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1/322

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backspace CTL-I Tab
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rub-out break interrupt .
delete . CTL-c
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3/322

: . :

Establish a connection: dial a phone or turn on a switch as necessary.

Yoyr system should say
login: You Type your name, then press RETURN
password: your password won`t be echoed as youe type it
you have mail. There`s mail to be read after you lig in
$ The system is now rady for your commands
$ press RETURN a couple of times
$ date What` the dte and time?
sun sep 25 23:02::57 EDT 1983
$ who who`s using the machine?
jlp tty0 sep 25 13:59
you tty2 sep 25 23:01
mary tty4 sep 25 19:03
doug tty5 sep 25 19:22
egb tty7 sep 25 17:17
bob tty8 sep 25 20:48
$ mail Read your mail
From doug sun sep 25 20:53 EDT 1983
give me a call sometime monday
? RETURN moves on to the next message
from mary sun sep 25 19:07 EDT 1983 Next message
Lunch at noon tomorrow?
?d Delete this message
$ No more this message
$ mail mary send mail to mary
lunch at 12 is fine
ctl-d End of mail
$ Hang up phone or turn off terminal
and that`s the end

.
.
4/322

.

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5/322

Mon sep 26 12:2057 EDT 1983

$
Return $ .
Return Return .
. who
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rlm tty0 sep 26 11:17
pjw tty4 sep 26 11:30
gerard tty7 sep 26 10:27
mark tty9 sep 26 07:59
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you ttya sep 26 12:20
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6/322

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date on a new line
Mon sep 26 12:23:39 EDT 1983
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Mon sep 26 12:24:02 EDT 1983
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7/322

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Mon sep 12 : 39 : 56 EDT 1983
$ # date
Mon sep 26 12 : 24: 21 EDT 1983
$ \ # date
$ \ \ # date
( ) # date : not found
$

( )kernel

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8/322

delete . Break
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9/322

.
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11/322

message from mary tty 7

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12/322

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16/322

Sep 26 16:25 1983 Junk page 1

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17/322

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Great fleas have little fleas
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18/322

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19/322

And so ad infinitum.
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20/322

$ cat Newpoem
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21/322

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22/322

1-1
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23/322

cmp filel filez

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24/322

usr/you/junk/ ( path name ) Pathnam .

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25/322

1S/bin/usr/bin .
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Mon sep 26 23 : 29 : 32 EDT 1983
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26/322

usr/you/book/
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hello world
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28/322

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29/322

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30/322

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31/322

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32/322

Command optonal - arguments - Tianal - filenames

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33/322

) ) Shell

( ) :
date ; who $
Tue sep 27 01:03:17 EDT 1983
Ten TTJo sep 27 00:43
Dmr Tly 1 sep 26 23:45
Rob TTJ2 sep 26 23:59
Bwk TTJ3 sep 27 00:06
Jj TTJ4 sep 26 23:31
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34/322

process- id
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PID Tty TIMe CMD
Co 6:29 /etc/Cron 36
5 6423
Sh - 0:02
Sh - 0:04 1 6704
35/322

vi paper 0:12 1 1 6722

Sh - 0:03 2 4430
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Sh- 0:03 2 4430
Sh- 0:03 7 6612
rogue 1:13 7 6628
write dmr 0:02 2 6843
login birnmler 0:01 4 6949
pr ch1.1 ch 1.2 ch 1.3 ch1.4 0:08 5 6952
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36/322

.

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37/322

.

@ .

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who/wc - 1 .
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38/322

usr/games/fortune/

( ) . . profile
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:
?Ps1= 1yes dear
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HOME .
profile . MaIL
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39/322

. :
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40/322

d= /harribly / lony / dinectory / name
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STLy erase h - Tabs
MAIL = /usr/ spool/ mail / you
PATH= $ HOME /bin : /bin: / usr/ bin:/usr/ games
B=$ HOME / book
Export MAIL PATH TERM b
Date
Who / WC-1
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41/322

K.L.thompson , D.M.Ritchie .
ACM 1974 CACM 1983 ( . 89
1983 ) .
. )Bell )BSTJ
( )1978
CA CM Ritchie thompson . RSTJ
1984 . J.R.Mashey ,
B.W.kernighan ( . IEEE )1981
.
.
1 . 1 HolT Rinehart
winston . 2
.
. .
Aun Nico Lomuto )1983 Hall )prentice
.
42/322

:2
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36
q
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 mahdi mahdi 36 Jul 4 11:21 junk
$
Junk 36 36( . ) .

$ cat junk
now is the time
for all good people
$
43/322

cat . 2od :
$ od -c junk
0000000 n o w i s t h e t i m e \n
0000020 f o r a l l g o o d p e o
0000040 p l e \n
0000044
$
c () . b
( )octal :
od -cb junk $
0000000 n o w i s t h e t i m e \n
156 157 167 040 151 163 040 164 150 145 040 164 151 155 145 012
0000020 f o r a l l g o o d p e o
146 157 162 040 141 154 154 040 147 157 157 144 040 160 145 157
0000040 p l e \n
160 154 145 012
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$

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44/322

. od backspace 010
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45/322

.
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/bin: directory
/bin/ed: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 )SYSV(, for GNU/Linux
46/322

2.2.5, dynamically linked )uses shared libs(, stripped /usr/share/man/man1/ed.1.gz: gzip compressed
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0000040 127244 000000 000000 000000 000064 000040 000007 000050
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. sort bin/ed/
. .

home/you/ . junk ls
usr / you / junk / . .
$ IS
junk
$
.
. . IS
. .
$ pwd
/ usr / you
$
( ) .
47/322

.
: ( )
. .
( ) .
. .
usr / . usr( . user)
usr / you / :
usre / src / usr / src / smd / . usr / src / smd / sh / .
.
mkdir .
$ pwd
/ usr / you
$ mk dir recipes
$ cd recifes
$ pwd
/ usr / you / recipes
$ mkdir pie cookie
$ ed pie / aplole

$ ed cookier / choc. Chip

pie/apple . .
apple pie .
/ recipes / apple pie
pies . crust
pie recipes / pie .

. . IS
.

$ cd
$ Is
junk
recipes
* $ file
jund ascit text
48/322

recips : directory
$ IS re cipes
cookie
pie
$ IS recipes / Pie
apple
crust
\$
.
usr /you /

junk recipics

pie cookie

apple crust choc.ship

( du )
.
$ du a
2 . / recipes / pie / apple
3 . / recipes / pie / crust
6 . / recipes / pie
3 . / recipes / cookie/ choc.chip
4 . / recipes / cookie
11 . / recipes /
1 . / junk
13 .
$
.
1024 512
Du . wll a .
du .
dw a grep .
$ du a / grep choc
$ . / recipes / cookie / choc. Chip
$
. ( ).
49/322

Du .
( ). . junk junk / . .
.
.
.
:
. .
16 14 ASCll Nuls ( .
) . .
dot-dot( . . (.)dot( and
( )Root .
( )Root .

4 2

.
. .
.
.
super-user .
Root . super-user
. Root . Su shper-user
. super-user . .
super-user (
) . crypt . crypt supper-hser
crypt crypt . crypt
.
.
super-user .
.
.
.ligin-id . user-id uid
50/322

.
login-id uid .
. uid group-id
. ( loging-id )roat other .
.
uid group-id .
etc/passwd/ . . uid group-id
etc/passwd/ .
$ grep you / etc / passwd
you : g k m b c T r j o A com : 604 .1 : y. O. A . people : / usr/ you
$
: .
login-id : en crypted passwd : uid : group ld : miscell any
: login directery : shell

.
.
. bin / sh / .
.
. . login
. etc/passwd/
.
. g k m b c t r y o 4
.
etc / passwd / .
. ( ) ( ) (
). .
. ( )group .
IS-1 .

$ IS 1 / etc / passwd
- rw r r - - 1 root 5115 Aug 30 10 :40
$ IS Ig / etc / passwd
- rw r - - r - - 1 adm
51/322

login-id root : group adm

etc / passwd / 5115 30 10 : 45
. ) IS
.
- - rw r - - r IS .
ok .
( . uid( . rw ( )root
x.
( ) - - r
. ( )- - also r
root .
. adm
etc/passwd /.
etc / group / group id . etc / / .
passwd . newgrp :
ed / etc / passwd passwd . root $ .
.
.
passwd . /bin/ :
$ IS 1 / bin / passwd
rwsrx rx 1 root 8454 Jan 4 1983 / bin / passwd
$
etc / passwd / . bin / passwd /
.
root S . X
. root
.
uid-bit . .
set-uid .
. set-uid bin / passwd / . .
root . rw sr wx rwx
. set-uid . root
52/322

. , set unix bit .

uid bit passwd .
.
IS 1 / bin / who $
rwxrwxvw 1 root 6348 mar 29 1983 / bin / who -

who root .
shell :
who $
who bin / .
.
.
.
.
$ IS - Id
d r w x r w x r 3 y-u 80 sep 27 06 : 11
$
IS-d d . r
. ( IS )od W .
. .
root .
$ who try to wer write .
. : cannot creat you cant
$
.
w
.
.
. rm .
( .
F rm ) X
.
. ( )X - - .
. IS
. ( )- - r . IS
53/322

. usr games / .
( chmod ) .
$ chomed permissions filemond
. .
. . .
:
$ chomd rw rw rw junk

$ chomd G G G junk
. 4 2 1 .
IS .
. )chmod )1 . +

$ chmod + x commond
.
$ chmod w file
.
super user .

.
$ IS Id / user / mary
d r w x r w a r w x 5 mary 704 sep 25
$ chmod 444 / usr / mary
chmod : cant change / usr / mary
$
.
.
$ cd
$ date > temp
$ chmod w.
$ Is Id .
dr xr xr x 3 you
rm : temp not removed
$ chmod 77 5
$ Is - Id
d r w x r w x r -x 3 you
$ rm temp
54/322

$
temp . .
.
( )index nod .

5:inodes 2
.
inode :

inode . (
) inode . .
$ date.
The sep 27 12 : 07 : 24 EDT 1983
$ date > junk
- rw rw rw 1 you
$ Is Iw junk
- rw rw rw junk
$ Is Ic junk
- rw rw rw - 7 you
$
. Is-Iu inode
. Is-Ic
$ chmod 444 junk
$ Is Iu junk
- r - - r - - r - - 1 you 29 sep 27 06:11 junk
$ Is Ic junk
- r - - r - - r - - 1 you 29 sep 27 12 : 11 junk
$ chmod 666 junk
$
Is-t C u .
inodes .
$ Is recipes
cookie
pie
$ Is Iwt
total 2
d r w x r w x r w x 4 you
- rw rw rw 1 you
$
recipes . . inodes
55/322

Is inoder .
. I-number . inode Is-1 . I-
number ( ) .
$ date > x
$ Is i
1 5 7 6 8 junk
1 5 2 7 4 recipes
15852 x
$
.
inode i-number . .
inode , rm . .
inode . i-number .
. . i-number
.
. i-number
.
Inold file new file In $ .
. .
bin / ed called / bine / e / e . inode
.
$ In junk likt ojunk
$ Is Ii
total 3
1 5 7 6 8 - rw rw rw - 2 you
1 5 7 6 8 - rw rw rw - 2 you
1 5 2 7 4 d r w x r w x r w x 4 you
$
. inode .
. .
Is .
. .
$ echo x > junk
$ Is I
total 3
- rw rw rw 2 you
- rw rw rw 2 you
d rw x rw x rx x 4 you
56/322

$ rm link to junk
total 2 -rw rw rw 1 you
drw x rw x rw x 4 you
$
link to junk rm
. . .
.
. .
( .
. .
.
.
.
( ) .
.
CP . .
$ cp junk copy of junk
$ Is Ii
total 3
1 5 8 5 0 - rw rw rw- 1 you
15768 - rw rw rw 1 you
15274 drw x rw x rw x 4 you
$
i-number junk copy of junk . . .
.
$ chmoe w copy of junk

. copy of junk
rm .
mv .
cp In.
$ mv junk sam old junk
$ Is Ii
total 2
1 5 2 7 4 drw x rw x rw x 4 you
1 5 7 6 8 - rw rw rw - 1 you
57/322

$
some old junk junk . i-number ( 8 7 5 1
inode )
. In .
.
mv . . mv cp
.
mv )or cp( file 1 file 2 directory
.
. :
$ cp / usr / src / cmd / ed
.

$ mk dir sh
$ cp / usr / src / end / sh * sh
cp sh ( . usr /
src / cnd / sh cp ).
In . .
mv cp In .

6 2

bin
usr / you / .
. ( )root .
$ Is / boot
dev
etc
lib
tmp
unix
usr
$
/ . unix / .
. boot / unix/ .
)boot )8 .
58/322

.
. . 1 2
.
bin / . who ed .
)dev )devies / .
)etc )et ceterw / passwd /
etc / getty
bin/login / .
etc / rc / .
etc / group / .
libclibrar / . lib / cpp /
tmp )temporaries0 / .
ed tmp/e00512/ .
.
tmp / . . e 00512
. tmp / .
. tmp / .
tmp/ .
ed .
5 6 .
usr / .
usr / buk , / usr / rob / . usr /
. , / usr / bin / usr / lib / usr / tmp /
. nroff
usr / bin / bin / fortRan usr / lib / .
. th Edition 7 bin /
usr / bin/ . usr / bin /
.
usr / usr / adm / .
usr / dic / . usr / man .

/ usr / man / man 1 / spen 1.
59/322

usr/src/ .
usr / .

7 2 :

dev / . dev /
.
dev / mto /
.
dev / mto / .
$ cp / dev / mto junk
junk . cp .
dev / mto / . .

b c . IS inode .
Inode . . inode
( )minor ()major
.
.
/ . dev / ttyo /
dev / tty 1 / . .
dev / rpo 0/ . dev / rpo 1 / D E C
RP06 .
.
.
/ dev / rp 10 / dev / rp 11
.
.
.
. etc / mount / .
$ /etc/mount
rp 01 on /usr
$
60/322

root / dev / rp 00 ( dev / rp 01

.
root dev / bin / . etc / root .
bin / sh / .
( mounting ) .
super user dev / rp 01 / usr /
root.
inode .
inode ( . ) .
. ( df )
.
$ df
/ dev / rp 0 0 1989
/ dev / rp 01 21257
usr 21257 / . .
. df . df
. dev /
. tty .
$ who am 1
you tty 0 sep 28 01 : 02
$ tty
/ dev / ttyo
$ Is 1 / dev / ttyo
crw - - w - - w 1 you 1 , 12 sep 28 02 : 04 / deve / ttyo
$ date > / dev / ttyo
wed sep 28 02 : 40 : 51 Edt 1983
$

.
chmod mesg .
$ mesg N
$ Is 1 / dev / ttyo
crw - - - - - - - 1 you
$ mesg y
$
. dev / tty /
.
61/322

$ date > / dev / tty

wed sep 28 02 : 42 : 23 EDT 1983
$
dev / tty /
Crypt . dev / tty/ . clear teat
crypt dev / tty /.
$ crypt < c 1 ear text > crypted text
Enter key :
$
dev / tty / . crypt
cleartext . crypt dev / tty /
. 5 6 .
.
. news dev / nu 11 /
.
$ news > / dev / nu 11
$
dev / nu 11 / dev / nu 11 /
dev / nu 11 / .
dev / nu 11 / . .
time cpu . .
$ Is 1 / usr / dict / words
-r--r --r--1 bin
$ time grep e / usr / dict / words > / dev / nu 11
real 8.0
user 3.9
sys 2.8
$

cpu
cpu .
Egrep grep 4
grep . grep egrep
dev / nu 11 / .
62/322

:


. .

C .
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
( ) :

/bin/Who
$who
You tty sep :

jpl tty sep :

$
:
; $ date
web sep :: EDT

$ date ; who
web sep : EDT

you tty sep :

jpl tty sep :
$
RE TV RN
.
63/322

$ date ; who
. who date .
date ; who :
$ date ; who | wc
wed sep :: EDT

$
who wc . who wc
date . | ;
.
:
($ )date ; who
wed sep :: EDT

you tty sep :

jpl tty sep :

$ )date ; who( | wc

$
date who .
( ) tee
.
:
$ )date ; who( | tee save | wc
wc
$ cat save
wed sep :: EDT

you tty sep :

jpl tty sep :
$ wc < save

$

tee wc
tee .
$ .
. $
64/322

$ long running - command
- id long running commend $

. sleep
:
$ sleep 5
$
$ )sleep 5 ; date( $ date
5278
wed sep 28 09 : 18 : 20 EDT 1983 date
$ wed sep 28 09 : 18 : 25 EDT 1983
date

date
. sleep date .
( .
5 ).

$ )sleep 300 ; echo Tea is ready( $ Tea will be ready in smunutes
5291
$
( . ctl-g
) . $ ; .
$
:
$ pr file | lpr $
.
:
($ )pr file | lpr $
( )pr .
65/322

. pr
grep
. .
> | < . $ .
. .
$ echo hello > junk
Hello junk String > junk .
.
:
$ > junk echo Hello
.
. .
$ cat file | pr
$ pr < file
$ pr file
( <
< file | cat file).

*
* .
*$ echo
ls .
. ..
.
:
. echo echo :
ls$
.Proflie
Junk
Temp
* $ echo
Junk Temp
* $ echo .
66/322

. .. .profile
$
* . : .
.

:
'***' $ echo
***
$
... $
... \ ... .
\
*\*\*\ $ echo
*\*\*
.
:
''! $ echo '' Dont do that
Dont do that
$
$ echo X' * 'y
X*y
' $ echo '*' A' P
?* A
$

: .
> > Prog
> >> Prog
< < Prog
| P2 | P1 P1
<<str Str : .
*

[ ]ccc
9 0 a-z
; 2P : 1P 1P 2P.
67/322

$ ; 2P .
' '. . . ... ' '...
()... ...
{}... ... ( )
.etc $2 , $1 $0 $4
$ var var
{$}var var
. .
\ \ C C \
. . . . . . '. . . ' $ \
# # (
)
Var = value var .
P1 $$ P2 ; P1 P2
P1 | | P2 ; P1 P2 .

echo
.
:
$ echo hello
> world
hello
world
$

> .
. : . ps2
.
$ echo x * y .
x y .
* .
(
68/322

) .
:
$ ls x * y
x * y : lS
$ > xyzzy xyzzy
$ ls x *y
xy zzy xyzzy x*y
$ ls x*y * ls
x * y
$

.
\ $ echo abc
\ > def
> ghi
abcdefghi
$

.
# #
:
$ echo hello # there
hello
$ echo hello # there
hello # there
$
# .
* $ ls . . .

.
. :
pure - echo Enter $ :
69/322

: $ Enter
:
! $ pure echo Hello
>
! Hello
$

.
n
:
$ : echo - n Enter
: $ Enter
$ echo
n-
$
: n-
$ echo - n - n
>
-n
$
. V
C \ b ( \ c c)
:
$ echo Enter : \ C V
: $ Enter
.

.
. ( )-n
.


.
:
70/322

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
! .

.
. \ n .
\n \ n
\n
.
\ c .
\c \n .
.

.
.. grep

\\ grep \$ grep
\\ \\ grep \\ $ grep
'' \'' $ grep \\\$ grep
''' ' $ grep \$ grep
'' '' $ grep \$ grep

.
. . grep a
71/322

: C .
-
*$ echo */

( - ) . / ( / )
-
$ cat xy / y

$ cat x >> x

.

-
* $ rm
rm

.

.

.

$ who | wc - 1
nu .
' ' who | wc 1
:
$ echo who | wc 1 > nu
( nu )
who wc sh .
. nu
:
$ who
07:51 28 sep 2 you tty
10:02 28 sep 4 you tty
09:38 28 sep 5 you tty
72/322

10:17 28 sep 4 tty you

$ cat na
Who : wc -1
$ sh>nu
4
$
who | wc -1 .


$ sh nu
sh :
say c
.
. .
nu :
$ chomd + x nu
$ nu .
nu .
nu $ sh nu .
Shnu . sh<nu
.
nu (
) . nu
bin / usr/you/bin :

pwd $ usr/yo u /
bin $ mkdir bin
echo $ PATH $
asr/you/bin:/bin:/usr/bin /:
nu mv nu bin $
$ ls nu
nu
$ nu
4
$
PATK profile
73/322

.

.
:
Cs0
( )
What 0 who ps - a

Where 0
- ( .

ps1 ).
. . / bin,/usr/bin
. : (.)1

..
nu

.
cx

cx nu $

chomd+xnu $
.
cx
Chomd + x filename
74/322

. cx
cx .
1$
$2 $9

. cx
Chomd+x $1
$ cx nu " " 1$
nu .
:
'$ echo chomd + x $1 >cx Cx
$ sh cx cx Cx
$ echo echo Hi, there !>hello
$ hello
hello :
$ cx hello
$ hello
Hi, there! Cx
$ mv CX/urr/you/bin
$ rm hello
$

$ sh cx cx
cx
$ cx cx
cx
.
Chomd+x$l $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9
( $9 $10 1$ 0 !) .

75/322

chomd .
.
* $ .
cx * x chomd + $ .
* $ 1c : m
$ cd/usr/you/bin
$ cat 1c
1 # c:
wc -1 * $
$ cat m
: #m
*mail $
$
. $ *
wc mail . :
* $ 1c / usr / you / bin /
usr / you /bin /cx 1
/ usr /you / bin /1c 2
usr / you / bin / m 2
/ usr / you / bin / nu1
2/ usr / you / bin / what
1 / usr / you / bin / where
9 total
$ 1s /usr/you/bin | 1c
4
$
bin

.
.
. .
/ usr/you/bib/phone-book

dial a joke 3838 976 2

4200 246 ial a prayer 212
3636 976 ial santa 212
dow Jones report 4141 976 212
76/322

grep (. lib
) . grep
.
:
411$ < ' echo 'grep $* /usr/you/lib/phone book
411$ cx
joke 411 $
dial - a joke 976 3838 212
Dial 411 $
3838 212 976 dial - a joke
246 4200 212 dial - a prayer
976 3636 212 dial santa
dow jones' 411' $
Grep : can't open jones
jones
$

: jones dow

grep :
$ grep dow jones /usr/you/lib/phone book
.
. ''
" " \ 's s,$ " " 's .

Grep "$*"/usr/you/lib/phone -book
$ grep
.
dow jones 411 $
dow jones report 212-976-4141
( grep ) y-:
$ grep - y pattern
-y ( .
grep ).
77/322

. $ 0 cx $0 cx . $0
who | 2 $ :
drh ttyo sep 28 21:23 cvw tty 5 28 21:09
dmr 4Tty sep 28 22:10 scj tty 7 28 22:11
You ttyg sep 28 23:00 J1b b tty 28 19:58
$
2 3 :

1n 26 1n 25 1n 24 1n $ 3 2
] -1i - $ 1s [9-1
sep 51 you 5 -rwxrwxrwx 16722 28 23:21 2
sep 51 you 5 -rwxrwxrwx 16722 28 23:21 3
sep 51 you 5 -rwxrwxrwx 16722 28 23:21 4
sep 51 you 5 -rwxrwxrwx 16722 28 23:21 5
sep 51 you 5 -rwxrwxrwx 16722 28 23:21 6
1s/usr/you/bin $ | 5
2 3 4 411 5
1c cx 6 m nu
where what
cat 5 $
3 : 2# n
-Pr-$o-t 11 *$
$

-t -1n n .
pr $0
.

. *
( )
. ' ' 1000 :
$ 'echo at the tone the time will be 'date
19830 EDT 02:15 : 00 29 At the tone the time will be thu sep
' ' 1000 :
$ echo ''At the tone
$ ' the time will be 'date ''.
1983 EDT 03:07 : 00 29 The time will be thu sep
78/322

$
login
.
.
$ mail 'cat mailing list' < letter
cat ( .

) .
.
:
$ cat mailing list
echo don whr ejs mb
$ cx mailing list
$ mailing list
don whr ejs mb
$

$ mail / 'mailing list' < letter

. pick :
$ pick arguments
. pick
( y ) .

$ pr 'pick*. C' | pr
C pr 1pr ( pick
.
.

$ mail 'pick\ 'mailing list\ "<letter

don?y
?whr
?ejs
mb?y
$
don mb .
79/322

.
..\ echo 1 'echo\'date . . $
'date' $ . . .
.
$ grep -1 pattern filenames
.

$ 'command 'grep -1 pattern filenames
.

.
.
$1 - .
. PATH : Home
login .
PATH $ PATH $1 $1 .
.
.
$ PATH = : /bin:/usr/bin
.

. :
$ PATH = $ PATH:/usr/games
$ echo $ PATH
:/usr/you/bin:/bin:/urs/bin/:usr/games
$ PATH=:/usr/you/bin:/bin/usr/bin
$
.
.
:

pwd $
usr/you/bin/
dir = pwd $
80/322

cd/usr/mary/bin $
1n $dir/cx $
$
cd $dir $
pwd $
usr/you/bin/
$
.
.
$ set
Home=/usr/you
=IFS
PATH=:/usr/you/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
PS1=$
>=PS2
Dir=/usr/uou/bin
$ echo $dir
/usr/you/bin
$
.
x = Hello $ x
sh $
$ echo $ x
X :
ctl-d $
$
$ echo $ x
Hello x
$

:
"echo "X="GoodBye $
> echo $ X" > set X ...... X
cat setX $
"X="GoodBye
Echo $X
echo $ X $
81/322

Hello x
sh setx $
Good Bye x
echo $ X $

Hello
$
.
PATH . ( .)
.
prfile :
$ cat / usr / you / bin / games
PATH= $ PATH : /usr/ games
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin : / bin : / usr / bin
$ . games
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin : / bin : / usr / bin : / usr / games

. PATH bin .
. .
. -
.
. $1 $2
. .
:
echo echo $ x > echo x $
CX echo x $
echo $ x $
Hello
x echox $
x = Hi echo x $ x
Hi
$
( ( dd ) ).
.
. usr/games/ PATH
82/322

:
$ /S / usr / games : grep fort
fortune
$ fortune
fortune :
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin: / bin: / usr / bin usr/games PATH .
$ PATH = /usr / games / fortune
.

$ echo $ PATH
: / usr / you / bin: / bin: / usr / bin
$ cat / usr / you / bin / games
PATH = $ PATH :/ usr / games
$ . games
$ fortune
- Khuth
$ echo $ PATH
: / usr / you / bin: / bin: / usr / bin: / usr / games PATH
$
. games
game PATH PATH usr/games/ :
$ cat / usr / you / bin / games
*$ * $ PATH = $ PATH : / usr / games
$ CX / usr / you / bin / games
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin:/ bin: / usr / bin /usr/games
$ games fortane
I'd give my right arm to be ambidextrous.
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin:/ bin:/ usr / bin
$ . games
$ echo $ PATH
:/ usr / you / bin:/ bin:/ usr / bin:/ usr / games
$ for tune

$
games PATH usr/games/
. * $ PATH
83/322

. games .
export ( .
).
:
$ x = Hello
$ export x
$ sh
$ echo $x x
Hello
' $ x = 'Good Bye
$ echo $ x
GoodBye
$ ctl d
$
$ echo $ x
Hello x still Hello
$

expor t

( . ! S ed ).
PATH HOME .
. PATH

. 1/0
:
diff file 1 file 2 > diff. Out $
: diff : file 2
$
diff . out
diff .


( ) . 0 1
84/322

.
.
.
.
$ time wc ch 1 . 3
22691 4288 931 ch 1 . 3
real 0/1
rse 4/0
sys 4/0

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85/322

.
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86/322

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87/322

> don | pr - h "diff 'pwd' / old 'pwd' " | lpr $

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88/322

> do
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89/322

.
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90/322

$ rm junk test /*; rmdir test clean up

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92/322
93/322

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94/322

c
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95/322

) :

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96/322

+ . . x + xs ? x x
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usr/dict/words / :
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] ^ aeio[ * $
$ egrep f alphrowels / usr / dict / web 2 | 3
abstemious abstemiously abstentious
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$
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$ egrep f monotonic / usr / dict / web 2 | grep | 5
abdest acknow adipsy agnosy almost
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$
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97/322

grep . ed
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98/322

.
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99/322

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100/322

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101/322

18 ch 4. 1
13 ch 4. 2
14 ch 3. 4
17 ch 4. 4
2 ch 4. 9
$
sed () *
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ch 4.3
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ch 4.9
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$ who
1r tty1 sep 29 07 : 14
ron tty3 sep 29 10 : 31
you tty4 sep 29 08 : 36
td tty5 sep 29 08 : 47
$ who | sed s / . * //
1r 07 : 14
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you 08 : 36
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s (
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you
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sed ind . ind

102/322

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103/322

) .
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104/322

( . ' [] '
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pat 1 pat .

105/322

$ sed s / unix / unix )Tm( / gw u.04 t filenames > output

u .out .
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# newer f : list files newer than f
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106/322

} }

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107/322

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you tty 2 sep 29 11 : 35
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$
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108/322

etc / passwd / .
$ sed 3 g / etc / passwd
root : 30 . FHR 5 KOB. 3 s : 0 : 1 : S . user : / :
ken : y 68 wd 10 ijayz : 6 : 1 : k . Thompson : / usr / ken :
dmr ; z 4 a 3 d j w bg v w c k : v : 1 : D-M. Ritchie : / usr / dmr :
$

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109/322

etc / passwd / .
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length )$o( > v2 }print line , NR , too long : , substr
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. date
$ date
Thu sep 29 12 : 17 : 01 EDT 1983
110/322

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12 : 17
$
.. awk cat

END,BEGIN
awk BEGIN . END BEGIN
BEGIN
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111/322

{} s + = $1
END { } prints
S + = $1 $ + S1 = S .
:
} nc + = length )$o( + 1 # number of chars 1 form \ n
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wc (
).
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. prpages :
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END } print n{
$

pr ( ) .
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753 3090 18129 ch 1.4
612 2124 13242 ch 2.4
637 2462 13455 ch 3.4
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50 213 117 ch 9.4
2854 11172 62847
* $ prpages ch 4.
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112/322

S + = $1
x = abc
x > y
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awk
FILENAME ! = prevfile } # New file
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} NF> 0
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113/322

statement 1
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FILENAME
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114/322

expr 2 expr
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!
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.
+ -
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:
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# backwords : print in put in backward line order
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$
.
. .
tail :
$ tail 5 / usr / dict / web 2 | backwards
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115/322

.
Split :
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n 1 n arr . sep
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/ etc/passwd ( " " / date " split )" 9/29/ 83 date
.
$ sed 1q/etc / passwd: awk' ]split)$o,a, ":",print a ]1[ [' root
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83
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1
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susie 400
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Mary 200
Mary 300
John 100
Susie 100
Mary 100
116/322

:
John 200
Mary 600
Susie 500
awk .
awk .

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the 372 .cw 345 of 22 is 185
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117/322

. word freg cw
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118/322

" " Blanks = blanks

{
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119/322

{'awk' } s += $' $ 1
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$
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sed egrep
. .
120/322

. at .

:
$ date
Thu sep 29 15:23 : 12 EDT 1983
$ cat bin / calender
# calendar:Version 1 - - today only
awk < $ HOME / calendar
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| mail $NAME
$
BEGIN date .
Name login .
awk .
:
$ cat bin / calendar
# celendar : version 2 - - today only .no quotes
| ()date , cat sHOME / calendar
' awk
NR = = 1 }mon = #2 , day = $3{# set the date
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| mail $ NAME
.
. .
.
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"days ]" Feb" = 28 , nextmon ]" Feb"[ = " mar
split :
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# calendar: version 3 - - today and tomorroew
awk <$ HOME / calendar
} BEGIN
" x = " Jan 31 Feb 28 Mar 31 Apr 30 may 31
"" Jan 31 Aug 31 sep30 oct31 nov30 Dec31 Jan 31
(split )x , data
121/322

{(for )i=1 , I )24 , I t=2

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calendar . say
( !)
$ at 5am
calendar
ct1-d
$
. at
.
$ cat early .morning
calendar
echo early . morning | at 5 am
$
at
. at PATH
.

. - .
. .

. -
//
.- $NAME getname
122/322

. - rm
at .

awk .
:
print : print printf > (
) . <<
. > | .
: Rs
. .
: sed , ed .
.
NR = = 10 , NR = = 20
.

awk awk
. -
.
.
.
.
.
.
- - wc grep
.
.ls-1
awk
.
123/322

.

. (
)grep .
.


. .

- .
.

ps . . ls-1 . .

grep
( . . )

Sed .
. - Awk
- .
awk SNOBOL 4 sed
lex , yacc c . awk <
- c c .
.
FFC :
( )
awk .
124/322
125/322

:

.
. .

( sh)1
.
.
.
.

.


.
.

. . cal
.
( cal)1 :
$ cal
usage: cal ]month[year Good so far
$ cal october 1983
bad argument Not so good
$ cal 10 1983
october 1983
S M Tu W Th F S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
$
126/322

cal 10
.
cal cal
. bin cal
. cal .
cal : cal .
cal cal
.
cal .
case :
Case word in
;; pattern( commands
;; pattern( commands
...
esac

word,case ( )pattern
.
. ; ;;( .
).
cal cal
. $#
- .
$ cat cal
$ cal: nicer interface to /use/bin/cal
case $ # in
# ;; set `date` ; m=$2; y=$6 : )0
# ;; m=$1; set `date`; y=$6 : )1
(* ;; m=$1; y=$2 : #
esac
casc $m in
(*jan*|Jan m=1 ;;
(*feb*|Feb m=2 ;;
( * mar * | Mar m=3 ;;
(* apr * | Apr m=4 ;;
(*may * | May m=5 ;;
127/322

(*jun* | Jun ;; m=6

(*jul* | Jul ;; m=7
(*aug* | Aug ;; m=8
(*sep* | sep ;; m=9
(*oct* | oct ;; m=10
(*nov* | Nov ;; m=11
(*dec*| Dec ;; m=12
;; (]1-9[ | 10 |11|12 #
(* y=$m; m= '' '' ;; #
esac
/usr/bin/cal $m $y #

$ # . * case : catch-all
( . catch-all
). y,m cal
.
case
`Set `date
.
:
: .
$#
*$
@$ * $ -
$- .
?$
$$
!$ &
$Home cd
$ IFS
$ MHJL you have mail .
$ PATtl
$ PS1 ''$
$ PS2 '>'
128/322

$ date
sat oct 1 06 : 05 : 18 EDT 1983
` $ set ` date
$ echo $1
sat
$ echo $4
06 : 05 :20
$
set .
. 2$ $1 . 'set 'date' $
2$ . case cal
.
Set -x -V
.
. case
. | case egrep big | :
small big . small * ]jJ[ an .

date . - .
: -
*
?
[]CCC ccc .
?$ [ ]a-do-3 []abcdo123
.
""
''
\c C .
a|b a,case b
/ case
/
.
0 0 .

case case
.
129/322

.
usr/bin/cal ) cal ) . cal
:
$ date
sat oct 1 06 : 09 : 55 EDT 1983
$ cal
october 1983
S M Tu W Th F S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
$ cal dec
December 1983
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 34
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
$

cal .
cal . cal
( calendar ) . ncal
.
case
ed .

.
ed
? .

^ $
.
:
$ 1S ?*. C$
130/322

$ 1S *.C
.
. - cal
usr/bin/
. - cal cal

cal . - :
$ cal oct nou
:
$ cal oct dec
cal jan
cal .

which .

cal . Mary
cal mary cal
Mary cal bin .
cal .
PATH
. echo
/ bin/echo PATH usr/bin/echo/0
. .
test :
test .
.
PATH
. FOR .
:
For i PATH
do
i .
131/322

done
'' sed $ PATH
. echo .
$ echo $ PATH
: usr/you/bin : .bin : / usr/bin
$ echo $ PATH | sed ''s/ : / /g
/usr / you / bin / bin / usr / bin !
$ echo `echo $ PATH | sed ` ' 's/ : / g
/usr / you / bin / bin / usr / bin 3
$

. PATH . . PATH
. .
test . .
PATH .
:
$ echo $ PATH | sed 's/^ : / . : /
> s/^ : : / : . : /g
> s/^ : $ /: . /
> 's/^ : / /g
. / usr / you / bin / bin / usr / bin
$

sed sed
.
PATH ( test)1 .
. test . test-r file
file test-w file test-x
( V ). test-f
. test
.
.
Q ( )
132/322

( ) . C.

grep
. test .
.
? $ :
$ cmp/usr/you/ .profile / usr / you / . profile
$ :
? $ echo $
0 Zero implies ran O.K .: files identical
$ cmp / usr /you / . profile / usr / mary /. profile
/ usr /you /.profile /usr /mary /.profile / usr / mary /. profile differ : char 6, line 3
? $ echo $
1
$

cmp grep S
.
if
if
then

else

fi
fi then : else else .
.
if case .
V Sysetem test if test
case . test case if
:

Case "$/" in
hello ( command
esac
Will be faster than
133/322

if tset '' $1'' = hello

test
then
command
fi

case if
. case
test if .
which
:
$ cat which
# Which cmd : Which cmd in PATH is executed , version 1

case $ # in
0( echo 'usage : Which command' 1>&2 ; exit 2
esac
for i in ` echo $ PATH | ' s / ^ : / . : /
s / : : / : . : /g
s / :$ / : . /
` 's/:/ /g
do
if test f $i /$1 # use test -x if you can
then
echo $i /$1
exit 0 # found it
fi
done
exit 1 # not found
$
:
$ cx which
$ Which Which
. / Which
$ which ed
/ bin / ed
$ mv Which / usr / you / bin
$ Which Which
/ usr / you / bin / Which
$

case . 1>82 echo

134/322

exit . exit 2
exit 1 exit 0
. exit .
test
( test ).
Test . .
$ echo 'echo hello >test
$ cx test
Which Which Which $
hello !
. /Which
$

. which test ( test

) . test :
which echo sed .
PATH : bin / usr/bin/ . which
PATH .
$ cat which
# Which cmd : Which cmd in PATH is executed , final version
opath = $ PATH
PATH = / bin : / usr / bin
case $ # in
(0 echo ' Usage : Which command ' 1 > & 2 ; exit 2
esac
for i in ` echo $ opath | sed 's / ^ : / . : /
s/::/:.:/g
s/:$/:./
` 's / : / /g
do
if test f $ i / $1 # this is / bin / test
then # or / usr / bin / test only
echo $i / $1
exit 0 # found it
fi
done
exit 1 # not found
$
135/322

which ( Test sed ) echo .

$ 1S 1 test
rwxrwxrwx 1 you 11 oct 1 06:55 test still there
$ which which
/ usr / you / bin / which
$ which test
. / test
$ rm test
$ which test
/ bin / test
$

&& if .
if :
dose not exist echo file test - f :
if test ! f ! .
then
echo file filename dose not exist
fi

. OR
. ( ) .
()
. OR .
&& AND .
. - PATH Which Opath
. - esac case fi if done
do
. - a which . PATH
.match=exit O . :
Which . - exit .
Which. - .
.
136/322

while :Loop

for . For
' For i in *.c ' * . 'i in For $ for
Which .
for . until , while , for :
.
Until while .
( ) while ( ) unit While .
unit .
:
for I in
do
$i
done
( for i ) * $
do
i $ .
Done
While
do
.
Done
until
do

Done

for * $ .
while until . Loop
(:)Mary
While sleep 60
do
Who | grep mary
dcne

Sleep 60 (
137/322

)
Mary .
Mary 60

.
mary .

until
mary :
until who grep mary
do
sleep 60
done

Mary who |grep mary who

grep .
.
$ cat watchfor
# watchfor : watch for sommeone to log in
PATH = / bin : / usr / bin
case $ # in
(0 echo ' Usage : watchfor person' 1 > &2 ; exit 1
esac
'' until who \ egrep '' $ 1
do
sleep 60
done
$ cx watchfor
$ watchfor you
you ttyo oct 1 08:01
$ mv watchfor / usr / you / bin
$

grep egrep watch for joe | mary $ : .

- who : who
. Who / tmp
. ( $$ )
138/322

. . (
) watch who /tmp .
$ cat watch who
# watchwho : watch who logs in and out

PATH = / bin : / usr / bin

new = / tmp / wwho 1 . $$
old = / tmp / wwho 2 . $$
> $ old # create an ampty file
while : # lopp forever
do
who > $ new
diff $old $new
mv $new $old
sleep 60
done | awk ' / >/ } $1 = ''in : { '' ; print
/ < / } $1 = ''out : ' { '' ; print
$

" ": " " .

true ( false
) . " ": true .
diff > < . awk
. while awk awk
Sed . :
.
old Watchwho
. old who > $old Watchwho .
.
mailbox ''You have mail
MAIL .
.
$ cat checkmail
# checkmail : watch mailbox for growth
PATH = / bin : / usr / bin
MAIL = / uar / spool / mail / `getname ` # system dependent
{ t = $ } 1 60
'' ` x= '' ` 1s 1 $ MAIL
while :
do
139/322

''`y = '' ` 1s -1 $ MSIL

echo $ x $ y
''x = ''$y
sleep $t
'{ '' done | awk ' $4 < $1 } print ''you have mail
$

awk mail box

. mail ( .
).
60 :
cat checkmail 30 $
. t
60 :
} t = $ } 1 60
. .
{ $}var $ var
:
$ var = hello
$ varx=goodbye
$ echo $ var
hello
$ echo $ varx
goodbye
$ echo $ }var {x
hellox
$

.
( ) .
:
$ echo {? $ }var
hello O.K.;var is set
{?$ echo $ } junl
junk : parameter not set
{ !$ echo $ } junk?error
! junk : error
$
.
140/322

$ }Var-thing { $ Var thing .

{ $ }Var = thing thing $ Var :
{ ' $ echo $ }junk- 'Hi there
{?Hi echo $ }junk
junk : parameter not set junk
{' $ echo $ } junk= 'Hi there
Hi there
{ ?$ echo $ } junk
Hi there Hi , junk
$

- .
t = $ } 1-60 {
60 . t $1
:-
$ Var
{$ } Var Var Var
{$ } Var-thing .
Var thing $ Var {$ } Var = thing
.
thing {$}var?message Var $ Var
thing.

$ }Var+thing{$
. $ Var message
. message Var: parameter :
not set

$ Var thing
.- true False bin / user /bin / .
Water for . - Joe
| mary .
. - watchwho Comm awk .
.- Watchwho who .
141/322

Watchwho Checkmail &

.- do-nothing #

Trap .22126

DEL watchwho / tmp .

Watchwho .
DEL .
hang up . .
. &
.
.
Trap :
trap
.
.
DEL .
-.

-
0 ( )
1
2
3
9 ( ) DEL
19

( Ctl-1 )
( )
( Kill )1 .
watchwho trap
:
...
trap ' rm -f $new $ old ; exit 1' 1 2 15
while :
142/322

...

Trap
.
. trap exit .
: trap .
Trap
. - f rm .
Trap
:
& ( $ ) trap ' ' 1; long-running- command
2134
$

. trap
trap login long-ranning-comman .
( nohup )1 .
:
` $ cat `which nohup
trap '' '' 1 15
if test -t 2> &1
then
'' ' echo '' sending output to ' nohup . out
exec nice -5 $ * >>nohup.out 2>&1
else
exec nice -5 $ * 2>&1
fi
$

Test-t . nice
( . nohup PATH . )
exec exec .

. exec cal
/ usr/bin/bin .
:
143/322

:
$ Kill 9 . . .
kill -9 is not the default becaise a process killed that way is given no chance to put its affairs in order
before dying.
Kill-a
. - nohup .

. - times profile
CPU .
. - etc/passwd . (
) .

. Overwrite

command - 0
sort file1 0 file2 $

sort file > file2 $
file1 file2 > . - 0
.
- 0 . sed :
$ sed 'S/UNIX/UNIX(TM)/g' Ch2-O Ch2 !

. :
> . Overwrite .
:
sed 's / UNIX/UNIX)TM( / g' ch2 | overwrite ch2 $
:
# overwrite : copy standard input to output aftert EOF
# version 1. BUG here
PATH= /bin:/usr/bin
case $# in
(1 ;;
( ;echo 'Usage : overwrite file' 1>&2 exit 2
esac
new= /tmp/overwr . $$
trap ' rm -f $ new ; exit 1' 1 2 15
144/322

cat > $new # collect the input

cp $ new $1 # overwrite the input file
rm -f $ new
Cp mV .
: DEL CP .
:
# overwrite : copy standard input to output sfdter EOF
# version 2. BUG here too
PATH=/bin : /usr/bin
case $# in
(1 ;;
( echo `Usage : overwrite file ' 1>&2; exit 2
esac
new= /tmp/overwr 1.$$
old=/tmp/overwr2 .$$
trap 'rm -f $new $old; exit 1' 1 2 15
cat >$new #collect the input
cp $1 $old # save original file
trap ' ' 1 2 15 # we are committed; ignore signals
cp $new $1 # overwrite the input file
rm -f $new $old

DEL .
CP CP Overwrite
.
. :
$ sed 's/UNIX/UNIX)TM(g' percious | overwrite precious
command garbled : s/UNIX/UNIX)TM( g
$ 1s -1 precious
-rw-rw-rw- 1you 0 oct 1 09:02 precious !*@# $%
$

Overwrite Overwrite
.
Overwrite .
Overwrie . ( ) Test-z :
.
Overwrite
145/322

: Overwrite
. nohup time nice
:
# Overwrite : copy standard input to output after EOF
# final version
opath=$ PATH
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
case $# in
0 | 1 ( echo `Usage: overwrite file cmd ]args[' 1>&2; exit 2
esac
file=$1; shift
new=/tmp/overwr 1 . $$; old=/tmp/overwr2.$$
trap 'rm -f $new $old; $old; exit 1' 1 2 15 # clean up fikes
if PATH=$opath ''$@'' >$new # collect input
then
cp $file $old # save original file
trap ' ' 1 2 15 # we are committed; ignore signals
cp $ new $file
else
echo ''overwite : $1 failed ,$ fild unchanged'' 1>&2
exit 1
fi
rm -f $new $old

@ $" . $2 $3 . $1 $2 : Shift
. 5-7 . $* )" (
usr/bin/ bin/ PATH
. Overwrite
Overwrite now works )if somewhat clumsily(:

$ cat notice
UNIX is a Trademark of Bell laboratories
$ overwrite notice sed 's/UNIXUNIX)TM( /g' notice
command garbled: s/ UNIXUNIX)TM(/g
overwrite : sed failed, notice unchanged
$ cat notice
UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories Unehanged
$ overwrit notice sed 's /UNIX/UNIX)TM(/g' notice
$ cat notice
UNIX )TM( is a Trademark of Bell Laboratorise
$
146/322

Sed . Overwrite
:
$ cat replace
# replace: replace str1 in files with str2, in place
PATH = /bin:/usr/bin
case $# in
0 | 1 | 2 ( echo ' Usage: replace str1 str2 files ' 1>&2; exit 1
esac
left = '' $1 '' ; right = ''$2''; shift; shift
for i
do
overwite $i sed ''s@$ Left@$right@g'' $i
done
$ cat footnote
UNIX is not an acronym
$ replace UNIX Unix footnote
$ cat footnote
Unix is not an acronym
$

( for * $ ). @ /
@
22126.
replace PATH bin:/ust/bin/ .
Ovewrite replace usr/bin / .
. overwrite usr / bin / HOME/bin $ PATH replace
overwrite . .
. - overwrite O trap :
DEL :
trap '' echo exiting; exit 1'' 0 2
Sleep 10

. - -V replace deu/tty/ .:
S/$/sedt/$right/gsuflog
Replace . - .
. - replace i index

. - replace usr/bin/ . sed
147/322

( . -) $ overwrite file who | sort
. . eval)1(: ( sh )1 .
.

:Zap ..

kil .
PS
. .
say
.
ZAP Pick .
:Pick y
Pick( . )
ZAP Pick
.
$ cat zap
# zap pattetn: kill all ptocesses matching pattern
# BUG in this vetsion
PATH=/bin : /usr/bin
cas $# in
(0 ecvgo 'Usage: zap pattern' 1>&2; exit 1
esac
` ' {!kill `pick \ `ps sg | frep '' $* ''\ ` | awk ' }print $
$

.1 ` backslash . awk PS Pick

:
& 4 sleep 1000
22126
$ ps ag
PID TTY TIME CMD
...
22126 0 0:00 slepp 1000

...
$ zap sleep
?22126
148/322

0? q

PS Pick
.
:
For i in 1 2 3 4 5

.
( IFS ) `
. for IFS
:
$ echo ' echo $# ' >nargs
$ cx naegs
$ who
you tty0 0ct 1 05:59
pjw tty2 oct 1 11:26
`$ nargs `who
10
' = $ IFS
'
`$ nargs `who
2 .
$
: zap IFS
$ cat zap
# zap pat: kill all procsses matching pat
# final version
22126
PATH= /bin :/usr/bin
'=IFS
' # just a newline
case $ 1 in
( '' '' ;; echo 'Usage: zap ]-2[ pattern' 1>&2; exit 1
(* SIG= $1 ; shift
esac
' esac PID TTY 'TIME CMD
` ' {kill $SIG ` pick \` ps -ag | egrep '' $ * ''\` | awk '}print $1
$ ps ag
PID TTY TIME CMD
...
22126 0 0:00 sleep 1000
149/322

...
$ zap sleep
PID TTY TIME CMD
22126 0 0:00 sleep 1000? y
23104 0 0:02 egrep sleep? n
$

: (
SIG
) egrep grep
.Sleep | date echo
Ps .
zap kill .
cal Kill ZAP : - Kill
Zap . - ( Ps
) .
.
ZAP . - PS pipeline Ps
.

:Pick

pick .
. read
( ).
$ read greeting
. hello , world greeting
$ echo $ greeting
hello , world
$
read .profile
.TERM
Read . (
) for > < .

$ read greeting </etc/passwd

150/322

goodbye
illegal io
$ echo $greeting
goodbye Greeting
$

. for
. pick:
# pick: select arguments
PATH= /bin:/usr/bin
for i # for each argument
do
echo -n ''$i? '' >/dev/tty
read response
case $response in
(*y ;; echo $i
(*q break
esac
done </dev/tty

echo-n .
dev/tty/ .
break C : : . For q
. q
.
Pick :
$ pick ' 1 2 ' 3
?1 2
?3

Pick Return
. For i : .
:
$ grep for pick see what this version does
* for i in $
$ pick '1 2' 3
?1
?2
?3
151/322

$

. " * $ .
$ grep for pick
''*for i in ''$
$ pick ' 1 2 ' 3
?1 2 3
$

* $
.
: @ $
:
$ grep for pick
''@for i in ''$
$ pick ' 1 2 ' 3
?1 2
?3
$

@ $ * $
Overwrite .
:
* $ @ $
.
''* ''$ .
* ''@ ''$ :
.
Pick :
$ Pick > < mailing list

` $ Pick Cat mailing list
. Pick :
C .
.
152/322

: ( SIG
) egrep grep
' . 'sleep | date echo ps .

. - pick
. . q .
. - read set
. ( sh)1 enec dev/tty
( . ) .
(. - ) read . protile TERM .

. :news

news .
. news
.
news .
usr/news/
(news . )news usr/news/ (). news-time
.
. . news-time ;
usr/news/.
$ cat news
# news: print news files, vrsion 1
HOME=. # debugging only
cd . # place holder for /usr/news
` for i in `1s -t * $ HOME/ . news time
do
case $i in
( / .news time ;; break
( echo news: $i
22126
esac
done
touch $HOME/ . news time
$ touch x
$ touch y
153/322

$ news
news : y
news : x
$

touch
.
. news-time . *
case / .
. newd-time
$ rm .news time
4 news
$

LS
.
( . ) .
$ cat news
# news: print news files, version 2
HOME= . # debugging only
cd . # place holder for / usr/news
' = IFS
' # just a newline
`for i in ` 1s t * $ HOME/ .news time 2>&1
do
case $i in
( ' ' not found ;;
( / .news time ;; break
( ;; echo news : $i
esac
done
touch $ HOME/ .news time
$ rm .news time
$ news
news : news
news: y
news: x
$

IFS
./.news-time no found
.
154/322

news .
set LS-1
:
$ 1s -1 news
r wxrwxrwx 1 you 208 o ct 1 12:05 news

` $ set `1s -1 news

(- rwxrwxrwx: bad optin)S !
$

.
Set (" )"rwnrwxrwx-
. ( )
:
` $ set X ` 1s -1 news
'' $ echo ''news: )$3( $5 $6 $7
news: )you( oct 1 12:05
$

.
news :
# news: print news files , final version
PATH= /bin:/usr/bin
' =IFS
' # just a newline
cd/ usr/news
`for i in `1s - t * $ HOME/ .news time 2>&1
do
' ' =IFS
case $i in
;; ( ' ' not found
;; /.news time( break
( `set X` 1s -1 $i
'' echo
$i : )$3( $5 $6 $7
cat $i
esac
done
touch $HOME/ . news - time
155/322

. IFS
( not faund ) LS . IFS
LS .
. - -n news . news time .
. profile .
. - news .

get . :put

sed ,
awk .
.


: .
.
.
$ diff - e old new
ed old new
() .
:
.
. .
.

@@@
.
get : put
.
get put :
156/322

$ echo a line of text >junk

$ put junk
Summary: make a new file
get: no file junk . H .....
put: creating junk . H put ......
$ cat junk . H
a line of text
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:31:03 EDT 1983 make a new file
$ echo another line >> junk
$ put junk
summary: one line added
$ line of text
another line
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:32:28 EDT 1983 one line added
2d
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:31:03 EDT 1983 make a new file
$

. 2d
$ rm junk
$ get junk
$ cat junk
a line of text
another line
$ get -1 junk
$ cat junk
a link of text
$ get junk
$ reolace antother 'a different ' junk
$ put junk
summary: second line changed
$ cat junk . H
a line of text
a different line
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:34:07 EDT 1983 second line changed
2c
another line
.
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:32:28 EDT 1983 one line added
2d
@@@ you sat oct 1 13:31:03 EDT 1983 make a new file
$
157/322

:

ed .
@@@ (diff)1
. @@@
.
get put
. Put . :
# put: install file in to history
PATH=/bin: / usr / bin
case $# in
(1 ;; HIST=$1 . H
(2 ;; echo ' Usage: put fill ' 1>&2; exit 1
esac
if test ! -r $1
then
echo ''put: can ' t open $1'' 1>&2
exit 1
fi
trap 'rm -f /tmp/put . ]ab[$$; exit 1' 1 2 15
' echo -n ' Summary:
read Summary
if get -o /tmp/put.a$$ $1 # previous versoin
then # merge pieces
cp $ 1 /tmp/put.b$$ # current versin
echo ''@@@ ` getname ` `date` $Summary '' >>/tmp/put.b$$
diff -e $1 /tmp/put.a$$ >>/tmp/put.b$$ # Latest diffs
sed -n '/^@@@/, $p' <$HIST >>/tmp/put.b$$ # old diffs
overwrite $HIST cat /tmp/put.b$$ # put it back
else # mske a new one
''echo ''put: creating $HIST
cp $1 $HIST
echo ''@@@ `getname ` ` date` $Summary'' >> $HIST
fi
rm -f /tmp/put.]ab[$$

put ger . -o
get . get put
. then
@@@ .
158/322

. overwrite
. put get
# get: extract file from history
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
VERSION=0
while test ''$1'' ! = '' ''
do
case ''$1'' in
-i ( INPUT=$2; shift ;;
-o ( OUTPUT=$2; shift ;;
-]0-9[ ( VERSION = $1 ;;
* ( echo ''get: Unknown srgument $i'' 1>&2; exit 1 ;;
( case ''$OUTPUT'' in
'' '' ( OUTPUT = $1 ;;
( INPUT = $1.H ;;
esac
esac
shift
done
OUTPUT= $ }OUTPUT? ''Usage: get ]- o outfile[ ]-i file . H[ file ''{
INPUT = $ } INPUT - $OUTPUT.H {
test -r $ INPUT | | } echo ''get: no file $ INPUT'' 1>&2; exit 1; {
trap 'rm -f /tmp/get.]ab[ $$; exit 1' 1 2 15
# split into current version and editing commands
sed < $ INPUT -n ' 1 ,/^@@@/w /tmp/get.a'$$'
/^@@@/ ,$w /tmp/get.b'$$
# perform the edits
awk </tmp/get.b$$ '
/^@@@/ } count ++ {
!/^@@@/ && count > 0 && count < = '$VERSION'
END } print ''$d''; print ''w'' , '' ' $OUTPUT ' '' {
' | ed - /tmp/get.a$$
rm -f /tmp/get.]ab[ $$
- ]0-9[ . - O i .
while -1 ) ( O :
shift ) - i O( for shift test
ed - . for shift shift for
.

test -r $INPUT | | } echo '' get: no file $INPUT'' 1>&2; exit 1; {

:
159/322

if test ! -r $INPUT
then
echo ''get: no file $ INPUT'' 1>&2
exit 1
fi
( put ) | | .
{ }, exit get
. { }, do done ;
.
get . sed :
. awk . @@@ ( )
(
awk ) . ed $d : @@@ sed
W Overwrite .
get .
. - version :
version -5 file $
:
version sep 20 file $

`get `version sep 20 file $

version( . ).
get . - put .
.H .
. - .
.

. .
.
.
160/322

.
.
C ( . ).
.
cal .
. checlcmail , watchfor C
news C .
. .

UNIX .

put , get ( )sccs Marc Rochkind sccs IEEE "( .

sccs . )1975
. sccs diff.
161/322

: C
c . c
. c.
.
. - -c c
.

c :
ANSI C-C
W.C .M

C PDP-11 (
). c ( ) ( BCPL : )
( B) . PDP_7 R:C
K . c . (
)ANSI c ( ) ANSI C .
ANSI C-C . ANSI
. (
)

.
># include <stdio .h
( ) void main
}
;(print f )\ nHello world \n
{
hello.c gcc hello.c () .
a.out .
Hello world . c .
.
162/322

( main) .
. c main.
printf ,hello.c ( I/O /) stdio.h )
. c I/O ( ) . .
... ANSI C
. K & R ( ) .
printf hello word ( stdout x )
.
/n . printf .
:
<include < stdio.h#

()void main
}
;("printf)"\n
;("printf)"Hello World
;("printf)"\n
{

" \n .
"> #include<stdio.h I/O c . c
. " h
c . "> <....
.
void main main void . .
.
"; . { }.... .
c . . ( )
. ( ) . :

>#include < stdio.h

{;("void main)(}printf)"\nHello World\n
.
163/322

. sine sine.c

/************************/
/* Table of */
/* Sine Function */
/************************/

/* Michel Vallieres */
/* Written: Winter 1995 */

#include < stdio.h>

#include < math.h>

void main)(
}
int angle_degree;
double angle_radian, pi, value;

/* Print a header */
printf )"\nCompute a table of the sine function\n\n"(;

/* obtain pi once for all */

/* or just use pi = M_PI, where
M_PI is defined in math.h*/
pi = 4.0*atan)1.0(;
printf ) " Value of PI = %f \n\n", pi (;

printf ) " angle Sine \n" (;

angle_degree=0; /* initial angle value */

/* scan over angle */

while ) angle_degree <= 360 ( /* loop until angle_degree > 360 */

}
angle_radian = pi * angle_degree/180.0 ;
value = sin)angle_radian(;
printf ) " %3d %f \n ", angle_degree, value (;

angle_degree = angle_degree + 10; /* increment the loop index */

{
{
164/322

.
.
: *\ *\ ,
. .
# include math.h .
atsn sin( . compilation gcc sine.c
-lm).
( . . )
c .
: int
: short
:long
:float
: double ( )
:char ( )
. .
. ( .
) .
printf
:
; (printf)format ,variable
format variable .
:%nd ( n = 0 )
: %mnf ( m = n )
: %ns ( n = )
:%c
\ : n\t
: \g ( " ) ( )
165/322

. .
c . while.
( while )
{ ............... ......
}

for
( for )
{
........ .......
}
while . .
( ) .
for while.

( while )
{
....... ........

}
:
i = i ;
while ) i < = i )
{
... ...
i = i + i ;
}
for :
= for )i ; = >i ; = i + i
{
........ ............
}
( ( ; ; ) . ) for !
166/322

c break .
:
;angle_degree = 0

( ; ; ) for
}
......... ...........
;angle_degree = angle_degree + 10
;if )angle_degree == 360( break
{
if angle ( degree )
( )

# define .

#define ANGLE_MIN 0
#define ANGLE_MAX 360
ANGLE_MAx,ANGLE_MIN C .
. .

if while .
if ) i )
{
............. .........
}
( eles if )
{
...... ......
}
else
{
......... ...........
}
167/322

. .
( ) .
<
= <
= =
= !
= >
>

&&
| |
not
switch.
(switch )
{
; case
{
.......... .........
; break
}
; case
{
......... ........
; break
}
: default
{
.......... .........
}
}
case . break
case case .
. break .
.
168/322

c .
. .
.
; float X
x = 6.5
x 6.5
.
. ( )
"& . & ampx x.
c . ( "( ) points to
) .
;float x
;float* px
;x = 6.5
;px = &x
px x

"* ( .
)
*px x .
c . ( )UNIT
( ) . px x
px + 1 ( x
) .
x px +1 ( ) . . x
px +1 .

;char* pc
;float* px
;float x

;x = 6.5
;px = &x
169/322

;pc = )char*( px
(( )*chart " ) px : pc
. .x px+1 pc+1 .
:
()void main
}
;float x, y /* x and y are of float type */
;float *fp, *fp2 /* fp and fp2 are pointers to float */

;x = 6.5 /* x now contains the value 6.5 */

/* print contents and address of x */

;(printf)"Value of x is %f, address of x %ld\n", x, &x

;fp = &x /* fp now points to location of x */

/* print the contents of fp */

;(printf)"Value in memory location fp is %f\n", *fp

/* change content of memory location */

;*fp = 9.2
;(printf)"New value of x is %f = %f \n", *fp, x

/* perform arithmetic */
;*fp = *fp + 1.5
;(printf)"Final value of x is %f = %f \n", *fp, x

/* transfer values */
;y = *fp
;fp2 = fp
;(printf)"Transfered value into y = %f and fp2 = %f \n", y, *fp2
{

. ( printf
) .
.

c . :
[]
170/322

c 0 . .
c .
. v *V [ *)v+1( , v]0 [ v]1
.

.
#define SIZE 3

()void main
}
;[float x]SIZE
;float *fp
;int i
/* initialize the array x */
/* use a "cast" to force i */
/* into the equivalent float */
(for )i = 0; i < SIZE; i++
;x]i[ = 0.5*)float(i
/* print x */
(for )i = 0; i < SIZE; i++
;([printf)" %d %f \n", i, x]i
/* make fp point to array x */
;fp = x
/* print via pointer arithmetic */
/* members of x are adjacent to */
/* each other in memory */
/* *)fp+i( refers to content of */
/* memory location )fp+i( or x]i[ */
(for )i = 0; i < SIZE; i++
;((printf)" %d %f \n", i, *)fp+i
{

( " i++ c " i= i+1 ) x]i [ . i fp=x, x x

( *)fp+i i fp . [ x]i .
171/322

"I am a string
. c ( )ASCII .
" i " a " m ........ /0
.
printf .
;("printf)"Hello, world\n
;(printf)"The value of a is: %f\n", a
c . char .
. .
\o !

c .
string .
.
:
()void main
}
;[char text_1]100[, text_2]100[, text_3]100
;char *ta, *tb
;int i
/* set message to be an arrray */
/* of characters; initialize it */
/* to the constant string "..." */
/* let the compiler decide on */
[] /* its size by using */
;"?char message][ = "Hello, I am a string; what are you

;(printf)"Original message: %s\n", message

/* copy the message to text_1 */

/* the hard way */
;i=0
( 'while ) )text_1]i[ = message]i[( != '\0
;i++
;(printf)"Text_1: %s\n", text_1

/* use explicit pointer arithmetic */

;ta=message
;tb=text_2
172/322

while ) ) *tb++ = *ta++ ( != '\0' (

;
printf)"Text_2: %s\n", text_2(;

}
k & .
: . R

. s. \ 0" . s ct : char* strcpy )c,cf(

. s s ct n : char * strncpy)c, cf, n(
. s s ct : char * strncat )c, ct(
. s; \ n" s ct n :char* strncat )c, ct, n(
cs>ct cs<ct 0 cs=ct ct cs : int strcmp )cs,ct(

. NULL cs c :char* strchr )cs, c(
. cs :size t strlen )cs(
). n char c char* ct cs . char * t s (
. .
#include < string.h>

void main)(
}
char line]100[, *sub_text;
/* initialize string */
strcpy)line,"hello, I am a string;"(;
printf)"Line: %s\n", line(;
/* add to end of string */
strcat)line," what are you?"(;
printf)"Line: %s\n", line(;
/* find length of string */
/* strlen brings back */
/* length as type size_t */

printf)"Length of line: %d\n", )int(strlen)line((;

/* find occurence of substrings */

if ) )sub_text = strchr ) line, 'W' ( (!= NULL (
printf)"String starting with \"W\" ->%s\n", sub_text(;

if ) ) sub_text = strchr ) line, 'w' ( (!= NULL (

printf)"String starting with \"w\" ->%s\n", sub_text(;
173/322

( if ) ) sub_text = strchr ) sub_text, 'u' ( (!= NULL

;(printf)"String starting with \"w\" ->%s\n", sub_text

( /)I/o

I/o

( c ) 1/0 . ( ) getchar
stdin . ( ) putchar stdout . :

include < stdio.h>#

()void main
}
;int i, nc

;nc = 0
;()i = getchar
} (while )i != EOF
;nc = nc + 1
;()i = getchar
{
;(printf)"Number of characters in file = %d\n", nc
{

( . )
( ) ( stdin ) stdout ( x )
( stderr x) .
) getchar ( EOF . ) . stdioh (
end- of-file . . c
EOF . stdin nc .
"( end of file ) .
c :
<include < stdio.h#

()void main
}
;int c, nc = 0
174/322

;while ) )c = getchar)(( != EOF ( nc++

;(printf)"Number of characters in file = %d\n", nc

{
c . !
( ) ( ( ) )c=getchar ( ) getchar . c EOF
( . )
. ( nc++ ) ++nc nc=nc+1.
( nc ++nc . nc nc++
.
) .
wc . wc .
.

>< #include < stdio.h

()void main
}
;int c, nc = 0, nl = 0

( while ) )c = getchar)(( != EOF

}
;nc++
;if )c == '\n'( nl++
{

printf)"Number of characters = %d, number of lines = %d\n",

;(nc, nl
{

I/O
printf stdout scanf stdin .

; ( scanf )format string ,variables
printf . ( . )
stdin printf
. :
;(sprintf)string, "format string", variables
;(scanf)string, "format string", variables
175/322

foo.dat .

. main
. .

C .
.
. ( ) stdion.h
.
math.h
> # include <math.h
. :
> : <stdio.h I/O
> : <ctype.h
> : <string.h
> : <math.h
> : <stdlib.h ( )
> :<time.h
:
> :<assert.h
> :<setjmp.h
> : <signal.h
> :<limits.h
> : <float.h
B K & R .
176/322

:
) ( )
{
.......... .........
........... ...........
; return
{
C int . .
. :
void ( )
}
........... ........
......... ..........
{
x :

/*includeheadersoflibrary */
/* defined for all routines */
/* in the file */
>#include < stdio.h
>#include < string.h
/* prototyping of functions */
/* to allow type checks by */
/* the compiler */

()void main
}
;int n
;[char string]50
/* strcpy)a,b( copies string b into a */
/* defined via the stdio.h header */
;("strcpy)string, "Hello World

/* call own function */

;(n = n_char)string
;(printf)"Length of string = %d\n", n
{

/* definition of local function n_char */

177/322

([]int n_char)char string

}
/* local variable in this function */
;int n
/* strlen)a( returns the length of */
/* string a */
/* defined via the string.h header */
;(n = strlen)string
(if )n > 50
;("printf)"String is longer than 50 characters\n

/* return the value of integer n */

;return n
{

. .
.
( ) ( C
).


>#include < stdio.h

;(void exchange)int a, int b

()void main
} /* WRONG CODE */
;int a, b

;a = 5
;b = 7
;(printf)"From main: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b

;(exchange)a, b
;(" printf)"Back in main:
;(printf)"a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
{

(void exchange)int a, int b

}
;int temp

;temp = a
;a = b
;b = temp
178/322

;(" printf)" From function exchange:

;(printf)"a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
{
a b : :
:
>#include < stdio.h

;( void exchange ) int *a, int *b

()void main
} /* RIGHT CODE */
;int a, b

;a = 5
;b = 7
;(printf)"From main: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b

;(exchange)&a, &b
;(" printf)"Back in main:
;(printf)"a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
{

( void exchange ) int *a, int *b

}
;int temp

;temp = *a
;*a = *b
;*b = temp
;(" printf)" From function exchange:
;(printf)"a = %d, b = %d\n", *a, *b
{

:
( ) .
.

)switches( .
179/322

. . ls .
- ls -1 . ls -1 -a
. tail -20 ( )
.
C . C .
) main . . (
( ) main
.
argv argv .
. :
(main ) integer ,char** argv
( char**argv argv (
) . ( ) chat*argv
. ) .
argv .
) argv
a.out -i . . 2 -g -x 3 q

argc = 7
"argv]0[ = "a.out
"argv]1[ = "-i
"argv]2[ = "2
"argv]3[ = "-g
"argv]4[ = "-x
"argv]5[ = "3
"argv]6[ = "4

.
.
.
>#include < stdio.h

(main)int argc, char** argv

}
;int i

;(printf)"argc = %d\n", argc

180/322

(for )i = 0; i < argc; i++

;([printf)"argv]%d[ = \"%s\"\n", i, argv]i
{

.
. - .
.
.
For switch .
:
>#include < stdio.h
>#include < stdlib.h

(main)int argc, char** argv

}
/* Set defaults for all parameters: */

;int a_value = 0
;float b_value = 0.0
;char* c_value = NULL
;int d1_value = 0, d2_value = 0

;int i

/* Start at i = 1 to skip the command name. */

} (for )i = 1; i < argc; i++

/* Check for a switch )leading "-"(. */

} ('if )argv]i[]0[ == '-

/* Use the next character to decide what to do. */

} ([switch )argv]i[]1

case 'a': ;([a_value = atoi)argv]++i

;break

case 'b': ;([b_value = atof)argv]++i

;break

case 'c': ;[c_value = argv]++i

;break
181/322

case 'd': ;([d1_value = atoi)argv]++i

;([d2_value = atoi)argv]++i
;break

{
{
{

;(printf)"a = %d\n", a_value

;(printf)"b = %f\n", b_value
;(if )c_value != NULL( printf)"c = \"%s\"\n", c_value
;(printf)"d1 = %d, d2 = %d\n", d1_value, d2_value
{

[ argv ]i[ ]j j i if " ( - ) 0 .

switch ( . )

[ argv]++i i
. atoi atof stdlib.h .
( )ints ( )doubles .
:
a.out -a 3 -b 5.6 -c I am a string -d 222 111
( ('') -c
)
.
.
/********************************/
*/ */
/* Getting arguments from */
*/ */
/* the Command Line */
*/ */
/********************************/

/* Steve McMillan */
/* Written: Winter 1995 */

>#include < stdio.h

>#include < stdlib.h

(void get_args)int argc, char** argv, int* a_value, float* b_value

182/322

}
int i;

/* Start at i = 1 to skip the command name. */

for )i = 1; i < argc; i++( }

/* Check for a switch )leading "-"(. */

if )argv]i[]0[ == '-'( }

/* Use the next character to decide what to do. */

switch )argv]i[]1[( }

case 'a': *a_value = atoi)argv]++i[(;

break;

case 'b': *b_value = atof)argv]++i[(;

break;

default: fprintf)stderr,
"Unknown switch %s\n", argv]i[(;
{
{
{
{

main)int argc, char** argv(

}
/* Set defaults for all parameters: */

int a = 0;
float b = 0.0;

get_args)argc, argv, &a, &b(;

printf)"a = %d\n", a(;

printf)"b = %f\n", b(;
{

183/322

. printf/scanf
.

.
.
.
;(" printf)"Please enter the value of n:
;(scanf)"%d", &n

;(" printf)"Please enter the value of x:

;(scanf)"%f", &x

.
.
.

( )pipeline .
plot data .

. .
n ( x )
:
/* Simple program to illustrate use of a dialog box */

()main
}
/* Define default values: */

;int n = 0
;float x = 0.0

/* Define contents of dialog window */

;(create_int_dialog_entry)"n", &n
;(create_float_dialog_entry)"x", &x

/* Create window with name "Setup" and top-left corner at )0,0( */

;(set_up_dialog)"Setup", 0, 0

/* Display the window and read the results */

;()read_dialog_window
184/322

/* Print out the new values */

;(printf)"n = %d, x = %f\n", n, x

{

cgfx .
create set- up dialog .
. read- dialog-window ( )
.
.

OK ( . Enter ).
. .
stdin/dstout .
.
185/322

:
sed awk
. C .

. :
() .
.
. .
. .
.
0 ) . zap
. :
.
C C C
. C
. C . W.B M.D
. ( .)1978
I / O I /
O C .
I / O C
.
:
.
. .

.

17vis:
: I / O
.

vis
186/322

nnn 1 nnn
Vis .
. vis 1010 :
cat x $
a b c
$ vis sx
a b c \ 01010101010 - - -
$
vis cat :
$ cat file1 file 2 ?| vis

$ cat file1 file 2 | vis | grep \ \

.
sed . l
:
$ sed - n 1 x
abc <<<---
$
vis . sed :
.sed
$ sed - n | / usr / you / bin
$ ! Nothing at all
( PDP 11 VAX sed
).
sed . getchar
putchar . getchar
( ) )putchar ) C C
.
)print f )3 . printf putchar
. )scan f )3
.
scanf getchar .
vis :
/ * vis : make funny characters visible )version \( * /
# include < stdio . hs
# include < stype. hs

) main (
}
187/322

; int c
while (( ) )) ) = getchar (! = EOF
if )isascii ) c ( $$
| | ) isprint ) c( | | c = = \ n c = = \ t | | ((
; ( put char ) c
else
; (print f ) \ \ % 30 , c
; ( ) exit

{
get char EOF ( ) .
EOF 2 . EOF
C int
.char EOF .
# > include < stdio.h
.
( )usr / include / stadio.h/ EOF . > stadio.
< h .
> . < ctype . h usr / include /
. isascii isprint ( Ascll
)0200 1 6 .
> < ctype . b .
exit vis
( )
main return o main . return exit
.
C .C vix.c cc
a.out a ( . ) :

$ cc vis . c
$ a .out
hello world ctl-g
helo world \ 007
ctl d
$
a.out . o cc
:
188/322

$ cc o vis vis . c output in vis not a .out

vis a.out.

1 .6
\ t \ 011 vis

Vis .
c \ t \ \ \ b \ f .
.
sed - n 1 $ .

2 Vis .6 .

26 :vis 2
c . argc argv
main . ]argv ]0
argc ] argv ]1[ argv ] g r g c - 1 .
< >
.
vis vis-s :
.
( CRLF ) .
( ( / * vis : 2 */
> # include < stadio . b
> # inclue < stype . h

(main )argc , argv

; int argc
; [ ] char * argv
}
; int c , strip = 0

if cargc > 1 & $ strcmp )argv ] 1 [ , - s ( = = 0

; strip = 1
(while )) c getcharc )1 ( ! = EOF
189/322

if )isassiicc( $ $,
(( ) isprintcc( | | c = = \ n | | c = = \ t | | c =
; (putchar ) c
(else if ) ! strip
; (print f ) \ \ % 30 , c
; (exit )0
{

6 1 <>ctype.b
) isalpha )c A-Z a-z :
) isupper )c A Z :
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efopen .
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198/322

;( tty = efopen ) / dev / tty , r

( if )fgets )buf , BUFIZE , tty( = = NULL | | buf ]0[ = = q
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;( [pagesize = atoi ) $ argv ]1[ ]1
; argc - -
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p . ed

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199/322

} ( ; ; ) for
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char * programe ; / * program name for error message * /

(main )argc , argv

; int argc
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201/322

buf ] strlen )buf( 1 [ = \ o ; / * drop newline * /

; ( pick )buf
{
else
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202/322

pick . c o pick ( ( $
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adjust :
fillch : 060542
( 0 011 doprnt ) 011200 01155722
( f print f )0177345 011200
iop : 011200
fmt : 0177345
args :
(pick )0177345
s: 0177345
( main )0177234 035
argc : 035
argv : 0177234
i: 01
buf :
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203/322

$
main pick fprintf fprintf doprnt
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sdb :
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warning : a . out not compiled with g
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fprintf 28
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204/322

. lint
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7 6zap :
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zap . ps
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/ * zap : interactive process killer * /
> # include < stadio . h
> # include <signal. h
; char * programe / * program name for error message * /
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( main ) argc , argv
; int argc
; [ ] char * argv
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; ( ) FILE * fin , * popen
; [Char buf ] BUFSIZ
; int pid

; [progname argv ]0
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205/322

; (exit ) 0
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206/322

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207/322

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> # include < ctype . h
char ; * programe
# define HUGE 10000 / * large number of lines * /

( main )argc , argv

; int argc
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209/322

f1 = efopen )argv ]1[ , r ( ;

f2 = efopen )argv ]2[ , r ( ;
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mktemp )diffout( ;
sprintf )buf , diff % s > % s , argv ]1[ , argv ]2[ , diffout( ;
system )buf( ;
fin efopen )diffout , r (;
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printf ) % s output in file idiff . out \ n , progname ( ;
exit < 01 ;
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int cmd , n , from1 , to 1 , from 2 , to 2 , nf1 , nf2 ;

mktemp )tempfile( ;
nf1 = nf2 = 0 ;
while )fgets )buf , size of buf , fin( ! = NULL( }
parse )buf , $ from1 , $ from 1, $ to 1 , $ cmd , $ from 2 , $ to 2(;
n = tol from1 + to2 from 2 + 1 ; /* # lies from diff * /
if )cmd = = c (
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210/322

print f ) % s , buf ( ;
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fgets )buf , sizeof buf , stdin( ;
switch )buf ]0[ ( {
case > :
nskip )f1 , to 1 nf1( ;
n copy )f2 , to2 nf2 , fout( ;
break ;
case < :
nskip )f2 , to2 nf2 ( ;
n copy )f1 ,to1 nf1 , fout( ;
break ;
case e :
ncopy )f1 , from 1 1 nf1 , fout( ;
nskip )f2 , from 2 1 nf2( ;
ft = efopen )tempfile , w ( ;
ncopy )f1 , tol + 1 from1 , ft( ;
fprintf )ft , - - \ n ( ;
ncopy )f2 , to 2 + 1 from 2 , ft (;
fclose )ft ( ;
sprint f )buf2 , ed % s , temp file(;
system )buf2( ;
ft = efopen )tempfile , ed % s , temp file( ;
system )buf2( ;
ft = efopen )tempfile , r ( ;
ncopy )ft , MUGE , fout( ;
fclose )ft(;
break ;
case ! :
system )buf + 1( ;
printf ) ! \ n ( ;
break ;
default :
print f ) < or > ore or ! \ n ( ;
break ;
{
{ while )buf ]0[ ! = < $ $ buf ]0[ = > $ $ buf ]0[ ! = e (;
nf 1 = to 1 ;
nf 2 = to 2 ;
{
ncopy )f1 , HUGE , fout ( ; / * can fail on very long files * /
unlike )tempfile( ;
211/322

{
diff parse
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parse )s , pfrom 1, pto 1 , pcmd , prom 2 , pto2(
char * s ;
int * pcmd , * pfrom1 , * pto1 , * pfrom2 , * pto2 ;
}
# define a2i )p( while )is digit )*s( ( p = 10 * )p1 + * s + + - o
* prom1 = * ptol = * pfrom 2 = * pto 2 = o ;
a2i ) * pfrom1 (;
if )* s = = , ( }
s++;
a2i )* pto1( ;
{ else
* pto 1 = * pfrom 1 ;
* pcmd = * s + + ;
a2i ) * pfrom 2( ;
if )* s = = , ( }
s++
a2i ) * pto2( ;
{ else
* pto 2 = * pfrom 2 ;
{
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: ncopy nskip
nskip )fin , n ( / * skip n lines of file fin * /
FILE * fin ;
}
char buf ]BUFSIZ[ ;

while )n - - > 0(
fgets )buf , sizeof buf , fin( ;
{
n copy )fin , n , fout( / * copy n lines from fin to fout * /
FILE * fin , * fout
}
char buf ]BUFSIZ[ ;
while ) n - - > 0( }
if )fgets )buf , sizeop buf , fin( = = null(
return ;
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212/322

idiff idiff
tmp/ .
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zap idiff .
.
.

13 6 q idiff : > q > < q

< .

14 6 idiff diff diff b h- Idiff .

$ idiff eanother editor file 1 file 2

15 6 popen pclose diff idiff .

16 6 diff
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9 6
c
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: bin
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213/322

PAGESIZE profile :
PAGESIZE = 36
Export PAGESIZE
( ) var getenv var
NULL
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; ( ) char * p , * getenv

; [progname = argv ]0
if )) p = getenv ) PAGESIZE (( ! = NULL
; (pagesize = atoi )p
} ( if )argc > 1 $ $1 argv ]1[ ]0[ = =
;( [pagesize = atoi ) $ arg v ]1[ ]1
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1976 .
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. FILE 6
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cat
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218/322

.
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.
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; int f1, f2 ,
;[char buf ]BUFSIZ
[programe = qrgv ]0
(if )argc !=3
;(error )usage:%s from to , progname
if ))f 1= open )argv ]1[ , 0((=-1
;([error )cant create %s , argv]2
(while ))n=read )f,buf , Bufsiz((>0
;(if )write error , )char *(0
;(exit )0
{
error .
( 20 NOFILE > <sys/param.hs)
.
. close
. exit
.
220/322

unlike .

error

-1 . .

error .

( 2 ) error

sys-errlist error

. error :

Error )s1 , s2( /*print error message and die */

; Char * s1,*s2
}
; extern int error , sys-nerr
extern char *sys- errlist ] [ ,*progname
(if )progname
;(fpritf)stderr , %s , programe
;(fprintf )stderr,s1,s2
(if )errno>&&errno<sys-nerr
;[fprint )stderr,)% s ( , sys-errlist]errno
;(fprint f)stderr,in
;(exit )1
{
errno sys-nerr errno . .
. error .
cp :
&cp foo bar
(cp:cant open foo )No such file or directory
& date>foo ;chmod o foo
& cp foobar
(cpi : cant open foo )permission denied
221/322

&

lseek

I/O : .
. lseek
.
; Int fd , origin
;()Long offset , pos, lseek
;(Pos=lseek )fd , offset , origin
fd offset
origin . origin . 0 1 2
offset -1 .
:
;(Lseek )fd , ol,2
( )
; (Lseek )fd , ol ,0
:
;(Pos = lseek )fd,ol,1
offset : ol 1( . lseek
seek ).
: seek .
.
Get )fd , pos , buf , n(/*read n bytes from position pos*/
;Int fd,n
Long pos
;Char*buf
If )lseek)fd ,pos,0(=-1( /*yet to pos*/
;Return -1
Else
;(Return read )fd,buf ,n
{
. 7-3 readslow e :

& readslowe
readslow lseek .

222/322

efopen . 7-4 6 error .

27 :

.
. spname
.
;(N=spname )name ,new nume
. .
newname . n spname 1-
. n 0 1 .
Spname P . ( p
:
&p/urs/.YX/comd/p/spnam.c
/usy/syc/cmd/p/spname.c:y
/*spname: return correctly spelled filename*/
spname

. .
.
inode
inocle . .
. inode . > <sys>dir.h
:
& cat/usr/include / sys/dir.h
#define DIRIZ 14 /*max length of file name*/
struct direct /*structure of directory entry */
}
ino-td- ino; /*inode number */
char d-name ]DIRSIZ[ ; /*file name */
;{
&
ino-t typedef inode ino-t . short
PDP-11 VAX
: . typedef >
223/322

<sys/types.b > <sys/dir.b .

spname .
d1/ d2 / f/ . ( )/
( )d1 d2
. .
spname
. mindist
spdist .
/*spname:return correctly spelled filename*/
*/
;*spname )oldname , newname(char *oldname ,*newname
*refurns -1 if no reasonable match to oldname,
* 0 if exat match,
* 1 if corrected .
* stores corrected name in newname
*/
># include <sys/ types.b
># include <sys /dir.b
(spname )oldname,newname
;char*oldname,*newname
}
;[char *p,guess ]DIRSIZ+[, best ]DIRSIZ+1
;char * new = newname , *old = oldname
}( ; ; )for
while )*old==/(/*skip slashes*/
;new++=old ++
*new =\0
if )*old=10( /*exat or corrected */
;return strcmp )oldname,newname( !=o
p=guess ;/*copy next component into guess*/
(for ); *old!=/ &&*old !=10,old ++
(if )p<guess +DIRSIZ
; *P++=*old
;*p= IO
(if )mindist )newname , guess,best(>3
return-1 , /*hoplless */
for )p=best ; new =p++;(/*add to
/*of newname*/
{
mindist)dir,guess,best(/*search dir for guess*/
;char dir,guess,*best
}
/*set best , return distance 0003*/
224/322

int d , nd , fd;
struct}
ino-tino ;
char name ]DIRSIZ+1[ ;/*1 more than in dir.b*/
{nbuf ;
nbuf . name ]DIRSIZ[=IO ;/*+1 for terminal io */
if )dir ]0[ == 0( /*current directory */
dir =0;
d=3; /*minimum distance*/
if ))fd = open)dir , 0(( == -1(
return di
while )read )fd,)char *(&nbuf , sizeof)structdirect((>0(
if)nbuf.ino(}
nd = spdist )nbuf name,guess(;
if)nd<=d&nd !=3(}
strcpy)best , nbuf . name(;
d=nd;
if )d==0( /*exct match*/
break ;
{
{
close )fd( ;
returnd ;
{
mindist 0 mindist
sizeof read .
.
cnode ( )
.
If )nd <=d...(

if )nd <d...(
. 0
/*spdist : return distabce between two names*/
/*
*very rough spelling metric:
*o if the string are identical
* 1 if the string are identical
*2 if one char wrong,added or deleted
*3 otherwise
*/
# define E& )s,t()strcmp )s,t(==0(
spdist )s,t(
char*s,*t;
225/322

}
while )*s++==*t(
if )*t++== io(
return o ; /*exact matoh */
if )*--s(}
if )*t(}
if )s)1[&&t ]1[&&*s == t ]1[
&&*t == s]1[&&E* )S+2 , t+2((
return 1; /*transposition */
if )Ea )s+1 , t+1(
return2 ; /*1 char mismatch */
{
if )Ea)s+1, t((
return2; / *extra character */
{
if )*t&& E&)S,t+1((
return 2; /*missing character */
return 2 ;
{
: p spname
/*p:print input in chunks )version 4 (*/
# include cstdio.bs
# define PAEGSIZE 22
char *progname ; /*programname for error message */
main )argc , argv(
int argc ;
char*argv ] [ ;
}
FILE *FP,*efopen ) ( ;
Int ; pagesize= PAGESIZE ;
Char *p,get v ) ( , buf ]BUFSIZ[;
Programe = argv]0[ ;
If ))p=getenv )PAGESIZE(( !=NULL(
Pagesize = atoi)p(;
If )argc>1&&argv ]1[ ] 0[ == - }
Pugesize = atoi)&argv ] 1[ ]0[ (;
Argc --;
Argv ++;
{
if )argc==1(
print )stdin ,pagesize(;
else
for )I=1 , I<argc;I ++(
switch )spname )argv ]I[ ( , buf((}
case -1 ; /*nomatchpossible */
fp = efopen cargv ]I[ , r(;
break;
226/322

casel: /*corrected */
;(fprintf )stderr, 1 %s \, buf
(if )ttyin ) ( ==n
; break
; argv ]I[ = buf
/*fall through...*/
case 0: /*exact match */
;(fp= efopen cargv ]I[ , r
;(print )fp,pagesize
;(fclose )fp
{
;(exit )0
{

p p
.
. 7-5 spname

.
. 7-6 tx tc c .
.
mindist . 7-7 . p
:
spname . 7-8
.
. 7-9 spname

&...fix progfilenames
cd spname

37 inodes :

.
2 .
inodes . inode stat ><sys /stat .b
:
227/322

Struct stat /*structure returned by stat */

{
Dev-t St-dev; /*device of inode */
Ino-t St-ino; /*inode number*/
short St-mod; /*mode bits*/
short St-nlink; /*number of links tofile*/
short St -uid ; /*owners u serid*/
short St-gid ; /*owners groug id */
Dev-t St - rder ; /*for special files*/
Off-t St - size ; /*file size in characters*/
Tim-t St-atime; /*time file last read */
Time-t St-mtime; /*time file last wnttenor created*/
Time-t St-time; /*time file or inode last changed*/
{
< sys/stat.b> ino-t , dev-t .
st-mode .
: < sys/stat.b>
228/322

# define s-IFMI 0170000 /*type of file */

# define S- IFDIR 0040000 /*directory */
# define S-IFCHR 0020000 /*characterspecial*/
#define S-IFDLK 0060000 /*block special*/
#define S-IFREG 0100000 /*regular*/
#define S- ISUID 0004000 /*set useridon exection/*
#define S-ISGID 0002000 /*set group idon execution */
#define S-ISVTX 0001000 /*save swapped texteven after use*/
#define S-IREAD 0000400 /*read permission , owner */
#define S-IWRITE 0000200 /*write permission,owner*/
#define S-IEXEC 0000100 /*execute/search permission,owner*/
stat . fstat , stat Inode
. ) -1 (inode
: ) file ( Fstat
Char *name;
Int fd;
Struct stat stbuf ;
Stat )name ,& st buf(;
Fstat )fd , & st buf (;
. fd inode stbuf
checkmail c .
checkmail .
( .
. )
.
/* checkmail :watch users mailbox*/
# include <stdio .bs>
# include <sys / types.bs>
# include <sys/ stat-h>
char * progname ;
char *maildir = /usrlspool/mail , /*sys tem dependent*/
main )argc,argr(
int argc;
char *argv ] [ ;
}
struct stat buf ;
char *name , * getlogin ) ( ;
int lastsize=0
progname = argv ]0[ ;
if ))narne = get/ogin )(( == null(
error )cant get name , )char*(0(;
if )chdir )maildir(== -1(
229/322

;( error )cant cd to % s , muildir

} ( ; ;) for
if )stat )name , & buf( == -1(/k no mailbox */
; buf.st -size =0
(if )buf .st-size >last size
;(fprint f)stderr,lnyou have mail loov ln
;lastsize = buf.st - size
; (sleep )40
{
{
)getlogin )3 Login null chdirlkmail . chdir
stat .
maildir . check mail
mail .
5 .

. c stat .
checkmail
.

:SV

SV CP
SV .
. SV SV .
inode checkmail . sv :
& sv file 1 file 2... dir
1 dir/file1 2 dir/file 2
.
sv s/ .
/*sv: save new files */
># include <stdio .h
># include <sys/types.h
># include <sys/stat .h
># include <sys/stat .h
; char*programe
(main)argc,argv
230/322

int argc;
char *argv ] [ ;
}
int I ;
struct stat stbuf ;
char *dir = argv ]argc-1[
progname = argv ]0[ ;
if )argv<=2(
error )usage :%s files ...dir , progname(;
if )stat )dir,&stbuf(== -1
error )cant access directory % s, dir(;
if ))st buf.st-mode &s-ifmt(! =s-ifdir(
error )%s is not a directory , dirl;
for )I=1,I<argc-1 , I ++(
sv)argv ]I[ , dir( ;
exit )0( ;
{
inode 0:00( GMT )1970
st-mtime .
SV)file , dir( /*save file in dir*/
Char *file , * dir
}
struct stat sti , sto ;
int fin , fout , n;
char target ]BUFSIZE[ , buf ]BUFSIZ[, *index2
sprint f )target , %s/%s , dir , file( ;
if )index )file , /(! =Null(/*strchrcin some systems */
error )wont handle/s in %s , file(;
if )stat )file, &sti (=-1
error)can't stat %s , file( ;
if )stat)target , &sto (==-1( /*target not present*/
stoost - mtime =0 ; /* somake it look old */
if )sti.st-mtime< sto .st-mtime( /*target is newer */
fprint f )stderr , % s : % s not copied\n ,
progname ,file ( ;
else if ))fin=open )file ,0( == -1 (
error )can't open file % s , file (;
else if ))fout = creat )target , stist - mode(( == -1
error )can't create % s , target(;
else
while ))n=read)fin , buf , sizeof buf ((>0(
if )write )fout , buf , n (!= n(
error )error writing % s , target(;
close )fin( ;
close )fout ( ;
{
231/322

I/O creat sv ( .
strchr , index )string )3
) .
sv .
.
> <dir . b > <stat.h
.
.
sv .
.

.
Sv sv
. write . write
. .
. write
.
.
. .
. 7-10 chekemail .
lseek-ss canf
chekmail . 7-11 .
( ) checkmail

. 7-12 watchfile
.
sv . 7-13 .
.
sv . 7-14 :
cp . . sv,cp cp-v
.
. 7-15 random :
232/322

& random filename

. random
scapeyoat :
& cat scapegoat
! echo it s all random peoples foult
&scape goat
!its all kens a fault
&
random .
. 7-16 inode . >
<sys / ino.b icat inode
( . ) . icat

47

.
system . . 6 system .
( ) .
sprintf .
system
.

execup,execlp

execlf . .
:
; )Execlp )date , date , )char *(0
execlp execlp ( PATH )..
.
argv . ( .
exec)2( , execlp ) .
execlp .
. .
(execlp )date, date , )char*(0
;fprintf )stderr , couldn't execute date \n
233/322

;(exit )1
execlp execup .
:
;(Execvp )filename , argv
argp ( ) argv Null
execvp . execlp
argp argv [ argp ]0 .
> * <, .
bin/sh/ execlp .
:
; )Execlp )/bin/sh , sh , -c , comrnadline, )char* ( 0
c .
exec waitfile . & ]wait file filename ]command
. .
. wailfile troff

& & wait file troff . out echo troff done
wait file fstat .
/* wait file : wait until file stops changing*/
># include <stdio.b
># include <sys/types.h
># include <sys/stat.h
; char * progname

(main)argc,argv
; int argv
; [ ] char *argv
}
; int fd
; struct stat stbuf
;time-t old - time = 0

; [progname = argv ] 0
(if )argc<2
; (error )dsage : % s file name ])md[ ,progname
(if )) fd=open )argv ]1[ , 0(( == -1
;([error )cant open % s , argv ]1
; ( fstat )fd , &stbuf
}(while )stbuf . st -mtime != old - time
; old - time = stbuf.st - mtime
; (sleep )6-
234/322

; ( fstat )fd , & stbuf

{
if )argc = =2(} /*copy file */
; (exedp )cat , cat , argv ]1[ , )char *(0
;( [ error )can't execute cat % s ,argv ]1
} {else /*run process */
; [cxecvp cargv ]2[ , & argv ]2
;( [error )can't execute % s , argv ]2
{
; (exit )0
{
execlp execvp .
. wail file
.
watek file . 7-17 ( )7-12 wait file :
watch file . wait file , watch file
]argv]0 :

wait,fork

execlp execbp .

.
fork :
; ( )Proc-id=fork
. fork
. process-id )proc id )child . )proc - id ,)parent
process - id .
:
( If )fork ) ( = = 0
;(Execlp )/bin /sh, sh , c , command line , )char *(o
fork . .
fork execlp .
fork execlp ( fork 1-
) .
wait
235/322

:
; Int status
(If )fork ) ( = = 0
;(Execlp )000 /*child */
;( Wait )&status /*purent*/
execlp fork
)process-id , wait( . . fork
) . .
system .
Stats wait 8
8 .
exit main .


. fork exec
.
execlp
. .
I/O 6
I/O .
execip system :
system .
ed . ed
.
system ,p .
dev/tty/ .
)dup)f fd
.
:
;In fd
; (Fd = open )file , 0
; (Close )0
; (Clup )fd
; (Close )fd
)Close )0 .
236/322

progname ) system(
. . .
/*
*safer vesion of system for interactive programs
/*
# include <sigul.h>
# include <stdio.h>
system )s( /*run command lines */
char*s ;
}
int status >,pid ,w ,tty ;
int )*istat() ( , )*qstat () ( ;
extern char * progname ;
fflush )stdout(;
tty= open )/dev/tty , 2(;
if )tty= = -1(}
fprintf )stderr,%s : can't open /dev/tty\n , progname(;
return-1;
{
if ))pid = fork )1( = = 0(}
close )0( ; dup )tty( ;
close )1(; dup )tty( ;
close )2( ; dup )tty( ;
close )tty( ;
execlp )sh , sh ,-c , s , )char *(
exit )127( ;
{
close )tty( ;
istat = signal )SIGNT , SIG -1 GN( ;
qstat = signal)SIGQUIT , SIG- IGN(;
while ))w=wait )&status((! = pid &&w! = -1(
{
close )tty( ;
istat = signal )SIGNT , SIG-!GN(;
q stat = signal )SIGQUIT , SIG - ICN(;
while)) w= wait )cstatus(( ! = pid&& w! = -1(
;
if )w = = -1(
status = -1 ;
signal )SIGINT , istat(;
signal )SIGQUIT ,gstat(;
return stats ;
{
dup ed . 2 dev / tty/
.
237/322

. :
& echohello 1>&0
hello
&
2 dup'ed
dev/tty/ . system : tty
ttyin p .
system - ed

system .

.57

( ) .
.
DEL
( ctl -1 (FS kill .

.
( )sdb)1( adb)1 ) .
. .
.
. > <signal .h . :
># include <signal.h
.
; (Signal )SIGINT , SIG-IGN

; (Signal )SIGINT , SIG - DEL
. signal .
signal ( ) .
signal .
.
># include < signal-h
;char * tempfile = temp .xxxxxy
main)1
238/322

}
; ( ) extern onintr
(if )signal )SIGINT , SIG-1 GN( ! = SIG-IGN
; (signal )SIGINT , onitr
;(mktemp)tempfile
/*process...*/
; (exit )0
{
onitr ) ( /*clean up if interrupted */
}
; ( unlike )tempfile
; (exit )1
}
double test signal pmain
( & )
.

onitr .

. signal .
.

. :
.
:
># include <signal.h
># include <sp-timp.h
; jmp -buf sjbuf
( )main
}
; ( ) int onitr
(if )signal )SIGINT , SIG-IGN(!=SIG-IGN
;(signal /)SIGINT , onitr
setjmp )sjbuf(; /* save cvrrent stack position */
} (; ;) for
/* main processing loop * /
{
.
{
onitr ) ( /*reset ifinterrupted */
}
239/322

signal /)SIGINT , onitr (; /*reset for next interrupt */

;(printf )\nlnterrupt\n
long jmp )sjbuf , 0( ; /*return to saved state */
{
> <set jmp.h jmp-buf stack sjbuf
. )set jmp )3 .
. onitr
longjmp .
setjmp setjmp . (
) stack .
signal onitr :
.

.
exit longjmp .
.
. .
.

.
. read
errno : EINTR ><errno.h
.

( . read wait pouse ) .
:
># include <errno .h
; extern int errno

(if )read )0,& c,1(<=0 /*EOF or interrupted */

if )errno = = EINTR ( } /*EoF caused by interrupt */
errno = 0 ; /*reset for next time */

} {else /*true end of file */

.
240/322

( ! ) ed
. .
(If )fork ) ( = = 0
; (Execlp )...
Signal )SLGINT , SIG-IGN(; /*parent ignores interrupts */
Wait )& status ( ; /*until child is doen */
Signal )SIGINT , onitr(; /* restore interrupts */
.
.
. wait
.
.
. system :
># include <signal -h
sgstem )s( /*run command line */
; char * s
}
; int status , pid .w,tty
; () (int )*istat( ) (, )*qstat
.
} ( If ))pid = fork ) (( = = 0
.
; (Execlp )sh , sh , -c , s )char *(0
; (Exit )127
{
..
;(istat = signal )SIGINT , SIG-IGN
;(qstat = signal )SIGQBIT , SIGIGN
while ))w = wait )&status (( ! = pid&& w ! =-1
;
(if )w = = -1
; status = -1
;(signal )SIGINT , istat
;(signal )SIGQVIT , qstat
; return status
}
signal .

signal . SIG- DFL , SIG LGN

. VAX , PDP-11
> <signal.h .
241/322

#define SIG-DEL )int)*( ) 1(0

# define SIG -IGN )int )*( )1(1

)alarm)n SIGALRM .
( alarm )
alarm alarm .
time out
. alarm . watch for 1 .
:
& & time out - 3600 wathcfor dmg
time out .
alarm . alarm .
.
/* time out : set time limit on a process */
># include <stdio .h
># include <signal .h
intpid ; /* child process id */
;char * progname
(main )argc , argv
; intargc
; [ ] char* argv
}
; ( ) int sec = 10 , status , on alarm
; [progname = argv ]0
}(if )argv>1&& argv] 1[ ]0[= = -
; [ sec = atoi )&&rgv ]1[ ]1
; argc --
;argv ++
{
(if )argc <2
;( error )usage . % s ] 10[command , progname
} ( if ))pid = fork )1( = = 0
; [execvp cargv ]1[ ,& argv ]1
; [error )couldnt start % s ,argv ]1
{
;(signal )SIGALRM , onalarm
;(alarm )sec
(if )wait)status ( = = -1 : : )statis & 0177 (!= 0
; [error )% s killed , argv] 1
;(exit ))status ((8( & 0377
242/322

{
onalarm )( /* kill child when alarm arrives */
}
;( kill cpid , SIC KILL
{
. 7-18 SLEEP )PAUSE )2
alarm , sleep

.
1978( ) BSTJ .
]BST (
) 1979 79
.
readslow
.
readslow
( .
) .
b spname .
CACM 1983
.
243/322

9
UNIX .
.
Basic .

.


.
:
: Yacc- ( )parser .
. : Make-
: Lex- yacc .

.
.
.
. :
/ - + .
.
a z .
exp,sin ...
( 1 T n 1 T .
) .
. ( )statument
. feature
( )5 .
uelse : while { }and
...
> . ... , . . . < ,
.
----- .
6 9 .
244/322

UNIX . ( )2 .

. C
UNIX
.
. 3

.

. hoc high order calculator .
hoc 2, hoc 1 ... .

81 :1 :

hoc 1

. / - + (
)
. RETURN
.
245/322

- ( )grammars

Backus- Naur Algol

. hoc 1 .
list : expr \n list
expr \n
expr: NUMBER
expr + expr
expr - expr
expr * expr
expr / expr
()expr

list .
.
. .
( )constracts . list expr expr NUMBER
NUMBER .
.

:yacc
yacc . yacc ( )
yacc .
. yacc :
. ( )syntax
yacc . .
( )action .

. c
c . ( )semantic
.
246/322

.
( )chunks
. NUMBER .
* + . ( )to ken
.
( )routine yacc
4yacc .
. yyparse c .
yacc
c .


. yylex yyparse
( . yacc y
. yacc .
}%
C statements like#include, declarations , etc. This section is optional.
{%
yacc declaration: lexical tokens ,grammar variables,
precedence and associativity information
%%
grammer rules and actions
%%
more C statements )optional(:
{ main )( }. . .; yyparse ) ( ;. . .
} yylex )( }. . .

yacc y.tab.c .
C statements form between%}and%{, if any
C statements from after second %% , if any:
{ ; ( ) Main) ( } ; yyparse
{ } ( ) Yylex

{ ( ) Yyparse ) ( } parser ,Which calls yylex

0 yacc C
yacc . 4 ------- yet another comiler . Steve Johnson
yacc ( )1972 .
247/322

.
. yacc .
yacc
. yacc
( . ) .
.
( ) .

( )1

hoc1
main hoc.y ( . yacc y
. cc c yacc
) . hoc.y :

.
. yacc .
I .
.
. c . }and{ .
( $n $1 $2 ) ... n
248/322

$$ .

{; expr : NUMBWER }$$ ::: $ 1

$ 1 NUMBER
expr . $s :::$ 1 $$ $
.

expr : expr + expr }; }$$::: $ 1 +$ 3

' '
expr expr . $ 2 , .
.
{ n list
' '

.
. list ()string
. .
yacc .
.
. ( hoc 4 )
.
( )parse tree 1-8
.
249/322

234 : 1-8
( )stck .
. nt/
.

#define YYSTYPE double

( )double .
-
'' ,'
. token %

.
left% right % token %
a-b-c ( a-b(-c
( . )a-)b-c
.
- .
. ( ) .
.
hocy :
250/322

Yyparse,main .
list .
yyparse main list
.
yylex,yyparse yylex .
. blank tab

. \ +,-,* ,/,,(,),n
yyparse .
end file yyparse .

yyl val . yyparse

yacc yylex . yylbval
( ) . NUMBER 12/34 .
251/322

\ + , n . yylval
.
yacc%token NUMBER yacc
y.tab.c . NUMBER
c yacc . ASCII
.
yyerror,yyparse
syntax error .
yacc yyerror . yacc
( )worning .
hoc .

hoc.y .
yacc :

$ yacc hoc.y $ ccy.

Tab. C $ hoc 1 -0 hoc 1 leaves output in Y . tab.c Leaves executable
Program in hoc 1
2/3 0 . 0000007
34
hoc 1 : syntax error near line 1
$

hoc 1 ) 1-8 y.tab.c ( . 300

) .
252/322

yacc .
hoc 1
34 .
hoc.y . UNARY MINUS token
.
% left + -
%left * /
%left UNARYMINUS / * new*/
expr :

expr : NUMBER {;}$ $ =-$1

: - expr %prec UNARYMINUS }$$ =-$2;{1*new*1

%prec ( ) ( UNARYMINUS) . .
.
)2-8 ( % ) + hoc 1 .
: fr exp 3. 0 .

- make

hoc 1 .
( )shell .
wiJI
. make .

( )consistent
make .
yacc
make .

make
hoc 1 . make hoc 1
. make makefile .
253/322

$ cat makefile
hoc 1 : hoc . 0
cchoc . 00 hoc 1
$
hoc 1 hoco hoco
cc C hoc 1 hoc 1 make .
yacc hoc.y ( hoc . 0 )abject .

$ make Make the first thing in makefile , hoc 1

Yacc hoc . Y
CC C Y.tab.C
Rm Y.tab.c
Mv y.tab.o hoc.o
Cc hoc.o -0 hoc 1
$ make Do it again
hoc 1 is up to date . $ make realizes its unnecessary

)82 :2 ( )errorrecovery

( ) hoc 1 hoc 2 .
26 a z .
.
. hoc 1

.
$ hoc 1
1/ 0
Floating $ exception core dumped

35 yylex
. :

expr: VAR
Var = expr

X=Y=Z=0
254/322

.
-26 .
.
ya.cc
int .
-------- . define #
typedef .
yacc $$=$ 2
. hoc.y hoc . 2
:

Union declaration% ( ) int

. token declaration% .
type declaration% expr > <val yacc
255/322

. =
.
.
. execerror
.
( floating point excaption )
)averflow(. main .
.
yacc .
. yacc .
.
yyerrork ( )flay
. .

yacc . hoc 2 .
main setjrp
execerror . longjmp ( . 5-7
longjmp,setjmp ) .

execerror ( . abort 3 )
adb sdb .
longjmp .
hoc 2 .
256/322

yylval yylex .
:

)3/1416
( ) NUMBER ( .
hoc 2 :

ppp-II
hoc 2 .
)3-8
.
make p . previons-o
hoc )4-8
. .newline-o

83 :3

hoc 3
. :
257/322

Sin cos dtam exp log logio sqrt int abs

.
.
.
.

.

. hoc 2 x=expr
.
$ hoc 2
x =23.14159
6. 28318
Value printed for assignment to variable

hoc 3
.
$ hoc 3
x =23.14159
x Assignment:novalueisprinted
6. 28318 : Expression
Value ( 250)

is printed
258/322

. 5 :

C make
.
make . . ( VAR
)BLTIN . Var . BLTIN
. hoc.y .symbol.c init.c .

. hoc.h .
( . h ). make
hoc.h .

VAR , UNDEF . list

next .
list symbol.c . .
( . list , lookup ). na!Tie
.

.
259/322

Install list .
, emalloc malloc ( )<<malloc3
. symbol.c . y.tab.h
yacc.d . define # yacc
... VAR , NUMBER , BLTIN .

init.c ( ).... PI .
260/322

init main .

. .
.
261/322

sqrt,log .
262/322

asgn , expr
VAR expr
() .
.
yacc . 26
. ( header( hoc.c .
( )VAR
( . )BLTIN yylex .
PI VAR .
yyparse .
. VAR
. X
( . )X==1
yylex :

Main init PI
.
263/322

math.c . .
sqrt . math.c 2
UNIX . 7 .
. ( afficial) .
> <math.h <error.h> .
.
264/322

yacc :
$ yacc hoc.y
Conflicts: 1 shift/reduce $
shift /reduce hoc 3 :
X=1
:
265/322

asgn expr list

n/ shift list .
yacc . .
yacc . yacc -V
y.out put .
-5-8 hoc 3 PI =3 .
hoc 3

y
. x -6-8 a tan 2 y . x tan
() rand
() .

-7-8 hoc UNIX
-8-8 math.c .

:make

hoc 3 5 make
. vedvce/veduce conflict yacc
.
266/322

YFLAGS=-d -d yacc make yacc

y.tab.h Idefine . =OBJS
. flag-1m .
.
hoc 3 four.o . o. h.
. make
.
make
$make-n
.
-)t)touch
( )update .
.
make . .
symbol.o make,pr .
.

make prflpr $
list ( . @ @ pr make
.

267/322

$ make clean
yacc ( )0 .
make
. make .
.

lex
lex yacc .
( fragements( c
lex . yacc,lex .
. lex .
. lex 2B UNIX .
lex lex .1 .
yylex .

egrep awk .
( escape,lex - ) c n,t .
. * +
268/322

.
.
lex yylex .
Makefile lex :

make 1 .
( . lex 11
CC .
:
) .

make ( )up to data .

269/322

lex .
. . ( Lex
)
C . lex
lex .
hoc . . lex ( )
C .
-9-8 hoc 3 . : size 1. 0
.

84 )4

Hoes hoc 4 .
hoc 3 .
hoes . hoc 4
. .
hoc 4
.
. .
( )push
( .
) .

X=2*y
.
270/322

... 2

y
:


... x

x Pop .
.
.
. ( ) .
.
hoc 4 hoc 3 .
init.c math.c . hoc 3
.
. VAR : Varpush
eval
. * mul
.
271/322

Inst ( int ). .
.
Main . . .
Yyparse .
272/322

.
()
. yylex :

. .
mul
. hoc.h
.
( .
.

) .
273/322

code.c . 150
:
274/322

prog . (
hoc 4 ) .

.
.
275/322

( )PC
. PC .
opcode STOP .
pc,varpush,constpush
.

.
. add .

.
276/322

bltin * pc
d.val
.
assign,eval
. .
( )
. C
.
( )switch
277/322

- make
hoc
. make

( )
.
make .
yacc y.tab.h
: C hoc.y
. make
x.tab.h y.tab.h (
)update . ( pr )
.

( )
.
make hoc 4 :
278/322

- cmp make cmp .

x.tab.h ( . -s
cmp )
?$ list .
make .
(
)uptodata .
279/322

hoc.y . y.tab.h
.
)10-8 prag
malloe.o hoc 4
.
hoc 4 )11-8 switch
.

8-5- :5 :
hoc 5
. while,y-else C
{ }and .
)...,=,<,<( . OR,AND ::: SS ( .
C
).
while , up , for
. ( .
wile, up ) .
280/322

shift/reduce hoc 3 .
stop
. pragp WiJI WiJI .
stop .
( subroutine ) end
. subroutine Stop
.
while up .
while whilecode
281/322

While:WHILE
.
. while .
.
while while
( .
).

while . $1

. ] $ 2[ 2 ] , $ 1[ 1

if while . if else,then
if . .

.
282/322

Follow
ungetc .

hoc.h .
hoc 4 . :

C
. ( Ie )
283/322

if,while .
stop
( )
stop
. while
else,then if
( )parent .
if , while
if , while .

. while
. while
pc .
pc+1 pc+2 .
284/322

if . pc then pc+1
else pc+2 pc+3 .

init :

~ 0 C

. tab
hoes .

.
hoes )12-8
.
)13-8 = ... * = + ++
- - : : SS .
285/322

C .
)14-8 for C hoes break .
Continue .
)15-8 ( ) hoes



)16-8 hoes ( )runaway
.

)17-8
. hoes
hoe
: opcode .

8-6- :6
hoc
. ( )
. hoc 6
- . 235
810 hoc
.
. 3
.
.
2 . .

:
286/322

. -
. .

1$ ... .
. .
. ( )global
.
Hoe
.
.
hoes hoc 6 . .
%
:
287/322
288/322

arglist .
expr
.
. defin
yacc .

.
.
).
defonly .
( )
. .
defonly (
) .

indef hoc.y defn .

$
. Backslash n/ backslash
.
289/322

C
. lex adhocc .
lex .

C
hoch .
( .
290/322

).
:

hoc.h :

define
291/322

define
( )updata .

( . ).
opcode .
.


.
.

2-8 .
procret funcret .
292/322

)2-8

ret fp
.
293/322

.

. while code ,
if code call . .
294/322
295/322

prexpr,prstr .

Varread . end ---file

. 1 .

end file moreinput,varread

. ---morein
. 3
. hoc
:
296/322

:

.
.
hoc 6 )18-8
subroutine $ .
)19-8 .
.

. . wiu

.
)20-8 hoc

)21-8
.
:

.
printf . C

)8-7
Hoc UNIX
WEB .
297/322

PDP 11170 .
ack 3,3 . CaB
. 2432 .
1000 .
.

( bas , bc)1( , hac BASIC

pop-II ) ( C )
1-8 CPU .
C
.
-p C . makefile
:
make clean; make CFLAGS=-p $
C CFLA5 .
298/322

hoc 6 $ OBJS
CC $ CFLAGS $ OBJS 1 m 0 hoc 6

.
main prof
.
hoc 6
:

.

hoc
.
C Subroutine Cret , CSU
. me aunt CC-P ) .
.
C .
( )popm , push .
299/322

( pop opcode stm .

pop ). 35% .
1-8 5/5 3/7 5 3 .
)22-8 pop , push .

8-8-
.
.
. .


.

.
( )
.
.

lex,yacc,pic,eqn make .
.
,make .
. (
)
.
300/322

.
make .

.
.
UNIX hoc .

Dr , Is . .
.
. grep . diff
. idff .
we . .ep
.
make .
UNIX .

.

Yacc Steve Johuson . yacc
( LALR)1 :
.
yacc .
A.V.Aho,CACM,J.D.U//man,S.C,Johnson 1975 .

.
yacc .
( Addsiam-wesly( J.D.Ullman,A.V.Aho 1997 .
yacc 2 UNIX .
301/322

hoc 2 .
.
Lex mike lesk . lex Ullman , Aho
lex UNIX yacc .
lex C
VV,Ratfor,awk,be,eqn,pic .
Make stu Feldman : MAKE
1979 .
( prentice-Hall( John Bentley,1982
.
.
302/322

UNIX . Belllabs
PDP-11 . .
roff .
nroff joeossanna . nroff
.
1973 nroff
. troff nroff . troff
. troff . nroff
. troff troff .
. .
troff UNIX troff
.
- .
.
.
.
. -
... () .
.
. . ms
mm v . man
.
ms . thEditionman
.i .
in this font .

troff troff .
troff .
. . .

303/322

. troff
. ( )pipes .
UNIX .
troff . (. 8
).
. tbl eqn .

noc noc . 2 .

19 :ms

(.) )
.
. - -
.
.
troff .
.
.
pp
ft B this is a little font paragraph
troff .
. pp ms ft B troff
( )
troff .
FB troff .
pp ms 12
. 2 noc
14 .
ms .
TL
(title of document )oneor mor lines
au
304/322

Author names one per line

AB
Abstraet,terminated by AE
NH
(Numbered neading caato matic numbering
pp
paragraph
pp
aNOTHE PARAGRAPH
Sh
(sub -heading )not numbered
pp
. .
troff . ( () filling
. .
( . )292
I troff .
troff - ms - hoc .ms
m . ms noc .

HOC .
Brian kernighan
Rob pike
HOC : C-
.
HOC : C
.

troff .
. . DE)display
End ( , DC)display start(ms
. noc .

( )293
305/322

noc c .
=- .
. . :
en pr
number
va riable
enpr
enpr binop enpr
unop enpr
functron cagnments

.
DS . . L
C B .
. troff .
.
troff .

ms R . I.
B .
this taxt is roman,but
I
this text is italic
R
This is roman agcin, and
B
this is blod fale
I B . troff
.
I B .
. ( parenthetical. I italic words
parenthetical italice words ()parenthetical i italic word parenthetical italic
words .
306/322

troff .
nroff
.

FS FE .
.
idetifying nerk like an asterisk or a dagger.
fs
dg like this one.
FE
this foot note was creat ea with
IP .
- 2 .
.
IP
first little paragtaph
IP
SECOND PARAGRAPH...
. IP,)LEFT-INSTIFIED PARYRAPH,.PP
IP -()String . .
.
.KS KE .
KF KS . KF
.
ms troff ms .
. 10
1/72 . 12 9 11
vs,ps .

LL PI PD PP
LP .
307/322

:9-1 ms

:MM

mm ms ms
. 9-2 mm ms 9-1
.
troff
ms mm . ( )troff
.
. .

-
. c c cd cd .
troff ascll ( )hyphan .
. . . 9-3
troff
. .
. . troff
.
. ms .
tl
title if document
Au
Author name
AB
.
tl
i title of document
au
.
308/322

9-2
mm
ae AS .
AU
B
DF
DE DS.
eqn EN EQ.
FE FS
I
th-n H
HU
nr pt 1 P
R
mm TL
( ()tb TE TS.

. troff
. .
.
i title /of/docn ment
309/322

9-3
troff
--
\hy
\-
em dash\cem
&\
\blank
\
\e
\)bn
\)bg
\)*a
x*\)f
xx\fxx
n=o\sn n
\s+-n

. .I
. .
. troff .
troff .ms
troff f . \ s
.
\ f f .
a\fbf riv\fiolous\fr\fivar\fbiety\fr
of\fifonta\fp

\fp - - 2
\f)xx xx .
cw keyword .
310/322

\f)cw keyword\fp

.
ms mm back slash .
troff :
the
cw troff
for matter
. \sn
n s8\ . .
. .
\s-25mall caps\so

so .
\fp troff \sp . ms ())uc)upper case .

troff:

troff
br .br .
.
nf . . fi
.ce .
bp . sp . sp
.

sp 3 leave 3 blank lines

sp 05 leave dank hal-line
sp 1.5i leave 1.5 in
sp 3p leave 3 points
sp 3.1c leave 3.1 centimeters

. .sp bp .
ta ( )

\
sp r .
311/322

c
ps n \ ft x x.
\ f\s .

:
troff . .
.

de cw sart a defin tion

\&\f)cw\$\fp\\$2 font chang arund first argument
End of definition

\n$ n=tn n-tn .

\n . troff
tbl,eqn
troff
.
troff troff
.
eqn . yacc tbl . eqn
.
yacc .

. .

.

tbl . eqn 8 1 .
. eqn . .
. .
.
tbl . hoc.
tbl .)ts)table start )TE)Table end .
312/322

troff . . TS.TE
.
.
tbl .
. noc.

( )303
.

-1
( )**FORTRAN





( )
(
)

()center,box
. (all box daublebox )
expand .
.
. .
1 .
cr . t n
s . . cs
313/322

. tbl
cifce cw .

. troff .sp
. - == tbl
tbl .
.
volume 2Aunix .

troff eqn troff .

.
eqn EQ EN .TS TE .
EQ
IX SUB
EN
xi ms .
EQ :

eqn . eqn
eqn - - .
zeta zeta over
.
.
.
{}and

eqa . .
lambda LAMBDA grad,infinty,int,sum
314/322

over,to,from,sup,sub
.

eqrt ... eqn . .

.
)log)n . eqn delim
.
. $ . hoc $
.
.
:
EQ
delim
EN
.
( )305
tbl . 3
.

eqn eqn
.
word . eqn to fro
. .

troff . .
tbl . eqn troff . troff .
)troff-ms filenames )or-mm$

.
eqn filenames :troff -ms
or
tbl file names: eqn:troff-ms
315/322

doctype (. )306
doctype 4 . awk .
.

pp ( )ms .
( -n egree .
) .
. t
roff . .
doctype bundle .
.
troff roff .
.
.
egrep sort awk . .
. egrep sort .
awk .
doctype awk .
.
.

49

usr\man (
\UNIX . \usr\man
. noc .
\usr\man\man1\noc.1

)man)1 . man-nroff . mannoc noc

man ( 1
7 ) man .
man 7 man

316/322

nroff mant-t troff .

\usr\man .man troff nroff
.
309 :
nroff : troff
eqn . troff-man troff
. " ms .
)man(1 .
:
( )309
. TH DES CRIPNAME, .
TH COMMAND SECTION-NUMBER
. .SH .
NAME SYNOPSIS . (Comand,NAME)
. ( option,synopsis)
. B.I.R .
synopsis . . synopsis ed)1(NAME
.

sll name
ed\teat editor
sh synopsis
Bed
I
B\-X
NAMEI
NAME
ed-text editor
synopsis
.
DESCRIPTION .

)cc)1 c . c cc
seealso
)cc)1 . )man)7 .
317/322

DESCRIPIION
I RI
RI I man .
files .
.
BWGS . .

BWGS,DIAGNOSTICS .
. \ )uis\man\man1\hoc\hoc)1 9-1 9-2 .

:hoc
:
[hoc]file
:
noc
c . .
noc .
noc .
.
SEE Also
:noc Rob pike,Briankerrighan

5-9 : .
.
refer .
refer .

.
318/322

pic,deapic .

HOC
Brian kerni ghan
rob pike

HOC : c
.

- 1HOC :

. :
number
vaviable
()eapr
enpr binop enpr
unop enpr
function
.
.
binop .
unop . . not
1 .
319/322

:1
))**FORTRAN ^
!
*\
-+
<<=
>>=
.==!=
( )&&

=

( ) . 2
.

2

( xatan)x
(xcos)x
(xeap)x
(xint)x
( log)x x
(log10)x x 10
(xsin)x
(xsqrt)x

1/0 0.0 c .
HOC 3 .

- 3 :
HOC :
320/322

expr
variable expr
(pyocedur )arglist
while
if)expr(stmt else stmt
stmtlist
print expr list
return optional-expr
nothing
stmlist stnt

.
.
hoc .
.
if .
(if )x<0(print)>( else print)z
(if )x<0
else
(print)z

. if
.
hih cwhile. if
.

3 :

.
.
.
.

.
321/322

hoc .
. .
:
functron func name )(stmt
procedur proce mame)(stmt
.
c
.

.
3$ . . .
.

.
. stack . hoc Ackermann
.
hoc
}()func ack
if )$ 1==0(return$s
if)$2=0( return ack
(return ack)$1-1,ack)$1,$2-1
(ack)3,2

29
ack)3.3
61
(ack)3,4
hoc:sta ek too deep hear line 8
.....

n!2n
322/322

hoc
func stirl )(}
return sqrt)2*$1*pi(
{
stirl)20(
2.4328818e+18

!n :

func fac()is ($1<=0)return 1 else return$ 1*fac($1-1)

i=9
while)li=i+1(<=20(}
print,fac)i(stirl)i(in
{

10 1.0000318
11 1.0000205
12 1.0000224
13 1.0000166
14 1.0000146
16 1.0000128
17 1.0000114
18 1.0000102
19 1.000092
20 1.000083