Project Report On Safety Boat

MINI PROJECT 2010 µC BASED SAFETY BOAT
CONTENTS
Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Block Diagram 2
2. 1 Main Circuit 2
2. 2 Power Supply 2
3 Block Diagram Explanation 3
3. 1 Overload Sensor Section 3
3. 2 Life Jacket Sensor Section 3
3. 3 Loop Sensor Section 3
3. 4 Micro-Controller 4
3. 5 Alarm 5
3. 6 Opto-Coupler Section 6
3. 7 Relay Driver Section 6
3. 8 Wireless Transmitter Section 7
3. 9 ASK Receiver Section 7
3. 10 Buzzer 7
3. 11 Display Section 8
3. 12 Power Supply 8
4 Circuit Diagram 9
1
DEPARTMENT OF E&C MZC, KADAMMANITTA
4.1 Main Circuit

12
4.2 Boat Control Room 13
4.3 Power Supply 13
5 Working Of The System 14
6 Components List 15
7 Circuit Description 16
7. 1 Overload Sensor Circuit 16
7. 2 Life Jacket Sensor Circuit 16
7. 3 Loop Sensor Circuit 16
7. 4 AT 89C51 Microcontroller 17
7. 5 Alarm 18
7. 6 Opto-Coupler Circuit 18
7. 7 Relay Driver Circuit 19
7. 8 Wireless Transmitter Circuit 19
7. 9 Wireless ASK Receiver Circuit 19
7. 10 Monitoring Display Circuit 19
8 PCB Layout 20
9 PCB Fabrication 21
10 Flow Chart 23
11 Program 24
12 Advantages 27
13 Disadvantages 28
14 Application 29
2
15 Conclusion 30
16 Bibliography 31
A1 Appendix 32
ABSTRACT

The “ MICROCONTROLLER BASED SAFETY BOAT” is
microcontroller based project. In which the input to the s/m provided from three
sensors. The sensor contain simple electronics components such as transistor, relay etc.
The tree sensors are overload sensor, lifejacket sensor and loop sensor which are used to
detect overload, to ensure that the passengers took the lifejacket and to detect the boat
3
crash respectively. Also it contains a transmitter which helps to send the information
regarding the boat accidents and the boat no to the control room.
Using this project we expect that the boat accident rate can be reduced. The main
objectives of our project are:-
1. Reduce the boat accident due to over load.
2. Increase the speed of rescue task as fast as possible.
3. Reduce the death rate.
The main features of the project are:-
1. It is based on 8051microcontroller operation.
2. The program used is simple.
1) INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s many Boat accidents are occurred at God’s own country
Kerala. These accidents are due to improper safety arrangements in boats. The presented
project is a ‘Micro-controller Based Safety Boat system’. This system is very necessary
in all boats. This safety boat consists of overload sensor, if overload occurs boat engine
4
will automatically stops. This also consists of a life jacket sensor and if any accident
occurred at that time automatically send boat number to boat monitoring station. The
heart of this project is AT89C51 micro-controller. The working of this system is very
accurate and error free.
2) BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 Main Circuit
5
Fig 2.1
2.2 Power Supply
230V
AC +5V
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR +12V
GND
Fig 2.2
3) BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
3.1 OVER LOAD SENSOR SECTION
The over load sensor section checks if overweight

occurred at boat. If over load section sense overload the boat engine will automatically
6
stops and again on only load will decrease. The overload sensor circuit consists of a
transistor switch circuit and relay driver circuit. Here BC 547 NPN transistor is used.
The base of transistor is connected to overload probe via 1K limiting resistor. The
emitter is connected to ground and collector is connected to one coil point of relay. The
second coil point is connected to direct 12V DC supply. In normal over load probe is
above water level. Hence no base voltage to BC547 and relay will not active. If over
load probe and BC 547 conducts and relay will active and a low pulse reach P1.O input
port through N/O and COM point of relay.
3.2 LIFE JACKET SENSOR SECTION
‘LIFE JACKET’ sensor section senses the

presence of life jacket in its hook. In normal life jacket is placed at its resting hook. If
travels reach boat, lifejacket is taken up from hook, if not buzzer will sound up. The
lifejacket sensor circuit consists of a simple transistor of a simple transistor switch and a
relay circuit. The base of transistor and +12V is connected to life jacket two hooked.
The emitter of transistor is connected to ground and collector is connected to ground
and collector is connected to one coil terminal of relay. Relay is a dectromagnet switch.
In normal i.e., life jacket placed at hook, positive bias voltage at hook, positive bias
voltage at base of transistor and its collector will low and switch on relay. Hence a low
at input port here output program run. If life jacket and relay will switch of a high to
input port of micro - controller.
3.3 LOOP SENSOR SECTION
Loop sensor section is used for sense crash of boat. The loop
sensor section probe is placed at safe level of boat. The loop sensor section consists on a
transistor switch and a digital latch circuit. Loop sensor circuit consists of a transistor
switch based relay driver circuit explained same as above over load sensor circuit. If
water reaches safe level the transistor will switch and relay will active. The digital latch
circuit consists of two CD4049 NOT gate. This section produces a continuous 1 to loop
sensor transistor switch. If boat crash, the input pin 5 of latch is 1 and hence 4 pin is O
7
and again another NOT gate covert O to1 AND THE IN 4148 feedback diode produce
continues 1 to base of input port transistor.
3.4 MICRO-CONTROLLER
In this for controlling circuit ATMEL 89C51 Micro -

controller is used. In this system port O is us as input port and port 2 is used as output
port. The Micro-controllers are nothing but a complete micro computer. It is a
microprocessor along with I/O ports, timers/counters, Micro-computer. It is a
microprocessor along with I/O ports timers/counters, single LSI/VLSI chip. A digital
computer having micro-processor as the CPU along with memory and I/o device is
called a micro-controller . A micro controller is essentially designed for a dedicated
application(s) and hence it is called ‘dedicated micro-controller’.
FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER
Design with micro-controllers has the following features.

i) As all the peripherals are integrated into a single chip, the overall
system cost is very low.
ii) The product is of a small size as compared to the Micro-controller
based systems and is thus very handy.
iii) The system design requires very little efforts and is easy trouble
shoot and maintain.
iv) As the peripherals are integrated with a microprocessor, the system
is more reliable.
v) Though a mC have on-chip RAM, ROM and I/O ports, additional
RAM, ROM I/O ports may be interfaced externally, if required.
vi) The Micro-controllers with on-chip ROM provide software
security feature which is not available with micro-processor
based systems using ROM/EPROM.
vii) All these features are available in a 40 pin package as in an 8-bit
processor.
The AT 89C51 is an 8-bit micro-controller with four ports (32 I/O
8
lines) two - 16 bit timers/counters, on chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

The ATMAL 89C51 is designed doe use in sophisticated real - line
instrumentation and industrial control.
The special Features of 89C51 are;
 Clock frequency 12 MHz

 Program memory security.
 4 KB ROM/EPROM.
 128 KB RAM
 32- I/o lines (4-numbers of 8-bit ports)
 Two 16-bit timer/counters
 Programmable Full-Duplex serial channel.
 Boolean processor.
 4 ms multiply and divide.
3.5 ALARM
Here for audio indication we can use 12 V DC piezobuzzer. If a theft

vehicle passes check post at that time the buzzer inside control room will produce a
sound. For this purpose we can use a 12V piezoelectric buzzer. This contains a piezo-
electric crystal. The crystal is so cut that the natural frequency lies between 1 and 2
KHz. In order to oscillate this crystal at this frequency it is necessary to apply the same
frequency between the opposite faces. This crystal is stamped to a thin metal film. This
metal film is mounted on a plastic or acrylic enclosure, which produce a sufficient air
column. Whenever the buzzer is vibrating in its natural frequency the metal film will
also vibrate which results in an air column vibration or simply the audible sound. Since
the user do not know the exact natural frequency it is impossible to vibrate the crystal
efficiently. Hence the manufactures introduced an LC oscillator along with a transistor
inside the enclosure. The natural frequency of the LC tank circuit is so calibrated that it
will be exactly same as the natural frequency of the crystal. This internal oscillator will
contain a BC547 transistor with the above LC circuit connected at its collector. The
crystal is also connected in parallel to this LC circuit. There is feedback element, which
is also stamped in the metal frame. When the metal frame vibrates this feedback
9
element will also vibrate producing an electrical voltage in the same frequency. Out of
the two terminals one is connected to the positive rail, which is common to the above
circuit, and the other is connected to the base of the transistor via a current limiting
resistor. This arrangement will keep the oscillation from damping resulting in a
continuous sound. The entire arrangement will reduce the cost, weight and the external
circuitries. Hence the user is supposed to connect only a DC voltage across the two
wires, which are leading out from the enclosure. One of this is connected to the emitter
of the transistor. This must be connect to the negative terminal of the battery while the
other one to the positive terminal. This is why because this addition, there is an
advantage that the working voltage lays between a wide range of 1.5V and 27 volts.
3.6 OPTO- COUPLER SECTION
The opto-coupler section is used for isolation purpose.

The optocoupler section is connected to output port of micro-controller. The opto-
coupler circuit consists of a MCT2E opto-coupler. It consists of LED and a photo
transistor. The photo transistor will on only glowing LED inside opto-coupler. The
LED’S cathode is connected to output port PO.1 of micro-controller. The MCT2E 4th
pin is connected to relay driver transistor. In this no direct electrical connection from
output port of micro-controller to output real world.
3.7 RELAY DRIVER SECTION
In this system both opto-coupler output is connected to

a relay driver section. One for boat engine and other for wireless transmitter. The relay
driver circuit consists of a switching transistor and a relay. Relay is an electromagnetic
switch. It has one common point and one normally open (N/O) and one normally close
(N/C) contact. The relay driver transistor BC 547 base is connected to 4th pin of
MCT2E via IK current to limiting resistor and its emitter is connected to ground and
collector is connected to one coil of relay.
If opto-LED will glow, its 4th pin goes high and BC 547
will conduct and relay common point is connected to N/O contact. Hence engine motor
stop in case 1 and wireless transmitter on in case 2. The diode in 4007placed across
10
relay coil is used to protect transistor from feedback voltage from relay coils.
(Freewheeling diode).
3.8 WIRELESS TRANSMITTER SECTION
Wireless transmitter section is used for convey a wireless

message to boat monitory station placed at control office. The wireless transmitter and
receiver is a readymade module. The wireless transmitter and receiver circuit consists of
a easily available 433MHZ ASK digital RF module pair. In this ASK modulation and
demodulation method is used for RF-communication. These modules are powered from
12V and 3VDC Battery supply for safe operation.
3.9 ASK WIRELESS RECEIVER SECTION
The wireless receiver section is placed at about motoring

station. The wireless receiver output is connected to display and buzzer. The wireless
receiver is a ASK digital module. Its working voltage is 3V DC. The output this ASK
wireless receiver is BCD form. One output is used for buzzer.
3.10 BUZZER
Buzzer is used for audio indication. In this 12V DC. Piezo buzzer is
used. If a theft vehicle passes check post at that time the buzzer inside control room will
produce a sound. For this purpose we can use a 12VPiezo electric buzzer. This contains
a piezo-electric crystal. The crystal is so cut that the natural frequency lies between 1
and 2 KHz. In order to oscillate this crystal at this frequency it is necessary to apply the
same frequency between the opposite faces. This crystal is stamped to a thin metal film.
This metal film is mounted on a plastic or acrylic enclosure, which produce a sufficient
air column. Whenever the buzzer is vibrating in its natural frequency the metal film will
11
continuous sound. The entire arrangement will reduce the cost, weight and the external
3.11 DISPLAY SECTION
The display section is used for display accident boat

identification number at boat control room. The display section contain 7-
segmentdisplay unit. The display circuit consists a 7447 -BCD - To - 7 segment display
driver IC and a LTS 542 common Anode (CA) display. The 7447 BCD input 2, 1, 7, 6
is connected to output data of ASK Rx module. The output of 7447 a, b, c, d, e, f, g is
connected to seven segment of display. The display common point 3, 8 is connected to
+ 5V. The 220 ohm resistors are used for current limiting applications.
3.12 Power Supply
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a

transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A
diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a
simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has
some ripple or ac voltage variation.
12
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even
if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC
units.
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD
Fig 3.13 Block diagram (Power supply)
3.12.1 Transformer
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to
(0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the
precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of
using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits
will give only RMS output.
3.12.2 Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the

circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally
opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this
time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them;
D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through
D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by
the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.
13
One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be
from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and
back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can
be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same
direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that
shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles
of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-

wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage
output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.
This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in
views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak
voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the
conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap
to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the
maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.
The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge
rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full
secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the
load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the
bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave
rectifier circuit.
3.12.3 IC voltage regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used

ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier,
Fig 3.13.3.1
14
control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli
amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of
watts. A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal,
with the third terminal connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive

regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed
negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts
4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4.1 Main Circuit
15
Fig 4.1
4.2 Boat Control Room
16
Fig 4.2
4.3 Power Supply
Fig 4.3
5) WORKING OF THE SYSTEM
17
The heart of this system is AT 89C51 Micro-

Controller. It is an 8-BitMicro-controller. It has a 4KB flash memory. The program for
this system is stored in this flash memory. It has four ports, namely P0, P1, P2 andP3.
All port contain 8-bit data base. These all ports are bi-directional bus’s.
The port initialization of AT89C51 Micro-controller in this system as
follows:-
PORT O - OUTPUT PORT - Relay & Buzzer
PORT 1 - INPUT PORT - Sensors
When power is switched ‘ON’ the regulated 5 Volt DC supply is
connected to 40th pin of the Micro-controller and ground is connected to the 20th pin
for system working. At first Reset the micro-controller, for this capacitor connected in
the 9th (RESET) pin should be charge and discharge and this change through the 10K
register. Due to this discharge high pulse is applied to RESET pin and thus micro-
controller resets. Then crystal connected in X1 and X2 pins of micro-controller
oscillates in 12 MHz frequencies. Each oscillation produced in this way will reach flash
register to the program memory. At the time of each oscillation, data included in each
location, our program will active. In normal condition program checks any input low
sensing input. If overload occur at that time overload sensor transistor and relay will
switch and a corresponding input data to input port P1 of Microcontroller. Then
program out data and opto-coupler and output motor relay will active and engine will
stop, if weight is normal engine motor again on.
If life jacket placed at its hook the alarm will
sound up. If boat accident will occur at that time a wireless message convey to boat
monitoring station with the help of digital ASK transmitter and receiver module. The
boat identification number is displayed in 7-segment display at monitoring station.
6) COMPONENTS LIST
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 AT 89C51 - ATMEL Micro-controller
 7805 - 5V Regulator
 7812 - 12V Regulator
 SL100 - NPN transistor
 12V/1C/600 ohm – Relay
 ASK TX/RX 433MH2 Module pair
 12V/Piezo buzzer
 Transformer 230V/12-0-12V/1A
 Diode - IN 4007
 1000mF/25V Capacitor
 12MHZ Crystal
 IC Base
 7447-BCD decoder IC
 LTS 542 - Common Anode Display
 PCB
 Wires
 Resistors, Capacitors
 Cabinet
 Mains code... etc.
7) CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
19
7.1 OVER LOAD SENSOR CIRCUIT
The overload sensor circuit consists of a transistor switch circuit

and relay driver circuit. Here BC 547 NPN transistor is used. The base of transistor is
connected to overload probe via 1K limiting resistor. The emitter is connected to ground
and collector is connected to one coil point of relay. The second coil point is connected
to direct 12V DC supply. In normal over load probe is above water level. Hence no base
voltage to BC547 and relay will not active. If over load probe and BC 547 conducts and
relay will active and a low pulse reach P1.O input port through N/O and COM point of
relay.
7.2 LIFE JACKET SENSOR CIRCUIT
The life jacket sensor circuit consists of a simple transistor of a

simple transistor switch and a relay circuit. The base of transistor and +12V is
connected to life jacket two hooked. The emitter of transistor is connected to ground
and collector is connected to ground and collector is connected to one coil terminal of
relay. Relay is an dectromagnet switch. In normal i.e., life jacket placed at hook,
positive bias voltage at hook, positive bias voltage at base of transistor and its collector
will low and switch on relay. Hence a low at input port here output program run. If life
jacket and relay will switch of a high to input port of micro - controller.
7.3 LOOP SENSOR CIRCUIT
Loop sensor circuit consists of a transistor switch based relay driver

circuit explained same as above over load sensor circuit. If water reaches safe level the
transistor will switch and relay will active.
The digital latch circuit consists of two CD4049 NOT gate. This section produces a
continuous 1 to loop sensor transistor switch. If boat crash, the input pin 5 of latch is 1
and hence 4 pin is O and again another NOT gate covert O to1 AND THE IN 4148
feedback diode produce continues 1 to base of input port transistor.
7.4 AT 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT 89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller with four ports (32 I/O

lines), two 16-bit timers/counters, on chip oscillator and clock circuitry. Power-on-reset
20
is achieved by connecting a 10 µF capacitor and a10K resistor to Pin 9 (Reset) of the

Micro-controller. During reset condition program counter of the micro controller is
initialized as ‘0000H’. Hence the micro-controller must reset as soon as the circuit is
switched on because the starting address of the program in the memory is 0000H. This
requirement ends in the application of a POWER ON RESET circuit.
For this the Reset pin must keep in logic High level for some
time and this logic high level must be removed after some time. An RC network can
satisfy this requirement. The R-C network is connected across the power supply rails.
And the mid-point of the RC network is connected to the RESET pin of the micro-
controller. For manual Reset Function a push switches are connected across positive rail
RESET pin. The timing clock is generated with the help of a crystal. The both ends of
the crystal are connected to the X1 and X2 pins [18 and 19] of the AT 89C51.Typically,
a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic internal
clock of frequency of the micro-controller. The manufactures make available 89C51
designs that can run at specified maximum and minimum frequencies, typically 1MHZ
to 16MHZ. Minimum frequencies imply that some internal memories are dynamic and
must always operate above a minimum frequency or data will be lost. Serial data
communication needs often dictate the frequency of the oscillator. The time to execute a
particular instruction is than found by multiplying C by 12 and dividing the product by
crystal frequency,
Tinst = ¿C x 12d)÷(Crystal frequency )

In this crystal two disc capacitors are connected in series with ground. These capacitors
are used to initial resonance circuit for crystals are used for noise free oscillations of
crystal. Each oscillation produced in this way will reach each register and then to the
EPROM. At the time of each oscillation, data’s included in each register (software
program) will active.
7.5 ALARM
Here for audio indication we can use 12 V DC piezo buzzer. If a

theft vehicle passes check post at that time the buzzer inside control room will produce
21
a sound. For this purpose we can use a 12VPiezo electric buzzer. This contains a piezo-
electric crystal. The crystal is so cut that the natural frequency lies between 1 and 2
KHz. In order to oscillate this crystal at this frequency it is necessary to apply the same
frequency between the opposite faces. This crystal is stamped to a thin metal film. This
metal film is mounted on a plastic or acrylic enclosure, which produce a sufficient air
column. Whenever the buzzer is vibrating in its natural frequency the metal film will
continuous sound.
The entire arrangement will reduce the cost, weight and the external
7.6 OPTO-COUPLER CIRCUIT
The opto-coupler circuit consists of a MCT2E opto-coupler.

It consists of LED and a photo transistor. The photo transistor will on only glowing
LED inside opto-coupler. The LED’S cathode is connected to output portPO.1 of micro-
controller. The MCT2E 4th pin is connected to relay driver transistor. In this no direct
electrical connection from output port of microcontroller to output real world.
22
7.7 RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT
The relay driver circuit consists of a switching transistor and a

relay. Relay is an electromagnetic switch. It has one common point and one normally
open (N/O) and one normally close (N/C) contact. The relay driver transistor BC 547
base is connected to 4th pin of MCT2E via IK current to limiting resistor and its emitter
is connected to ground and collector is connected to one coil of relay. If opto-LED will
glow, its 4th pin goes high and BC 547 will conduct and relay common point is
connected to N/O contact. Hence engine motor stop in case 1 and wireless transmitter
on in case 2. The diode in 4007 placed across relay coil is used to protect transistor from
feedback voltage from relay coils (Freewheeling diode).
7.8 WIRELESS TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT
The wireless transmitter and receiver circuit consists of a

easily available 433MHZ ASK digital RF module pair. In this ASK modulation and
demodulation method is used for RF communication. These modules are powered from
12V and 3VDC Battery supply for safe operation.
7.9 WIRELESS ASK RECEIVER CIRCUIT
The wireless receiver is a ASK digital module. It’s working voltage

is3V DC. The output this ASK wireless receiver is BCD form. One output is used for
buzzer.
7.10 MONITORING DISPLAY CIRCUIT
The display circuit consists a 7447 -BCD - To - 7 segment display

driver IC and a LTS 542 common Anode (CA) display. The 7447 BCD input 2, 1, 7, 6
is connected to output data of ASK Rx module. The output of 7447 a, b, c, d, e, f, g is
connected to seven segment of display. The display common point 3, 8 is connected to
+ 5V. The 220 ohm resistors are used for current limiting applications.
8) PCB LAYOUT
23
9) PCB FABRICATION
24
Designing of PCB is a major step in the production of

PCB is a major. It forms a distinct factor in electronic performance and reliability. The
productivity of a PCB, its assembly and service ability also depends on the design. The
designing of a PCB consists of designing of the layout followed by the preparation of
the artwork. The layout should include all the relevant aspects an details of the PCB
design while the art work preparation brings it to the form required for the production
process. The layout x can be designed with the help of any one of the standard layout
edition software’s such as Eagle, Orcad or Edwin XP. Hence a concept, clearly defining
all the details of the circuits and partly of the equipment, is a perquisite and the actual
layout can start. Depending on the accuracy required, the artwork might be produced a
1:1 or 2:1 even 4:1 scale. It is best prepared on a 1:1 scale.
PCB fabrication involves the following steps:-
1) First the layout of the PCB is generated using the software ORCAD. First step
involves drawing the circuit CIS which is a section of ORCAD. Then the layout is
obtained using layout plus. This layout is printed on a paper.
2) This printed layout is transferred to a Mylar sheet and touched with black ink.
3) The solder side of the Mylar sheet is placed on the shining side of the copper board
and is placed in a frame. It is than exposed to sunlight, with the Mylar sheet facing
the sunlight.
4) The exposed copper board is put in hydrogen peroxide solution. It is then put in hot
water; shook till unexposed region becomes transparent.
5) This is put in cold water and then the rough side is struck in to the skill screen. This
is then pressed and dried well.
6) The plastic sheet of the five - star is removed leaving the pattern on the screen.
7) A copper clad sheet is cut to the size and cleaned. This is then placed under the
screen.
25
8) Acid resist ink is spread on the screen, So that the pattern of the tracks and pad is
obtained on the copper clad sheet. It is dried.
9) The dried sheet is then etched using ferric chloride solution till all the unwanted
copper is etched away.
10) The unwanted resist ink is removed using sodium hydroxide solution, holes are then
drilled.
11) The components are soldered neatly on the board without dry soldering.
10) FLOW CHART
26
11) PROGRAM
ASM. LST
27
Initialization
ORG 00H ; locate reset routine at 00H
AJMP START ; jump to START of main program
ORG 03H ; locate interrupt 0
RETI ; returns from external interrupt 0
ORG 0BH ; locate timer 0 interrupt
RETI ; returns from timer 0 interrupt
ORG 13H ; locate interrupt 1
RETI ; returns from external interrupt 1
ORG 1BH ; locate timer 1 interrupt
RETI ; returns from timer 1 interrupt
ORG 23H ; locate serial port interrupt
RETI ; returns from serial port interrupt
ORG 25H ; locate beginning of delay program
START: ------------------------------------------------------------
MOV 61, #F3H ; store life jack code at 61 RAM
MOV 62, #FDH ; store over load code at 61 RAM
MOV 63, #FBH ; store crash code at 61 RAM
MOV R0, # F6H ; buzzer
MOV R1, # F2: RELAY, buzzer
MOV R2, # F2: eng relay
-------------------------------------------------------
START MAIN PROG*
28
LOOP: CLR A ; CLEAR A
CLR, 80H
MOV A, 90H ; loop to continuously read the input port
CJNE A, #0FFH, L1 ; detect any low at input
AJMP LOOP ; again jump to LOOP to read port 1
L1: CJNEA, #61L2
MOV A, # R0
MOV 80, A buzzer
MOV A, @ R1
MOV 80, R2 relay, buzzer
L2 CJNE A. @ 63H L3
MOV A, @ R3
MOV 80, R3 eng relay
L3 AJAMP LOOP main
CLR A;
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
29
NOP
AJAMP LOOP main program ; again jump to main program.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compile @ no errors found
PC check ok
12) ADVANTAGES
30
Advantages
1. It can help to reduce boat accidents.

2. Speed of rescue task can increase.
13) DISADVANTAGES
31
Disadvantages
1. Only modified form can use in practical application.

2. Transmission range of ASK module is only 2 or 3 meter.
3. We can’t ensure whether passengers wear the lifejackets.
14) APPLICATION
32
Applications
1. Boat accidents can reduced up to a certain limit.

2. Speed of rescue task can increased and can save more life.
3. Rules and regulations can protect up to a limit and safety requirements can be
ensured.
15) CONCLUSION
33
The presented project is an ‘Embedded Based safety Boat

system’. Now a day’s many Boat accidents are occurred at God’s own country Kerala.
These accidents are due to improper safety arrangements in bats. The presented project
is a ‘Micro-controller Based Safety Boat system’. This system is very necessary in all
boats. This safety boat consists of an overload sensor, if over occurs boat engine will
automatically stops. This also consists of a life jacket sensor and if any accident
occurred at that time automatically send boat number to boat number to boat monitoring
station. The heart of this project is AT89C51 micro-controller. The working of this
system is very accurate and error free.
16) BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Referred
a) Microcontroller & Advanced Microprocessors
34
By: I. Ravi Kumar Rau

b) Microcontroller Application & Architecture
By: Kenneth Ayola
c) 8051 Interfacing Systems
By: Akhilesh Mogra
Website Referred
a) http/www.Atmal.com
b) http/[email protected]
c) http/www.datasheetarchieveve.com
d) http/www.ieee.org.discover.com
35
APPENDIX
36

Project Report On Safety Boat

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MINI PROJECT 2010 µC BASED SAFETY BOAT

3 Block Diagram Explanation 3

3. 1 Overload Sensor Section 3

3. 2 Life Jacket Sensor Section 3

3. 3 Loop Sensor Section 3

3. 7 Relay Driver Section 6

3. 8 Wireless Transmitter Section 7

3. 9 ASK Receiver Section 7

4.1 Main Circuit

5 Working Of The System 14

7. 1 Overload Sensor Circuit 16

7. 2 Life Jacket Sensor Circuit 16

7. 3 Loop Sensor Circuit 16

7. 7 Relay Driver Circuit 19

7. 8 Wireless Transmitter Circuit 19

7. 9 Wireless ASK Receiver Circuit 19

7. 10 Monitoring Display Circuit 19

accurate and error free.

2.1 Main Circuit

2.2 Power Supply

3) BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

3.1 OVER LOAD SENSOR SECTION

The over load sensor section checks if overweight

3.2 LIFE JACKET SENSOR SECTION

‘LIFE JACKET’ sensor section senses the

3.3 LOOP SENSOR SECTION

In this for controlling circuit ATMEL 89C51 Micro -

Design with micro-controllers has the following features.

lines) two - 16 bit timers/counters, on chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

The special Features of 89C51 are;

 Clock frequency 12 MHz

Here for audio indication we can use 12 V DC piezobuzzer. If a theft

3.6 OPTO- COUPLER SECTION

The opto-coupler section is used for isolation purpose.

3.7 RELAY DRIVER SECTION

In this system both opto-coupler output is connected to

3.8 WIRELESS TRANSMITTER SECTION

Wireless transmitter section is used for convey a wireless

3.9 ASK WIRELESS RECEIVER SECTION

The wireless receiver section is placed at about motoring

3.11 DISPLAY SECTION

The display section is used for display accident boat

3.12 Power Supply

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR LOAD

Fig 3.13 Block diagram (Power supply)

3.12.2 Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-

3.12.3 IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive

 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

4.1 Main Circuit

4.3 Power Supply

The heart of this system is AT 89C51 Micro-

 AT 89C51 - ATMEL Micro-controller

 7812 - 12V Regulator