ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION
INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM:

To determine the
faradays law of
electromagnetic
induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron
rod and a strong magnet
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been
successfully completed by C SAI SATHVICK of Class XII
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2013-2014.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express
my gratitude towards our Physics
teacher MR P N SINGH for his
guidance, support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the
project. Without her motivation and
help the successful completion of this
project would not have been possible.
C SAI SATHVICK
APPARATUS

1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet and
4. A light emitting diode
(LED)
INTRODUCTION:
F
araday's law of induction is a basic law
of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive
force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle
of transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines
of force. These equations for electromagnetics are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only
allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological innovations that define
modern society. Understanding Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life
function because of the principles behind Faradays Law. From
natural phenomena such as the light we receive from the sun, to
technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power
generation, Faradays Law has a great impact on many aspects of
our lives.
Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist
and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by
Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working
in New York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he published
his work first . An important aspect of the equation that quantifies
Faradays Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian
physicist who made his contribution to Faradays Law, now known as
Lenzs Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.
Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop
an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer) to induce current
Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single

equation describing two different phenomena: the motional
EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz
force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due
to a changing magnetic field (due to the MaxwellFaraday
equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his
1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of
that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each
of the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of
electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with
a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate
the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through

a surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal (perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider
the field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,
which is denoted S.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed
circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's law of induction says
that the wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the
unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be
measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), d is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the
wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The MaxwellFaraday
equation is

where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the MaxwellFaraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and
used to "prove" the MaxwellFaraday equation and/or other laws.)
CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a very
important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faradays is not hard to grasp: it relates
an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faradays Law has
on us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WIKIPEDIA
 HOW STUFF WORKS
SCIENCE FOR ALL
EXPERIMENT PHOTOs