PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

Chapter 4 Protective Facilities for Harbors

1 General
Ministerial Ordinance
General Provisions
Article 13
Protective facilities for harbors shall be installed at appropriate locations in light of geotechnical
characteristics, meteorological characteristics, sea states, and other environmental conditions, as well as
ship navigation and other usage conditions of the water areas around the facilities concerned.

Ministerial Ordinance
Necessary Items concerning Protective Facilities for Harbor
Article 24
The matters necessary for the performance requirements of protective facilities for harbor as specified in
this Chapter by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and other requirements shall
be provided by the Public Notice.

Public Notice
Protective Facilities for Harbors
Article 33
The items to be specified by the Public Notice under Article 24 of the Ministerial Ordinance concerning the
performance requirements of protective facilities for harbors shall be as provided in the subsequent article
through Article 46.

[Technical Note]

(1) The purposes of protective facilities for harbors include ensuring harbor calmness, maintaining water depth,
preventing beach erosion, controlling the rise of water level in the areas behind the facilities during storm surges,
and diminishing invading waves by tsunami, as well as protecting harbor facilities and the hinterland from waves,
storm surges, and tsunamis. In recent years, water intimate amenity functions have also been required. In
general, there are many cases in which the protective facilities for harbors are expected to provide a combination
of several of these functions. Accordingly, in performance verifications, due consideration to enable the facilities
to fulfill these purposes is necessary.
(2) When constructing protective facilities for harbors, their layout and structural type shall be decided after giving
careful consideration to the influences that will be exerted on the nearby water area, facilities, topography, and
water currents. The influences caused by the protective harbor facilities for harbors are as follows:
When the protective facilities are constructed on a coast of sandy beach, they may cause various morphological
changes to the surrounding area such as beach accretion or erosion.
Construction of breakwaters may increase the wave height at the outside of the protective facilities because of
reflected waves.
In the inside of a harbor, the calmness of water area may be disturbed because of multiple wave reflections
triggered by construction of the new protective facilities or harbor oscillations due to the changes of harbor
shape.
Construction of the protective facilities may bring about changes in the surrounding tidal currents or flow
conditions of a river mouth, thus inviting localized changes of water quality.
(3) Because of the fact that the protective facilities also provide a habitat for marine organisms such as fish, marine
plants, and plankton, the biological environments must also be taken into consideration when planning a facility
layout and making structural design.
(4) When locating the protective facilities adjacent to the areas such as natural park zones or cultural facilities, it
is preferable to consider not only the functions of the facilities themselves but also external appearance such as
shape and color. In addition, in situations where water intimate amenity functions will be added to the protective
facilities, convenience and safety of people must also be taken into consideration.

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(5) Because there is a danger that damage to the protective facilities may affect the safety of ships in the harbor, the
mooring facilities, hinterland facilities, it is preferable to conduct an adequate examination corresponding to
the performance requirements of the protective facilities when constructing, improving, and maintaining those
facilities.

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2 Common Items for Breakwaters

Ministerial Ordinance
Performance Requirements for Breakwaters
Article 14
1 The performance requirements for breakwaters shall be as specified in the subsequent items depending on
the structure type for the purpose of securing safe navigation, anchorage and mooring of ships, ensuring
smooth cargo handling, and preventing damage to buildings, structures, and other facilities in the port by
maintaining the calmness in the harbor water area.
(1) Breakwaters shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism so as to enable reduction of the height of waves intruding into the harbor.
(2) Damage to a breakwater due to self weight, variable waves, Level 1 earthquake ground motions, and/or
other actions shall not impair the functions of the breakwater concerned and shall not adversely affect
its continued use.
2 In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for breakwaters
mentioned in the following are specified in the respective items.
(1) The performance requirements for a breakwater which is required to protect the hinterland of the
breakwater concerned from storm surges or tsunamis shall be such that the breakwater satisfies the
requirements specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to enable
appropriate reduction of the rise in water level and flow velocity due to storm surges or tsunamis in the
harbor.
(2) The performance requirements for a breakwater which is provided for use by an unspecified large
number of people shall be such that the breakwater satisfies the requirements specified by the Minister
of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to ensure the safety of the users of the breakwater.
(3) The performance requirements for a breakwater in the place where there is a risk of serious impact
on human lives, property, or socioeconomic activity, in consideration of its structure type, shall be
such that the damage from tsunamis, accidental waves, Level 2 earthquake ground motions and/or
other actions do not have a serious impact on the structural stability of the breakwater concerned with
respect to the breakwater types even though the damage may impair the functions of the breakwater
concerned. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for the breakwater which
is required to protect the hinterland of the breakwater concerned from tsunamis, the damage due to
tsunamis, Level 2 earthquake ground motions and/or other actions shall not adversely affect restoration
through minor repair works of the functions of the breakwater concerned.

Public Notice
Performance Criteria for Breakwaters
Article 34
1 The performance criteria which are common for breakwaters shall be as specified in the subsequent items.
(1) Breakwaters shall be arranged appropriately so as to satisfy the harbor calmness provided in item iii)
of Article 31, and shall have the dimensions which enable the transmitted wave height to be equal to or
less than the allowable level.
(2) Breakwaters having wave-absorbing structures shall have the dimensions which enable full performance
of the intended wave-absorbing function.
2 In addition to the requirements specified in the preceding paragraph, the performance criteria of the
breakwaters specified in the subsequent items shall be as provided in the respective items:
(1) The performance criteria for the breakwaters which are required to protect the hinterland from storm
surge shall be such that the breakwaters are arranged appropriately so as to reduce the rise of water
level and flow velocity in the harbor due to storm surge and have the dimensions necessary for their
function.
(2) The performance criteria for the breakwaters which are required to protect the hinterland from tsunamis
shall be such that the breakwaters are arranged appropriately so as to reduce the rise of water level and
flow velocity in the harbor due to tsunamis and have the dimensions necessary for their function.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

(3) The performance criteria for the breakwater which is utilized by an unspecified large number of people
shall be such that breakwaters have the dimensions necessary to secure the the safety of users in
consideration of the environmental conditions to which the facilities concerned are subjected, the
utilization conditions, and others.
(4) The performance requirements for the breakwater in the place where there is a risk of serious impact
on human lives, property, or socioeconomic activity by the damage to the breakwater concerned shall
be such that the degree of damage owing to the actions of tsunamis, accidental waves, or Level 2
earthquake ground motions, which are the dominant actions in the accidental action situation, is equal
to or less than the threshold level corresponding to the performance requirements.

[Commentary]

(1) Performance Criteria for Breakwaters

Common criteria for breakwaters
(a) Harbor calmness (usability)
1) Allowable transmitted wave height
The allowable transmitted wave height is the limit value of the wave height of waves transmitted
from outside the harbor to inside the harbor over the breakwaters. Provided, however, that the
index of the limit value in the performance verifications is not limited to the transmitted wave
height, but also includes cases in which the wave transmission ratio is used. In the performance
verifications of breakwaters, the allowable transmitted wave height or wave transmission ratio
shall be set appropriately in order to secure harbor calmness. Furthermore, the allowable
transmitted wave height or wave transmission ratio shall generally be calculated considering the
type of structure and crown height of the breakwater.
2) Dimensions for securing harbor calmness
The dimensions for securing harbor calmness shall indicate a structure including shape and
crown height which affects the transmitted wave height or transmission ratio of waves. In setting
the crown height in the performance verifications of breakwaters, appropriate consideration shall
be given to the effect of settlement of the ground.
Specific breakwaters
(a) Storm surge protection breakwaters (usability)
The dimensions of storm surge protection breakwaters shall indicate the crown height, opening
width, and water depth at the opening. In setting the arrangement, crown height, opening width,
and water depth at the opening in performance verifications of storm surge protection breakwaters,
appropriate consideration shall be given to the effect of storm surge and tide levels so that the
breakwater demonstrates a peak cut effect in reducing the water and flows of water due to storm
surges.
(b) Tsunami protection breakwaters (usability)
The dimensions of tsunami protection breakwaters shall indicate the crown height, opening width,
and water depth at the opening. In setting the arrangement, crown height, opening width, and water
depth at the opening in the performance verifications of tsunami protection breakwaters, appropriate
consideration shall be given to the effect of tsunamis and tidal levels so that the breakwater
demonstrates a peak cut effect in reducing the water level and flows of water due to tsunamis.
(c) Amenity-oriented breakwaters (usability)
The dimensions of amenity-oriented breakwaters shall indicate the structure, cross-sectional
dimensions, and ancillary facilities. In setting the structure and cross-sectional dimensions in the
performance verifications of amenity-oriented breakwaters, consideration shall be given to the
effects of wave overtopping and spray, prevention of slipping, overturning, and falling into the
water of users, smooth execution of rescue activities for users who fall into the water, and ancillary
equipment such as falling prevention fences shall be installed appropriately.
(d) Breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents
The settings in connection with the performance criteria and design situations (limited to accidental
situations) which are common to breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents shall be
as shown in Attached Table 15. The reason for indicating damages in the verification items
column of Attached Table 15 is that it is necessary to use a comprehensive term taking account that

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the verification items will vary depending on the type of structure. In the performance verifications
of breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents, among the settings for the performance
criteria and the design situations in connection with accidental situations associated with Level
2 earthquake ground motion, tsunamis, and accidental waves, those for which the performance
verification is necessary shall be set appropriately, depending on the type of structure of the objective
breakwater.

Attached Table 15 Settings for Performance Criteria and Design Situations limited to Accidental Situations Common to
Breakwaters of Facilities Prepared for Accident
Ministerial Public Notice Design situation
Ordinance
Performance Index of standard
Paragraph

Paragraph

Verification item
Article

Article

requirements Dominating limit value

Item

Item

Situation Non-dominating action

action

14 2 3 34 2 4 Safety Accidental L2 earthquake Self weight, water pressure Damage

ground
motion
Tsunami Self weight, water Damage
pressure, water flows

Accidental Self weight, water pressure Damage

waves

(e) Tsunami protection breakwaters of facilities against accidental incidents

The settings in connection with the performance criteria and the design situations limited to accidental
situations of tsunami protection breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents shall be as shown in
Attached Table 16. In the performance verification of tsunami protection breakwaters of facilities prepared
for accidental incidents, among the settings for the performance criteria and the design situations in connection
with the accidental situations associated with Level 2 earthquake ground motion, tsunamis, and accidental
waves, those for which the performance verification is necessary shall be set appropriately, depending on the
type of structure of the tsunami protection breakwater of interest.
It may be noted that, as the performance criteria in connection with the accidental situations which are
common to breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents, in addition to these provisions, the
settings in connection with the Public Notice, Article 22 Performance Criteria Common to Members
Comprising Facilities subject to the Technical Standards shall be applied as necessary.

Attached Table 16 Settings for Performance Criteria and Design Situations limited to Accidental Situations Common to
Tsunami Protection Breakwaters of Facilities Prepared for Accidental Incidents

Ministerial Public Notice Design situation

Ordinance
Performance
Paragraph

Paragraph

Non- Verification item Index of standard limit value

Article

Article

requirements Dominating
Item

Item

Situation dominating
action action

14 2 3 34 2 4 Restorability Accidental L2 Self weight, Deformation of Limit value of residual

earthquake water pressure breakwater body deformation
ground
motion
Tsunami Self weight, Sliding and Limit value of sliding
water pressure, overturning of Limit value of overturning
water flows breakwater body, Limit value of bearing
bearing capacity of capacity
foundation ground

Safety Accidental Self weight, Sliding and Limit value of sliding

waves water pressure overturning of Limit value of overturning
breakwater body, Limit value of bearing
bearing capacity of capacity
foundation ground

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[Technical Note]
2.1 Principals of Performance Verification
[1] General
Maintenance of harbor calmness shall be examined from the two viewpoints which include the enabling of cargo
handling in the basin and the condition of waves enabling refuge during rough weather. For harbor calmness in the
basin and the condition of waves during rough weather, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.5 Concept of Harbor Calmness and
Chapter 3, 3 Basins can be used as references.

[2] Layout

(1) Breakwaters are constructed to maintain the harbor calmness, facilitate smooth cargo handling, ensure the safety
of ships during navigation or anchorage, and protect port facilities. To fulfill these requirements, the following
are required:
Breakwaters should be so located that the harbor entrance is at the location not facing the direction of the most
frequent waves and the direction of the highest waves in order to reduce entrance of waves to the harbor.
Breakwater alignment should be arranged to protect the harbor from the most frequent waves and the highest
waves.
The harbor entrance should have a sufficient effective width so that it will not present an obstacle to ship
navigation, and it should orient the navigation channel in a direction that makes navigation easy.
Breakwaters should be located at the place where the speed of tidal currents is as slow as possible. In cases
where the speed of tidal currents is high, it is necessary to take appropriate countermeasures.
The influences of reflected waves, Mach-stem waves, and wave concentration on the waterways and basins
should be minimized.
Breakwaters should enclose a sufficiently large water area that is needed for ship berthing, cargo handling, and
ship anchorage.
These objectives are also mutually contradictory goals, however. A narrow harbor entrance width, for
example, is best in order to achieve the calmness in a harbor but is inconvenient for navigation. The direction
of most frequent waves and the direction of the highest waves are not necessarily the same. In this situation
the breakwater layout should be determined through a comprehensive investigation of all the factors such as
conditions of ship use, construction cost, construction works, and ease or difficulty of maintenance.
(2) In situations where concerns for deterioration of water quality exist, consideration is preferably given to the
exchangeability of seawater with the outside sea so that seawater within the harbor does not stagnate.
(3) In the construction of breakwaters, economy should also be examined considering the natural conditions and
construction conditions. In particular, it is preferable to consider the following.
Layouts which cause wave concentrations should be avoided.
Locations where the ground is extremely poor should be avoided, considering constructability and economy.
The layout should consider the effects of topographical features such as capes and islands.
On sandy beaches, the layout should consider invasion of littoral drift into the harbor.
Adequate consideration should be given to the effect on adjacent areas after the construction of the
breakwater.
For wave concentration, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.3.4[3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners near
the Heads of Breakwaters and around Detached Breakwaters can be used as reference; for breakwaters to
be constructed on sandy beaches, Part II, Chapter 2, 6.3 Littoral Drift can be used as reference.
(4) Breakwaters should be so located that they do not form an obstacle to the future development of the harbor.
(5) The effective harbor entrance width means the width of the waterway at the specified depth of water, not
merely the width across the harbor entrance. The speed of the tidal currents cutting across the harbor entrance is
preferably less than 2 to 3 knots.
(6) In the areas surrounding shoals, the wave height often increases owing to wave refraction. In some cases, impact
wave forces will act on the breakwater constructed on a seabed with steep slope. It should be noted that a very
large structure may be required when a breakwater is placed over or directly behind a shoal.

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(7) For detached breakwaters which are to be constructed in isolation offshore, if the length of the breakwater is
less than several times that of the incident waves, the distribution of the wave heights behind the breakwater
will fluctuate greatly due to the effect of diffracted waves from the two ends of the breakwater, which will affect
the stability of the breakwater body; therefore, caution is necessary. For the effects of diffracted waves, Part II,
Chapter 2, 4.3.2 Wave Diffraction and Part II, Chapter 2, 4.3.4 [3] Transformation of Waves at Concave
Corners near the Heads of Breakwaters and around Detached Breakwaters can be used as reference.

[3] Selection of Structural Type and Setting of Cross Section

(1) In setting the cross sections of breakwaters, it is preferable to select the type of structure based on a comparative
examination of the layout conditions, natural conditions, use conditions, importance, construction conditions,
economy, term of construction work, ease of obtaining materials, and ease of maintenance, considering the
features of respective types of structures.
(2) Breakwaters are generally classified as shown in Fig. 2.1.1 by the type of structure and functions or purposes. In
this figure, ordinary breakwater means a breakwater having basic functions.
(3) Selection of a permeable type breakwater structure is advantageous for promoting circulation of sea water in
the harbor. However, because this also invites inflow of littoral drift and an increase in the height of transmitted
waves, adequate consideration of the merits and demerits is necessary when adopting this type.
(4) There are also cases in which creative ingenuity is used to promote adhesion of marine life inside and outside the
harbor.1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10)
(5) In cases where the layout of a breakwater includes a concave corner, the wave height around the concave corner
will increase. Therefore, it is preferable to adopt a low reflective structure around concave corners.
(6) In determining the cross-sectional dimensions of the wave-dissipating work in the wave-dissipating function of a
breakwater, it is necessary to give adequate consideration to hydraulic characteristics so that the specified wave-
dissipating function is demonstrated. In particular, it is preferable that the crown height of the wave-dissipating
section be approximately the same as that of the breakwater body so that impulsive breaking wave pressure will
not act on the breakwater body.

Ordinary breakwater
(breakwater having basic functions) Amenity-oriented breakwater
Breakwater
Breakwater with combination Tsunami protection breakwater
of added functions
Storm surge protection breakwater

Breakwater for timber handling facilities

(a) Classification by function

Composite breakwater Types of structures enclosed in broken line

are gravity type breakwaters.
Upright breakwater

Sloping breakwater
Breakwater armored with Upright wave-dissipating block type breakwater
Breakwater wave-dissipating blocks
Gravity type special breakwater Wave-dissipating caisson type breakwater

Pile type breakwater Sloping top caisson breakwater

Floating breakwater

Breakwater with wide footing on soft ground

(b) Classification by type of structure

Fig. 2.1.1 Classification of Breakwaters

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

2.2 Performance Verification

(1) In the performance verification of breakwaters, the crown height of the breakwater, relationship between the
position of the breakwater and waterways and basins, and position and direction of the harbor entrance should
be examined, considering the harbor calmness necessary for cargo handling and refuge. In the performance
verifications in connection with the harbor calmness of basins, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.5 Concept of Harbor
Calmness can be used as reference. Furthermore, it is preferable that conditions be set to enable protection of the
harbor facilities behind the breakwater, including during typhoons and other rough weather.
(2) The crown height of a breakwater necessary in securing harbor calmness can generally be set to an appropriate
height at least 0.6 times the significant wave height (H1/3) used in examination of the safety of the breakwater above
the mean monthly-highest water level. In this case, the appropriate height is set considering harbor calmness in
the basin behind the breakwater, preservation of facilities in the harbor behind the breakwater. In the existing
breakwaters, there are many examples in which the crown height is determined as follows.
In a harbor of large ships calling, where the water area behind the breakwater is so wide that wave overtopping
is allowed to some extent, the crown height is set at 0.6H1/3 above the mean monthly-highest water level in
situations where it is not necessary to consider the influence of storm surge.
In a harbor where the water area behind the breakwater is small and is used for small ships, overtopping waves
should be prevented as much as possible. Hence the crown height is set at 1.25H1/3 above the mean monthly-
highest water level.
(3) Even in case of a harbor of large ships calling with a wide water area behind the breakwaters at the harbor where
large storm waves close to the design waves attack frequently with long duration, the activities of harbor may be
limited by the influence of waves overtopping the breakwaters, if the crown height is set at of 0.6H1/3 above the
mean monthly-highest water level. Accordingly, in such a harbor, the crown height is preferably set higher than
0.6H1/3 above the mean monthly-highest water level.
(4) In the performance verification for the effects of reflected waves, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.3.4 Wave Reflection can
be used as reference.
(5) In 3.1 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Composite Breakwaters), the standard performance verification method and
the partial factors are shown in respective types of structures. However, the breakwaters used in recent years
have included types with multiple structural features. In this case, it is necessary to determine the partial factors
based on an appropriate evaluation of the probability distributions associated with design parameters such as wave
force, considering each structural features. Reference 11) presents a method of determining the partial factors for
a sloping-top caisson breakwater covered with wave-dissipating blocks as an example of cases of this type and can
be used as reference.

References
1) Furukawa, K., K. Muro and T. Hosokawa: Velocity Distribution around Uneven Surface for Promotion of Larvae Settlement
on Coastal Structure, Rept. of PHRI Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 3-26, 1994
2) ASAI, T., Hiroaki OZASA and Kazuo MURAKAMI: Effect of physical conditions onto accommodation of attached
organisms, Technical Note of PHRI No.880, p.27, 1997
3) ASAI, T., Hiroaki OZASA and Kazuo MURAKAMI: Field experiment of accommodation of marine organisms onto concrete
blocks, Technical Note of PHRI No. 881, p.40, 1997
4) Port and Harbour Bureau, Ministry of Transport Edition: Port in symbiosis with environment (Eco-port), National Printing
Bureau, Ministry of Finance, 1994
5) Furukawa, K., K. Muro and T. Hosokawa: Introduction to water front science for creation of coastal environment, Asakura-
shoten Publishing, 1994
6) Eco-port (water area)Technical Working Group Edition: Eight viewpoints for the consideration of marine environment in
ports, Waterfront Vitalization and Environment Research Center, Port and water area environment Research Institute, 1996
7) Port Environment Creation Study Group: Revitalization of coastal environment creation 21, Sankai-do Publishing,
1997Restoring
8) Eco-port (water area)Technical Working Group Edition: Compilation of examples of creation of Nature-creature-friendly
marine environment, Waterfront Vitalization and Environment Research Center, Port and water area environment Research
Institute, 1999
9) Working Group for Regeneration of Marine Nature: Handbook of Marine nature- Planning, Technology and practice-,
Gyosei, 2003
10) Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau: Design Manual for natural-environment-harmonious coastal structures in cold
region- Volume for sea grass meadow and spawning, Cold Region and Harbour Engineering Research Center, 1998

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
11) Miyawaki, S. and T. Nagao: A study on determination of partial coefficient of gravity type breakwater having plural
structural characteristics- an example of sloping top caisson breakwater covered with wave absorbing blocks,- Technical
Note of National Institute of Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM), No. 350, 2006

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3 Ordinary Breakwaters
3.1 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Composite Breakwaters)
Public Notice
Performance Criteria for Gravity-type Breakwaters
Article 35
The performance criteria for gravity-type breakwaters shall be as specified in the subsequent items:
(1) Under the permanent action situation in which the dominant action is self weight, the risk of circular
slip failure of the ground shall be equal to or less than the threshold level.
(2) Under the variable action situation in which the dominant actions are variable waves and Level 1
earthquake ground motions, the risk of failures due to sliding and overturning of the breakwater body,
and/or insufficient bearing capacity of the foundation ground shall be equal to or less than the threshold
level.

[Commentary]

(1) Performance Criteria for Gravity-type Breakwaters

Composite breakwaters
(a) Among the settings in connection with the performance criteria and design situations excluding
accidental situations of gravity-type breakwaters, those pertaining to composite breakwaters shall
be as shown in Attached Table 17.
As settings pertaining to composite breakwaters, in addition to these provisions, the settings in
connection with the Public Notice, Article 22, Paragraph 3 (Scouring and Sand Washing Out) and Article
28 Performance Criteria for Armor Stones and Blocks can be applied as necessary, and the settings in
connection with Article 23 through Article 27 can be applied depending on the type of members comprising
the objective composite breakwater.

Attached Table 17 Settings in Connection with Performance Criteria and Design Situations (excluding accidental
situations) of Composite Breakwaters (Gravity-type Breakwaters)

Ministerial Public Notice Design situation

Ordinance
Performance
Paragraph

Paragraph

Non- Verification item Index of standard limit value

Article

Article

requirements Dominating dominating

Item

Item

Situation
action action

14 1 2 35 1 1 Serviceability Permanent Self weight Water Circular slip failure Failure probability in permanent
pressure of ground situation for self weight (Pf = 4.5
x 10-4)
2 Variable Variable Self weight, Sliding of Exceedence probability of sliding
waves water breakwater body for allowable sliding
pressure System failure probability for
variable situations associated with
Overturning of waves (Pf = 8.7 x 10 -3 )
breakwater body,
bearing capacity of
foundation ground
L1 Self weight, Sliding/overturning Limit value for sliding
earthquake water of breakwater body, Limit value for overturning
ground pressure bearing capacity of Limit value for bearing capacity
motion foundation ground (Target values of maximum and
residual deformation)

(b) Permanent situation when dominating action is self weight

1) Failure probability
The index expressing the danger of ship failure for the permanent situation when the dominating
action is self weight is the probability that the ground will fail due to circular slip failure. Its
standard allowable value is Pf = 4.5 x 10-4. This standard limit value can be determined as the
safety level for caisson type composite breakwaters that roughly minimizes the expected total
cost which is the sum of the initial construction cost and the expected value of recovery costs.
(c) Variable situation when dominating action is variable waves

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1) System failure probability

The indices expressing the danger of failure occurring due to sliding, overturning and foundation
failure of the breakwater body, for the variable situation when the dominating action is variable
waves is the system failure probability based on the balance of forces for the action of waves with
a 50 year return period. Its standard limit value is Pf = 8.7 x 10-3. This standard limit value can
be determined as the average safety level possessed by caisson type composite breakwaters and
breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks which were designed by using the conventional
design method based on factor of safety.
2) Exceedence probability of sliding displacement relative to allowable sliding displacement
One of the indexes of the danger of failure occurring due to sliding of the breakwater body for the
variable situation when the dominating action is variable waves is the probability that the sliding
displacement of the breakwater body will exceed the allowable sliding displacement. When
conducting a performance verification using this index, the allowable sliding displacement of
the breakwater body and the limit value of its exceedence probability shall be set appropriately
considering the importance of the object facilities. Methods of setting these items comprise the
method of setting the limit value as the probability that the total sliding displacement during the
design working life will exceed the allowable sliding displacement, and the method of setting
the limit value as the probability that the sliding displacement for multiple design waves having
different return periods will exceed the allowable sliding displacement. In addition to the
verification of sliding of the breakwater body described here, verification shall also be conducted
appropriately for overturning and bearing capacity.
(d) Variable situation when dominating action is Level 1 earthquake ground motion
1) Necessity of performance verification
In the performance verifications in connection with Level 1 earthquake ground motion, the
necessity of verification shall be judged based on the relative relationship of the degree of influence
of variable waves and Level 1 earthquake ground motion on the stability of the breakwater body.
In general, there are many cases in which the performance verification for Level 1 earthquake
ground motion is omitted in the performance verifications of breakwaters. However, caution is
necessary in judging the necessity of the performance verification for Level 1 earthquake ground
motion when the construction position of the facilities is deep and the design wave height is
small, as actions associated with Level 1 earthquake ground motion can become the dominant
factor in such cases.
2) Deformation
The deformation of the breakwater body is defined as the index of the danger of failure occurring
due to sliding or overturning of the breakwater body for the variable situation when the dominating
action is Level 1 earthquake ground motion. When performing a performance verification using
this index, the allowable deformation of the breakwater body shall be set appropriately.
3) Others
In the performance verifications in connection with Level 1 earthquake ground motion, there is a danger
that the functions required in the objective breakwater may be impaired by settlement of the ground
and liquefaction of the ground. Therefore, appropriate consideration shall be given to the effects of the
settlement and the liquefaction of the ground due to the action of Level 1 earthquake ground motion as
stipulated in the Public Notice, Article 15 Ground Subsidence and Article 17 Ground Liquefaction.
Upright breakwaters
(a) The performance criteria for upright breakwaters shall be applied to the performance criteria for
composite breakwaters.
Sloping breakwaters
Among the settings in connection with the performance criteria and designs states excluding accidental situations
of gravity-type breakwaters, those pertaining to sloping breakwaters shall be as shown in Attached Table 18.
As performance criteria for sloping breakwaters, in addition to these criteria, the settings in connection with
the Public Notice, Article 22, Paragraph 3 (Scouring and Sand Washing Out) and Article 28 Performance
Criteria for Armor Stones and Blocks shall be applied as necessary.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Attached Table 18 Settings for Performance Criteria and Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) of Sloping
Breakwaters

Ministerial Public Notice Design situation

Ordinance
Performance
Paragraph

Paragraph
Non- Verification item Index of standard limit value
Article

Article
requirements Dominating
Item

Item
Situation dominating
action action

14 1 2 35 1 1 Serviceability Permanent Self weight Water Circular slip Resistant moment

pressure failure of ground
2 Variable Variable Self weight, Sliding and Limit value of sliding
waves water overturning of Limit value of overturning
pressure superstructure
Bearing capacity Limit value of bearing capacity
of foundation
ground
L1 Self weight, Bearing capacity Limit value of bearing capacity
earthquake water of foundation
ground pressure ground
motion

Breakwaters armored with wave-dissipating blocks

(a) The performance criteria and the design situations of breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating
blocks is as shown in the Attached Table 17, except a failure probability in the permanent situation
for self weight is Pf = 2.0 x 10-4.
Because the breakwater covered with wave-dissipating blocks is a structural type having a wave-dissipating
structure, the Public Notice, Article 34, Paragraph 1, Item (2) (Usability related to Wave-dissipating
Function) shall be applied to the performance criteria in addition to this criteria.
Gravity-type special breakwaters
(a) Upright wave-dissipating block type breakwaters
1) The performance criteria and the design situations of gravity-type breakwaters is as shown in the
Attached Table 17, except a system failure probability in the variable situation for waves is Pf =
2.1 x 10-2. This standard limit value can be determined as the average safety level possessed by
upright wave-dissipating block type breakwaters which were designed by using the conventional
design method based on safety factors.
Because the upright wave-dissipating block type breakwater is a structural type having a wave-
dissipating section, the Public Notice, Article 34, Paragraph 1, Item (2) (Usability related to Wave-
dissipating Function) shall be applied as performance criteria in addition to this criteria.
(b) Wave-absorbing type caisson breakwaters
1) The performance criteria and the design situations of gravity-type breakwaters is as shown in the
Attached Table 17, except a system failure probability in the variable situation for waves is Pf =
2.0 x 10-2. This standard limit value can be determined as the average safety level possessed by
wave-absorbing type caisson breakwaters which were designed by using the conventional design
method based on safety factors.
Because the wave-absorbing type caisson breakwater is a structural type having a wave-dissipating
structure, the Public Notice, Article 34, Paragraph 1 Item (2) (Usability related to Wave-dissipating
Function) shall be applied as performance criteria in addition to this criteria.
(c) Sloping-top caisson breakwaters
1) The performance criteria and the design situations of sloping-top caisson breakwaters is as shown
in the Attached Table 17, except a system failure probability in the variable situation for waves is
Pf = 1.5 x 10-2. This standard limit value can be determined as the average safety level possessed
by sloping-top caisson breakwaters which were designed by using the conventional design method
based on safety factors.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

[Technical Note]
3.1.1 Principals of Performance Verification

(1) An example of the performance verification procedure for composite breakwaters is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. Because
the assessment of the effect of liquefaction due to ground motion is not shown in the figure, it is necessary to
conduct an appropriate examination as to whether or not liquefaction can be expected and the countermeasures
for liquefaction referring to Part II, Chapter 6 Ground Liquefaction. The detailed procedure for judging the
necessity of the performance verification of seismic-resistant shall be as shown in 3.1.4 Performance Verification,
(11) Judgment of Necessity of Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant.
Determination of layout

Determination of design conditions

Assumption of cross-sectional dimensions

*1
Evaluation of actions
Performance verification
Variable situation associated with waves
Verification of sliding and overturning of upright section
and bearing capacity of foundation

Variable situation associated with

Level 1 earthquake ground motion
No Judgment of necessity of
seismic performance verification

Yes
Verification of sliding and overturning of
upright section and bearing capacity of foundation
*2

Verification of deformation of upright section

*3
Accidental situation associated
with tsunamis and waves
Verification of stability of upright section

Accidental situation associated

with Level 2 earthquake
ground motion
Verification of deformation

Permanent state
Verification of slip of foundation ground

Determination of cross-sectional dimensions

Verification of structural members

*1: The evaluation of the effects of liquefaction and settlement are not shown, so this must be separately considered.
*2: The analysis of deformation due to Level 1 earthquake ground motion may be carried out by dynamic analysis when necessary. For facilities where damage
to the objective facilities is assumed to have a serious impact on life, property, and social activity, it is preferable to conduct an examination of deformation
by dynamic analysis.
*3: For facilities where damage to the objective facilities is assumed to have a serious impact on life, property, and social activity, it is preferable to conduct
a verification for the accidental situations when necessary. Verification for accidental situations associated with waves shall be conducted in cases where
facilities handling hazardous cargoes are located directly behind the breakwater and damage to the objective facilities would have a catastrophic impact.

Fig. 3.1.1 Example of Performance Verification Procedure for Composite Breakwaters

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(2) Examples of the cross sections of composite breakwaters are shown in Fig. 3.1.2.

Seaward side Harbor side

Concrete crown
H.W.L
Concrete lid
Foot protection blocks Caisson
Irregular blocks Foot protection blocks
Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

(a) Caisson type composite breakwater (sandy ground)

Concrete crown
Seaward side Harbor side
H.W.L

Foot protection blocks Concrete lid

Caisson
Armor stones
Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

Replaced sand

(b) Caisson type composite breakwater (soft ground)

Concrete crown
Seaward side Harbor side
H.W.L

Cellular block
Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

(c) Cellular block type composite breakwater

Concrete crown
Seaward side Harbor side
H.W.L

Concrete blocks
Foot protection blocks
Armor stones Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

(d) Concrete block type composite breakwater

Fig. 3.1.2 Examples of Cross Sections of Composite Breakwaters

3.1.2 Actions

(1) The design tidal level when calculating wave force is generally examined in the condition in which the facilities
are most unstable. Specifically, in harbors where it is not necessary to consider the effect of storm surge, the
mean monthly-highest water level and mean low water level are assumed, and in harbors where consideration of
storm surge is necessary, an appropriate deviation is added to the mean monthly-highest water level and mean low
water level. For slip failure of the ground, the mean monthly-lowest water level is used, and for calculations of
settlement, the mean water level is used. Caution is required in the performance verifications, as there are cases
in which the most dangerous water level differs depending on the verification items and object of verification.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
(2) The wave parameters necessary in the performance verifications are the wave height, wave direction, wavelength,
period, etc. In determining these parameters, Part II, Chapter 2, 4 Waves can be used as reference. For data
on wind for use in wave hindcasting, Part II, Chapter 2, 2 Winds can be used as reference. It may be noted that
data on wind are necessary in calculating wind pressure when designing lighthouses. The duration of waves is
also considered to be an element which affects the stability of breakwaters. However, at present, this has not
been adequately clarified. Therefore, caution is necessary, as damage to breakwaters facing the open sea and
in particular, damage to the breakwater mound, would appear to be due to the effect of repeated waves over
an extended period of time. Furthermore, because there are also cases in which facilities are damaged during
construction, it is necessary to decide the parameters for waves during construction considering the construction
plan and construction process.
(3) If the crest of the rubble mound is high and the berm width of the rubble mound is moderately wide, there are cases
in which these conditions induce impulsive breaking wave force. Due caution should be paid in connection with
the occurrence of impulsive breaking wave force, referring to Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2 Wave Forces on Upright
Walls. Because there are cases in which the intensity of wave pressure will increase if the crown height of the
breakwater is increased, caution is also necessary in this case.
(4) In the performance verifications, there are cases in which the wave that induces the greatest danger to the upright
section differs from the most dangerous wave in mass calculations for armor units; therefore, caution is necessary.
(5) In cases where the still water level differs inside and outside the breakwater, it is preferable to consider the
hydrostatic pressure equivalent to that difference in water level.
(6) It is necessary to consider the buoyancy of the breakwater body below the still water level. When the still water
level differs inside and outside the breakwater, buoyancy can be considered for the breakwater body below the
water surface joining the water levels on the two sides of the breakwater.
(7) In cases where erosion, sedimentation, changes in the gradient of the sea bottom can be expected after construction
of a breakwater, the effects of those phenomena should also be considered.
(8) For dynamic water pressure during earthquakes, Part II, Chapter 5, 2.2 Dynamic Water Pressure can be used
as a reference.

3.1.3 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) In cases where the foundation ground is soft and settlement can be expected, the crown height should include a
height margin in advance, or a structure whose height can easily be increased should be adopted.
(2) In cases where the foundation ground is soft and remarkable settlement or extensive sinking of the rubble is
conceivable, countermeasures should be taken, such as soil improvement, use of mattresses under the rubble
mound to disperse actions from the body of the breakwater.
(3) The thickness of the concrete crown should be 1.0 m or more in situations where the design significant wave height
is 2 m or greater, and is desired at least 50 cm when the design significant wave height is less than 2 m to avoid its
destruction by overtopped waves.
(4) If the height of the caisson top is low, constraints will be encountered on caisson placement, sand filling, and
placement of the concrete lid and concrete crown. Therefore, the height of the top of caissons is generally set
higher than the mean monthly-highest water level. In case of block type breakwaters, it is preferable that the
height of the top of the uppermost layer of blocks or cellular blocks be set at least higher than the mean water level
(M.W.L.), and if possible, higher than the mean monthly-highest water level, so as to facilitate construction of the
superstructure works.
(5) It is preferable that the water depth of the crest of the rubble section be as deep as possible in order to avoid the
action of impulsive breaking wave force. Provided, however, that in the case of caissons, the upright section shall
be set at a depth at which installation is possible. The mound width on the seaward side of the rubble mound
should be sufficiently wide, depending on the wave height, paying attention to reduce the unfavorable effect of the
action of impulsive breaking wave force as much as possible, in referring to Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2(4) Impulsive
Breaking Wave Force.
(6) The berm width of the rubble mound shall be set so as to secure the specified stability against slip failure of
ground and eccentric and inclined loads. In addition, it is preferable that the berm width on the seaward side be
set to a width of at least 5m or more in a condition that does not include the footing, paying attention to reduce the
favorable effect of the action of impulsive breaking wave force. However, this shall not apply in the case of hybrid
caissons and other special structural types. On the harbor side, a berm width on the order to 2/3 that at the seaward
side is acceptable. If this berm width is satisfied, it shall be assumed that the structure demonstrates the standard

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

strength constants c'=20kN/m2, =35 for rubble mound in the simplified Bishop method used in the verifications
of stability for eccentric and inclined loads. The partial factors used in the performance verifications are all values
for cross sections having an adequate berm width. Caution is necessary when the berm width is narrow, as it is
considered that the structure cannot demonstrate the standard strength constants. Reference equations for the
harbor-side berm width BM2 include equation (3.1.1) as proposed by Yoshioka et al.1) and others.

(3.1.1)

where
H1/3 : significant wave height (m)
HC : caisson height (m)
T U : thickness of superstructure work (m), in structures having a parapet, the parapet is not included
BC : width of breakwater body (m), in structures having a footing, the footing is not included

(7) A high rubble backing is effective for increasing the sliding resistance of the upright section. However, caution
is necessary in this case, as the rubble is easily scattered by overtopped waves. When necessary, it is preferable
to provide armor using cubic blocks or deformed blocks. In the performance verifications, an appropriate
performance verification shall be performed, referring to 3.1.4 (8) When Harbor Side of Upright Section is
Strengthened, which is presented below.
(8) A rubble mound foundation is effective to spread broadly the weight of the upright section, to provide a level
ground where the upright section is placed, and to prevent scouring by waves. To achieve these functions, the
thickness of rubble mound is desired to be 1.5 m or greater.
(9) The slope gradient of the rubble mound foundation is determined based upon the calculation of stability. In many
cases, the seaward side of the breakwater normally may be a gradient between 1: 2 to 1: 3, and the harbor side may
be a gradient between 1: 1.5 to 1: 2, depending upon wave conditions.

3.1.4 Performance Verification

(1) Items to be Considered in Verification of Stability of Composite Breakwaters

The composite breakwaters are structures in which stability is maintained by the weight of the breakwater
body, so that the following items are generally examined.
Sliding of the upright section
Overturning of the upright section
Bearing capacity of the foundation ground
Slip failure of the ground
Settlement
Stability against Level 1 earthquake ground motion
For the partial factors used in the performance verification of these items, see Table 3.1.1 in (6) Performance
Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure, and Circular Slip Failure.
The performance verifications in connection with accidental situations associated with Level 2 earthquake
ground motion shall be conducted in accordance with (13) Performance Verification for Level 2 earthquake
ground motion. The performance verifications in connection with accidental situations in respect of tsunamis
shall be conducted in accordance with (14) Performance Verification for Tsunamis.
(2) Examination of Sliding of Breakwater Body
In examination of the stability of the breakwater body against sliding, equation (3.1.2) can be used. In the
following, the subscript d denotes design values.

(3.1.2)

where
f : f riction coefficient between bottom of body and foundation
W : weight of body (kN/m)
PB : buoyancy (kN/m)
PU : uplift force (kN/m)
PH : horizontal wave force (kN/m)

The design values in the equation can be calculated using the following equations. In the following, the

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characteristic value and
design value, respectively.

(3.1.3)

The design value Wd of the weight of the breakwater body can be calculated by the following equation, using
the characteristic value WRC of the weight of reinforced concrete, the characteristic value WNC of the weight of
non-reinforced concrete, and the characteristic value WSAND of the weight of the filling sand.

(3.1.4)

In cases where a caisson has a footing with a rectangular cross section extending to both the seaward and
landward sides, the following equation can be used in calculating the design value PBd of buoyancy.

(3.1.5)
where
wg : unit weight of sea water (kN/m3)
wl : water level (m)
h : installation depth (m)
BC : width of breakwater body (m)
hf : height of footing (m)
Bf : width of footing (m)

It is preferable to determine the tidal level by calculating the ratio (hereinafter, r wl) of the highest high water
level, H.H.W.L., and the mean monthly-highest water level, H.W.L., based on the records of observation of tidal
levels. However, at harbors where tidal levels are not monitored, r wl for object harbor may be set referring to the
distribution of r wl shown in Fig. 3.1.3, and the partial factors may be selected from Table 3.1.1.

Fig. 3.1.3 Distribution of r wl 2)

In calculations of wave force, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2 Wave Forces Acting on Upright Walls can be used as
reference.
In order to increase the friction coefficient between the upright section and the rubble mound surface, there are
cases in which friction enhancement mats are laid at the bottom of the upright section. For friction enhancement
mats, Part II, Chapter 11, 9 Friction Coefficient can be used as reference.
(3) Examination of Overturning of Breakwater Body
In examination of the stability of the breakwater body against overturning, equation (3.1.6) can be used. In the
following, the symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characteristic
value and design value, respectively.

(3.1.6)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
where
W : weight of body (kN/m)
PB : buoyancy (kN/m)
PU : uplift force (kN/m)
PH : horizontal wave force (kN/m)
a1a4 : arm lengths of actions (m), see Fig. 3.1.4

The design values PHd and PUd of the wave force in equation (3.1.6) can be calculated using equation (3.1.3);
the design value Wd of the weight of the breakwater body can be calculated using equation (3.1.4). In cases
where a caisson has a footing with a rectangular cross section extending to both the seaward and landward sides,
equation (3.1.5) can be used in calculating the design value PBd of buoyancy.

PH PB
a2
a4
W a1

PU a3

Fig. 3.1.4 Arm Lengths when Calculating Moments

(4) Examination of Bearing Capacity of Foundation Ground

Examination of the stability against foundation failure at the bottom of the upright section can be conducted in
accordance with Chapter 2, 2.2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Actions. As standard partial
factors for use in the performance verification, the values shown in Table 3.1.1 can be used.
In examinations of the bearing capacity of foundation ground, equation (3.1.7) can be used. The method shown
here is the simplified Bishop method, and is one method of calculating circular slip by the discrete method. The
simplified Bishop method is adopted because it is the model which can best explain stability with respect to
bearing capacity, in comparison with the modified Fellenius method and friction circle method, by experiments
in a centrifugal field.4) However, deformation experiments with rubble mounds under the action of eccentric and
inclined loads have demonstrated that when a rubble mound fails, the sliding surface does not necessarily occur
along the circular arc with the lowest stability against slip failure. Caution is also necessary in adoption of this
method as numerical analysis using the discrete element method has shown that the actual failure mechanism is
different from circular slip failure according to the simplified Bishop method.5)
In the following equation, the symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the subscript d denote the
characteristic value.

(3.1.7)

where
PH : horizontal wave force (kN/m)
a1 : arm length of horizontal wave force (m)
c' : for cohesive soil ground, undrained shear strength, and for sandy ground, apparent cohesion in
drained condition (kN/m 2)
s : width of slice segment (m)
w' : weight of slice segment (kN/m)
q : surcharge acting on slice segment (kN/m)
' : apparent angle of shear resistance based on effective stress ()
: angle formed by slice segment with bottom ()
Ff : supplementary parameter showing ratio of design value of resistance and design value of effect
of action
R : radius of slip circle (m)
a : structural analysis factor

The design values in the equation can be calculated using the following equations.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

(3.1.8)

For the load width 2b' of the surcharge, adopting the average value, using the biases of the average value of the
design parameters, is standard. In addition, the partial factor q of the surcharge is set for the average value and
not for the characteristic value. These calculations can be performed using the following equation (3.1.9) and
equation (3.1.10). In these equations, denotes the average value of the parameter of the subscript, and /X k
denotes the bias (average value/characteristic value) of the average value of the parameter X.

(3.1.9)

(3.1.10)

where
Wi : weight of parts comprising breakwater body (kN/m)
PB : buoyancy (kN/m)
PU : uplift force (kN/m)
PH : horizontal wave force (kN/m)
a1a4 : arm lengths of actions (m)

In the equation, X denotes the average value of the parameter X. The bias of the average value of buoyancy
can be calculated using equation (3.1.11). In Table 3.1.1, the bias of the average value of tidal levels is assumed
to be 1.00; therefore, here, PB/PBk = 1.00 should be used.

(3.1.11)

where
wl : tidal level (m)
h : installation depth (m)
Bc : width of breakwater body (m)
hf : height of footing (m)
Bf : width of footing (m)
(5) Examination for Slip of Ground
It is necessary to conduct an examination of stability with respect to slip failure referring to Chapter 2, 3.2.1
Stability Analysis by Circular Slip Failure Surface, considering the characteristics of the ground and the
characteristics of the structure.
In case soil improvement is to be performed, Chapter 2, 4 Soil Improvement Methods can be used as reference.
As the tidal level used in examination of slip failure of the ground, it is preferable to use the tidal level which is
most dangerous for the facilities. In determination of the tidal level, Part II, Chapter 2, 3 Tidal Level can be
used as reference.
Verification of circular slip failure of the foundation ground in the permanent situation for self weight can be
conducted using equation (3.1.12). In the following, the symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the
subscripts k and d denote the characteristic value and design value, respectively.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

(3.1.12)

where
c' : for cohesive soil ground, undrained shear strength, and for sandy ground, apparent cohesion in
drained condition (kN/m 2)
s : width of slice segment (m)
w' : weight of slice segment (kN/m)
q : spatially distributed load acting on slice segment, obtained by dividing effective weight of
breakwater body by width of breakwater body (kN/m)
' : apparent angle of shear resistance based on effective stress ()
: angle formed by slice segment with bottom ()

The design values in the equation can be calculated using the following equations.

(3.1.13)

When all of the soil layers are below water level, the design value w'd of the weight of the slice segments
can be calculated using equation (3.1.14). Because the unit weights of the soil layers and mound used when
calculating the weight of the slice segments contribute to both the action side and the resistance side, the unit
weights of the soil layers and mound are classified as w1, w2, and w3, considering their positional relationship,
and the partial factors 1, 2, and 3 are set for each, respectively. Caution is necessary with regard to the soil
layers and mound falling under these divisions, as the values will differ depending on the position of the mound
as shown in Fig. 3.1.5.

(3.1.14)
where
w' : weight of slice segment (kN/m)
wni : unit weight of soil layer comprising slice segment (kN/m)
n : shows number of soil layers (n = 1, 2, 3; see Fig. 3.1.5)
PBi : buoyancy acting on slice segment being considered (kN/m)

In calculating the characteristic value of buoyancy, equation (3.1.5) can be used as reference, excluding the
terms in connection with the footing.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

Caisson
Foot protection work Foot protection work Caisson Foot protection work

Armoring work Foot protection work w Armoring work Armoring work

1 w1
Mound w Mound
2 w2
w 3 w3

Division of Soil layer, mound, etc. Division of Soil layer, mound, etc.
unit weight unit weight
w1 Caissons, armoring work, foot protection w1 Caissons, mound, armoring work, foot
work, wave-dissipating work, above level of protection work, wave-dissipating work,
sea bottom above level of sea bottom
w2 Sandy soil layer below level of mound and w2 Sandy soil layer below level of sea bottom
sea bottom
w3 Cohesive soil layer below level of sea w3 Cohesive soil layer below level of sea
bottom bottom
(1) When position of mound is lower than level of sea (2) When position of mound is higher than level of sea
bottom bottom

Fig. 3.1.5 Classification of Weight of Slice Segments

(6) Performance Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure, and Circular Slip
Failure
For the standard system failure probability of sliding, overturning, and foundation failure of the upright section
of composite breakwaters in variable situations due to the action of waves, and the partial factors for the standard
failure probability for circular slip failure in the permanent situation, the values shown in Table 3.1.1 can be
used as reference 3), 6). The standard system failure probability for sliding and overturning of the upright
section of composite breakwaters, and for the bearing failure of the foundation ground, has been obtained based
on evaluation by reliability theory for the average safety level of breakwaters designed by the conventional
design method.
For circular slip failure, a value of 3.3, converted to failure probability, 4.5 x 10 -4, is set as the reliability index
which minimizes the expected total cost. Here, the expected total cost is expressed by the sum of the initial
construction cost and the expected value of the recovery cost due to failure.
If the safety level based on minimization of the expected total cost is evaluated by reliability theory, the
partial factors are as shown in Table 3.1.1 b). If based on the average value of the safety levels in the design
methods of the past, the reliability index is 6.5, failure probability: 3.1 x 10-11. For details, Reference 6) can be
used as reference.
In the table, , /X k , and V are the sensitivity factor of each design parameter, bias of the average value, and
coefficient of variation, respectively.
For the partial factors in connection with circular slip failure, when the soil under the breakwater body is improved
by the sand compaction pile (SCP) method with a replacement ratio of 3080%, the partial factors shown in
4.10.6 Performance Verification for the sand compaction pile method in Chapter 2, 4 Soil Improvement
Methods shall be used.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Table 3.1.1 Standard Partial Factors

(a) Variable situations associated with waves

Target system reliability index T 2.38
Target system failure probability PfT 8.710 -3
Target reliability index T used in calculation of 2.40
/X k V
f Friction coefficient 0.79 0.689 1.060 0.150
P , P Change of water depth: Mild 1.04 -0.704 0.740 0.239
H U
Change of water depth: Steep 1.17 0.825 0.251
wl r wl = 1.5 1.03 -0.059 1.000 0.200
Sliding

r wl = 2.0, 2.5 1.06 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.030 0.980 0.020
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.025 1.020 0.020
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.01 0.150 1.020 0.040
P , P Change of water depth: Mild 1.15 -0.968 0.740 0.239
H U
Change of water depth: Steep 1.31 0.825 0.251
wl r wl = 1.5 1.04 -0.092 1.000 0.200
Overturning

r wl = 2.0, 2.5 1.09 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.044 0.980 0.020
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.040 1.020 0.020
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00 0.232 1.020 0.040
PH Change of water depth: Mild 1.12 -0.894 0.740 0.239
Change of water depth: Steep 1.26 0.825 0.251
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 0.91 0.640 0.605 0.061

w Weight of slice segment 1.00 0.032 1.000 0.030
tan Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 0.96 0.288 1.000 0.059
resistance
c Ground strength: Cohesion 0.99 0.072 1.000 0.059
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).
*5: q is applied to the average value of the surcharge. The average value of the surcharge is obtained using.
*6: In calculations of wave force, Godas formulas is used.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Table 3.1.1 Standard Partial Factors

(b) Permanent situation

Target reliability index T 3.3

Target failure probability Pf T 4.510 -4
/X k V
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 0.90 0.285 1.00 0.038
Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear
tan ' resistance 0.90 0.380 1.00 0.038

1 Wave-dissipating work, etc. above level of

Circular slip failure

When mound sea bottom 1.00 -0.007

is positioned
2 Sandy soil below mound and level of sea 1.00 0.03
below level of 0.90 0.070
bottom
sea bottom
wi 3 Clayey soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.125
When mound 1 Mound, wave-dissipating work, etc. above 1.00 -0.007
is positioned level of sea bottom
1.00 0.03
above level of 2 Sandy soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.070
sea bottom 3 Clayey soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.125
q Spatially-distributed load 1.10 -0.463 1.02 0.04
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: w1, w2, and w3 are partial factors for the weight of the slice segment; classification follows that in Fig. 3.1.5.
*3: Wave-dissipating work, etc. includes wave-dissipating work, armoring work, foot protection work, etc.
*4: In application of the partial factors for circular slip failure, reference shall be made to the notes shown in Chapter 2, 3 Stability of Slope,
3.1(7) Partial Factors. When soil is improved by the sand compaction pile (SCP) method with a replacement ratio of 3080%, the partial
factors shown in 4.10.6 Performance Verification for the sand compaction pile method in Chapter2, 4 Soil Improvement Methods shall
be used.

(7) Reliability-based Design Methods Considering Sliding Displacement

The performance verification method based on partial factors shown in (6) is a reliability-based design method
based on the balance of forces basically limited to the design wave height. However, even in cross sections
verified by this method, the probability that displacement will occur during the design working life is not 0, and
furthermore, that probability will also differ depending on such features as the appearance of high waves and the
water depth.
On the other hand, for the sliding mode, reliability-based design methods using the probability of appearance
of displacement and the amount of displacement as indexes have also been proposed, and these methods of
performance verification may also be used. Where the sliding stability of the breakwater body is concerned,
Shimosako et al.7) proposed a method of verification of the average sliding displacement, expected sliding
displacement, of breakwaters during the design working life using the sliding model of the breakwater body
proposed by Tanimoto et al.8)
Table 3.1.2 shows an example of setting of the allowable values of the exceedence probability for composite
breakwaters. When this method is used, the conditions of sliding displacement which determine the cross section
will differ, depending on such features as the appearance of high waves and water depth. As a result, it is possible
to set cross sections having approximately the same stability regardless of the design conditions. As the average
value of the exceedence probability of a total sliding displacement of 30cm by the conventional design method,
Reference 17) can be used as reference. For examples of setting for breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating
blocks, 3.4.3 Performance Verification of 3.4 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Breakwaters Covered with Wave-
dissipating Blocks) can be used as reference.

Table 3.1.2 Example of Setting of Allowable Values of Exceedence Probability for Composite Breakwaters 16)

Importance of facilities
High Ordinary Low
10cm 15% 30% 50%
Sliding 30cm 5% 10% 20%
displacement
100cm 2.5% 5% 10%

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(8) When Harbor Side of Upright Section is Strengthened
When the harbor side of the upright section is strengthened with a mound of rubble stones or concrete blocks,
careful attention must be paid to the following matters:
(a) The possibility of hindrance to ship navigation and mooring for within the harbor.
(b) In verification of the stability of the upright section for sliding and overturning ignoring strengthening section
behind the breakwater, the design value of resistance assuming the partial factor is 1.0 must exceed the design
value of the actions. If design value of resistance/design value of action is small, there will be a danger of
violent rocking of the upright section, increase in the heel pressure, and sliding or overturning of the upright
section to the seaward side during wave troughs.
(c) Adequate armoring must be provided so that the strengthening section will not be damaged by overtopped
waves.
(d) The height of the strengthening section h should preferably be 1/3 or greater of the height of the upright
section, and the width b should be the same as or greater than the height h.
(e) In the case of concrete block strengthening, construction should be made to ensure that there are no voids
between the concrete blocks and the upright section.
When the harbor side of the upright section is strengthened with rubble or blocks, if the height of the strengthening
material a is greater than 1/3 of the height of the upright section, and the top width b is greater than height a,
the performance verification for sliding can be conducted using equation (3.1.15). In the following equation,
the symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characteristic value and
design value, respectively.

(3.1.15)

where
f : f riction coefficient between bottom of breakwater body and foundation
W : weight of breakwater body (kN/m)
PB : buoyancy (kN/m)
PU : uplift force (kN/m)
PH : horizontal wave force (kN/m)
a : structural analysis factor
R : sliding resistance of strengthening rubble or blocks (kN/m)

Among the design values used in the equation, the design values of wave force PHd and PUd and the design
value of the weight of the breakwater body Wd can be calculated using equation (3.1.3) and equation (3.1.4),
respectively. In cases where a caisson has a footing with a rectangular cross section extending to both the
seaward and landward sides, equation (3.1.5) can be used in calculating the design value PBd of buoyancy. The
design value of sliding resistance Rd can be calculated by the following equation.

(3.1.16)

The characteristic value of sliding resistance Rk can be calculated by the following method.
(a) Sliding resistance of rubble.

(3.1.17)

where
Ws : weight in water of rubble above sliding surface, excluding uppermost armor layer (kN/m)
: angle of sliding surface ()
: =tan-1f1, f1 is the coefficient of friction between rubble stones, f1=0.8 ()

(b) Takeda et al.20) have shown experimentally that resistance force R can be expressed by equation (3.1.18), based
on the assumption that R is a function of the ratio of the wave height and breakwater installation depth, see Fig.
3.1.6.

(3.1.18)
Provided, however, that when H/h'0.5, H/h'=0.5.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
where
Ws : weight in water of rubble or blocks (kN/m)
: friction coefficient
Rubble : = 0.9 + 0.2(H/h' 0.5)
Blocks : = 0.4 + 0.2(H/h' 0.5)
H : wave height (m)
h' : installation depth of breakwater (m)

H
b

h' W
a WS

Fig. 3.1.6 Sliding Resistance Surface of Strengthening Section

Regarding the bearing capacity of the foundation ground and slip failure of the ground when the harbor side
of the upright section is strengthened, it is preferable to conduct an appropriate examination referring to the
above-mentioned (4) Examination of Bearing Capacity of Foundation Ground and (5) Examination of Slip
of Ground.
(9) All partial factors shown here are values when the design working life is the normal 50 years. When it is necessary
to evaluate the stability of facilities during construction, verification must be conducted appropriately, considering
the conditions in which the facilities are placed, the return period of the actions, and the relationship with the
verification of the stability of the facilities when completed. In the performance verifications, the description in
3.4.4 (6) can be used, as equivalent to breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks.
(10) Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant
In general, the performance verification for Level 1 earthquake ground motion is frequently omitted with
breakwaters. However, in cases where the installation depth is great and the design wave height is small, there are
cases in which actions due to Level 1 earthquake ground motion become predominant. In such cases, performance
verification of seismic-resistant is necessary.
The general procedure for performance verification of seismic-resistant of breakwaters is as shown in Fig.
3.1.7.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Judgment of necessity of
verification of seismic-resistance
performance (see (11)) Not necessary

Determination of seismic coefficient Necessary

for use in verification

Acceleration time history of Setting of ground conditions (see (12) )

engineering bedrock

Setting of filter considering frequency

characteristics (see (12) )

Setting of target for residual deformation

1-dimensional seismic response analysis
(see (12))
Calculation of maximum deformation

Acceleration time history of Setting of filter

bottom of caisson

Consideration of frequency dependency by filter processing

Calculation of characteristic value of seismic coefficient for use in verification (see (12))

Verification based on balance of forces (see (12) )

*1
Dynamic analysis by model with 1 degree of freedom

END

*1: For breakwaters where damage to the objective facilities is assumed to have a serious impact on life, property, and socioeconomic
activity, it is preferable to confirm the amount of deformation by dynamic analysis.

Fig. 3.1.7 Example of Procedure Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant

(11) Judgment of Necessity of Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant 23), 24)

For sliding and overturning due to Level 1 earthquake ground motion, the necessity of performance verification of
seismic-resistant is decided from the relationship between the cross-sectional dimensions of the breakwater body
determined in the variable situation in respect of waves and Level 1 earthquake ground motion. The judgment
of necessity can be made based on Fig. 3.1.8, from the relationship between the maximum acceleration on the
seismic bedrock and the ratio Bw/h of the breakwater body width Bw not including the footing and the water
depth h (a condition in which the ratio of the resistance force and effect of actions is smallest). The performance
verification of seismic-resistant can be omitted for cases where the maximum acceleration on the seismic bedrock
is positioned below the curve in the figure. It should be noted that this figure is prepared assuming the allowable
value of residual deformation of the upright section of the breakwater for Level 1 earthquake ground motion is
30cm. Therefore, if other allowable values are adopted, it is preferable to conduct a concrete verification of the
deformation.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

Maximum acceleration at engineering

450
400
350
300
250
200
bedrock (cm/s2) 150
100 Without friction enhancement mat
50 With friction enhancement mat
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Bw/h

Fig. 3.1.8 Diagram of Judgment of Necessity of Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant

(12) Seismic Coefficient for Verification of Sliding, Overturning, and Bearing Capacity of Upright Section for Level 1
earthquake ground motion
General
In the performance verifications for sliding and overturning of the upright section and failure due to insufficient
capacity of the foundation ground in variable situations in respect of Level 1 earthquake ground motion, it
is possible to evaluate whether performance is maintained by a direct evaluation of deformation by detailed
methods such as dynamic analysis methods. However, verifications can also be performed by simplified
methods such as the seismic coefficient method. In this case, the seismic coefficient for the verification which
is to be used in the performance verification needs to be set appropriately, corresponding to the deformation
of the facilities in question, considering the frequency characteristics of the ground motion. In general, the
seismic coefficient for verification assumes Level 1 earthquake ground motion in the seismic bedrock as the
input ground motion and is smaller than the seismic coefficient (max /g) obtained as the ratio of the maximum
acceleration max in the acceleration time history of the bottom of the caisson obtained by a one-dimensional
seismic response analysis and the gravitational acceleration g.
An outline of the method of calculating the seismic coefficient for verification is shown in Fig. 3.1.9. First, the
Level 1 earthquake ground motion in the seismic bedrock is set, and the acceleration time history at the bottom
of the caisson is calculated by a one-dimensional seismic response analysis using this as the input ground
motion. The result of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the acceleration time history obtained in this manner is
multiplied by a filter which considers the frequency characteristics of the ground motion, and the acceleration
time history at the bottom of the caisson after filter processing is calculated by performing an inverse fast
Fourier transform (IFFT) on the result of the previous calculation. The characteristic value of the seismic
coefficient for verification is then calculated using the maximum value of this acceleration time history.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Dres_t

Bottom of caisson

Acceleration spectrum Filter

at bottom of caisson
Engineering
bedrock Setting of ground model

Uniform deformation spectrum after filter processing

Setting of level 1 seismic motion
in engineering bedrock
Inverse fast Fourier
1-dimensional seismic transform (IFFT)
response analysis max
accmax

accmin

Acceleration time history at bottom of caisson Acceleration time history after filter processing

Fast Fourier transform

(FFT)
Calculation of characteristic value of seismic
coefficient for verification
k h =max /g

Acceleration spectrum at bottom of caisson

Fig. 3.1.9 Outline of Calculation Method of Seismic Coefficient for Verification

Setting of ground conditions

In calculation of the seismic coefficient for verification, it is necessary to set the ground conditions so as to
enable an appropriate evaluation of the characteristics of the ground at the location concerned. In setting the
ground conditions, Part II, Chapter 3, Geotechnical Conditions, ANNEX 4, 1 Seismic Response Analysis
of Local Soil Deposit, and Chapter 5, 2.2 Gravity-type Quaywalls (2.2.2(1) Setting of Geotechnical
Conditions) can be used as reference.
One-dimensional seismic response analysis
The acceleration time history at the bottom of caissons shall be calculated by a 1-dimensional seismic response
analysis which can appropriately consider the features of the ground at the location concerned, assuming the
Level 1 earthquake ground motion set for the seismic bedrock as the input ground motion. One-dimensional
seismic response analysis shall be performed based on an appropriate technique and setting of the analysis
conditions, referring to ANNEX 4, 1 Seismic Response Analysis of Local Soil Deposit and Chapter 5, 2.2
Gravity-type Quaywalls (2.2.2(1) Setting of Geotechnical Conditions).
Setting of filter considering frequency characteristics and deformation
(a) Setting of maximum deformation
In calculation of the seismic coefficient for verification for breakwaters, evaluation is not possible using
residual deformation in its unmodified form as an index because the process of accumulation of deformation
is different from that in quaywalls due to the effects of the frequency characteristics of the ground motion and
the repetition of actions. Therefore, among ground motions, the maximum value of deformation when a certain
wave acts is defined as the maximum deformation, and a filter is calculated in such a way that a constant value
of the maximum deformation can be obtained independent of frequency. Because the relationship shown in
equation (3.1.19) exists between the maximum deformation Dmax and the target value of residual deformation

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Dres_tdepending on whether friction enhancement mats are used or not, the maximum deformation can be
calculated if residual deformation is given. Here, the standard allowable value of deformation Dres_t of a
breakwater for Level 1 earthquake ground motion can be given as Dres_t = 30cm. The shape of the filter in
this case is as shown in Fig. 3.1.10.

(3.1.19)

where
Dmax : maximum deformation (cm)
Dres_t : target value of residual deformation (Dres_t = 30cm)
accmax, accmin : the maximum acceleration and the minimum acceleration in acceleration time history
of caisson bottom (cm/s2)

(b) Setting of filter

The filter which considers the frequency characteristics of ground motion and amount of deformation for
use in performance verification for seismic-resistant of breakwaters can be calculated by equation (3.1.20)
using the maximum deformation obtained in the above (a) Setting of maximum deformation. This filter is
obtained by evaluating the contribution of the waves of each frequency component comprising the ground
motion to the deformation of the breakwater. This shows the relationship between the maximum deformation
of the breakwater caisson which is the target and the maximum value of the input acceleration at the bottom
of the caisson based on the results of a seismic response analysis for a system with one degree of freedom
performed on multiple sine waves using models of quaywalls with different ground conditions and water
depths.

(3.1.20)

where
F : filter for use in calculation of seismic coefficient for verification
f : f requency (Hz)
a, b : coefficients
Dmax : maximum deformation (cm)

Calculation of characteristic value of seismic coefficient for verification
The seismic coefficient for verification to be used in the performance verification of breakwaters can be
calculated by equation (3.1.21).

(3.1.21)
where
max : the maximum value of acceleration at caisson bottom after filter processing (cm/s2)
g : gravitational acceleration (cm/s2)

When conducting a performance verification based on the balance of forces, the performance verification can
be performed using equation (3.1.22) and equation (3.1.23). In this case, the cross section obtained in the
variable situation is respect of waves can be used as the cross section for verification. The tidal level shall be
the condition which gives the smallest ratio of the resistance force and the effect of actions. In the following

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
equations, the symbol is the partial factor for its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characteristic
value and design value, respectively.

(Sliding stability) (3.1.22)

(Overturning stability) (3.1.23)

where
kh : seismic coefficient for verification
W : weight of caisson (kN/m)
Pdw : resultant of dynamic water pressure (kN/m); calculated using equation (3.1.25)

(3.1.24)

wg : unit weight of sea water (kN/m3)
H : installation depth of caisson (m)
W' : effective weight of caisson in water ( = W PB) (kN/m)
PB : buoyancy (kN/m)
: f riction coefficient between caisson and rubble mound; Part II, Chapter 11, 9 Friction
Coefficient can be used as reference.
a1a3 : arm lengths for actions (m)
a : structural analysis factor

Here, the design value of the seismic coefficient for verification in equation (3.1.22) and equation (3.1.23) can
be calculated by the following equation. For khk, the seismic coefficient for verification obtained by equation
(3.1.21) can be used.

(3.1.25)

The design value of the weight of the breakwater body and the design value of the buoyancy acting on the
breakwater body can be calculated using equation (3.1.4) and equation (3.1.5), respectively.
Here, all of the partial factors with the exception of the structural analysis factors can be assumed to be 1.00,
and the structural analysis factors for sliding and overturning can be assumed to be 1.2 and 1.1, respectively.
Verification of the bearing capacity can be performed referring to Chapter 2, 2.2 Shallow Spread Foundations,
giving appropriate consideration to actions due to ground motion. For breakwaters in which stability with
respect to the bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation ground due to Level 1 earthquake ground
motion are major problems, it is preferable to conduct a detailed examination by dynamic analysis.
(13) Performance Verification for Level 2 earthquake ground motion
The performance verification in the accidental situation in respect of Level 2 earthquake ground motion is equivalent
to that for the gravity-type quaywalls. Therefore, Part III, Chapter 5, 2.2.3 (8) Performance Verification for
Ground Motion (Detailed Methods) can be used as reference. Provided, however, that the breakwaters are only
affected by settlement, with the exception of cases where settlement is a problem, no verification is frequently
necessary. A simplified method of predicting the amount of settlement from the results of a 1-dimensional analysis
is proposed, and depending on the accuracy necessary in the predicted value of the settlement, it is also possible
to substitute the simplified method.
(14) Performance Verification for Tsunamis
In performance verifications for tsunamis, 6 Tsunami Protection Breakwaters can be used as reference.
Partial factors
For the partial factors for use in examination of the stability of the upright section of composite breakwaters in
the accidental situation in respect of tsunamis against sliding and overturning and the stability against failure
due to insufficient bearing capacity of the foundation ground, Table 3.1.3 can be used as reference. Provided,
however, that the values shown in Table 3.1.3 are standard values which are used when setting the wave
force of the largest class tsunami assumed at the construction location of the facilities as an accidental action.
Accordingly, in cases where uncertainty is expected in calculation of the characteristic value of the tsunami
force, the structural analysis factor should be set to an appropriate value of 1.0 or larger, as necessary.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Table 3.1.3 Partial Factors used in Performance Verification for Tsunamis

/X k V
f Friction coefficient 1.00
PH, PU Tsunami force 1.00
wl r wl =1.5 1.00
r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.00
Sliding

H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 1.00
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.00
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
PH, PU Tsunami force 1.00
wl r wl =1.5 1.00
r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.00
Overturning

H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 1.00
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.00
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
PH Tsunami force 1.00
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 1.00

w ' Weight of slice segment 1.00
tan ' Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 1.00
resistance
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 1.00
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth mild/steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).

(15) Performance Verification for Accidental Waves

Performance verification for accidental waves can be considered equivalent to the verification of the variable
situation in respect of waves upon appropriate evaluation of the actions due to accidental waves. Provided,
however, that, the partial factors used in the performance verification in respect of tsunamis shown in Table 3.1.3
may be as applied to the partial factors when the performing verification is conducted based on the static balance
of forces.
(16) Performance Verification for Stability of Sloping Sections
With breakwaters, the examination is conducted for slip failure of the rubble section. However, this may be
examined as slip failure due to eccentric and inclined loads.
For slip failure due to eccentric and inclined loads, Chapter 2, 2.2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and
Inclined Actions can be used as reference.
In armor units for the rubble section, in addition to an adequate stable mass against wave force, the thickness
should be sufficient to prevent flowing out of the materials in the mound interior.
For the required mass of armor units, Chapter 2, 1.7.2 Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks in
Composite Breakwater Foundation Mound against Waves can be used as reference.
As the required mass of the rubble and blocks under the armor units, it is preferable that the mass of these
materials be approximately 1/20 or more that of the armor units. It is preferable that the mass of the stones under
these underlying materials be approximately 1/20 or more than that of the underlying materials.
(17) Performance Verification for Stability of Breakwater Head and Concave Corners
In comparison with the breakwater trunk, there are various unclear points regarding scouring of the foundation

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
and actions affecting the heads of breakwaters. Therefore, it is preferable that the mass of the armor stones
and armor blocks be set larger for the breakwater head than for the trunk. In calculations of the mass of armor
units, Chapter 2, 1.7.2 Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks in Composite Breakwater Foundation
Mound against Waves can be used as reference.
In the case of soft ground, slip failure in the direction of the breakwater extension should also be examined. In
this case, the frictional resistance of the sides of the slip surface may also be considered.
In the performance verification of concave corners, increase of the wave height should be considered.
In breakwater alignment which includes concave corners, in addition to the concentration of waves at the
concave corner itself, an increase in wave height based on superposition of the reflected waves from the various
parts in the breakwater alignment will also occur around the corners. Because there have been examples of
damage which is considered to be attributable to this phenomenon, in determining the breakwater alignment
and calculating stability, examination can be performed using Part II, Chapter 2, 4.3 Wave Transformations
and 4.7.2(8) Calculation of Wave Force considering Effect of Alignment of Breakwater.

3.1.5 Performance Verification of Structural Members

In the performance verification of structural members for caissons, cellular blocks, and hybrid caissons, Chapter 2,
1 Structural Members can be used as reference.

3.1.6 Structural Details

Items for respective types of upright sections are described in (1)to(4). Common items are described in (5) and after.
(1) Caisson Type Composite Breakwaters
Various materials are used as filling in caissons, including concrete, concrete blocks, stones, gravel, sand and
slag. When selecting a filling material, it is preferable to consider construction costs, construction conditions
and natural conditions.
In general, sand is frequently used. However, when sand or gravel is used as a filling material, it is necessary
to cover the surface completely with a concrete lid or blocks. Slag may absorb water and expand, depending
on the type of material. Accordingly, when using slag, attention should be paid to the material properties of the
slag as a filling material, including the method of treating the slag before filling the caissons.
The thickness of the concrete lid should normally be 30 cm or greater, and should be 50 cm or greater under
rough sea conditions. There are also examples of the thickness of 1.0 m or greater in the cases where wave
conditions are severe and the concrete lids are left without placement of crown concrete for a long time.
Because there are many unclear points regarding the wave forces acting on crown concrete, the concrete lid
placement should be performed in such a way that the crown concrete is integrated with the breakwater body.
Methods of further increasing integration of the concrete lid with the crown concrete include pouring of the
crown concrete in such a way that it is squeezed inside the caisson, fabrication of concave/convex shapes in the
concrete lid (frequently used with the precast concrete), use of reinforcing bars or shape steel, see Fig. 3.1.10.
In order to unify the parapet and crown concrete, it is preferable to adopt a method such a providing tenons at
construction joints, use of reinforcing bars or shape steel, etc.
Because scouring of the foundation occurs easily at the bottom of the upright section, when the structure is not
built on bedrock, adequate foot protection work should be performed.

(a) Squeezing joint (b) Convex form (c) Concave form

Crown Crown Crown
Concrete squeeze
in caisson

Concrete lid Concrete lid Concrete lid

Fig. 3.1.10 Placement Surface of Crown Concrete

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
(2) Mass Concrete Block type Composite Breakwaters
Methods of stacking blocks include horizontal stacking and inclined stacking. In general, however, horizontal
stacking is used considering ease of construction work. In the crown concrete, it is preferable to provide joints
at intervals of 1020m in the direction of breakwater alignment. In case of horizontal stacking, in order to
maintain integration, it is preferable that vertical joints in the cross section perpendicular to the breakwater
alignment be arranged in a cross-stitched form so as not to penetrate from the top to the bottom.
With concrete blocks, in order to avoid sliding, a method of mutual interlocking using concave/convex shaped
tenon joints of the shape shown in Fig. 3.1.11 is generally used. In many cases, the width a and height b of the
convex part are on the order of 50cm and 20cm, respectively, and the width a' and height b' of the convex parts
are approximately 5cm larger than the corresponding parts a and b.

b'
a'

Fig. 3.1.11 Joint in Concrete Block

(3) Cellular Block Type Composite Breakwaters

It is preferable that a footing be attached to the bottommost layer of cellar blocks secure stability.
Concrete or stones can be used as filling for cellular blocks. If concrete is used as the filling, poor integration
of the upright section cellular block type is eliminated.
Because integration is reduced if cellular blocks are laid in two layers, it is preferable to use a one block type
whenever possible. If blocks are obliged to be laid in layers, the integration should be increased by interlocking
of the upper and lower layers by fabricating convex/concave shape at the top and bottom of the wall of the
cellular blocks, as shown in Fig. 3.1.2(c).
If stones are to be used as filling, a bottom plate shall be provided on the cellular blocks in order to prevent
dislodgement of the stones From the cellular section.
(4) Mass Concrete Single Block Type Composite Breakwaters
In the upright section of mass concrete type composite breakwaters, the size of one block should be 510m in
order to prevent cracking due to shrinkage or uneven settlement.
A certain degree of irregularity on the foundation surface does not pose a serious problem. However, together
with carefully removing sand, debris, and seaweed on the bedrock in order to assure good adhesion with the
concrete, parts in contact with the shuttering form should also be leveled to improve contact with the shuttering
form.
(5) The rubble mound foundation of composite breakwater is extremely important to ensure the stability of the
upright section. Particularly if the rubble mound beneath the upright section is scoured or washed out, the upright
section will lean or easily experience sliding failure, and then the upright structure will be destroyed at worst.
It is therefore necessary to protect the rubble mound beneath the upright section with foot protection blocks and
prevent damage from scouring or washing-out due to the action of waves or currents.
(6) Uplift forces acting on blocks can be reduced and stability against waves can be greatly improved by providing
holes in foot protection blocks.
(7) Because the study by Tanimoto et al.8) shows that large holes in foot protection blocks reduce the effect of
preventing scouring and washing out, the opening ratio of about 10% is optimal.
(8) It is preferable that two or more rows of foot protection blocks be placed on the seaward side of the upright section
and one or more rows on the harbor side.
(9) The required thickness of the foot protection blocks can be determined by using equation (3.1.26).28)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

(3.1.26)
where
t : required thickness of the foot protection blocks (m)
df : 0.18 for the breakwater trunk, 0.21 for the breakwater head (m)
h : design water depth (m)
h' : water depth at the top of rubble mound foundation excluding the foot protection blocks (m)
the application range should be h '/h=0.41.0.
(10) For the determination of the dimensions of the foot protection block, the required thickness can be calculated
using equation (3.1.26) and the dimensions listed can be determined using Table 3.1.4. Examples of the block
shapes and dimensions are shown in Fig. 3.1.12.

Table T 3.1.4 Required Thickness and Dimensions of Foot Protection Blocks

Required thickness of Dimensions Mass (t/unit)

foot protection blocks (m)b(m)t(m) Block with Block without
t(m) openings openings
0.8 or less 2.51.50.8 6.23 6.90
1.0 or less 3.02.51.0 15.64 17.25
1.2 or less 4.02.51.2 24.84 27.60
1.4 or less 5.02.51.4 37.03 40.25
1.6 or less 5.02.51.6 42.32 46.00
1.8 or less 5.02.51.8 47.61 51.75
2.0 or less 5.02.52.0 52.90 57.50
2.2 or less 5.02.52.2 58.19 63.25

Fig. 3.1.12 Shapes and Dimensions of Foot Protection Blocks

(11) The number of cases of failure of the foot protection blocks inside a harbor has been quite small, and it is acceptable
to use a mass that is lighter than the mass of the foot protection blocks of seaward side. In the past designs there
were many cases where the mass was one-half of that at the seaward side. However, the mass must not be smaller
than the mass required by the waves inside the harbor or the waves during construction. Especially, the mass
should be carefully determined where the offshore end of a breakwater under construction remains as a temporary
head during the offwork season of each year.
(12) In situations where there are concerns about scouring or flowing-out of rubble stones, preventive countermeasures
should be performed. Methods used for scour prevention at the toe of slope are the provision of a berm of rubbles

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
at the toe of slope, and the placement of concrete blocks, mattress work, asphalt mats 29), 30), or composite resin
mats. For the prevention of the settlement of the rubble mound due to washing-out, mattress works and other
methods including the spreading of canvas sheets are employed.31)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3.2 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Upright Breakwaters)

The performance verification of the upright breakwaters can be conducted by applying that of the composite
breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the following can be used as reference.

3.2.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

Examples of the cross sections of the upright breakwaters are shown in Fig. 3.2.1.

Crown concrete
Seaward side Harbor side
H.W.L

Foot protection blocks Concrete lid

Caissons
Deformed
shape blocks Foot protection blocks

Rubble for foundation

1) Caisson type upright breakwater

Crown concrete
Seaward side Harbor side

H.W.L

Foot protection Concrete blocks

blocks Foot protection blocks
Armor stones Armor stones

Rubble for foundation

2) Concrete block type upright breakwater

Fig. 3.2.1 Examples of Cross Sections of Upright Breakwaters

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

3.3 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Sloping Breakwaters)

The performance verification of the sloping breakwaters can be conducted by applying that of the composite
breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the following can be used as reference.

3.3.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

Examples of the cross sections of the sloping breakwaters are shown in Fig. 3.3.1.

Seaward side Crown concrete Harbor side

Deformed blocks Deformed blocks

H.W.L

Armor stones Armor stones

Rubble

Scouring prevention mat

(a) Rubble mound breakwater

Seaward side Harbor side

Deformed blocks Rubble Precast concrete
Deformed blocks
H.W.L
Dumping blocks

Rubble for foundation

Scouring prevention mat

(b) Dumping block mound sloping breakwate

Fig. 3.3.1 Examples of Cross Sections of Sloping Breakwaters

3.3.2 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) The crown height can be determined by applying that of the composite breakwaters and can be set in accordance
with 3.1.3 Setting of Basic Cross Section.
(2) Because the sloping breakwaters transmit waves, caution is necessary in setting the crown height, as there are
cases where the transmitted wave height in the harbor is greater that with upright breakwaters having the same
crown height. For wave overtopping and transmitted waves, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.3.7 Wave Runup Hight, Wave
Overtopping and Transmitted Waves can be used as reference.
(3) The crest width can be set based on the results of appropriate model experiments.
(4) When waves overtop heavily, a sufficiently broad crown width is required because the armor units on the top of
the breakwater will become unstable.
(5) For breakwaters constructed from land as a rubble mound sloping breakwater extending from the shore, in addition
to an adequate width necessary for the performance verification, the width should also be determined considering
ease of construction.
(6) The slope gradient should be appropriately determined based upon the stability calculation.
(7) For breakwaters on soft ground, the crown height and construction method can be determined by applying those
of the composite breakwaters, and can be set based on 3.1.3 Setting of Basic Cross Section.
(8) If the crest of breakwater covered with deformed concrete blocks is set at an elevation of 0.6H1/3 above the mean
monthly-highest water level, the crown width may be equivalent to that of three or more blocks as shown in Fig.
3.3.2. Because the stability of the breakwater top section will depend upon the characteristics of the armor units
and wave conditions, however, it is desirable to determine the width based upon appropriate hydraulic model tests.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(9) There are many cases where the slope gradient for rubble mound type sloping breakwaters is about 1: 2 on
the seaward side of the breakwater and about 1: 1.5 on the harbor side, and about 1: 1.3 to 1: 1.5 in the case of
breakwaters covered with deformed concrete blocks. When the gradient of the slope and the mass of the armor
units are different between the upper and lower portions of the slope on the seaward side of the breakwater, the
point at which the gradient and the mass of armor units change should be deeper than 1.5H1/3 below the design
water level.

0.6H1/3 or more 3 blocks or more

H.W.L

Concrete blocks

The number of pieces listed above are the number of hatched blocks
in the upper layer of the crown.

Fig. 3.3.2 Crown Width of Sloping Breakwater

3.3.3 Performance Verification

(1) In the verification of the stability of sloping breakwaters having a superstructure, 3.1 Gravity-type Breakwaters
(Composite Breakwaters) can be used as a reference.
(2) Performance verification of stability of superstructure
Examination of the stability of the superstructure in the variable situation in respect of waves is generally
performed for sliding and overturning of the superstructure.
(3) Performance Verification of Stability of Sloping Section
In sloping breakwaters, slip failure of the rubble mound section is examined. The examination of slip of the
rubble mound section can be performed for slip due to eccentric and inclined loads.
For slip failure due to eccentric and inclined loads, Chapter 2, 2.2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and
Inclined Actions can be used as a reference.
In the armor materials of the rubble mound section, in addition to an adequate stable mass against wave forces,
the thickness should also be adequate to prevent sucking-out of the material in the mound interior.
In calculation of the necessary mass of armor units, Chapter 2, 1.7 Armor Stones and Block can be used as a
reference.
In case regular placing and stone panels are used rather than pellmell placing of the armor material, the
necessary mass may be determined depending on the judgment of the responsible engineer. The thickness of
the armor layer in case of pellmell placing shall generally be 2 layers.
As the required mass of the rubble and blocks under the armor materials, it is preferable that the mass of these
materials be approximately 1/10 to 1/15 that of the armor units or more. It is preferable that the mass of the
stones under these underlying units be approximately 1/20 that of the underlying units or more.
(4) Partial Factors
As partial factors for sliding and overturning of the superstructure of sloping breakwaters, the partial factors
shown in Table 3.3.1 may be used. The partial factors shown in Table 3.3.1 were set considering the settings in
the conventional design method.
As partial factors for use in verification of the bearing capacity of the foundation ground and circular slip
failure of the ground, the partial factors shown in Chapter 2, 2.2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined
Actions and Chapter 2, 3.2.1 Stability Analysis using Circular Slip Failure Surface, respectively, may be used
with the appropriate modifications.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Table 3.3.1 Partial Factors for use in Verification of Stability of Superstructure

/X k V
f Friction coefficient 1.00
P , P Change of water depth: Mild 1.00
H U
Change of water depth: Steep 1.00
wl r wl =1.5 1.00
r wl =2.0, 2.5
Sliding

1.00
H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 1.00
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.00
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00
a Structural analysis factor 1.20
P , P Change of water depth: Mild 1.00
H U
Change of water depth: Steep 1.00
wl r wl =1.5 1.00
Overturning

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.00

H.H.W.L. 1.00
W RC Unit weight of RC 1.00
W NC Unit weight of NC 1.00
W SAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00
a Structural analysis factor 1.20
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).

(5) Performance Verification for Stability of Breakwater Head

It is preferable that the head section of sloping breakwaters be constructed in a semi-circular shape using armor
units with a mass 1.5 times that of the trunk section or more. In calculation of the mass of the sloping breakwater
and wave-dissipating blocks, Chapter 2, 1.7 Armor Stones and Blocks can be used as a reference.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3.4 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Breakwaters Covered with Wave-dissipating Blocks)

The performance verification for breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks is equivalent to that for
composite breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the following can be used as a reference.

3.4.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

Examples of the cross sections of breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks are shown in Fig. 3.4.1.

Seaward side Harbor side

Crown concrete
H.W.L

Wave-dissipating blocks
Caissons Foot protection works
Armor blocks Rubble Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

Seaward side Harbor side

H.W.L Crown concrete
Wave-
dissipating
blocks Caissons
Foot protection Armor stones
works
Rubble for foundation
Armor stones Foot protection works

Fig. 3.4.1 Examples of Cross Sections of Breakwaters Covered with Wave-dissipating Blocks

3.4.2 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) The crown height of the upright section is equivalent to that of composite breakwaters and shall be set to a height
which satisfies performance requirements, referring to 3.1.4 Performance Verification.
(2) When the crown height of wave-dissipating works is lower than that of the upright section, the impulsive breaking
wave force is likely to act on the upright section. Contrary to this, where the former crown height is higher than
the latter, blocks at the crown will become unstable.
(3) In order to achieve a sufficient wave-dissipating performance, the crown width of the wave-dissipating works
must have the width equivalent to two or more units of wave absorbing blocks 32), 33).
(4) The thickness of the superstructure and installed crown height of caissons can be considered equivalent to those
of the upright breakwaters. The thickness of the rubble mound section can be considered equivalent to that of the
composite breakwaters.
(5) With the breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks, overtopping waves and transmitted waves will be
smaller in comparison with the upright breakwaters and the composite breakwaters with the same crown heights.
For overtopping waves and transmitted waves, Part II, Chapter 2, 4 Waves can be used as a reference.
(6) Wave-dissipating works have the functions of decreasing the wave pressure, overtopping waves, transmitting
waves and reflecting waves. Accurate evaluation of these functions should preferably be made based upon
hydraulic model tests.
(7) If the vertical faces of the upright section are not fully covered with wave-dissipating blocks at the tip of breakwater
extension, large wave forces are likely to act on these vertical faces. Caution is necessary.

3.4.3 Performance Verification

(1) Performance Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning Foundation, Failure, and Circular Slip
Failure
Partial factors
For the partial factors for the standard system failure probabilities for sliding and overturning of the upright

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
section of breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks and foundation failure of in the variable situation
in respect of the action of waves, and for the standard failure probability for circular slip failure in the permanent
situation, the values in Table 3.4.1 can be used as reference 3), 34). The standard system failure probabilities
of sliding and overturning of the upright section of breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks and
foundation failure is based on an evaluation by reliability theory of the average safety levels of breakwaters
designed by the conventional design method.3) For circular slip failure, the target reliability index is set at 3.6,
converted failure probability of 2.0 x 10 -4, which minimizes the expected sum cost expressed by the total of
the initial construction cost and the expected value of the recovery costs associated with failure recovery. If the
safety level based on minimization of the expected total cost is evaluated by reliability theory, the partial factors
are as shown in Table 3.4.1 (b).34) If based on the average safety level of the conventional design method, the
average reliability index is 6.9, converted failure probability of 3.1 x 10 -12.34)

Table 3.4.1 Standard Partial Factors

(a) Variable situations in respect of waves

Target system reliability index T 2.38
Target system failure probability Pf T 8.710 -3
Target reliability index T used in calculation of 2.40
/X k V
f Friction coefficient 0.77 0.750 1.060 0.150
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 0.91 -0.636 0.702 0.191
Change of water depth: Steep 1.01 0.772 0.205
wl r wl =1.5 1.04 -0.081 1.000 0.200
Sliding

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.08 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.030 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.031 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.01 0.150 1.020 0.040
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 1.01 -0.962 0.702 0.191
Change of water depth: Steep 1.14 0.772 0.205
wl r wl =1.5 1.06 -0.133 1.000 0.200
Overturning

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.13 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.050 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.054 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00 0.248 1.020 0.040
PH Change of water depth: Mild 0.97 -0.842 0.702 0.191
Change of water depth: Steep 1.09 0.772 0.205
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 0.93 0.525 0.367 0.058

w ' Weight of slice segment 1.00 0.047 1.000 0.030
tan Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 0.95 0.353 1.000 0.061
resistance
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 0.99 0.112 1.000 0.061
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).
*5: q is a term which is multiplied by the average value of the surcharge. The average value of the surcharge is obtained using.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Table 3.4.1 Standard Partial Factors

(b) Permanent situation

Target reliability index T 3.6
Target failure probability Pf T 2.010 -4
/X k V
c Ground strength: Cohesion 0.90 0.327 1.00 0.035
tan Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 0.90 0.364 1.00 0.035
resistance
wi When mound 1 Wave-dissipating work, etc. above level of 1.00 -0.034 1.00 0.03
Circular slip failure

is positioned sea bottom

below level of 2 Sandy soil below mound and level of sea 0.90 -0.027
sea bottom bottom
3 Cohesive soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.285
When mound 1 Mound, wave-dissipating work, etc. above 1.00 -0.034 1.00 0.03
is positioned level of sea bottom
above level of 2 Sandy soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 -0.027
sea bottom
3Clayey soil below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.285
q Spatially distributed load 1.10 -0.410 1.02 0.04
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: 1, 2, and 3 are partial factors for the weight of the slice segments.
*3: The calculated w2 is 1.0. However, considering convenience in performance verification, the same value as for composite breakwaters,
0.9, was adopted.34)
*4: Wave-dissipating work, etc. includes wave-dissipating work, armoring work, foot protection work.
*5: In application of the partial factors for circular slip failure, reference shall be made to the notes shown in Chapter 2, 3 Stability of Slopes,
3.1 (7) Partial Factors. When soil is improved by the sand compaction pile (SCP) method with a replacement ratio of 3080%, the partial
factors shown in 4.10.6 Performance Verification for the sand compaction pile method in Chapter 4 Soil Improvement Methods shall
be used.

(2) Performance Verification for Stability of Armoring Section

In calculating the necessary mass of armor unit for breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating
blocks, Chapter 2, 1.7 Armor Stones and Blocks can be used as a reference.
In case regular placing and stone panels are used rather than pellmell placing of the armor material, the necessary
mass may be determined at the judgment of the responsible engineer. The thickness of the armor layer in case
of pellmell placing shall generally be 2 layers or more.
(3) Performance Verification For Stability of Breakwater Tip
It is preferable that the tip of breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks be constructed in a semi-circular
shape using armor units with a mass of 1.5 times that of the trunk or more. For calculation of the mass of wave-
dissipating blocks, Chapter 2, 1.7 Armor Stones and Blocks can be used as a reference.
(4) Performance Verification for Stability of Wave-dissipating Work
In the performance verifications, Chapter 2, 1.7 Armor Stones and Blocks can be used as a reference.
(5) All partial factors indicated here are values for the case where the design working life is the normal 50 years.
Because techniques for the period during construction where a structure is left for a certain period with an
unfinished cross section have not been particularly examined at the present point in time, for convenience, the
verification may be carried out using the same partial factors as for composite breakwaters when completed, using
actions of waves with a probability on the order of 10 years.37)
(6) The performance verification in the accidental situation in respect of Level 2 earthquake ground motion is
equivalent to that for gravity-type quaywalls. The method shown in (9) Performance Verification for Ground
Motion (detailed methods) of Chapter 5, 2.2.3 Performance Verification can be used as a reference.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

3.5 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Upright Wave-absorbing Block Type Breakwaters)

Upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters are mass concrete block type upright breakwaters or composite
breakwaters which are constructed by vertical stacking of special blocks, called the upright wave-absorbing block,
having a wave-dissipating function. The performance verification for the upright wave-absorbing block type
breakwaters is equivalent to that for the composite breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the
following can be used as a reference.

3.5.1 Principals of Performance Verification

(1) Because various types of structures have been developed for the upright wave-absorbing blocks, it is preferable to
select appropriate blocks based on an adequate investigation of their wave-absorbing performance.
(2) The wave reflection coefficient of the upright wave-absorbing blocks greatly depends upon the wave period.
When determining the reflection coefficient, it is best to carefully consider the influence of wave period based on
hydraulic model tests corresponding to the design conditions. It is also acceptable to estimate it by referring to
the data from past experiments.
(3) With the exception of large-scale blocks to be used as a single block structure, the upright wave-absorbing block
type breakwaters are generally used in inner bays or the inside of harbors where wave heights are relatively small.
(4) An example of the cross section of the upright wave-absorbing block type breakwater is shown in Fig. 3.5.1.

Seaward side Harbor side

Superstructure Upright wave-absorbing blocks

H.W.L

Bottom slab block

Foot protection block Foot protection block
Armor stones Armor stones
Rubble for foundation

Fig. 3.5.1 Example of Cross Section of Upright Wave-absorbing Block Type Breakwater

3.5.2 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) The crown height of the upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters is equivalent to that of the composite
breakwaters and can be decided considering the height which satisfies the performance requirements and height of
the wave-absorbing section, referring to 3.1.4 Performance Verification. The crown height of the wave-absorbing
section shall be determined considering the wave-absorbing performance. In structures with permeability, it is
preferable that the dimensions of the opening section be determined considering the transmission characteristics.
(2) The wave-absorbing performance of the upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters will vary, depending on
the crown height and bottom elevation of the wave-absorbing block section.
(3) In the upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters, wave overtopping and transmitted waves are small in
comparison with those with the composite breakwaters, but tend to be larger than those with breakwaters covered
with wave-absorbing blocks. Accordingly, it is preferable that the crown height be determined giving adequate
consideration to the conditions of use behind the breakwater. In addition, in determining the crown height, the
thickness required for construction of the crown concrete should be secured.
(4) It is preferable that the crown height hc' be at least 0.5 times higher or more than the significant wave height used
in the stability examination of the facilities above mean monthly-high water level. It is preferable that the bottom
height hu be set to a depth 2 times or greater than the significant wave height used in the stability examination of
the facilities below the mean monthly-high water level (see Fig. 3.5.2).

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

hc1.0 H1/3
Crest elevation of breakwater
h'c0.5 H1/3
Crest elevation of hu2.0H1/3
wave-absorbing block section hc Crown concrete

H.W.L. h' c
H1/3
Upright wave-absorbing
L.W.L.
blocks
hu
Bottom elevation of
wave-absorbing block section

Foundation mound

Fig. 3.5.2 Explanatory Diagram for Crown height of Upright Wave-absorbing Block Type Breakwaters

3.5.3 Performance Verification

(1) Performance Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure of the Ground, and
Circular Slip Failure
Verification of the stability of upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters can be considered equivalent to
that for the composite breakwaters. Provided, however, that it is necessary to use the values shown below for
the standard partial factors used in the verification of sliding, overturning, and failure of the bearing capacity of
the foundation ground.
Partial factors
(a) As partial factors for standard system failure probabilities for sliding and overturning of the upright section
of upright wave-absorbing block type breakwaters and foundation failure of the foundation ground, in the
variable situation in respect of the action of waves, the values in Table 3.5.1 can be used as a reference.
The partial factors for the standard failure probability for circular slip failure in the permanent situation are
equivalent to those for the composite breakwaters. Table 3.1.1 of 3.1.4 (6) Performance Verification and
Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Bearing Failure of Foundation Ground, and Circular Slip
Failure can be used as a reference.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Table 3.5.1 Standard Partial Factors (Variable situations in respect of Waves)

Target system reliability index T 2.04

Target system failure probability Pf T 2.110 -2
Target reliability index T used in calculation of 2.12
/X k V
f Friction coefficient 0.83 0.689 1.060 0.150
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 1.09 -0.708 0.812 0.230
Change of water depth: Steep 1.22 0.893 0.242
wl r wl =1.5 1.05 -0.125 1.000 0.200
Sliding

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.11 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.113 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.020 0.040
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 1.20 -0.974 0.812 0.230
Change of water depth: Steep 1.34 0.893 0.242
wl r wl =1.5 1.08 -0.182 1.000 0.200
Overturning

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.15 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.01 0.172 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.020 0.040
PH Change of water depth: Mild 1.15 -0.856 0.812 0.230
Change of water depth: Steep 1.28 0.893 0.242
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 0.90 0.625 0.685 0.074

w ' Weight of slice segment 1.00 0.050 1.000 0.030
tan Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 0.95 0.324 1.000 0.070
resistance
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 0.98 0.164 1.000 0.070
a Structural analysis factor 0.76
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).
*5: q is a term which is multiplied by the average value of the surcharge. The average value of the surcharge is obtained using .

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3.6 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Wave-absorbing Caisson Type Breakwaters)

Wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters are one type of deformed caisson breakwaters which use caissons with
special shapes. The front section of the caissons has a porous wall and a wave chamber, giving the breakwater a wave-
absorbing performance.45) The performance verification of wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters is equivalent
to that for the composite breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the following can be used as a
reference.

3.6.1 Principals of Performance Verification

(1) With wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters, it is necessary to select an appropriate structure, giving due
consideration to wave-absorbing performance, etc. Because the hydraulic characteristics of wave-absorbing
caisson type breakwaters, including the wave transmission and reflection coefficients, hydraulic conductivity, are
still insufficiently understood, it is preferable to perform hydraulic model tests as necessary.
(2) Wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters have the following features in comparison with the composite
breakwaters.
It can reduce reflected waves.
It can reduce wave overtopping and transmitted waves.
It can reduce wave force. In particular, when the mound is high, there are cases in which powerful impulsive
breaking wave force acts on conventional caisson breakwaters; however, with wave-absorbing caisson type
breakwaters, there is no remarkable wave force increase.
it possesses a sea water aeration function, as the breakwater structure promotes mixing of air bubbles with the
water. In addition, the wave chamber has the effect of fish banks.46), 47)
(3) Fig. 3.6.1 shows an example of the cross section of a wave-absorbing caisson type breakwater. Depending on the
shapes of the respective elements and the combination of elements, various types of structures are conceivable,
including vertical slit-wall caissons, horizontal slit-wall caissons, curved-slit caissons, perforated-wall caissons,
and others. As the structural type for wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters, an appropriate structure should
be selected considering the design conditions, use conditions, economy, etc. based on a careful investigation of the
wave-absorbing performance, and wave resistance of each structure.
(4) For the structures and their features of various types of wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters the Technical
Manual of New Type Breakwaters 48) can be used as a reference.

Ceiling slab (permeable or impermeable) * In many cases, breakwaters do not have a ceiling slab.

Caisson crown
Porous front wall Caisson body
Back
Perforated wall wall
(round holes or square holes) Intermediate
Wave horizontal porous wall
Slit wall * In general, this type of breakwater
(vertical slit or horizontal slit) chamber Intermediate
upright porous wall frequently does not have intermediate
porous walls
Others

Bottom slab

Fig. 3.6.1 Example of Cross Section of Wave-absorbing Caisson Type Breakwater

3.6.2 Actions

(1) The conditions of waves for use in the verification of wave-absorbing performance can be set separately from the
conditions of waves for use in the performance verification of the stability of the facilities and the performance
verification of the structural members, corresponding to the purpose of wave absorption and the wave conditions.
(2) In many cases, wave-absorbing caissons are generally adopted for the purpose of reducing reflected waves.
Consequently, it is preferable to determine the conditions of the waves which are the object of wave-absorption
and the target reflection coefficient corresponding to the required wave-absorbing performance. In particular,
because the reflection coefficient of wave-absorbing caissons differs remarkably depending on the wave periods,

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
the conditions of the waves which are the object of wave-absorption should be determined based on an investigation
of the characteristics of wave height and wave period.
(3) It is necessary to determine wave force using calculation formulas suitable for the wave-absorbing caisson type
breakwaters or hydraulic model tests adapted to the conditions. In particular, in complex structures, in addition
to the wave force used in the stability examination of the upright section as a whole, it is preferable also to conduct
an adequate examination for the wave forces acting on the structural members. For wave forces acting on wave-
absorbing caisson type breakwaters, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2(7) Wave Forces on Upright Wave-absorbing
Caisson can be used as a reference.
(4) As the wave force used in the performance verification of the structural members, the most severe wave force
conditions for each member should be used. For wave forces acting on the structural members of the wave-
absorbing caisson type breakwaters, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2(7) Wave Forces on Upright Wave-absorbing
Caisson, and 1.5.2 Action of Chapter 2, 1.5 Upright Wave-absorbing Caissons, can be used as a reference.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3.6.3 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) In wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters, the required dimensions should be determined appropriately,
considering the shape of the structure. In particular, because the transmission coefficient will differ depending on
the structure, it is preferable that the crown height be determined appropriately corresponding to the transmission
characteristics of the objective structures. In cases where the structure has permeability, it is preferable that the
dimensions of the opening section be determined appropriately.
(2) In addition to wave-absorbing performance, the structure and dimensions of the wave-absorbing section are also
related to wave overtopping, transmitted waves and wave force. Therefore, it is preferable to determine the
dimensions and structure also considering these characteristics.

3.6.4 Performance Verification

Performance verification and partial factors for sliding, overturning foundation, failure, and circular slip failure
The verification of the stability of wave-absorbing caisson type breakwaters can be considered equivalent to that
for the composite breakwaters. Provided, however, that it is necessary to use the values shown below for the
standard partial factors used in the verification of sliding, overturning, and foundation failure.
Partial factors
As the standard system failure probabilities for sliding and overturning of the upright section of wave-absorbing
caisson type breakwaters and failure of the bearing capacity of the foundation ground, in the variable situation
in respect of the action of waves, the values in Table 3.6.1 can be used as a reference. The partial factors for
the standard failure probability for circular slip failure in the permanent situation are equivalent to those for the
composite breakwaters. Table 3.1.1 of 3.1.4 (6) Performance Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding,
Overturning, Foundation Failure, and Circular Slip Failure can be used as a reference.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS
Table 3.6.1 Standard Partial Factors (Variable Situations in respect of Waves)

Target system reliability index T 2.05

Target system failure probability Pf T 2.010 -2
Target reliability index T used in calculation of 2.10
/X k V
f Friction coefficient 0.84 0.661 1.060 0.150
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 1.07 -0.732 0.799 0.223
Change of water depth: Steep 1.20 0.882 0.235
wl r wl =1.5 1.02 -0.053 1.000 0.200
Sliding

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.04 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.059 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.014 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.01 0.135 1.020 0.040
PH , P U Change of water depth: Mild 1.16 -0.971 0.799 0.223
Change of water depth: Steep 1.30 0.882 0.235
wl r wl =1.5 1.03 -0.063 1.000 0.200
Overturning

r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.05 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.97 0.124 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.015 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00 0.180 1.020 0.040
PH Change of water depth: Mild 1.12 -0.852 0.799 0.223
Change of water depth: Steep 1.25 0.882 0.235
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 1.01 -0.126 1.000 0.041

w ' Weight of slice segment 1.00 0.037 1.000 0.030
tan Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear 0.96 0.350 1.000 0.060
resistance
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 0.99 0.075 1.000 0.060
a Structural analysis factor 0.92
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).
*5: q is a term which is multiplied by the average value of the surcharge. The average value of the surcharge is obtained using .

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

3.7 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Sloping-top Caisson Breakwaters)

Sloping-top caisson breakwaters are one type of deformed caisson breakwaters which uses caissons with special
shapes. This type is a breakwater which utilizes the wave force acting on the sloping wall to stabilize the breakwater
body simultaneously by reducing the horizontal wave force. The performance verification of the sloping-top caisson
breakwaters is equivalent to that for the composite breakwaters. In addition to 3.1.4 Performance Verification, the
following can be used as a reference.

3.7.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

(1) Normally the sloping surface of the sloping-top caisson breakwater is set to begin at the still water level. However,
with a semi-submerged shape in which the toe end of the sloping surface is set below the still water level, further
reduction of wave forces is possible.50)
(2) When the upright part at the front of the caissons is armored with wave-dissipating blocks, there are cases in
which this causes to the generation of impulsive breaking wave pressure, depending on the crown height of the
wave-dissipating works. Furthermore, because the wave-dissipating blocks only extend as high as the still water
level, particular caution is needed with regard to the stability of the blocks.
(3) An example of the cross section of a sloping-top caisson breakwater is shown in Fig. 3.7.1.

Seaward side Harbor side

Superstructure
H.W.L
Filling material

Filling material

Filling material

Filling material

Foot protection blocks Foot protection blocks

Armor stones Armor stones

Rubble for foundation

Fig. 3.7.1 Example of Cross Section of Sloping-top Caisson Breakwater

3.7.2 Actions

(1) It is preferable that the wave forces acting on the sloping-top caisson breakwaters be decided based on hydraulic
model tests. However, in cases where this would be difficult, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.7.2(6) Wave Forces on
Sloping-top Caisson Breakwaters can be used as a reference.
(2) There is a study by Sato et al.51) on the wave force acting on a sloping-top caisson breakwater covered with wave-
dissipating blocks.

3.7.3 Setting of Basic Cross Section

(1) The coefficient of wave transmission of the sloping-top caisson breakwaters is approximately 2 times that of the
upright breakwaters of the same crown height, as shown in Fig. 3.7.2. Therefore, if the crown height is set on the
same level as the significant wave height H1/3, it is possible to reduce the transmitted wave height to approximately
the same as when the crown height of the upright breakwater is 0.6 times the significant wave height.
(2) With sloping-top caisson breakwaters, as the gradient of the sloping wall becomes steeper, the effectiveness of the
structure against wave transmission in the harbor increases, but conversely, wave pressure increases, reducing its
effect as a sloping-top breakwater. According to hydraulic metal tests carried out with various slope gradients, no
remarkable difference in the coefficient of wave transmission can be observed with gradients of 30, 45, and 60.
Therefore, considering the effect in reducing wave pressure and convenience in construction works, it is preferable
that the slope gradient be set at 45.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS

0.5

Wave height transmission coefficient Kr

hc
=45
0.4 h
d

Symbols d/h
0.3 0.55 Sloping-top
0.66 caisson
0.64 breakwater
Upright breakwater
0.2

0.1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
hc/H1/3

Fig. 3.7.2 Coefficient of Wave Transmission and Relative Crown height

3.7.4 Performance Verification

(1) Performance verification and partial factors for sliding, overturning, foundation failure, and circular slip failure
The verification of the stability of the sloping-top caisson type breakwaters can be considered equivalent to that
for the composite breakwaters. Provided, however, that it is necessary to use the values shown below for the
standard partial factors used in the verification of sliding, overturning, and foundation failure.
Partial factors
As the standard system failure probabilities for sliding and overturning of the upright section of wave-dissipating
caisson breakwaters and failure of the bearing capacity of the foundation ground, the values in Table 3.7.1
can be used as a reference. The partial factors for the standard failure probability for circular slip failure are
equivalent to those for the composite breakwaters. Table 3.1.1 of 3.1.4(6) Performance Verification and
Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure and Circular Slip Failure can be used as
a reference. The sloping-top caisson breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks are equivalent to the
breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks; therefore, Table 3.4.1 of 3.4.3(1) Performance Verification
and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure and Circular Slip Failure can be used
as a reference.

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Table 3.7.1 Standard Partial Factors (Variable Situations in respect of Waves)

Target system reliability index T 2.16

Target system failure probability Pf T 1.510 -2
Target reliability index T used in calculation of 2.24
/X k V
f Friction coefficient 0.80 0.727 1.060 0.150
Change of water depth: Mild 1.05 0.777 0.232
PH , P U -0.670
Change of water depth: Steep 1.19 0.868 0.243
r wl =1.5 1.03 1.000 0.200
Sliding

wl r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.05 -0.058 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.027 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.031 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.01 0.128 1.020 0.040
Change of water depth: Mild 1.17 0.777 0.232
PH , P U -0.970
Change of water depth: Steep 1.33 0.868 0.243
r wl =1.5 1.04 1.000 0.200
Overturning

wl r wl =2.0, 2.5 1.09 -0.096 1.000 0.400

H.H.W.L. 1.00
WRC Unit weight of RC 0.98 0.045 0.980 0.020
WNC Unit weight of NC 1.02 0.049 1.020 0.020
WSAND Unit weight of filling sand 1.00 0.214 1.020 0.040
Change of water depth: Mild 1.13 0.777 0.232
PH -0.872
Change of water depth: Steep 1.28 0.868 0.243
Bearing capacity of
foundation ground

q Surcharge on slice segment 0.97 0.309 0.643 0.038

w ' Weight of slice segment 1.00 0.038 0.643 0.030
Ground strength: Tangent of angle of shear
tan 0.96 0.325 1.000 0.060
resistance
c ' Ground strength: Cohesion 0.99 0.076 1.000 0.060
a Structural analysis factor 1.00
*1: : sensitivity factor, /X k: bias of average value (average value/characteristic value), V: coefficient of variation.
*2: RC: reinforced concrete, NC: non-reinforced concrete.
*3: Change of water depth Mild/Steep: Gradient of sea bottom <1/30/1/30.
*4: r wl denotes the ratio of the highest high water level (H.H.W.L.) and mean monthly-high water level (H.W.L.).
*5: q is a term which is multiplied by the average value of the surcharge. The average value of the surcharge is obtained using .

634