Cross-Bonding Cable and Box Model Based On Pulse Reflection Measurement
Cross-Bonding Cable and Box Model Based On Pulse Reflection Measurement
Cross-Bonding Cable and Box Model Based On Pulse Reflection Measurement
org
Published in IET Science, Measurement and Technology
Received on 20th December 2013
Revised on 4th June 2014
Accepted on 13th June 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0095
ISSN 1751-8822
Abstract: Transients from lightning strikes can enter underground cables at overhead line to power cable transitions. Possible
overvoltages on these surges at cross-bonding connections of the cable screens are of major concern. A model is developed
for modelling overvoltages from transient signal propagation through a combined cross-bonding cable and box. This model is
applied to the rst Dutch 400 kV cable connection. Such model incorporates model parameters whose values depend on
design details of the cross-bonding box. The values for these model parameters are extracted from the measured transmission
and reection signal on steep pulses injected into the actual cross-bonding box conguration. The model combines
transmission line description for the cross-bonding cables with mainly inductive behaviour of the cross-bonding box. The
obtained results are veried by measurements. The model is applied to investigate overvoltages induced at the cross-bonding
cable and box on 1.2/50 s impulse voltage injection representing a lightning impulse voltage applied to the core conductor
of the cross-bonding cable. Furthermore, the effectiveness of surge arresters to reduce overvoltages at the cross-bonding cable
screen is demonstrated by simulations with this model in PSCAD.
Fig. 1 Transition from overhead line to underground power cable with CB connection for 400 kV cables
are made, Fig. 1 [11]. Much experimental work and simulations accuracy is briey described in Appendix. The results from
have already been published on modelling of cross-bonded its application to the 400 kV power cable (see Appendix)
high-voltage cable systems, for example, in [12, 13]. shows that the measured attenuation coefcient can roughly
Verication of simulation results with eld measurements has be approximated by 0.11 km1 MHz1. The rst CB joint is
been made for CB cable systems [14, 15]. placed after about 900 m from the transition point. This
This paper presents a frequency-domain model of the CB means that a 10 MHz frequency component is reduced in
cable and the CB box which can easily be implemented for amplitude by a factor 1/e. For this reason, the frequency
analysis of transmission networks. The values of the model range is of interest is taken as from a few MHz (hardly
parameters are obtained by pulse injection measurements attenuation) up to 10 MHz (attenuation has become
conducted on the actual applied components at various signicant). Signal attenuation hampers evaluating the
stages during the construction of the Randstad380 effect of the CB box and CB cables if measurements on the
south-ring connection. Special care was taken to prevent complete connection are taken. Therefore the pulse injection
any risk of damage to the components by connecting the method described in Sections 3 and 4 was conducted on a
test equipment. Time-domain measurement by pulse CB box with CB cables when they were not yet connected
injection method was preferred as a measurement technique to the 400 kV cable screens. Since the CB cables are just
since connection issues could be resolved by relatively over 10 m long and they lack semi-conducting layers, their
simple adapters (see Appendix). Furthermore, it is more effect on signal distortion is small.
robust against electromagnetic disturbance, for example, Three coaxial CB cables are attached to a CB box where
from active parallel overhead lines, compared with the connections are made through copper bars (Fig. 1, see
frequency-domain measurements with a vector network also Fig. 6). The copper bars interrupt the coaxial structure
analyser. For eld measurements on large systems (as, for of the CB cables resulting in an inductive loop inside the
example, applied in [16]) pulse injection techniques are CB box, indicated as distributed impedance Zcbbox in
easier and safer to implement. With the developed model, Fig. 1b. Fast transients induce voltages in this loop, which
simulations are performed to investigate the inuence of result in a voltage rise in the CB box. This inductive loop
steep voltage surges on the generated voltages at the CB will be analysed by means of reection measurements on
box. Also the effect of surge arrestors at the CB earth the CB box. The transmission line parameters of the CB
screens is investigated. cables and the impedance of the CB box are measured by
means of detecting reection patterns. First, the
transmission line parameters of a CB cable (characteristic
2 Methodology impedance Zccb and propagation coefcient cb) are
obtained from the reection measurements indicated in
High-frequency components in, for example, lightning surges Fig. 2a. Thereafter, the CB cables are connected to the CB
are of most concern. They propagate through the 400 kV box (Fig. 2b). Analysis of reection measurements on CB
cable before reaching the rst CB joint after a transition cable including the CB box, using the earlier determined
point, limiting the frequency components reaching the parameters Zccb and cb, results in the impedance of the CB
CB joints. The attenuation is related to the skin effect in the box Zcbbox.
conductors, which forces the current to ow in a smaller
conductor area as frequency increases [6, 17]. Also
semi-conducting layers can contribute to 3 Analysis of CB cable
frequency-dependent losses [7]. CB cables are analysed as
transmission lines with frequency-dependent parameters To establish the effect of the CB box, we need rst to
determined from measurement. The total length of the characterise the CB cables which are standard connected to
connections inside the CB box itself is about 1 m. Since the the box. On one hand, owing to their short length,
signal propagation time inside this box is short, the box can transients will hardly be distorted during propagation. On
most conveniently be modelled by lumped component the other hand, because its effect is small, the propagation
parameters for frequencies up to several tens of megahertz. parameters are harder to determine.
Transmission line parameters of the CB cables and the The CB analysis is performed according to the following
impedance of the CB box can be measured by means of steps. The reection coefcient ra is related to the
applying single-pulse response measurements. This impedance transition from injection cable to CB cable. Its
technique applied for determining transmission line value is needed to analyse Zccb. Next, the transmission
parameters of underground power cables together with its coefcients from injection cable to CB cable (ti-c) and from
Hinj + H1 Ya
Zccb = Z0 Zs with H1 = = Hinj ra (3)
Hinj H1 Yinj
3.1 Estimation of CB cable parameters The reection on cable end a (Fig. 1) is applied for analysing
the propagation coefcient cb. From the transfer function H2
Fig. 1c shows the CB cable cross-section, including its denoting the reection on open cable end a
dimensions. Characteristic impedance Zccb and propagation
velocity vcb (derived from cb) are calculated from (1) and Yaa
(2), respectively, assuming homogeneous cross-linked H2 = = Hinj tc-i ti-c e2gcb lcb (4)
Yinj
polyethylene (XLPE) insulation for the entire cable with
XLPE = 2.25
cb can be derived
1 m0 r Hinj tc-i ti-c
Zccb = ln 2 = 19 V (1) 1
2p 10 1XLPE r1 gcb = ln (5)
2lcb H2
1
vccb = = 200 m/ms (2) The propagation coefcient consists of the attenuation () and
m0 10 1XLPE the phase coefcient (). The attenuation coefcient is plotted
in Fig. 4, which corresponds to an attenuation of < 1% over a
The calculated values will serve as reference for the values length of 12.3 m. The short CB cable, and consequently short
obtained from measurements (see Table 1). propagation time back and forth on the CB cable, makes the
measured attenuation in Fig. 4 to be indicative only. It also
3.2 Measurement of Zccb hampers precise determination of the characteristic
impedance since it is not possible to completely separate
The length of each CB cable (Fig. 2) is 12.3 m. The pulse the injected pulse from the reection in a measured record
width must therefore be taken relatively short (8 ns for the (compare measurements on 400 kV cable presented in
present investigation) to avoid overlapping the reected Appendix).
pulses as a consequence of short propagation time from a to The slope of the phase coefcient plotted in Fig. 4 is related
a and back. The pulse (Yinj ) travels through the injection to the propagation velocity (vcb) according to
Table 1 Characteristic impedance, propagation velocity (using (7) to account for helical screen), and attenuation of CB cable (Section
3) and 400 kV power cable (Section 10) up to 10 MHz
Fig. 4 Attenuation and phase coefcient determined from pulse Fig. 6 Connections within CB box, l1 = l3 = l5 = 100 mm, l4 = l6 =
reection measurement on 12.3 m CB cable 150 mm, l2 = 300 mm and rcbars = 15 mm
The only unknown parameter is Zcbbox from which the 5 Model verification
inductance can be derived
The CB box inductance gained from measurements discussed
Zcbbox = jvLcbbox (12) in Section 4.2 is veried by applying the conguration
depicted in Fig. 8. This analysis focuses on the transmission
of injected pulses (Yinj ) at a, which propagate through CB
In addition, pulses are injected in CB cable 2 while cable
cable 1, CB box and CB cable 2. Subsequently, the pulses
receiving ends a and c are open, likewise, in CB cable 3
arrive at b where they are measured (Ytransm). The
while cable receiving ends a and b are open. The
propagation path is represented by
impedance Zcbbox is derived for individual pulse reection
measurements, which are done on each CB cable, applying
Ytransm
(10)(12). This gives Zcbbox1, Zcbbox2 and Zcbbox3, which are H4 = = Hinj ti-c Tcbbox tc-i e2gcb lcb (13)
plotted in Fig. 7. Yinj
A drawback of the short CB cables is that only narrow
windows in the time-domain signal could be selected from
the recorded waveform to represent a specic feature (e.g. a The transmission (Tcbbox) from CB cable 1 to CB cable 2 is a
direct reection). By selecting a limited time window, product of the transmission coefcient at the end of CB cable
lower-frequency content of the waveform is altered as the 1 and the fraction that enters CB cable 2
signal has not yet returned to zero completely. Therefore
Zccb
Tcbbox = (1 + rcbbox ) (14)
2Zccb + Zcbbox
Fig. 11 Voltages at the screen of the CB cable without surge arrestors (left) and with surge arresters (right)
8 Acknowledgments 10 Appendix
The authors of this paper would like to thank TenneT TSO B. The measurements of the propagation characteristics are
V., the Dutch transmission system operator, for granting the performed as in [21] including the compensation of the
opportunity to perform the measurements presented in this effect caused by the adapter impedance Zs between
work. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank NKT measurement cable and 400 kV cable. Calibration of
Cables, the manufacturer of the cables used; and DNV injection cable and adapter is required to compensate for
GL, the technical consultant of the measurement campaign. their inuence on injected pulse responses. The adapter
Without cooperation of these parties, this work could not should be installed in the eld without jeopardising the
have been realised. power cable. Its dimensions are kept below 10 cm, so its
effect can be modelled as a lumped component at least up
to several tens of MHz. Calibration and measurement are
9 References conducted as follows:
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breaker reignition overvoltages caused by no-load transformer
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far end is short circuited (voltage reection coefcient is 1).
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Analysis of very fast transients in layer-type transformer windings, separated into two waveforms from which their transfer
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (1), pp. 238247 function Hcal1 is determined. Hinj represents the transfer of a
3 ANSI/IEEE Std. 575-1988: IEEE guide for the application of signal up and down the injection cable
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calculation of induced voltages and currents in cable sheaths, 1986
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Power Deliv., 1988, 3, (3), pp. 10991110 the mainly inductive behaviour of the adapter; subsequently
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frequency-dependent transmission lines by means of an ARMA
Zs can be calculated
model, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1996, 11, (1), pp. 401411
7 Ametani, A., Miyamoto, Y., Nagaoka, N.: Semiconducting layer Ys Zs Zinj Hinj + Hcal2
impedance and its effect on cable wave-propagation and transient Hcal2 = = Hinj Zs = Zinj (16)
characteristics, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2004, 19, (4), pp. 15231531 Yinj Zs + Zinj Hinj Hcal2
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Power Deliv., 2005, 20, (3), pp. 10452050
9 Martinez-Velasco, J.A.: Power system transients, parameter
from the transfer function between reected signal Ycable
determination (CRC Press, 2010, 1st edn.) and injected signal, the characteristic impedance of the
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underground cables, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (3), Hinj + Hcable Ycable
pp. 10321038 Zcable = Zinj Zs with Hcable = (17)
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emphasis on sheath overvoltages (Trondheim, Norges Tekniske
Hgskole, 1993)
12 Nagaoka, N., Ametani, A.: Transient calculations on crossbonded A pulse width of 100 ns is applied for injection in the 952 m
cables, IEEE Trans. Power Appl. Syst., 1983, PAS-102, (4), long 400 kV cable section. This allows for accurate frequency
pp. 779787
13 Ball, E.H., Occhini, E., Luoni, G.: Sheath overvoltages in high-voltage
response as from about 100 kHz (sufcient energy in signal)
cables resulting from special sheath-bonding connections, IEEE Trans. up to 10 MHz (the Fourier transform of the input signal is a
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Fig. 12 Propagation velocity (top) and attenuation coefcient (bottom) of the 400 kV cable shown on the photo with adapter; the propagation
velocity of the CB cable is shown as well
25 is found for the characteristic impedance. The The accuracy of the cable characteristic impedance is highest
propagation velocity and attenuation characteristics are when it is close to Zinj (Hcable 0). Its relative uncertainty
shown in Fig. 12. The propagation velocity (/) of 173 m/ then is twice the relative uncertainty in Hcable, but increases
s is lower than found for the CB cable, mainly because of fast when both characteristic impedances differ signicantly
the presence of the semi-conducting layers. Characteristic (Hcable 1). Concerning the propagation velocity, its
impedance and propagation velocity match the calculated accuracy is basically determined by the distortion of the
values using (1), (2) applying (7) within 3 and 1%, signal after travelling through the power cable. Estimates
respectively (Table 1, cable dimensions r1 = 28.2 mm, r2 = for accuracy in propagation velocity in single-core cables is
54.2 mm and ll = 0.70 m). The effective relative dielectric typically of the order of 1% if sufcient signal energy
permittivity [19], accounting for the effect by the enters the power cable (Hcable 0) [19].
semi-conducting layers (combined thickness is 3.5 mm), is The measured attenuation () is approximately linear with
taken 2.6. frequency with slope 0.11 Np km1 MHz1. Depending on
A relation can be found for the accuracy of the cable the travelled distance, the maximum frequency of interest
impedance assuming that it is determined by the measured drops. Highest overvoltage is expected at the nearest CB
Hcable. For simplicity, the attenuation of measurement cable joint, which is about 900 m from the overhead line to cable
(Hinj = 1) and the adapter impedance (Zs = 0) is neglected. transition. Therefore frequencies exceeding 10 MHz are
With these approximations the reection coefcient is equal attenuated and are of less interest.
to Hcable. The accuracy Zcable can be expressed as
2Zinj
DZcable = DHcable
(1 Hcable )2
(18)
DZcable 2 DHcable
=
Zcable 1 Hcable
2 Hcable