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Modern Algebra

The document contains 23 problems related to group theory concepts such as groups, subgroups, homomorphisms, isomorphisms, and applications of group theory theorems like Lagrange's theorem and Euler's theorem. Some of the problems ask to show certain sets with operations are groups, find subgroups, determine if maps are homomorphisms or isomorphisms, and apply theorems like Lagrange's theorem to number theory problems.

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Sahil Goel
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257 views4 pages

Modern Algebra

The document contains 23 problems related to group theory concepts such as groups, subgroups, homomorphisms, isomorphisms, and applications of group theory theorems like Lagrange's theorem and Euler's theorem. Some of the problems ask to show certain sets with operations are groups, find subgroups, determine if maps are homomorphisms or isomorphisms, and apply theorems like Lagrange's theorem to number theory problems.

Uploaded by

Sahil Goel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Groups, Subgroups
( ! )
a a
(1) Let G = |a 6= 0, a R . Is it a group under multiplication?
a a
( ! )
a b
(2) Let G = ||a| + |b| =
6 0, a, b R . Is it a group under multiplication?
b a

(3) Put G = {a + b 2 : a, b Q}. Show that the nonzero elements in G form a group
denoted bu G under multiplication.
(4) Show that the set of all transformations of the type z 7 az+b cz+d , ad bc 6= 0 of the
complex numbers in itself, is a group for the operation of composite transformations.
(This group is called Mobius transformation group.)
(5) Find the order of the group GLn (Fp ) where Fp = Z/pZ the field of integers modulo
a prime number p.
(6) Show that every Sn can be expressed as a product of disjoint cycles.
(7) Every Sn can be expressed as a product of transpositions.
(8) The set An of all even permutations forms a subgroup of Sn of order n!/2.
(9) List all the elements of order 2 in S4 . How many elements of Sn have order 2?
(10) Write elements as permutation in S6 of the dihedral group symmetries of a regular
hexagon inscribed in a unit circle with one vertex on the x-axis.
(11) Let |x| denote order of an element x in a group G. Show that |x| = |x1 | = |gxg 1 |
for any g G. Deduce that |ab| = |ba| for any a, b G.
(12) Prove that if x2 = 1 for all x G, then G is abelian.
(13) Show that G is abelian group if and only if (ab)2 = a2 b2 .
(14) Prove that any finite group of even order contains an element of order 2.
(15) Let F be a field. The Heisenburg group H(F ) is defined to be the multiplicative
group:


1 a b

H(F ) = 0 1 c : a, b, c F


0 0 1

(a) Find formulas for products and inverses of elements in H(F ).


(b) Show that H(F ) is a nonabelian group.
(c) Prove that every nonidentity element of H(R) has infinite order.
(d) Let F be a finite field with q elements. Show that |H(F )| = q 3 .
(e) Find orders of elements of H(F2 ).
(16) Let G be an abelian group. Prove that the set t(G) = {g G : |g| < } is a
subgroup of G, (called the torsion subgroup of G). Give an example to show that
t(G) is not a subgroup when G is not abelian.
(17) Let H and K be subgroups of a group G. Then HK is a subgroup of G if and only
if HK = KH.
(18) Show that a group can not be the union of two proper subgroups.
(19) Find all subgroups of S3 and D4 .
(20) Let H be a subgroup of G and a G. Show that a H if and only if aH = H.
1
2

(21) Show that every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.


(22) Let G =< a > and |a| = n. Find |ar | where r [n]. Find all r [n] such that
G =< ar >.
(23) Let G be a group and x, y G have finite orders m and n respectively. Prove that
|xy| divides [m, n] if xy = yx. Give an example of x and y so that |xy| < [m, n].
What can you say if xy 6= yx.
(24) If G is a group of prime order then G is cyclic.
(25) Give an example of a group which is not cyclic group but every proper subgroup of
which is cyclic.
(26) Show that a cyclic group with just one generator has at most two elements.
(27) Prove that an infinite cyclic group has exactly two generators.
3

2. Homomorphism,Isomorphism

(1) Let (a1 , . . . , ak ), Sn . Then show that (a1 , . . . , ak ) 1 = ((a1 ), . . . , (ak )).
(2) Let : G H be an isomorphism. Prove that 1 : H G is an isomorphism.
(3) Let a G and ia : G G be the map ia (g) = aga1 for all g G. Show
that ia is an automorphism of G. Let B(G) denote the group of bijections of G.
Define : G B(G) by (a) = ia . Show that is a group homomorphism and
ker = Z(G). Show that the image I(G) of G under is a normal subgroup of
Aut(G).
(4) Show that the map : GLn (R) GLn (R) defined by (A) = (At )1 is an
automorphism.
(5) Show that the map : G G defined by (x) = x1 is an automorphism if and
only if G is abelian.
(6) Show that upto isomorphism the only cyclic groups are Z/nZ for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(7) Determine the group of automorphism of Z, S3 and Z/nZ.
(8) Show that Z(Sn ) = (1) for n > 2.
(9) Find Z(GLn (R)).
(10) Give an example of a subgroup of index 3 which is not normal.
(11) Show that the functions f (x) = 1/x and g(x) = (x 1)/x generate, under compo-
sition of functions, a group isomorphic to S3 .
(12) Let : G G0 be a surjective group homomorphism. Show that for any normal
subgroup N of G, (N ) is a normal subgroup of G0 .
(13) Prove that the subgroup of upper triangular matrices in GL3 (F2 ) is isomorphic to
the dihedral group of order 8.
(14) Let G be an abelian group of odd order. Prove that the map : G G defined
by (g) = g 2 for all g G is an automorphism.
(15) Show that GL2 (R) is not a normal subgroup of GL2 (C).
(16) Give examples of three groups G / H / K so that G is not normal in K.
(17) Suppose H and K are subgroups of finite index in the group G with [G : H] = m
and [G : K] = n. Prove that l.c.m(m, n) [G : H K] mn. Deduce that if m
and n are relatively prime then [G : H K] = [G : H][G : K].
(18) Let K < H < G be subgroups of a finite group G. Show that [G : K] = [G : H][H :
K].
(19) Prove that if H and K are finite subgroups of G whose order are relatively prime
then H K = 1
(20) Let H < G. Prove that the map x 7 x1 sends each left coset of H in G onto a
right coset of H and gives a bijection between the set of left cosets and the set of
right cosets of H in G.
(21) For n N, (n) := {j N|1 j n and (j, n) = 1} is called the Eulers phi
function. Use Lagranges theorem in the multiplicative group (Z/pZ) to prove
Fermats Little Theorem: if p is a prime then ap a(mod p) for all a Z.
4

(22) Let p be a prime and n be a positive integer. Find the order of p in (Z/(pn 1)Z)
and deduce that n|(pn 1) (here is Eulers function).
(23) Use Lagranges Theorem in the multiplicative group (Z/nZ) to prove Eulers The-
orem: a(n) 1(mod n) for every integer a relatively prime to n, where is Eulers
phi function.

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