Dr. S.

Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-

Electromagnetics I

Some applications
n Power transmission, X rays, lightning protection
n Solid-state Electronics: resistors, capacitors, FET
Electrostatic fields n Computer peripherals: touch pads, LCD, CRT
n Medicine: electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms,
monitoring eye activity
Sandra Cruz-Pol, Ph. D.
INEL 4151 ch 4 n Agriculture: seed sorting, moisture content monitoring,
ECE UPRM spinning cotton,
Mayagez, PR n Art: spray painting
n

We will study Electric charges: Coulombs Law (1785)

kQ1Q2 Force one charge exerts on another
n Coulomb's Law- F= n
R2
n Use when charge distribution is known kQ1Q2
n Gausss Law
! !
= D dS = Qenc F=
S
R2 Point
n Use when charge distribution is symmetrical
charges
n Electric
Potential r ! ! R
V ( r ) = E dl + +
(uses scalar, not vectors)

n Use when potential V is known where k= 9 x 109

or k = 1/4o *Superposition
0=8.85 x 10-12 applies

Force with direction Example

Example: Point charges 5nC and -2nC are located at
Force that Q1 exerts
r1=(2,0,4) and r2=(-3,0,5), respectively.
on Q2
a) Find the force on a 1nC point charge, Qx, located at
! QQ (1,-3,7)
F12 = 1 2 2 a12
4o R Apply superposition:
! ! ! !
Note: Observation point goes First!
! 1 Q1Qx ( rx r1 ) QxQ2 ( rx r2 )
Fx = ! !3 + ! !3
! ! 4o rx r1 rx r2
r r
a12 = !2 !1 !

5 (1, 3, 3)

2 ( 4, 3, 2 )
r2 r1 F = 9 = (1.004, 1.285,1.3998) nN
(1+ 9 + 9)
3
156.2

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

Electric field intensity If we have many charges

n Is the force per unit charge F Line charge density, C/m
E=
when placed in the E field Q L
E=
F Surface charge density C/m2
Q Q
Example: Same point charges 5nC and E= aR Q
S
-2nC are located at (2,0,4) and (-3,0,5), 4o R 2 E=
4o R 2
aR
Volume charge density C/m3
respectively.
v
b) Find the E field at rx=(1,-3,7).

! 1 Q1 (rx r1 ) Q2 (rx r2 ) Q = L dl Q = S dS Q = v dv
E= + = (1.0, 1.29,1.4) V / m
4 o rx r1 3 3
rx r2 L S v

Q
Epoint =
charge 4o R 2
aR More Charge distributions
The total E-field intensity is Find E from
n Point charge (we just saw this one)
( L dl ) a n Line charge
E= 4 R 2 R
o n Surface charge

( S dS ) a n Volume charge
E= 4 R 2 R
o

( v dv) a
E= 4 R 2 R
o

Results Preview Find E from LINE charge

nLine charge w/uniform B
! L charge density, L Q = L dl dl = dz '
Line charge E= a We will derive these 3 A
2o
cases! *use cylindrical coordinates
! z
! (x,y,z) L dz '
Sheet charge E = S an 1. Using Coulomb! T dE E= a R
2o
4 o R 2
2. Using Gauss! B
Volume Charge ! R z ' = OT tan
Q
E= ar
4o r 2 (0,0,z) R = sec
dl !
R = R cos a + R sin a z
!
A R
a R = = cos a + sin a z
R
x
0

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

Defining angles 1 and 2 LINE charge z ' = OT tan

Substituting in: dz ' dz ' = [0 sec2 ]d
1 =imaginary perpendicular line with the back n E = L 2 a R
4 o R R = sec
2=imaginary perpendicular line with the front
z
a R = cos a + sin a z
z T

dE B ! 2 [ sec 2 ]d
T 2
R
E= L 2 2
[cos a + sin a z ]
1 4 o sec
B dl
1 finite Line Charge:
A ! L
dl
E= [(sin 2 sin 1 ) a + (cos 2 cos 1 ) a z ]
x 0 4o

A infinite Line Charge (1,2 = 90 o )

L
x E= a
0 2 o

More Charge distributions Find E from Surface charge

S dS
dE = a R
n Point charge n Sheet of charge w/ dQ = S dS 4 o R 2
uniform density S Element of area is:
n Line charge z dS = dd
n Surface charge Observation point is at z-axis:

n Volume charge R = (a ) + ha z
y
!
R
a R =
R
S d d [ a + ha z ]
dE = 3
[
4 o 2 + h 2 ] 2

SURFACE charge More Charge distributions

nDue to SYMMETRY S 2 h d
Ez = d 3
n Point charge
the component cancels 4 o =0 =0
[ 2
+ h2 ] 2

out. n Line charge

n Surface charge

h
E z = S 2 n Volume charge
4 o 2 2
+ h 0

infinite Surface Charge :

S
E= a n
2 o

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

Find E from Volume charge Find E from Volume charge

n Sphere of charge w/ dv n Substituting v dv
dQ = v dv dE = v 2 a R dE z = cos a z
uniform density, v 4 o R dE 4 o R 2
P(0,0,z) r '2 = z 2 + R 2 2zR cos
dE
P(0,0,z) dv = r '2 sin ' d ' d ' dr ' R 2
dv = r ' sin ' d ' d ' dr '
R Law of cosines: (r,,)
2 2 2 v RdR
z
(Eq. *) R = z + r ' 2zr 'cos ' sin ' d ' =
(r,,)
2 2 2
zr'
r ' = z + R 2zR cos

v Differentiating (Eq. *) RdR v 2 a z+r '
RdR z 2 + R 2 r '2 1
sin ' d ' = Ez = d ' 1 r '42 3 dr '
zr' x Q
a ' v az = 2 zR2 ar R 2
4 o =0E =r '=0 R = z2r ' zr
4 z 3 4 r
Due to symmetry only o o

x
dE z = dE cos
De donde salen los
survives. limites de R?

P.E. 4.5 Contsheet

charge
of

n A square plate at plane z=0 and x 2, y 2 y=2

carries a charge 12 y mC/m2 . Find the total x=2
! 2 2
12 y dxdy ( x, y,10)
charge on the plate and the electric field intensity at E= 3/ 2
(0,0,10). Q = S dS 2 y = 2
4 o (x 2
+ y 2 + 100 )
S
2 2
xdxdya x
2 2
y y dxdya y 2 2
10 y dxdya z
2 2 2 2 2 = 108 10 6 y + +y 3/ 2
y2 2
(
2
2 x = 2 x + y + 100
3/ 2
)
2 2
2 x = 2 x + y + 100
3/ 2
( 2 2
)
x = 2 x + y + 100 ( )
Q = dx 12 y dy = dx 12(2) ydy = 4 12(2) 192 mC
2

x = 2 y = 2 x = 2 y = 0 2 0 Due to symmetry only Ez survives:

! s ! !
E= dSar s dS r r ' 10 -- ! 2 2 10 ydxdya z
= E = 108 10 6 2
4 o r r! ' 3
! 3/ 2
2
4o r (
2 0 x 2 + y 2 + 100 )
! !
r r ' = (0,0,10) ( x' , y' ,0) = ( x' , y ' ,10) = 16.5a z MV / m

Chapter Outline Electric Flux Density

kQ1Q2 D is independent of the medium in which the
n Coulomb's Law- F=
R2 charge is placed.
n Use when charge distribution is known ! ! v dv
! ! D = o E = 4 R aR [C / m 2 ]
n Gausss Law = D dS = Qenc
S
2

n Use when charge distribution is symmetrical Then the electric flux is:
! !
n Electric
Potential r ! ! = D dS [C]
V ( r ) = E dl
(uses scalar, not vectors)

n Use when potential V is known

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

Gausss Law Gausss Law

! !
= D dS = Qenc n The total electric flux ,
! ! dv
S through any closed D = o E = v 2 a R
! ! surface is equal to the 4R
Qenc = v dv = D dS ! !
S
total charge enclosed by = Qenc = D dS = v dv
! ! ! that surface. S v

D dS = D dv
S v The key is to choose the
Gauss surface to simplify
Therefore:
! This is the 1st of the
the problem."
Follow the symmetry of
v = D Maxwells equations the particular case. "
derived here." Pick surface so that D is

Some examples: Finding D at point Some examples: Finding D at point P

P from the charges: from the charges:
D Point Charge is at the origin. Infinite Line Charge
! !
P Q = D dS ! !
r
l dl = Q = D dS
S
S

charge n Choose a spherical dS Line

D
n Choose a cylindrical dS
charge
n Note where D is perpendicular to P
n Note that integral =0 at top and
this surface. bottom surfaces of cylinder
Q = Dr dS = Dr 4r 2
! Q = D dS = D 2l
D = L a
S

Q 2 S
D= ar
4r 2

P.E. A point charge of 30nC is located at the origin, while

Some examples: Find D at point P plane y=3 carries charge 10nC/m2.
from the charges: 4.7 Find D at (0, 4, 3)
n Infinite Sheet of charge
! !
s dS = Q = D dS ! ! ! Q
D
S D = DQ + D = a + s a n
2 r
sheet of n Choose a cylindrical box
4r 2
charge
cutting the sheet
! 30 10 9

S A = Q = Ds dS +

dS D= [(0,4,3) (0,0,0)]+ 10n a y
Area A
D top bottom 4 ( 4 +3 ) 2 2
3
2
Note that D is parallel to the ! 30 10 9
! S sides of the box. D= (0,4,3) + 5na y
D= a z
3
S A = Ds [A + A] 4 (5)
2 = 5.08a y + 0.057a z nC/m 2

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

!
P.E. 4.8 Review
If D = (2 y + z )a x + 4 xya y + xa z C/m2 . Find :
2

n volume charge density at (-1,0,3)

! Point charge or Q
v (1,0,3) = D = 4 x = 4C/m3 volume D= ar
Charge distribution 4r 2
n Flux thru the cube defined by 0 x 1, 0 y 1,0 z 1
1 1 1 Line charge !
distribution D = L a
= Qenc = v dv = 4 x dx dy dz 2
v 0 0 0
n Total charge enclosed by the cube Sheet charge
distribution !
D = S a n
Q = = 2C 2

We will study Electric charges: Electric Potential, V

n The work done to move a charge Q from A to B is
!
dW = F dl
!
a y = QE dl
n Coulomb's Law (general cases) n The (-) means the work is done by an external force.
n Gausss Law (symmetrical cases) n The total work= potential energy required in moving Q:
B ! !
n Electric Potential (uses scalar, not vectors) W = Q E dl
A
n The energy per unit charge= potential difference between the 2 points:
W
B ! ! J
VAB = = E dl = [V ]
Q A C
V is independent of the path taken.

A point charge of -4C is located at (2,-1,3)

The Potential at any point is the potential difference
between that point and a chosen reference point at P.E. 4.10 A point charge of 5C is located at (0,4,-2)
A point charge of 3C is located at the origin
which the potential is zero. (choosing infinity):
r ! ! r
Q Q 1
r
Q Assume V()=0 and Find the potential at (-1, 5, 2)
V (r ) = E dl = 2
ar dr 'ar = = [V]
4 o r ' 4 o r ' 4 o r 3

Qk
For many Point charges at rk: V (r ) = +C
k =1 4 o r rk
1 n Qk
(apply superposition) V (r ) = [V]
4 o k =1 r rk
r r1 = (1,5,2) (2,1,3) = 46
1 L (r')dl '
For Line Charges: V (r) =
4 o L
r r' r r2 = (1,5,2) (0,4,2) = 18
For Surface charges:
1 s (r')dS ' r r3 = (1,5,2) (0,0,0) = 30
V (r) =
4 o S r r'
For Volume charges: 10 6 4 5 3
1 v (r')dv ' V (1,5,2) = + + =10.23 kV
V (r) =
4 o r r'
1 / 9 10 9 46 18 30
v

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

P.E. 4.11 #2: A point charge of 7nC is located at

QUIZ
Example
A line charge of 5nC/m is located on line x=10, y=20 the origin
Assume V(0,0,0)=0 and Find the potential at A(3, 0, 5) V(0,3,-5)=2V and Find C
! L Q
V (r) = E dl = a d a V= +C
2 o 4 o r
L
V (r) = ln + C
2 o
L
Vorigin VA = [ln o ln A ]
2 o
0 VA = 4.8 VA=+4.8V
0=|(0,0,0)-(10,20,0)|=22.36 and A=|(3,0,5)-(10,20,0)|= 21.2

A point charge of 5nC is located at the origin

P.E. 4.11 V(0,6,-8)=2V and Find the potential at A(-3, 2, 6)
Find the potential at B(1,5,7), the potential difference VAB
Relation between E and V
V is independent of the path taken.
r = (0,0,0) (0,6,8) = 10
Q B
V= +C 5n C = 2.5
4 o r 2=
4 o (10 )
+C V AB = VBA
!
5n V AB + VBA = E dl = 0
VA = + C = 3.93V
4 o (3,2,6) (0,0,0) *Esto aplica slo a campos estticos.
Significa que no hay trabajo NETO en mover una
5n carga en un paso cerrado donde haya un campo
VB = 2.5 = 2.696V esttico E.
4 o (1,5,7) (0,0,0) ! !
VAB = VB VA = 1.233V E dl = ( E )dS = 0
S
A

Given the potential 10

Example V= sin cos
Static E satisfies:
r2
! Find D at 2, ,0
2 .
E = 0 ! !
B D = o E = o ( V )
Condition for Conservative field = independent of
path of integration In spherical coordinates:
! ! V 1 V 1 V
dV = E dl E = a r + a + a
r r r sin
= Ex dx E y dy Ez dz
! 20 10 10 V
E = 3 sin cos ar 3 cos cos a + 3 sin a
r r r

dV =
V
dx +
V
dy +
V
dz
! ! 20
x y z D = o E = o a r + 0a + 0a
( 2 , / 2 , 0 )
8
A !
E = V D = 22.1a r C / m 2

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Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-
Electromagnetics I

Given that E=(3x2+y)ax +x ay kV/m, find the

P.E. 4.12 work done in moving a -2C charge from
(0,5,0) to (2,-1,0) by taking the straight-line Electric Dipole
path.
a) (0,5,0)(2,5,0) (2,-1,0) W
Q
[(
= E dl = 3x 2 + y dx + xdy ) ] n Is formed when 2 point charges of equal but opposite
sign are separated by a small distance.
2 1 z
W Q 1 1 Q r2 r1
( )
= 3x 2 + y dx xdy P
V=
Q =
4 o r1 r2 4 o r1r2
0 5
W = (Q)(18 12) W = 6(2 )12mJ
r1
b) y = 5-3x Q+ For far away observation points (r>>d):
dy = 3dx r
r2 Q d cos
W V=
Q
[( )
= E dl = 3x 2 + 5 3x dx + x(3dx ) = ] d
y 4 o r 2
W
2 W
= (3x 2 6 x + 5)dx = 8 12 + 10 = 6 W = 12mJ Q-
Q 0 Q

Energy Density in Electrostatic fields

n It can be shown that the total
electric work done is:

1 ! !
WE = D Edv = o E 2 dv
2v 2 v

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