Thesis
Thesis
Thesis
SCOPE
WHAT IS BARRAGE
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
INVESTIGATION AND DATA REQUIRED
LOCATION AND ALIGNMENT
PLANNING AND LAYOUT
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SCOPE
This standard lays down guidelines for design of barrages in alluvial foundation.
BARRAGE
A barrage, by definition, is a weir structure fitted with gates to regulate the Water level in the pool behind in order to
divert water through a canal for Irrigation, power generation, and flow augmentation to another river .The barrages
may be classified as being located in the following four types of river regimes.
- Mountainous and sub-mountainous.
- Alluvial and deltaic.
ADVANTAGES
The mountainous and sub-mountainous regions are suitable for locating a Diversion structure for
hydroelectric power schemes due to the availability of high heads and less siltation problems. For power
canals (usually called power channels) the difference in elevations can be effectively utilized by generating
hydro-power.
The disadvantageous of a large number of drops for the canal taking off from the barrage located in the
mountainous and sub-mountainous regions, but it give a beneficial if it employment with a hydro-electric
power generating units.
DISADVANTAGES
For irrigation canals taking off from the barrage, the service area (where the water would actually be used
for irrigation) will start after a long distance from the barrage, so the length of the canal would be more
than that when the barrage constructed for alluvial and deltaic river.
ALIGNMENT
Right angles to the course of the river (unit discharge would be maximum, uniform flow, suitable for sandy
foundation, more economical).
Sufficient width and uniform width of the river.
Favorable foundation.
1.DESIGN FLOOD
Diversion structure has to be designed in such a way that it may be able to pass a high flood of sufficient magnitude
safely. Gauss discharge curve up to these flood values shall be prepared. Normal flood discharge at pond level and
maximum observed flood level and maximum design flood level shall be determined. When the design flood passes
the structure all the gates of the structure are fully open.
2.AFFLUX
The structure would cause a rise in the water level on the upstream compare to the downstream at the time passage
of high flood the gates open. This rise in water level on the upstream is called afflux.
3.FREE BOARD
Once the permissible afflux is decided, the necessary water way can be accordingly worked out and the
upstream water level estimated for the design flood. Over the gauge-discharge curve on the downstream
side and estimated on the upstream, sufficient Free Board has to be provided so that there is no
overtopping of the components like abutments, piers, flank walls, guide bunds, afflux bunds etc. The Free
Board to be provided depends on the importance of the structure generally, 1.5 to 2 m Free Board above
the afflux water level on the upstream and above the high flood level on the downstream is provided. A
freeboard is provided over an afflux water level due to a flood with 1 in 500 year frequency.
4.POND LEVEL
Pond level is the level of water, immediately upstream of the barrage, which is required to facilitate withdrawal of
water into the canal with its full supply. The pond level has to be carefully planned so that the required water can be
drawn without difficulty. By adding the energy losses through the head regulator to the Full Supply Level of the
canal at its starting point just downstream of the canal head-works, the pond level is evaluated. The provision of a
high pond level with an elevation almost equal to the high flood level or above has to be planned very carefully
since such a provision is likely to induce shoal formation on the upstream.
5.CUT-OFF
Cut-offs is barrier provided below the floor of the barrage both at the upstream and the downstream ends. They may
be in the form of concrete lungs or steel sheet-piles, as observed from the figures 14, 15 and 16. The cut-offs extend
from one end of the barrage up to the other end (on the other bank). The purpose of providing cutoff is two-folds as
explained below.
During low-flow periods in rivers, when most of the gates are closed in order to maintain a pond level, the
differential pressure head between upstream and downstream may cause uplift of river bed particles. A cutoff
increases the flow path and reduces the uplift pressure, ensuring stability to the structure.
During flood flows or some unnatural flow condition, when there is substantial scour of the downstream riverbed,
the cutoffs or sheet piles protect the undermining of the structures foundation.
6.SPILLWAY BAYS
This is the main body of the barrage for controlling the discharges and to raise the water level to the desired value to
feed the canals. It is a reinforced concrete structure designed as a raft foundation supporting the weight of the gates,
piers and the bridge above to prevent sinking into the sandy river bed foundation. A typical section of a spillway bay
is shown in Figure.
7.UNDERSLUICE BAYS
These low crested bays may be provided on only one flank or on both flanks of the river depending upon whether
canals are taking-off from one or both sides. The width of the under sluice portion is determined on the basis of the
following considerations.
It should be capable of passing at least double the canal discharge to ensure good scouring capacity
It should be capable of passing about 10 to 20 percent of the maximum flood discharge at high floods
It should be wide enough to keep the approach velocities sufficiently lower than critical velocities to ensure
maximum settling of suspended silt load.
Under sluices are often integrated with RCC tunnels or barrels, called silt excluders, extending up to the width of the
Canal Head Regulator, as can be seen from Figure 13. These tunnels are provided in order to carry the heavier silt
from a distance upstream and discharge it on the downstream, allowing relatively clear water to flow above from
which the Canal Head Regulator draw its share of water.
Typical sections of under sluices with and without silt excluder tunnel are shown in Figures.
8.WATER WAY
The water way, is the clear opening of a barrage to allow flood flow to pass has a bearing on the afflux.
Hence, a maximum limit placed on the afflux also limits the minimum waterway. Many a times, the
Laceys stable perimeter for the highest flood discharge is taken as the basis of calculating the waterway,
where:
P = 4.83 Q1/2
The silt excluding tunnels carry heavy silt down the river below the under sluices. It is a thin, vertical,
curved parallel walled structures constructed of plain or reinforced concrete. it is provided as a part of the
under sluice bays of the barrage floor in the river pocket adjacent to the head regulator to minimize
sediment entry into the canal through the head regulator. As such, the excluders have to deal with alluvial
materials such as boulders, gravel, and sand or silt depending upon the parent bed material and that which
is being transported by the river.
10.ABUTEMENT
The abutments form the end structures of the barrage and their layout depends upon the project features and
topography of the site. The length of the abutment is generally kept same as the length of the floor. The top of the
abutment is fixed with adequate free board over the upstream and downstream water levels.
11.FLANK WALL
In continuation of the abutments of the diversion structure, flank walls are provided both on the upstream and
downstream sides on both the banks. The flank walls ensure smooth entry and exit of water and away from the
diversion structure. The flank walls laid out in a flare with vertical alignment close to the abutment and a slope of
2H:1V or 3H:1V on the other end, as may be observed from the layout of the barrage.
13.GUIDE BUNDS
The requirement of narrowing down and restricting wide alluvial river courses to flow axially through the barrage
necessitates the use of guide bunds.
14.AFFLUX BUNDS
Afflux bunds are components of the diversion structures wherever necessary to protect important low lying
properties adjacent to the structures from submergence due to afflux high floods.
15.DIVIDE WALL
The divide wall is much like a pier and is provided between the sets of under sluice or river sluice or spill bays. The
main functions of a divide wall:
It separates the turbulent flood waters from the pocket in front of the canal head.
It helps in checking parallel flow (to the axis of the barrage) which would be caused by the formation of deep
channels leading from the river to the pocket in front of the sluice The length of the divide wall on the upstream has
to be such as to keep the heavy action on the nose of the divide wall away from the upstream protection of the
sluices and also to provide a deep still water pond in front of the canal head regulator.
The water that enters a canal is regulated through a Head Regulator. A typical cross section through a regulator is
shown in Figure below. As it is desirable to exclude silt as much as possible from the head regulator, the axis of the
regulator is laid at an angle from90o to 110o to the barrage axis head.
Maintain a clear and well defined river channel towards the canal head regulator
To enable the canal to draw silt free water from surface only as much as possible
To scour the silt deposited in front of the head regulator
Terms used in Barrage Design
i) Discharge (Q) = m3/sec
It is the volume metric flow of water during per unit time.
Slope Of River =1
DESIGN OF BARRAGE PROFILE FOR OVERFLOW
CONDITION
1. MINIMUM STABLE WETTED PERIMETER
Try;
40 bays @ 60 = 2400ft
25 piers @ 7 =175 ft
Total Wa =2630 ft
=1.94
Ho= =0.7 ft
Eo=10.97+0.7=11.67 ft
E1=18+0.7+3=21.7 ft
Crest Level=582+21.7-11.67=592.03 ft
Maximum D/S Water Level=597.5
So h=597.5-592.03=5.47 ft
= =0.47
=0.95
Assume c=3.5
C=3.5 =3.325
Ho= =0.84 ft
Maximum USEL=603.00+0.84=603.84 ft
Eo=603.84-589.03=14.81 ft
H=14.81-3=11.81 ft
= =0.79
So c=0.80 =2.8
Q >Q ok
A) Retrogressed State
b) Normal State
c)Accreted State