Trusses are structures composed of straight bars joined in a pattern of triangles that transmit forces over long spans, as seen in bridges and roofs. An ideal truss consists of weightless axial members connected by pinned joints, with external loads applied at the joints. Real trusses have weighted members, but their weight is often negligible compared to applied loads. Statically determinate trusses have hinged or roller supports at both ends and member forces can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Statically indeterminate trusses have redundant or missing members and require additional methods like flexibility to determine member forces.
Trusses are structures composed of straight bars joined in a pattern of triangles that transmit forces over long spans, as seen in bridges and roofs. An ideal truss consists of weightless axial members connected by pinned joints, with external loads applied at the joints. Real trusses have weighted members, but their weight is often negligible compared to applied loads. Statically determinate trusses have hinged or roller supports at both ends and member forces can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Statically indeterminate trusses have redundant or missing members and require additional methods like flexibility to determine member forces.
Trusses are structures composed of straight bars joined in a pattern of triangles that transmit forces over long spans, as seen in bridges and roofs. An ideal truss consists of weightless axial members connected by pinned joints, with external loads applied at the joints. Real trusses have weighted members, but their weight is often negligible compared to applied loads. Statically determinate trusses have hinged or roller supports at both ends and member forces can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Statically indeterminate trusses have redundant or missing members and require additional methods like flexibility to determine member forces.
Trusses are structures composed of straight bars joined in a pattern of triangles that transmit forces over long spans, as seen in bridges and roofs. An ideal truss consists of weightless axial members connected by pinned joints, with external loads applied at the joints. Real trusses have weighted members, but their weight is often negligible compared to applied loads. Statically determinate trusses have hinged or roller supports at both ends and member forces can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Statically indeterminate trusses have redundant or missing members and require additional methods like flexibility to determine member forces.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 3
Application
Trusses
A truss is a structure that is made of straight, slender bars that are joined together to form a pattern of triangles. Trusses are usually designed to transmit forces over relatively long spans; common examples are bridge trusses and roof trusses.
An ideal truss is a structure which is composed completely of axial members that
are assumed to be weightless. Members are connected by pinned joints, forming triangular substructures within the main structure and with the external loads applied only at the joints.
In real trusses, of course, the members have weight, but it is often much less than the applied load and may be neglected with little error. Sometimes, the weight maybe included by dividing the weight in half and allowing half the weight to act at each end of the member.
Theory
A truss that is assumed to comprise members that are connected by means of
pin joints, and which is supported at both ends by means of hinged joints or rollers, is described as being statically determinate. Newtons Laws apply to the structure as a whole, as well as to each node or joint.
In order for any node that may be subject to an external load or force to remain static in space, the following conditions must hold: the sums of all horizontal forces, all vertical forces, as well as all moments acting about the node equal to zero. Analysis of these conditions at each node yields the magnitude of the forces in each member of the truss. These may be compression or tension forces. Trusses that are supported at more than two positions are said to be statically indeterminate and the application of Newtons Laws alone is not sufficient to determine the member of forces. In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be stable, it must be entirely composed of triangle.
Some structures are built with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those structures may survive even when some of the members fail. They are called statically indeterminate structures, because their member forces depend on the relative stiffness of the members, in addition to the equilibrium condition described. In a statically indeterminate truss, static equilibrium alone cannot be used to calculated member force. If we were to try, we would find that there would be too many unknowns and we would not be able to complete the calculations. Instead we will use a method known as the flexibility method, which uses an idea know as strain energy.
Statically indeterminate can be two types:
1. External Indeterminate
It related with the reaction, it could be determinate if the number of reactions of
the structure exceed than determinate structures by using static equation.
2. Internal Indeterminate
It related with framework construction. Some framework or trusses should have
an adequate number of members for stability indention. If inadequate members were detected, structures are classified as unstable, meanwhile, while the redundant members were determined, the structure are classified as statically indeterminate.
Centroids
Friction
Friction is the contact resistance exerted by one body when the second body moves or tends to move past the first body. Friction is a retarding force that always acts opposite to the motion or to the tendency to move. There are several types of friction:
1. Dry Friction
Dry friction, also called Coulomb friction, occurs when unlubricated surfaces of two solids are in contact and slide or tend to slide from each other. If lubricant separates these two surfaces, the friction created is called lubricated friction.
Coulombs Theory of Dry Friction
Coulomb friction, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is an approximate model
used to calculate the force of dry friction. The Coulomb friction may take any value from zero up to a micro digits, and the direction of the frictional force against a surface is opposite to the motion that surface would experience in the absence of friction. Thus, in the static case, the frictional force is exactly what it must be in order to prevent motion between the surfaces; it balances the net force tending to cause such motion. In this case, rather than providing an estimate of the actual frictional force, the Coulomb approximation provides a threshold value for this force, above which motion would commence. This maximum force is known as traction. The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement (for kinetic friction) or potential movement (for static friction) between the two surfaces. For example, a curling stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down. For an example of potential movement, the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward; if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose; it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.
2. Fluid Friction
Fluid friction occurs when layers of two viscous fluids moves at different velocities. The relative velocity between layers causes frictional forces between fluid elements, thus, no fluid friction occurs when there is no relative velocity.
This internal resistance to flow is described as viscosity. In everyday terms viscosity of a
fluid is said to have "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. The less viscous the fluid, the greater its ease of movement.
All real fluids (except super fluids) have some resistance to stress and therefore are viscous, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or in viscid fluid.
