Scale Drawing

A drawing that shows a real object with accurate sizes reduced or enlarged by a
certain amount (called the scale).

The scale is shown as the length in the drawing, then a colon (":"), then the
matching length on the real thing.

Example: this drawing has a scale of "1:10", so anything drawn with the size of "1"
would have a size of "10" in the real world, so a measurement of 150mm on the
drawing would be 1500mm on the real horse.

Without a blueprint, it would be really hard to construct a building. Without a road

Methods

-Choose your drawing paper. It should be scaled to the size of your original print.

For example, if you have an image that's 8.5" x 11" (21.4cm x 28cm), then scale the
drawing paper size accordingly (i.e. 17" X 22" (43cm x 56cm) (two times), 4.25" x 5.5"
(10.7cm x 14cm) (0.5x)). In this article, you will be making a 1:1 scale drawing (8.5" x
11"/21.4cm x 28cm) for the sake of side-by-side comparison.

In the picture on the right, you can see the two pieces of 8.5" x 11" paper. The top is your
reference image, and the bottom is your drawing paper.

-Mark the edges of the reference picture at equal intervals. For this How-To, you will be
using one-inch (2.5cm) intervals. In the end, you should have equally spaced marks along the
edges of your paper.
 If you were using one-inch markings, there will be a half-inch (1.27cm) marking at either
the upper or lower half of the drawing, since the length (or height, if flipped in the
example) is only 8.5"/21.4 centimeter (8.4 in).

-Connect the opposing marks with a ruler. These connected lines will form a grid pattern,
hence the name "Grid method".

-Make the same exact grid pattern on your drawing paper. In the end, you should have
something similar to the image provided.

-Once this is complete, number each box for both your reference picture and drawing
paper, starting with the top left corner. If done correctly, you should have 99 separate boxes.
The product should look like a long calendar.

-Now it is time to begin drawing. Begin wherever you want. In this image, you'll see the
original artist started in Hobbes's armpit (Box 23).

Plans are a set of drawings or two-dimensional diagrams used to describe a place or object, or to
communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper,
but they can take the form of a digital file.

These plans are used in a range of fields from architecture, urban planning, mechanical
engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering to systems engineering.

Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering, or planning. Their
purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric
features of a site, building, product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or
orientation purposes, and as such are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of
plans is either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough information to allow a
builder or manufacturer to realize a design.

The term "plan" may casually be used to refer to a single view, sheet, or drawing in a set of
plans. More specifically a plan view is an orthographic projection looking down on the object,
such as in a floor plan.

The process of producing plans, and the skill of producing them, is often referred to as technical
drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the documentation
needed to build an engineering product or architecture. Typically in architecture these could
include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical drawings,
electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. In engineering, these drawings show all necessary
data to manufacture a given object, such as dimensions and angles.
Format

Plans are often prepared in a "set". The set includes all the information required for the purpose
of the set, and may exclude views or projections which are unnecessary. A set of plans can be on
standard office-sized paper or on large sheets. It can be stapled, folded or rolled as required. A set
of plans can also take the form of a digital file in a proprietary format such as DWG or an
exchange file format such as DXF or PDF.

Plans are often referred to as "blueprints" or "bluelines". However, the terms are rapidly
becoming an anachronism, since these copying methods have mostly been superseded by
reproduction processes that yield black or multicolour lines on white paper, or by electronic
representations of information.

Scale

Main articles: Architect's scale, Engineer's scale, and Metric scale

The three axonometric views.

Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at a specific ratio relative to
the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set.
For example, a floor plan may be drawn at 1:48 (or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be
drawn at 1:24 (or 1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1" = 20' (1:240) or 1" = 30' (1:360).

In the metric system the ratios commonly are 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000,
1:2000 and 1:5000
Views and projections

Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left).

Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of views
or projections is crucial to the legibility of plans. Each projection is achieved by assuming a
vantage point from which to see the place or object, and a type of projection. These projection
types are:

Parallel projection

o Orthographic projection, including:

Plan view or floor plan view

Elevation, usually a side view of an exterior

Section, a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane

o Axonometric projection, including:

Isometric projection

Dimetric projection

Trimetric projection

o Oblique projection, and

Perspective projection

Planning approach

There is no universal standard for sheet order, however the following describes a common
approach:

General Information : The first sheets in a set may include notes, assembly descriptions, a
rendering of the project, or simply the project title.

Site : Site plans, including a key plan, appear before other plans and on smaller projects
may be on the first sheet. A project could require a landscape plan, although this can be
integrated with the site plan if the drawing remains clear.
 Specific plans : Floor plans, starting with the lowest floor and ending with the roof plan
usually appear near the beginning of the set. Further, for example, reflected Ceiling Plans
(RCP)s showing ceiling layouts appear after the floor plans.

Elevations : Starting with the principal, or front elevation, all the building elevations
appear after the plans. Smaller residential projects may display the elevations before the
plans. Elevation details may appear on the same sheets as the building elevations.

Sections: Building sections that describe views cut through the entire building appear
next, followed by wall sections, then detail sections.

Details: Details may appear on any of the previous sheets, or may be collected to appear
on detail sheets. These details may include construction details that show how the
components of the building fit together. These details may also include millwork
drawings or other interior details.

Schedules: Many aspects of a building must be listed as schedules on larger projects.

Where additional systems are complex and require many details for installation, specialized
additional plan drawings may be used, such as:

Structural: While smaller projects may only show structural information on the plans and
sections, larger projects have separate sheets describing the structure of the building.

Mechanical: Mechanical drawings show plumbing, heating, ventilation and air

Electrical :Electrical plan drawings may include equipment and cable tray layout, lighting
and power, grounding, telephone, local area network, special communications or signal
systems, or a reflected lighting plan.