.40 944.72 1252.29
A5 0.38 300 114.00 875.48 1160.51
A6 320 121.60 863.60 1144.80
A7 280 112.00 898.92 1187.40
A8 0.40 300 120.00 851.40 1128.60
A9 320 128.00 856.00 1195.20
A10 280 126.00 878.92 1165.00
A11 0.45 300 135.00 853.55 1131.41
A12 320 144.00 886.87 1175.00

Mix Proportions for aggregate grading B

Cement Water Fine Agg: Coarse Agg:
Mix W/C
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

B 0.38 300 114.00 977.28 1058.45

Measurement of Wet Density

Effect of Vibratory roller

Static weight + Vibration

V-BV-B
Modified testtest
Apparatus
Apparatus
 Modified V-B apparatus

2500

2400
Wet Density (kg/m 3)

2300

2200 C-280 kg/m3

C-300 kg/m3
C-320 kg/m3
2100
80 100 120 140 160
3
Water content (kg/m )
 Flexural strength

d
750mm x 150mm x 150mm

3d

5.5

5
Flexural Strength- f (MPa)

4.5

3.5
C-280 kg/m3
3 C-300 kg/m3
C-320 kg/m3
2.5

2
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

W/C

Strength (MPa) (cement 300 kg/m3)

W/C Grading A Grading B
0.38 4.36 2.52
 Relationship between flexural strength
and compressive strength

Pavement design Flexural strength

Compliance testing Compressive strength

Relationship between flexural

strength and compressive strength

5.5
Flexrual Strength (MPa)

4.5

3.5

2.5

2
5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive stregth (MPa)
 Effect of Fly Ash on Compactability of RCC

2500
2450
Density (kg/m 3 ) 2400
2350
2300
2250 0% PFA
2200 30% PFA

2150
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
W/C

Effect of Fly Ash on Flexural Strength of RCC

PFA %
W/C 0% 30%
Flexural Strength (MPa)
0.34 4.16 4.50
0.38 4.36 4.01
0.4 4.01 4.20
0.45 4.00 4.20
 Ball bearing effect of Fly Ash

FLY ASH PARTICALS

Use of aggregate for ABC (Aggregate Base

Course) and 37.5mm aggregate in producing
RCC
100

Recommended
80 grading
Passing Percentage

ABC
60

40

20

0 100
0.01 0.1 1 10 90 100 Limits
Sie ve Si z e
Passing Percentage

80 Limits
70 ABC-20RS
60
ABC-10RS
50
40 ABC-20QD
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve Size
 Mix proportions with ABC

Mix W/C Cement Water ABC Fine Q../ dust

(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) Agg: (kg/m3)
(kg/m 3
D1 0.34 280 95.2 2165.02 0.00 ) 0.00
D2 0.38 280 106.4 2151.00 0.00 0.00
D3 0.38 280 106.4 1720.8 420.2 0.00
D4 0.38 280 106.4 1935.9 215.1 0.00
D5 0.38 280 106.4 1720.8 0.00 420.2
D6 0.38 280 106.4 1935.9 0.00 251.1

Test Results with ABC

Mix W/C Flexural

Strength
(MPa)
D1 0.34 4.36
D2 0.38 4.25
D3 0.38 2.90
D4 0.38 2.60
D5 0.38 1.30
D6 0.38 0.90

Use of 37.5 mm graded aggregate

100

90
Ower Limit
80
Upper Limit
70
Passing Persentage

60 Correct
50

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 Sie ve1Si z e 10 100

Mix proportions for 37.5mm aggregate

Mix W/C Cement Water Fine Agg: Coarse Agg:

(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
B1 0.34 280.0 095.2 757.8 1407.4
B2 0.38 280.0 106.4 752.0 1399.0
B3 0.40 280.0 112.0 730.0 1355.5
B4 0.45 280.0 126.0 715.37 1328.5
 2300

20mm aggregate

2250 37.5 mm aggregate

Wet density (kg/m 3)

Flexural Strength
2200 (MPa)
(280 kg/m3 cement
W/C content)
2150
20mm 37.5mm
(Max. (Max.
aggregate) aggregate)
2100
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.34 3.50 3.50
W/C
0.38 3.80 3.12

0.40 3.50 2.90

0.45 3.10 2.50

Proposed Mix Design Procedure

for RCC

Step 1 - Selection of the appropriate

water/cement ratio and cement
content for the specified flexural strength
 Step 1 Selection of w/c and cement content

Based on Wheel 5.5

load, Pavement Selection of flexural 5

Flexural Strength- f (MPa)

4.5

thickness, Sub strength 4

3.5

grade reaction 3
C-280 kg/m3
C-300 kg/m3
C-320 kg/m3
2.5

2
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

W/C

Select cement content (C1)

2500

Obtain (W/C)1 based on Flexural Strength 2400

C1

Wet Density (kg/m 3)

2300

2200 C-280 kg/m3

C-300 kg/m3

Obtain (w/c)Optimum based on wet density 2100

80 100 120
C-320 kg/m3

140 160
Water content (kg/m3)

(W/C)1< (W/C)Optimum
No

Yes
Adopt
Increase the cement content (W/C)Optimum

Proposed Mix Design Procedure for RCC

Step 1 - Selection of the

appropriate water/cement ratio
and cement content for the
100

specified flexural strength

80
% Passing

60

40

Step 2 - Proportion of fine

20

aggregate to coarse aggregate
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Based on the recommended Sieve size (mm)

grading for the combined

aggregate (S
(So ratio of fine to
total aggregate content ) C
1000 W 1000 A
C
Step 3 - Sand content S=
(1 S0 )

Assuming an appropriate value for 1
+
the air content (A) the the s g S0
following equation can be written.

1 So
G=S
Then the coarse aggregate So
content (G) can be calculated
Conclusions

The combined aggregate grading has a significant effect on the

flexural strength RCC.

A slight deviation from the recommended grading limits for

combined aggregate can cause greater reduction in flexural
strength.

The conventional V-
V-B apparatus was modified to measure wet
density of RCC. Using this apparatus, wet density can be
measured under the action vibration and static load.

Wet density of RCC depends on both water content and

cement content.

For a given cement content, there is optimum water content at

which maximum density can be achieved.

Since the surface finish of a road pavement is important, it is

necessary to achieve maximum compaction for this kind of
concrete.

Fly ash can be used to increase the wet density and

compactability of RCC thus leading to better surface finish.
Addition of fly ash (30%) will not affect the 28-
28-day strength
adversely.

The flexural strength of RCC depends not only on w/c,

w/c, but
also on cement content.

Based on the relationships obtained for flexural strength and

wet density, a mix design procedure for RCC was proposed.
 Construction of RCCP

Mixing can be done in

Concrete mixing conventional batch
mixers (free fall type)

Transportation of RCC Dump truck

 Placing of RCC Asphalt pavers

Vibratory steel drum rollers

Compaction of RCC
Pneumatic tire rollers

Compaction is undertaken using a single or double steel drum vibrating

roller. Initially two or three passes are made with the vibration equipment
switched off followed by about six to eight passes of roller with vibration
mode.. Pneumatic rolling is used for the final compaction

Curing
Thank you