3.
3 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
3.4 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
What You Should Learn
Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite and
evaluate logarithmic expressions.
Use properties of logarithms to evaluate or
rewrite logarithmic expressions.
Use properties of logarithms to expand or
condense logarithmic expressions.
Use logarithmic functions to model and solve
real-life problems.
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What You Should Learn
Solve simple exponential and logarithmic
equations.
Solve more complicated exponential equations.
Solve more complicated logarithmic equations.
Use exponential and logarithmic equations to
model and solve real-life problems.
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Change of Base
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Change of Base
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Example 1 Changing Bases Using Common Logarithms
a.
Use a calculator.
Simplify.
b.
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Properties of Logarithms
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Properties of Logarithms
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Example 3 Using Properties of Logarithms
Write each logarithm in terms of ln 2 and ln 3.
a. ln 6 b. ln
Solution:
a. ln 6 = ln (2 3) Rewrite 6 as 2 3.
= ln 2 + ln 3 Product Property
b. ln = ln 2 ln 27 Quotient Property
= ln 2 ln 33 Rewrite 27 as 33.
= ln 2 3 ln 3 Power Property
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Rewriting Logarithmic Expressions
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Example 5 Expanding Logarithmic Expressions
Expand each logarithmic expression.
a. log4 5x3y
b.
Solution:
a. log4 5x3y = log4 5 + log4 x3 + log4 y Product Property
= log4 5 + 3 log4 x + log4 y Power Property
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Example 5 Solution contd
Rewrite using rational
b.
exponent.
Quotient Property
Power Property
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Introduction
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Introduction
One-to-One Properties
ax = ay if and only if x = y.
loga x = loga y if and only if x = y.
Inverse Properties
aloga x = x
loga ax = x
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Example 1 Solving Simple Equations
Original Rewritten
Equation Equation Solution Property
a. 2x = 32 2x = 25 x=5 One-to-One
b. ln x ln 3 = 0 ln x = ln 3 x=3 One-to-One
c. =9 3 x = 32 x = 2 One-to-One
d. ex = 7 ln ex = ln 7 x = ln 7 Inverse
e. ln x = 3 eln x = e 3 x = e3 Inverse
f. log x = 1 10log x = 101 x = 101 = Inverse
g. log3 x = 4 3log3 x = 34 x = 81 Inverse
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Introduction
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Solving Exponential Equations
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Example 2 Solving Exponential Equations
Solve each equation and approximate the result to three
decimal places, if necessary.
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a. e x = e 3x 4
b. 3(2x) = 42
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Example 2(a) Solution
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e x = e 3x 4 Write original equation.
x2 = 3x 4 One-to-One Property
x2 3x 4 = 0 Write in general form.
(x + 1)(x 4) = 0 Factor.
(x + 1) = 0 x = 1 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
(x 4) = 0 x=4 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
The solutions are x = 1 and x = 4. Check these in the
original equation.
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Example 2(b) Solution contd
3(2x) = 42 Write original equation.
2x = 14 Divide each side by 3.
log2 2x = log2 14 Take log (base 2) of each side.
x = log2 14 Inverse Property
x= Change-of-base formula
3.807
The solution is x = log2 14 3.807. Check this in the
original equation.
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Solving Logarithmic Equations
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Solving Logarithmic Equations
To solve a logarithmic equation, you can write it in
exponential form.
ln x = 3 Logarithmic form
eln x = e3 Exponentiate each side.
x = e3 Exponential form
This procedure is called exponentiating each side of an
equation.
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Example 6 Solving Logarithmic Equations
a. ln x = 2 Original equation
eln x = e2 Exponentiate each side.
x = e2 Inverse Property
b. log3(5x 1) = log3(x + 7) Original equation
5x 1 = x + 7 One-to-One Property
4x = 8 Add x and 1 to each side.
x=2 Divide each side by 4.
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Example 6 Solving Logarithmic Equations contd
c. log6(3x + 14) log6 5 = log6 2x Original equation
Quotient Property of Logarithms
One-to-One Property
3x + 14 = 10x Cross multiply.
7x = 14 Isolate x.
x=2 Divide each side by 7.
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