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Vocab List

1. The document defines key terms related to algebra including variables, expressions, functions, sequences, and quadratics. It provides definitions for concepts like domains, ranges, linear and quadratic functions, arithmetic and geometric sequences, and factoring quadratics. 2. Various forms of expressions, equations, and functions are outlined along with notations used to represent concepts like sums, domains, and sets. 3. Sequences such as arithmetic and geometric are defined along with their recursive and explicit formulas. Exponential functions and their properties are also covered.

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76 views5 pages

Vocab List

1. The document defines key terms related to algebra including variables, expressions, functions, sequences, and quadratics. It provides definitions for concepts like domains, ranges, linear and quadratic functions, arithmetic and geometric sequences, and factoring quadratics. 2. Various forms of expressions, equations, and functions are outlined along with notations used to represent concepts like sums, domains, and sets. 3. Sequences such as arithmetic and geometric are defined along with their recursive and explicit formulas. Exponential functions and their properties are also covered.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT 1

VARIABLE- A symbol, usually a letter, that represents an unknown number.

TERM A single number or variable or numbers/variables multiplied/divided together


6x 2 y 3
3
eg. 3x2 , x5, 5xy, 9 z
EXPRESSION is a set of numbers/variables added or subtracted to one another with NO
sign of comparison (no equal sign, or inequality signs)

RELATION - A relation is a relationship that maps inputs (x-values) to outputs ( y-values)


with no restriction.

ZEROS Sometimes also known as ROOTS or SOLUTIONS, A zero of a function is the x-


value(s) that occur when y = 0. It is the x-value where the relation intersects the x-axis.

LINEAR A relationship where y = mx + b, where m is the slope, b is the y-intercept and


(x, y) is a point that lies on the line. (One special linear relationship is x = #, which
results in a vertical line)

UNIT 2
DOMAIN The set of all inputs into a particular function.
The x-values (or independent variables)

RANGE The set of all outputs for a given set of inputs for a particular function. The y-
values (or dependent variables)

FUNCTION - A function is a special relationship where each input has a single output. It
is often written as "f(x)" where x is the input value. (We always remember that the x-values
cannot repeat in order to be a function)

UNIT 3
FUNCTION COMPOSITION - function composition is the pointwise application of
one function to the result of another to produce a third function.

FUNCTION NOTATION - y = f(x) means that a relationship y is a function in respect to x.


The point is represented as (x, f(x)).

1.1 FUNCTION Is first a function ( passes the vertical line test) then it assigns each
input to a UNIQUE output. Therefore the y-values, also, cannot repeat. (passes the
horizontal line test)

INVERSE FUNCTION The inverse of a function is when the x and y change places. For
example, if (3, -5) is a point on f(x), then (-5,3) is a point on the functions inverse f -1(x).

VARIES DIRECTLY (PROPORTIONAL) : y varies directly with x means that there is a


constant K such that
y = Kx. This results in a linear relationship. Where k is the slope of the line.

FORMS OF A LINEAR FUNCTION


Standard form: Ax + By = C Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b point slope
form: y y2= m(x x2)
where A,B,C where (x,y) is a point where (x 2,
y2) is a point
are real #s m=slope, b=y-intercept
m=slope

DOMAIN RESTRICTION: Sometimes we want to look at or graph only a portion of a


function, so we consider a
Domain restriction, usually written a x b, which reads x is
between a and b, inclusively
If < is used instead of , it does not include the a/b, so we do not say
inclusively.

SET NOTATION: Roster notation Set builder notation Interval notation


{a, b, c, d} {x|9<x15} (-2, 8) means -2
<x<8
Basically write out reads x such that [-2,8]
means -2 x 8
all elements in the x is between 9 and (-2,8]
means -2 < x 8
set. 15, including 15 not 9 [-2,8) means -2 x
<8

RATE OF CHANGE: is often used when speaking about momentum, and it can generally be
expressed as a ratio between a change in one variable relative to a corresponding change in
another; graphically, the rate of change is represented by the slope of a line.

MODELING: Mathematical modeling is the process of using various mathematical structures -


graphs, equations, diagrams, scatterplots, tree diagrams, and so forth - to represent real world
situations

UNIT 4

EXPONENT - a quantity representing the power to which a given number or expression is to be


raised, usually expressed as a raised symbol beside the number or expression

PRODUCT PROPERTY OF EXPONENTS

RATIONAL NUMBERS - A rational number is a number that can be written as a ratio (or a fraction)

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS - a real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of


integers, i.e. as a fraction. Therefore, irrational numbers, when written as
decimal numbers, do not terminate, nor do they repeat.
RATIONAL EXPONENTS An exponent that is a fraction. The
numerator represents the power and denominator represents the root.

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS - a function whose value is a constant


raised to the power that is a variable. f(x) = 2 x

FIXED PERCENTAGE - A fixed percentage loan maintains the same interest rate over the term of
the loan

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH - growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing
total number or size. f(x) = initial amount (1 + rate)time(It represents an increasing function because
the base>1)

EXPONENTIAL DECAY - When a population or group of something is declining, and the amount that
decreases is proportional to the size of the population. f(x) = initial amount (1 + rate)time
It represents a decreasing function because the base<1)

UNIT 5

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE A sequence that adds the same number to arrive at the next
term.
Examples: 2, 5, 8, 11, (add 3) 20, 15, 10, 5, 0 , -5 (add -5)
The nth term (on reference sheet): a n a1 d ( n 1) where a = the first term,
1
an= last term and
d=common difference

ARITHMETIC SERIES - A series is a summation of the first n terms, using the formula:
n
S n ( a1 a n )
2
Where n = # of terms; a1= first term and an= last term
This formula is not on the reference sheetso you need to memorize it!

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE A sequence that multiplies the same number to arrive at the
next term.
Examples: 2, 4, 6, 8, (multiplies 2) 100, 50, 25, 12.5,
(multiplies )
a n a1r n 1
The nth term (on reference sheet): where n = # of terms; a1=
the first term;
r=common ratio

GEOMETRIC SERIES A series is a summation of the first n terms, using the formula:
a1r n 1
1 r
This formula is found on the reference sheet!

A RECURSIVE SEQUENCE Is a sequence where the nth term is dependent upon the
previous term(s).
Examples: a1 3 and a n 3a n 1 (reads: the term = 3 times the previous
term)
a1 5 and a n a n 1 10 (reads: the term = the previous
term minus 10)

A NON-RECURSIVE SEQUENCE Is a sequence that is only dependent upon the term


number,
not any previous term.
Example: f(n) = 2n 1 therefore: f(1) = 2(1) 1 = 1; f(2) = 2(2) -1 = 3;
f(50) = 2(50) 1 = 99

SIGMA NOTATION Sometimes referred to Summation Notation is the sum of a series


that gives you an index (usually letters i, j, or k ) that has a beginning term and an
ending term.
2

3k
Example: k 1 = 3(-1) + 3(0) + 3(1) + 3(2) = -3+ 0 + 3 + 6 = 6

UNIT 6

QUADRATIC FUNCTION - Any function in the form: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a 0

A PARABOLA The graph of a quadratic function:

a>0 a<0
VERTEX The turning point of a quadratic function.
AXIS OF SYMMETRY - The imaginary line that goes
through the
vertex and reflects one side of the parabola onto the
other side.
b
Formula: x = 2a

A FACTOR - Any individual component of a product.


Example: 12 = 6 x 2 so, 6 and 2 are factors of 12.

TO FACTOR To re-write a quantity as an equivalent


product. Examples: 12 = 6 x 2 ; x2 + 3x + 2 = (x+2)(x
+ 1)

QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS 3 terms that contain a quadratic term,


a linear term and a constant. Example: 2x2+ 6x 8

CONJUGATES Two binomial factors with different signs


Examples: (x + 2)(x 2) (a + b)(a b)

DOPS DIFFERENCE OF PERFECT SQUARES An easy factoring method that result in


conjugates when we see two perfect squares that are being subtracted. Examples: x2
25 = (x + 5)(x 5) ; 81 - x2 = (9 x)(9 + x)

COMPLETE FACTORING - To factor two or more times. Sometimes the GCF first, followed
by DOPS or trinomial factoring.
Examples: 3x2 - 27 = 3(x2- 9) = 3(x + 3)(x 3)

ZERO PRODUCT LAW When there are two or more factors set equal to zero, then one or
more of the factors must equal zero. Examples: (x + 8)(x 1) = 0 then x + 8 = 0
and/or x 1 = 0 which means x = -8 or 1
ZEROS OR ROOTS When y = 0, what is/are the value(s) of x? Also, the solution(s) to
the related quadratic equation. On a graph, it/they are the points where the function
crosses the x-axis.

FOCUS The focus of a parabola is the point that


determines the locus, together with the directrix.

DIRECTRIX The imaginary line of a parabola that


together with the focus determines the locus of points.

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