Cross-Bonding Cable and Box Model Based On Pulse Reflection Measurement

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Published in IET Science, Measurement and Technology
Received on 20th December 2013
Revised on 4th June 2014
Accepted on 13th June 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0095

ISSN 1751-8822

Cross-bonding cable and box model based on pulse


reflection measurement
Jos J. de Regt1,4, Gerben Hoogendorp2, Paul Wagenaars3, Peter A.A.F. Wouters1,
Marjan Popov2, Lou van der Sluis2, E. Fred Steennis1,3
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Informatics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD
Delft, The Netherlands
3
DNV GL, P.O. Box 9035, 6800 ET Arnhem, The Netherlands
4
Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding, Vlissingen, The Netherlands
E-mail: p.a.a.f.wouters@tue.nl

Abstract: Transients from lightning strikes can enter underground cables at overhead line to power cable transitions. Possible
overvoltages on these surges at cross-bonding connections of the cable screens are of major concern. A model is developed
for modelling overvoltages from transient signal propagation through a combined cross-bonding cable and box. This model is
applied to the rst Dutch 400 kV cable connection. Such model incorporates model parameters whose values depend on
design details of the cross-bonding box. The values for these model parameters are extracted from the measured transmission
and reection signal on steep pulses injected into the actual cross-bonding box conguration. The model combines
transmission line description for the cross-bonding cables with mainly inductive behaviour of the cross-bonding box. The
obtained results are veried by measurements. The model is applied to investigate overvoltages induced at the cross-bonding
cable and box on 1.2/50 s impulse voltage injection representing a lightning impulse voltage applied to the core conductor
of the cross-bonding cable. Furthermore, the effectiveness of surge arresters to reduce overvoltages at the cross-bonding cable
screen is demonstrated by simulations with this model in PSCAD.

1 Introduction and partly transmit into the underground cable. At


cross-bonding (CB) joints, the transient pulse splits in all
Underground power cables at a high-voltage level are widely available channels (Fig. 1). The 400 kV cable earth screens
applied nowadays for transmission of electrical energy. All are connected via coaxial cables to a dedicated box with the
over the world, transmission grid operators are gaining CB connections. This box can be regarded having zero
experience with application of cables in their high-voltage impedance connections for power frequency. For
power grids. This paper focuses on the Dutch underground high-frequency components the box behaves inductively,
cable project Randstad380. The 380 kV network in the contributing to overvoltages [4] which stress the CB joint
Netherlands is extended by two new connections in which possibly resulting in degradation of the insulation material.
underground cables are combined with overhead lines. The Researching the transient behaviour of underground power
measurements reported in this paper have been scheduled cables focuses on cable modelling, which is needed to support
by the Dutch transmission system operator (TSO) during simulation studies. Frequency-dependent distributed travelling
the installation of the rst connection, which became wave models are generally used for transient modelling and
operational in 2013. During normal operation, the power several cable models are developed in [5, 6]. Description of
grid can be subjected to different transient phenomena, cable impedance, admittance, including the effect of
which can largely inuence installed equipment. For semi-conducting layers has been published in [7]. Modelling
instance, fast transients from lightning strikes can result in of transients requires accurate determination of involved
steep voltage surges in the system affecting the installed parameters [8, 9]. Currently, a widely used transient cable
transformers [1, 2]. The presence of underground power model is the frequency-dependent phase model [10]. This
cables in the high voltage (HV) grid will have an inuence model is implemented in the electromagnetic transient
on the behaviour of the network during fast transients. In including DC-based simulation software of power system
particular, there is concern for effects on cross-bonded earth computer aided design (PSCAD). For research on the transient
screens, installed for reduction of losses because of induced phenomena of underground cable systems, it is essential to
currents [3]. Transient overvoltages on overhead lines reach include cross bonding. A CB cable connects the earth screens
the cable at the transition point, where they partly reect of the 400 kV cable to the CB box, where the CB connections

IET Sci. Meas. Technol., pp. 18 1


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Fig. 1 Transition from overhead line to underground power cable with CB connection for 400 kV cables

are made, Fig. 1 [11]. Much experimental work and simulations accuracy is briey described in Appendix. The results from
have already been published on modelling of cross-bonded its application to the 400 kV power cable (see Appendix)
high-voltage cable systems, for example, in [12, 13]. shows that the measured attenuation coefcient can roughly
Verication of simulation results with eld measurements has be approximated by 0.11 km1 MHz1. The rst CB joint is
been made for CB cable systems [14, 15]. placed after about 900 m from the transition point. This
This paper presents a frequency-domain model of the CB means that a 10 MHz frequency component is reduced in
cable and the CB box which can easily be implemented for amplitude by a factor 1/e. For this reason, the frequency
analysis of transmission networks. The values of the model range is of interest is taken as from a few MHz (hardly
parameters are obtained by pulse injection measurements attenuation) up to 10 MHz (attenuation has become
conducted on the actual applied components at various signicant). Signal attenuation hampers evaluating the
stages during the construction of the Randstad380 effect of the CB box and CB cables if measurements on the
south-ring connection. Special care was taken to prevent complete connection are taken. Therefore the pulse injection
any risk of damage to the components by connecting the method described in Sections 3 and 4 was conducted on a
test equipment. Time-domain measurement by pulse CB box with CB cables when they were not yet connected
injection method was preferred as a measurement technique to the 400 kV cable screens. Since the CB cables are just
since connection issues could be resolved by relatively over 10 m long and they lack semi-conducting layers, their
simple adapters (see Appendix). Furthermore, it is more effect on signal distortion is small.
robust against electromagnetic disturbance, for example, Three coaxial CB cables are attached to a CB box where
from active parallel overhead lines, compared with the connections are made through copper bars (Fig. 1, see
frequency-domain measurements with a vector network also Fig. 6). The copper bars interrupt the coaxial structure
analyser. For eld measurements on large systems (as, for of the CB cables resulting in an inductive loop inside the
example, applied in [16]) pulse injection techniques are CB box, indicated as distributed impedance Zcbbox in
easier and safer to implement. With the developed model, Fig. 1b. Fast transients induce voltages in this loop, which
simulations are performed to investigate the inuence of result in a voltage rise in the CB box. This inductive loop
steep voltage surges on the generated voltages at the CB will be analysed by means of reection measurements on
box. Also the effect of surge arrestors at the CB earth the CB box. The transmission line parameters of the CB
screens is investigated. cables and the impedance of the CB box are measured by
means of detecting reection patterns. First, the
transmission line parameters of a CB cable (characteristic
2 Methodology impedance Zccb and propagation coefcient cb) are
obtained from the reection measurements indicated in
High-frequency components in, for example, lightning surges Fig. 2a. Thereafter, the CB cables are connected to the CB
are of most concern. They propagate through the 400 kV box (Fig. 2b). Analysis of reection measurements on CB
cable before reaching the rst CB joint after a transition cable including the CB box, using the earlier determined
point, limiting the frequency components reaching the parameters Zccb and cb, results in the impedance of the CB
CB joints. The attenuation is related to the skin effect in the box Zcbbox.
conductors, which forces the current to ow in a smaller
conductor area as frequency increases [6, 17]. Also
semi-conducting layers can contribute to 3 Analysis of CB cable
frequency-dependent losses [7]. CB cables are analysed as
transmission lines with frequency-dependent parameters To establish the effect of the CB box, we need rst to
determined from measurement. The total length of the characterise the CB cables which are standard connected to
connections inside the CB box itself is about 1 m. Since the the box. On one hand, owing to their short length,
signal propagation time inside this box is short, the box can transients will hardly be distorted during propagation. On
most conveniently be modelled by lumped component the other hand, because its effect is small, the propagation
parameters for frequencies up to several tens of megahertz. parameters are harder to determine.
Transmission line parameters of the CB cables and the The CB analysis is performed according to the following
impedance of the CB box can be measured by means of steps. The reection coefcient ra is related to the
applying single-pulse response measurements. This impedance transition from injection cable to CB cable. Its
technique applied for determining transmission line value is needed to analyse Zccb. Next, the transmission
parameters of underground power cables together with its coefcients from injection cable to CB cable (ti-c) and from

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cable. At a it will partially reect (reection coefcient ra)
and transmit. Thereafter, the transmitted fraction reects on
the open cable end a. The reection (Ya) on CB cable end
a (Fig. 1) is applied for the analysis of Zccb

Hinj + H1 Ya
Zccb = Z0 Zs with H1 = = Hinj ra (3)
Hinj H1 Yinj

Here, Hinj is the transfer function of the injection cable, H1 is


the transfer function of the reection on CB cable end a and
Zs is the impedance of the adapter (Fig. 2) connecting the
injection cable and CB cable (Hinj and Zs are determined
during prior calibration, see Appendix). The characteristic
impedance Zccb is plotted up to 10 MHz in Fig. 3. An
average value of about 17 is found, while a value of 19
is calculated from (1). As indicated by (18) in Appendix,
the observed deviation can be attributed to measurement
error propagation when the impedances clearly differ and to
the short CB cable length. This prevents separating injected
Fig. 2 Pulse injection in CB with and reected completely in the measured record resulting in
a With Far end open
a relatively high uncertainty in H1. Moreover, the
b With far end connected to a CB box impedance calculated using (1) has an uncertainty because
both the conductor and the earth screen are not solid. With
an insulation thickness of only 6.0 mm an inaccuracy in r1
or r2 has a signicant effect.
CB cable to injection cable (tc-i) are determined for the
analysis of cb and Zcbbox.
3.3 Measurement of cb

3.1 Estimation of CB cable parameters The reection on cable end a (Fig. 1) is applied for analysing
the propagation coefcient cb. From the transfer function H2
Fig. 1c shows the CB cable cross-section, including its denoting the reection on open cable end a
dimensions. Characteristic impedance Zccb and propagation
velocity vcb (derived from cb) are calculated from (1) and Yaa
(2), respectively, assuming homogeneous cross-linked H2 = = Hinj tc-i ti-c e2gcb lcb (4)
Yinj
polyethylene (XLPE) insulation for the entire cable with
XLPE = 2.25
cb can be derived
  
1 m0 r Hinj tc-i ti-c
Zccb = ln 2 = 19 V (1) 1
2p 10 1XLPE r1 gcb = ln (5)
2lcb H2
1
vccb =  = 200 m/ms (2) The propagation coefcient consists of the attenuation () and
m0 10 1XLPE the phase coefcient (). The attenuation coefcient is plotted
in Fig. 4, which corresponds to an attenuation of < 1% over a
The calculated values will serve as reference for the values length of 12.3 m. The short CB cable, and consequently short
obtained from measurements (see Table 1). propagation time back and forth on the CB cable, makes the
measured attenuation in Fig. 4 to be indicative only. It also
3.2 Measurement of Zccb hampers precise determination of the characteristic
impedance since it is not possible to completely separate
The length of each CB cable (Fig. 2) is 12.3 m. The pulse the injected pulse from the reection in a measured record
width must therefore be taken relatively short (8 ns for the (compare measurements on 400 kV cable presented in
present investigation) to avoid overlapping the reected Appendix).
pulses as a consequence of short propagation time from a to The slope of the phase coefcient plotted in Fig. 4 is related
a and back. The pulse (Yinj ) travels through the injection to the propagation velocity (vcb) according to

Table 1 Characteristic impedance, propagation velocity (using (7) to account for helical screen), and attenuation of CB cable (Section
3) and 400 kV power cable (Section 10) up to 10 MHz

Cable properties Calculated values Measured values

Types Length, Characteristic Propagation velocity Characteristic Propagation velocity, Attenuation


m Impedance, m/s Impedance, m/s

CB cable 12.3 19.1 193 17.2 190 0.005 Np/m


400 kV cable 952 25.0 175 24.3 173 0.11 Np/MHz km

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Fig. 5 Measured and simulated signals showing injected pulse


(left) and multiple reections on the open CB cable end
Fig. 3 Measured characteristic impedance of the CB cable
reections must match. All succeeding reections are
v correctly represented as well and serve as model verication.
vcb = (6)
b
4 Analysis of CB box
The propagation velocity is 190 m/s, 5% lower compared
with the derived value from (2). The helical structure of the The CB box is connected with all three CB cables. Similar
earth wire screen is responsible for the difference. pulses as for Section 3 are applied to the far end of one of
According to [18, 19], the velocity can be corrected by a the CB cables.
factor FH
4.1 Estimation of CB box impedance
  2 1/2
1 (r1 /r2 )2
2pr2 Propagated pulses through CB cable 1 reect at the cable end
FH = 1 + (7)
2 ln (r2 /r1 ) ll a (Fig. 2b) from the impedance seen at a. This load consists
of a series connection between the characteristic impedances
of CB cables 2 and 3 (two times Zccb) and the impedance of
which takes the lay length, that is, the longitudinal distance
CB box (Zcbbox). The impedance Zcbbox will be obtained by
covering one turn of the helical wire screen (ll = 0.3 m), into
the reection measurement. The loop inductance can be
account. Multiplying this correction factor with (2) gives a
estimated by considering the copper bar connections inside
result equivalent to the measured value. In further analysis,
the CB box as a circular loop [20], Fig. 6
the attenuation of the CB cable is neglected and for vcb a
constant velocity of 190 m/s is assumed. In Fig. 5, both  
the experimentally determined time-domain signal and the 8rloop
Lcb m0 rloop ln 2 , rloop .. rcbars (8)
signal constructed from the model parameters are shown. rcbars
All reections are represented correctly both in time of
occurrence and in amplitude. The model parameters are Here, rloop is the radius of the circular loop and rcbars is half of
extracted from the rst reections on a and a, so that these width of the copper bars. The effective radius rloop of the

Fig. 4 Attenuation and phase coefcient determined from pulse Fig. 6 Connections within CB box, l1 = l3 = l5 = 100 mm, l4 = l6 =
reection measurement on 12.3 m CB cable 150 mm, l2 = 300 mm and rcbars = 15 mm

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loop is found by approximating its circumference with the Table 2 CB box impedance from measurement and estimated
sum over the individual bar lengths value from CB box design

Lcbbox1 Lcbbox2 Lcbbox3 Average value Estimate (8)


1 6
rloop l (9) 443 nH 427 nH 430 nH 433 nH 420 nH
2p k=1 k

With rcbars = 15 mm and rloop = 143 mm, a value of 420 nH is


calculated. the transfer function calculated from the selected pulse is
not accurate for lower frequencies. In this situation,
4.2 Analysis Zcbbox information on the CB box impedance can only be obtained
when its value substantially contributes to the impedance
The injected pulse (Yinj ) travels along the injection cable and causing the reections (11). As from a few MHz, the
is partly transmitted and partly reected at a. The transmitted impedance by the CB box inductance becomes comparable
fraction travels through the CB cable and reects on the CB with the CB cable characteristic impedance (19 from (1)),
box connection a (Ycbbox). The ends of CB cables b and c and its effect becomes visible in pulse reection
are left open. The transfer function H3 for reected pulses measurements. At 2 MHz the magnitude of Zcbbox is about
on the CB box is 5 , using the estimated value from (8). At lower
frequencies, the CB box impedance has hardly any effect
Ycbbox on the reection coefcients. Omitting this range in the
H3 = = Hinj tc-i ti-c rcbbox e2gcb lcb (10) analysis, the impedance of the CB box shows inductive
Yinj
behaviour. The average over the three tted values of 433
nH is close to the estimated value using (8), see Table 2.
The reection coefcient rcbbox represents the reection on As motivated in Section 2, the frequency range of 210
CB box connection a (Fig. 2b), and depends on Zccb and MHz is most interesting for modelling the CB box for
Zcbbox evaluating its effect on overvoltages, after the transient has
travelled the distance from transition point to the rst CB
Zccb + Zcbbox
rcbbox = (11) joint.
3Zccb + Zcbbox

The only unknown parameter is Zcbbox from which the 5 Model verification
inductance can be derived
The CB box inductance gained from measurements discussed
Zcbbox = jvLcbbox (12) in Section 4.2 is veried by applying the conguration
depicted in Fig. 8. This analysis focuses on the transmission
of injected pulses (Yinj ) at a, which propagate through CB
In addition, pulses are injected in CB cable 2 while cable
cable 1, CB box and CB cable 2. Subsequently, the pulses
receiving ends a and c are open, likewise, in CB cable 3
arrive at b where they are measured (Ytransm). The
while cable receiving ends a and b are open. The
propagation path is represented by
impedance Zcbbox is derived for individual pulse reection
measurements, which are done on each CB cable, applying
Ytransm
(10)(12). This gives Zcbbox1, Zcbbox2 and Zcbbox3, which are H4 = = Hinj ti-c Tcbbox tc-i e2gcb lcb (13)
plotted in Fig. 7. Yinj
A drawback of the short CB cables is that only narrow
windows in the time-domain signal could be selected from
the recorded waveform to represent a specic feature (e.g. a The transmission (Tcbbox) from CB cable 1 to CB cable 2 is a
direct reection). By selecting a limited time window, product of the transmission coefcient at the end of CB cable
lower-frequency content of the waveform is altered as the 1 and the fraction that enters CB cable 2
signal has not yet returned to zero completely. Therefore
Zccb
Tcbbox = (1 + rcbbox ) (14)
2Zccb + Zcbbox

The attenuation of coaxial measurement cable is neglected in


transfer function (13) because its length is only 1 m.

Fig. 7 Impedances of CB box obtained from pulse injection in


three CB cables with the other ends open Fig. 8 Conguration for verifying the CB box model

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Table 3 Simulation results of peak voltage level with 30 kV
impulse voltage

Vsa1 Vsa2 Vsa3 Vcb1 Vcb2 Vcb3

with surge arrestor 6 10 17 30 15 15


without surge arrestor 15 17 43 30 15 33

6 Simulation with lightning impulse


When the underground cable system is subjected to fast
transients, like lightning strikes, the metallic earth
conductors of the CB cable can be subjected to steep surge
Fig. 9 Experimental and simulated signals for the total measured voltages. Surge arresters are placed at the earth screen of
record and zoomed in around 0.4 s the CB cable for protection against overvoltages. For the
CB cable used in the Randstad380 connection, 6.6 kV surge
arresters are installed. To study the inuence of the surge
arrester on overvoltages, simulations are performed on the
CB cable and box including the 6.6 kV surge arresters.
Using the developed model for the CB cable and box, a
simulation model is built in PSCAD. The applied model for
the surge arrester is shown in the inset of Fig. 10. The
values of the parameters Ca, Ra and La of the arrester are
taken from [1]. The non-linear V-I characteristic of the
surge arrester, shown in Fig. 10, is implemented in the
simulation model.
A 1.2/50 s lightning surge voltage with 20 kV amplitude
is applied to the CB cable and box in which the surge
arrester is installed. This standard waveform is generally
used for lightning impulse testing. To investigate the effect
of the surge arresters on overvoltages, the simulation is
performed on the system with and without arresters. The
lightning impulse voltage is applied to the core conductor
Fig. 10 VI characteristic of 6.6 kV surge arrester; surge arrestor of one CB cable terminal, whereas the remaining two CB
model is shown in the inset cables are left open. The voltages at the screen conductor of
all three CB cables and the currents in the CB box are
simulated. The results for simulated voltages at the screen
The verication method compares an actual measurement conductor without and with arresters are shown in the plots
with the simulation result. For the measurement, pulses are of Fig. 11. The simulated voltages at three CB cable
injected as illustrated in Fig. 8. Reected and transmitted screens are indicated by Vsa. As it can be seen, without
pulses are measured on positions a and b. In the simulation arresters the peak overvoltage is about 30 kV. With
model, the signal at b is generated, based on the model arresters, this voltage level reduces to about 16 kV. It is
parameters obtained in Section 4.2. Fig. 9 shows the concluded that the presence of arrester results in a reduction
measured signals at positions a and b, together with the of the overvoltage peak by almost 50%. The same
simulated waveform at b. The transmitted experimental and simulation is performed for a 1.2/50 s impulse voltage
simulated signals match both in amplitude and duration. with 30 kV amplitude. The results are depicted in Table 3.
Also the waveform is roughly represented when the Vcb indicates the voltage between the CB cable core
inductance value of 433 nH, obtained from the conductor and the screen. From these results, it can be
measurements discussed in Section 4.2, is applied. observed that the strongest impact of the arresters is on Vcb3.

Fig. 11 Voltages at the screen of the CB cable without surge arrestors (left) and with surge arresters (right)

6 IET Sci. Meas. Technol., pp. 18


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7 Conclusions 14 Gudmundsdottir, U.S.: Modelling of long high voltage AC cables in
transmission systems, PhD thesis, Department of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University, Denmark, 2010
As part of the 400 kV underground cable system, the CB 15 Cigre Working Group B1.18: Special bonding of high voltage power
cable and the CB box is studied under fast transient cables, Brochure, 2005, 283, pp. 5287
conditions. A model for the CB cable and box has been 16 Gudmundsdottir, U.S., Gustavsen, B., Bak, C.L., Wiechowski, W.T.:
developed, based on pulse injection measurements. Analysis Field test and simulation of a 400-kV cross-bonded cable system,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2011, 26, (3), pp. 14031410
of pulse injection measurements resulted in parameter 17 Kaden, H.: Wirbelstrme und Schirmung in der Nachrichtentechnik
values for the lumped parameters of the CB cable and box. (Springer-Verlag, 1959), pp. 135141
The estimated inductivity of the CB box is quantitatively 18 Hill, D.A., Wait, J.R.: Propagation along a coaxial cable with a helical
conrmed by the measurement. shield, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 1980, MIT-28, (2),
The model is used for performing simulations of the CB pp. 8489
19 Wagenaars, P., Wouters, P.A.A.F., van der Wielen, P.C.J.M., Steennis,
cable and box system to evaluate overvoltages occurring E.F.: Approximation of transmission line parameters of single-core
during lightning events. Furthermore, the inuence of 6.6 kV and three-core XLPE cables, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.,
surge arresters installed at the screen conductor of the CB 2010, 17, (1), pp. 106115
cable is also investigated. From the simulation results, it is 20 Paul, C.R.: Inductance: loop and partial (Wiley, 2010), pp. 126130
observed that the overvoltage peaks at the screen 21 Wagenaars, P., Wouters, P.A.A.F., van der Wielen, P.C.J.M., Steennis,
E.F.: Measurement of transmission line parameters of three-core
conductors are signicantly reduced by the introduction of power cables with common earth screen, IET Sci. Meas. Technol.,
surge arresters. 2010, 4, (3), pp. 146155

8 Acknowledgments 10 Appendix

The authors of this paper would like to thank TenneT TSO B. The measurements of the propagation characteristics are
V., the Dutch transmission system operator, for granting the performed as in [21] including the compensation of the
opportunity to perform the measurements presented in this effect caused by the adapter impedance Zs between
work. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank NKT measurement cable and 400 kV cable. Calibration of
Cables, the manufacturer of the cables used; and DNV injection cable and adapter is required to compensate for
GL, the technical consultant of the measurement campaign. their inuence on injected pulse responses. The adapter
Without cooperation of these parties, this work could not should be installed in the eld without jeopardising the
have been realised. power cable. Its dimensions are kept below 10 cm, so its
effect can be modelled as a lumped component at least up
to several tens of MHz. Calibration and measurement are
9 References conducted as follows:
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calculation of electromagnetic transients on overhead lines and
underground cables, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (3), Hinj + Hcable Ycable
pp. 10321038 Zcable = Zinj Zs with Hcable = (17)
11 Gustavsen, B.: A study of overvoltages in high voltage cables with Hinj Hcable Yinj
emphasis on sheath overvoltages (Trondheim, Norges Tekniske
Hgskole, 1993)
12 Nagaoka, N., Ametani, A.: Transient calculations on crossbonded A pulse width of 100 ns is applied for injection in the 952 m
cables, IEEE Trans. Power Appl. Syst., 1983, PAS-102, (4), long 400 kV cable section. This allows for accurate frequency
pp. 779787
13 Ball, E.H., Occhini, E., Luoni, G.: Sheath overvoltages in high-voltage
response as from about 100 kHz (sufcient energy in signal)
cables resulting from special sheath-bonding connections, IEEE Trans. up to 10 MHz (the Fourier transform of the input signal is a
Power Appl. Syst., 1965, PAS-84, (10), pp. 974988 sinc function with zero amplitude at 10 MHz). A value of

IET Sci. Meas. Technol., pp. 18 7


doi: 10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0095 This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution-
NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/)
www.ietdl.org

Fig. 12 Propagation velocity (top) and attenuation coefcient (bottom) of the 400 kV cable shown on the photo with adapter; the propagation
velocity of the CB cable is shown as well

25 is found for the characteristic impedance. The The accuracy of the cable characteristic impedance is highest
propagation velocity and attenuation characteristics are when it is close to Zinj (Hcable 0). Its relative uncertainty
shown in Fig. 12. The propagation velocity (/) of 173 m/ then is twice the relative uncertainty in Hcable, but increases
s is lower than found for the CB cable, mainly because of fast when both characteristic impedances differ signicantly
the presence of the semi-conducting layers. Characteristic (Hcable 1). Concerning the propagation velocity, its
impedance and propagation velocity match the calculated accuracy is basically determined by the distortion of the
values using (1), (2) applying (7) within 3 and 1%, signal after travelling through the power cable. Estimates
respectively (Table 1, cable dimensions r1 = 28.2 mm, r2 = for accuracy in propagation velocity in single-core cables is
54.2 mm and ll = 0.70 m). The effective relative dielectric typically of the order of 1% if sufcient signal energy
permittivity [19], accounting for the effect by the enters the power cable (Hcable 0) [19].
semi-conducting layers (combined thickness is 3.5 mm), is The measured attenuation () is approximately linear with
taken 2.6. frequency with slope 0.11 Np km1 MHz1. Depending on
A relation can be found for the accuracy of the cable the travelled distance, the maximum frequency of interest
impedance assuming that it is determined by the measured drops. Highest overvoltage is expected at the nearest CB
Hcable. For simplicity, the attenuation of measurement cable joint, which is about 900 m from the overhead line to cable
(Hinj = 1) and the adapter impedance (Zs = 0) is neglected. transition. Therefore frequencies exceeding 10 MHz are
With these approximations the reection coefcient is equal attenuated and are of less interest.
to Hcable. The accuracy Zcable can be expressed as

2Zinj
DZcable = DHcable
(1 Hcable )2
(18)
DZcable 2 DHcable
=
Zcable 1 Hcable
2 Hcable

8 IET Sci. Meas. Technol., pp. 18


This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution- doi: 10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0095
NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/)

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