Primary Sources

1. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Group of Workers Stringing Beans in J. S. Farrand Packing Company.
17 July 1909. Digital Docs in a Box, Library of Congress, www.digitaldocsinabox.org Accessed
2 Nov. 2016.
We used this photograph in our project by putting it in the working conditions section to
show how the working conditions were in the factories. This photograph showed us what it
looked like to be a child in the early 1900s. It is primary because it is a photograph taken during
that time.

2. Hine, Lewis Wickes. "Poem." 1913. Photographer.

We used the feeling illustrated to us by this poem to put feeling into our words, so that we
could make other people who read our work feel the hardships and the horror of child labor. This
poem illustrated to us the adverse effects child labor has on the children and the benefits factory
owners receive. It is a primary source because it is thought to have been published in 1913.

3. In 1909 Lewis Hine Spoke at a Social Work Conference on the Subject of Photography and
Social Reform." Spartacus Educational, 2016, spartacus-educational.com Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.
We used the information on this source to piece together Lewis Hines Childhood and Adulthood
pages. In his speech, Lewis Hine explained his photography technique. It is primary because the
speech is from that time period; he said it.
`
4. Miller, Bertha. "Excerpt 1." Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls, by Victoria Byerly, pp. 48-50.
We used the information in this excerpt on our Conditions page under the factory section. This
excerpt showed us the memories Bertha Miller, once a cotton mill girl, had of her childhood. It is
primary because is was written by a girl who worked in the cotton mills in the early 1900s.

5. United States, Congress. Child Labor in the Carolinas: Account of Investigations Made in the
Cotton Mills of North and South Carolina. 1909

We used this source to get a better understanding of the laws passed that included child labor.
From this artifact, we learned more about Lewis Hines discoveries while photographing child
labor, both from his photographs and his personal accounts. It is primary because there are
photographs included that Lewis Hine took.

6.Quote from a Business Owner. 1883. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor.

We used this quote in the Working Conditions page. This quote portrays the business owners
little regard for his workers. It is primary because it was written in 1883.

7. Byerly, Victoria. Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls. Personal Histories of Womanhood and
Poverty in the South. New York, ILR Press, 1986.

We used this source to show how the conditions and point of views the children had while
working. This quote showed us the statistics of child labor in 1890. This source is primary
because it was written at the time child labor was a problem.

8.Wright, Carrol D. Influences of Machinery on Labor. 1886.

We used this source to gain knowledge of the value of products in this day and age. This source
is primary because it was written during the time child labor was a thing.

9. "Child Labor in the Canning Industry of Maryland." Canneries3.pdf, www.loc.gov. Accessed

30 Nov. 2016
We used this website to get some background information on what it was like for families in the
1900s. This website gave us insight of a family in the canning industry and their life. It is
primary because it is an interview with the people who experienced it.

10. The History Place. 1998-2016, www.historyplace.com. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016.

We used the information on the captions in the Factory section of the Working Conditions page.
This site gave us access to many of the pictures Lewis Hine took of child laborers and the things
her learned from the children. This source is primary because it includes pictures Lewis Hine
took and the things he observed and was told during his life.
13.An act to prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for other purposes,
September 1, 1916; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-; General Records of the
United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

We downloaded the Keating-Owen Act and uploaded it into our website onto the Lasting Impacts
page. The document informed us of the things that congress proposed with the Keating-Owen
Act. This document is a primary source because it was proposed in 1916 and Lewis Hine was
working then.

14. "Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Of 1916." Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Of 1916 (NARA)
(2011): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

We used the information on this site to learn more about the Keating-Owen Act and what it
proposed. This source also exposed us to more of Lewis Hines photographs. This source is
primary because the Act was actually written in 1916.
15. Jackson, Robert H. "Children Of The Rich And Children Of The Poor." Vital Speeches Of
The Day 3.17 (1937): 526. History Reference Center. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.
We used this source to get a better understanding of the differences of the rich children and poor
children. We learned that there are many differences between the rich and poor children in the
1900s. It is primary, because it was written about the topic in the time period the topic was
occuring.

16. United States, Congress, Senate. THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT OF 1938, AS
AMENDED (29 U.S.C. 201,et seq.). Government Printing Office.

We used this source to read and understand the Fair Labor Standards act. We learned the
formatting of the acts, and the things it covers. It is primary, because it is the original digital copy
from 1938

17. Selected letters and photographs of Lewis W. Hine. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.
We used the photos in this book in our website.

17. "Childhood Lost: Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution." Eastern Illinois University,

www.eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

18.Hine, Lewis Wickis. Vera Hill, 5 years old picks 25 pounds a day. See 4580 Location:

Comanche

County, Oklahoma/Lewis W. Hine. Prints and Photographs. East Illinois University,

www.eiu.edu/

eiutps/childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

19. Hine, Lewis Wickis. Boy Working at the Saw, N.Y. Dimension Supply Co. ,Evansville, Ind.

Location:

Evansville, Indiana Prints and Phtogoraphs . Eastern Illinois University, www.eiu.edu/eiutps/

 childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

20. Child Labor Scholarship. Girl securing her weekly allowance from the New York Child
Labor Committee, that permits her parents in school. June 1913. Location: [New York (State)].

21. Kielburger, Craig, and Kevin Major. Free the Children. New York, HarperCollins Publisher
1998

22. Glueck, Grace. "Little Ones, Are You Haves or Have-Nots." New York Times, 24 May 2002,
sec. E, p.

23. "Sweeper and Doffer" webs.bcp.org/. Accessed 25 Jan. 2017.

24. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Garment Workers, New York, NY. 25 Jan. 1908. National Archives and
Records
Administration, Records of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau

25. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930. 1930.
26. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Laura, a Nine-year-old Berry Picker on Rock Creek, near Baltimore,
Md. Been
Working in the South Two Winters. (See My Report July 10, 1909.) Location: Baltimore,
Maryland.
July 1909. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.), nclc
00018.
27. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 Years Old. Working 3
Summers. Minds
Baby and Carries Berries, Two Pecks at a Time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J. This Is the
Fourth
Week of School and the People Here Expect to Remain Two Weeks More. Sept. 28, 1910.
Witness E.
F. Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey / Photo by Lewis W. Hine. 28 Sept. 1910.
Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

28. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Millie, Four Years Old and Nellie Five Years Old. Cotton Pickers on a
Farm near
Houston, Millie Picks Eight Pounds a Day and Nellie Thirty Pounds. This Is Nearly Every
Day.
Home Conditions Bare and Bad. Location: Houston [vicinity], Texas. Oct. 1913. Photographs
from
the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).
29. Hine, Lewis W. Laura, a nine-year-old berry picker on Rock Creek, near Baltimore, Md.
Been working
in the South two winters. (See my report July 10, 1909.) Location: Baltimore, Maryland. July
1909.

30. Hine, Lewis W. Group of workers stringing beans in J. S. Farrand Packing Company,
Baltimore, Md. Many youngsters work here. Photo July 7, 1909. Location: Baltimore, Maryland.
7 July 1909.

31. Hine, Lewis W. Richard Tevor, 73 Jones St., W.[?] Maniyunk (near Philadelphia) 8 years old.
5 years picking cranberries. Theodore Budd's Bog at Turkeytown, near Pemberton, N.J. This is
the fourth week of school in Philadelphia and people will stay here two more Sept. 27, 1910.
Location: Pemberton, New Jersey. 27 Sept. 1909.

32. Hine, Lewis W. Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 years old. Working 3
summers. Minds baby and carries berries, two pecks at a time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J.
This is the fourth week of school and the people here expect to remain two weeks more. Sept. 28,
1910. Witness E. F.
Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey. 28 Sept. 1910.

33. Hine, Lewis W. Hine, Lewis W. All these children five years, six years, seven years, nine
years and two a little older, were picking cotton on H.M. Lane's farm Bells, Tex. Only one adult,
an aunt was picking. Father was plowing. Edith five years, (see preceding photo) picks all day.
"Hughie" six years old, girl, picks all day. Alton, seven years old, picks fifty pounds a day.
Ruth, nine years old, picks seventy-five pounds a day. Rob and Lee are about ten or eleven
years old.The very young children like to pick, but before long they detest it. Sun is hot,
hours long, bags heavy. Location: Bells, Texas. Sept. 1913. Oct. 1913.

34. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Young Drivers and Trapper Boy, Brown Mine, Brown, W. Va.
(Underground from 7 A.M. to 5:30 P.M.) Sept., 1908. Location: Brown, West Virginia. Sept.
1908. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

35. Hine, Lewis. Breaker boys working in Ewen Breaker of Pennsylvania Coal Co. For some of
their names see labels 1927 to 1930. Location: South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Jan. 1911.
Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

36. Hine, Lewis. 2 A.M. February 12,1908. Papers just out. Boys starting out on morning round.
Ages 13 years and upward. At the side door of Journal Building near Brooklyn Bridge. New
York, New York (State). Feb. 1908. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor
Committee
(U.S.).
37. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Boys at Lehr, Economy Glass Works. Location: Morgantown, West
Virginia. Oct. 1908. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee
(U.S.).
38. Hine, Lewis. Two of the tiny workers, a raveler and a looper in Loudon Hosiery Mills.
Location: Loudon, Tennessee. Dec. 1910. Photographs from the records of the National Child
Labor Committee (U.S.).

Secondary Sources

1. Biography.com Editors. "Lewis Hine Biography." Biography.com, A&E Television

Networks, 2016, www.biography.co Accessed 27 Oct. 2016.

This website gave us information about the history of Lewis Hines work. This site is secondary

because none of it is written by someone at that time.

2. Burgan, Michael. Breaker Boys. Compass Point books, 2012.

This book showed us how photographs helped end child labor and how child labor looked from

the eyes of the children. This book is secondary because it is not written by anyone at that time.

3. "Consequences for Children." ECLT, 2013, www.eclt.org Accessed 10 Nov. 2016.

4. ILO/IPEC. "Child Labour." Resources for Speakers on Global Issues, www.un.org. Accessed

10 Nov.2016.

5. "Lewis Hine." Spartacus Educational, 1997-2016, spartacus-educational.com Accessed 3

Nov. 2016.

6. "Lewis W. Hine." Encyclopedia Britanica, 2016, www.britannica.com . Accessed 3Nov. 2016.

7. "Lewis Wickes Hine Child Labour Pictures." Lewis Hine Photographs, 2010,

lewishinephotographs.com Accessed 27 Oct. 2016..

8. The Child Labor Public Education Project. "Child Labor Reform and the U.S. Labor

Movement." Child Labor Education Project, www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/.

9. "Lewis Wickes Hine." PhotoQuotes.com, 1997, photoquotes.com. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016.

10. Freedman, Russell. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade against Child Labor.

Illustrated by Lewis Hine, New York, Clarion, 1994.

11. Vo, Lam Thuy. "Child Labor in America, 1920." Planet Money, 17 Aug. 2012, npr.org.

Accessed 1 Dec. 2016.

12. Mornings on Maple Street. Joe Manning, morningsonmaplestreet.com/. Accessed 1 Dec.

2016.

13. Documenting, "The Other Half." xroads.virginia.edu. Accessed 2 Dec. 2016.

14. Lusted, Marcia Amidon. "The Power Of Pictures: How Lewis Hine Changed Children's

Lives." Appleseeds 15.7 (2013): 14. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.

15. PetaPixel. 7 Sept. 2013, petapixel.com. Accessed 2 Dec. 2016.

16. "Hine, Lewis Wickes." Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia (2016): 1p. 1. Funk &
Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

17. Lusted, Marcia Amidon. "The Power Of Pictures: How Lewis Hine Changed Children's
Lives." Appleseeds 15.7 (2013): 14. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

18. LOCKETT, TERRY E. "Remembering Lewis Hine." Humanist 71.5 (2011): 18. MasterFILE
Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

19. Cowan, Mary Morton. "Seeing Is Believing." Cobblestone 32.4 (2011): 15. MasterFILE
Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

20. Pusey, Allen. "June 3, 1918: Child Labor Law Declared Unconstitutional." ABA Journal
(2015): 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.
This website gave us information about the public reaction to

21. Child Labor." History.com, Television Networks, 2016, www.history.com/topics/child-labor.

Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.m
This website illustrated to us the effects of child labor on the economy. This source is secondary
because it is written by people who analyzed child labor after it was abolished, therefore, they
werent alive during this time period.

22. Gutman, Mara Gutman Mara. Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience. Walker
Publishing Company, 1967

23. Stepan, Peter, editor. Photos that Changed the World. Prestel.
24. Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labor an American History. New York, M. E. Sharpe, 2002.
25. Sullivan, Robert, editor. 1oo Photographs That Changed the World. New York, Andrew Blau.

26. "Lewis Hine." International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum, iphf.org. Accessed 25
Jan. 2017.
27. AZ Quotes. azquotes.com. Accessed 29 Jan. 2017.
28. Wilson, P., 71. "Lewis Hine." Time Toast, 2007, WWW.TIMETOAST.COM. Accessed 8 Feb.
2017.
29. "Mastering the Camera: Lewis Hine at Ethical Culture School, New York." The Free Library,
2017 www.thefreelibrary.com. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.

30. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Lewis W. Hine." Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017,

www.britannica.com Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.

31. Lewis Hine: A Crusader with A Camera. ewishinenhd.weebly.com. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.
This site informed me on the effect Lewis Hines photos had on child labor as a whole.

32. "Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916)." www.ourdocuments.gov. Accessed 14 Feb.
2017.

I used this source for my Lasting Impacts page. It gave me information on the Act and what it
was.

33. "Political Cartoons Regarding Child Labor." Child Labor Annihilator, 2 June 2014,
dshulmanjustice.blogspot.com. Accessed 19 Feb. 2017.