RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA

Lesson :- 05 (Low of motion xfr ds fu;e )

fcUnq nzO;eku (Point mass):- fdlh oLrq dks fcUnq nzO;eku dgk tk ldrk gS] ;fn og xfr ds
nkSjku fn;s x;s le; esa vius vkdkj dh
rqyuk esa vR;f/kd nwjh r; djrh gSA or kwU; foek okyh oLrq dks fcUnq nzO;eku dgk tk
ldrk gSA
cy dh ladYiuk (Concept of force ):- ;g og okg; dkjd gS tks fd oLrq dh fojke voLFkk] xfr dh
voLFkk vFkok mldh vkdzfr
esa ifjorZu vFkok ifjorZu dk iz;kl djrk gSA vFkkZr ;g ,d fudk; ls nwljs fudk; ij vkjksfir
gksrk gSA
cy ds izdkj (kinds of force ):- ;kaf=dh esa cy eq[;r% rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- {ks= Qy (Field force ):- og cy ftuesa nks oLrqvksa ds chp LkEidZ dh vko;drk ugha gksrh
{ks= cy dgykrs gSA
tSls (i) nks oLrqvksa ds chp yxus okyk xq:RokdkZ.k cy (ii) nks vkoskksa ds chp yxus
okyk fLFkj oS|qr cy A
2- lEidZ cy (Contact force ):- lEidZ esa vkW;h nks oLrq,Wa ,d nwljs ij leku foijhr cy vkjksfir
djrh gSA ;fn lEidZ ?kkZ.k jfgr
gks rks lEidZ cy mHk; fuB i`B ij yECkor~ yxrk gSA rFkk ;g yEcor~ ry izfrfdz;k cy(R)
dgykrk gSA
;fn oLrq,Wa [kqjnjs lEidZ esa gks rFkk ,d&nwljs ds lfi{k fcuk lEidZ NksMs pyus ds fy,
Lora= gks] rks ?kkZ.k cy mRiUUk gksrk gSA tks fd
bl izdkj dh xfr dk fojks/k djrk gSA iqu% oLrq] nwljs ij ,d ?kkZ.k cy vkjksfir djrh gSA rFkk
nksuksa cy cjkcj rFkk foijhr gksrs gSA
;g cy vfHkyEcizfrfd;k cy ds yEcor~ gksrk gSA vr% nks oLrqvksa ds chp lEidZ cy nks
cyksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
(i) yEc izfrfdz;k(normal reaction) N (ii)?kkZ.k cy(force of friction)f pwWfd ;s nksuks cy ijLij yEcor
F N2 f 2
gSA rks
A N F1
A F1 f f
F2 B F2 N
(a) (b)
fp= (a) esa gykWd A rFkk B ,d nwljs ds ij pyus ds fy, Lora= gSA ] A nkW;h vkSj rFkk B
ckW;h vksjA
fp= (b) esa N ifjek.k dh nks vfHkyEc izfrfdz;k,W Cyksdks dh lEidZ lrg ds yEcor~ gSA
js[kh; laosx (Linear momentum ) :- fdlh xfrkhy oLrq ds nzO;eku rFkk osx ds xq.ku QYk dks
P
laosx dgrs gSA bls ls iznfkZr
P m.v
djrs gSA ;fn oLrq dk nzO;eku m rFkk osx v gks rks oLrq dks laosx
;g ,d lfnk jkfk gS] rFkk bldh fnkk oLrq ds osx dh fnkk esa gksrh gSA

P M LT 1 MLT 1
Unit in MKS kgm/sec, and in CGS gm.cm/sec Dimension formula
;fn nks fofHkUUk nzO;ekuks okyh oLrqvksa ds laosx leku gS] rc gydh oLrq dk osx vf/kd
gksxkA
v m 1
1 2 v
p m1v1 m2 v2 v 2 m1 m
constant vFkkZr
pv
nh x;h oLrq ds fy, leku osx ls xfrlhy oLrqvksa ds fy,
pm

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 RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA

P P
V

m m V
m= constant p =constant v= fu;r

tMRo (Inertia):- ;fn dksbZ oLrq fLFkj gS rks og fLfkj jguk pkgrh gS rFkk ;fn xfrkhy gS
rks ,d leku osx ls xfrkhy jguk pkgrh
gSA tc rd fd ml ij dksbZ okg; cy vlarqfyr cy dk;Z ugh djsA oLrq ds bl xq.k dks tM+Ro
dgrs gSA vFkkZr
fi.M dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k og fLFkj voLFkk ;k ,d leku xfr muoLFkk esa ifjorZu dk foks/k
djrk gSA tM+Ro dgykrk gSA
Note:- 1- tM+Ro ,d HkkSfrd jkfk ugha gS] ;g dsoy oLrq dk varfuZfgr xq.k gS] tks fd oLrq
ds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
2- tM+Ro dk dksbZ fiek o ek=d ugha gksrkA 3- ,d leku nzO;eku dh nks oLrq, ftuesa ,d
xfreku o nwljh fLFkj gSA dk tM+Ro leku
gksrk gSAD;ksfd tM+Ro dsoy nzo;eku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g oLrq ds osx o vkdkj ij fuHkZj
ugha djrkA
vjLrq dh Hkzk;drk o xSyhfy;ks dk fujkdj.k (Aristalles fallacy and Gallileos remedy):-
xSfyfy;ks ls iwoZ oSKkfudks dk fopkj Fkk fd fdlh oLrq dks xfreku j[kus ds fy, ml ij okg; cy
yxk jguk pkfg, A buds vuqlkj
oLrq dh fojkeoLFkk gh mldh LoHkkfod voLFkk gSA ;fn oLrq dh xfr dks cuk;s j[kuk gS
rks ml ij dksbZ u dksbZ okg; cy yxkrkj
yxk;s j[kuk gksxkA blds fy, mUgksus ,d iz;ksx fd;k ftlesa mUgksus ,d xqVdk {kSfrt ry ij
j[kk] vc bls gkFk ls /kDdk nsdj f[kldk
fn;k gkFk gVkus ij ;g xqVdk /khek gksrk x;k vkSj vUr esa :d x;kA ftlls mUgksus fudkZ
fudkyk fd xqVds ls gkFk okg; cy ?Vkus ls
xqVdk :d x;kA ijUrq xSyhfy;ks us muds rdZ dks ugha ekuk mlus fn[kk;k fd ;fn xqVds vkSj
mlds ry dks fpduk dj fn;k tk, vFkkZr
buds chp ?kkZ.k de dj fn;k tk,s rks xqVds dks mrus gh cy ls /kDdk nsus ij vf/kd le; rd
xfreku jgsxkA bls pykus ds fy,
xSyhfy;ksa dks iz;ksx (Galileos Experiment):- xSfyfy;ks us fp= (a) esa ,d fpdus ry BC ij nks
<ky (incilined) o fpdus ry
AB rFkk CD yxsa gSA ftuesa AB rFkk BC ry dks fLFkj j[kk] ijUrq ry CD dks fofHkUUk
<kyksa ij fLFkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc
,d fpduh xksyh dks ry AB ij yq<dkrs gSA rks ;g ry BC ls gksrh gqbZ ry CD ij mlh WpkbZ
rd tkrh gS] ftl WpkbZ ls bls
Rky AB ls yq<+dk;k tkrk gSA ry AB ij yq<dkrs le; xksyh ij xq:Roh; cy yxrk gSA tks mlds
osx esa o`f} dj nsrk gSA tc CD
Rky ij ;gh xq:Roh; cy osx dks de djrk gSA

D D
A A A
h h h
D
B C B C B C

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 RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA

(a) (b) (c)

;fn ge CD ds <yku dks dqN de djnsa rks ge ns[krs gS fd xksyh dks mlh WpkbZ h rd
Pk<+us ds fy, vc igys ls vf/kd nwjh
Rk; djuh iM+rh gSA fp= b ry CD dk <yku ftruk de djrs tkrs gS] xksyh ml ij mruh gh
vf/kd nwjh r; djrh gSA vr%
xkSyhfy;ks us fudkZ fudkyk fd ;fn ry CD ds <yku dks kwU; dj fn;k tk;s fp= (c) rks
xksyh bl ry ij vuar ry pysxhA bl
nkk esa CD ry {kSfrt gks tk;sxk] vr% xksyh dh xfr ij xq:RokdkZ.k cy dk dksbZ izHkko
ugha iMs+xkA
vr% LiV gS fd cy dh vko;drk fdlh oLrq dh xfr esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, gksrh gS] mldh xfr
dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ughaA
vr%dg ldrs gS fdlh oLrq dh xfr dh voLFkk esa rc rd dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk tc rd fd ml
ij dksbZ okg; cy u yxk;k tk;s
bl dFku dks xSyhfy;ksa dk tM+Ro dk fu;e (low of inertia) dgrs gSA
gekjk lEiw.kZ xfr foKku rhu ewy fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA bUgsa loZizFke 1686 esa lj vkbtd
U;wVu us viuh izfl} iqLrd fizflfi;k
(Principia) esa dze c} fd;kA blfy, bu fu;eksa dks U;wVu ds xfr fok;d fu;e dgrs gSA
tMRo ds izdkj %& tM+Ro rhu izdkj dk gksrk gSA
1- fojke dk tM+Ro 2- xfr dk tM+Ro 3- fnkk dk tM+Ro
1- fojke dk tM+Ro%& oLrq dk og xq.k ftl dkj.k og viuh fojke voLFkk esa gksus okys
ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrh gSA fojke tM+Ro
Dgkykrk gSA fojke tM+Ro ds dqN O;ogkfjd mnkgj.k
(i) cl vFkok jsy xkM+h ds vpkud pyus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h ihNs dh vksj fxj iM+rs gSA cl
vFkok jsy xkM+h ds vpkud pyus ij ;k=h
ds kjhj dk fupyk Hkkx tks cl ;k jsyxkM+h ds lEidZ esa gksrk gSA kh?kz gh xfr izkjEHk dj
nsrk gSA ] ijUrq kjhj dk ijh Hkkx tks cl
;k jsyxkM+h ds lEidZ esa ugha gSA vius fojke tM+Ro ds xq.k ds dkj.k fojkek oLFkk esa
gh cuk jgrk gSA] ftl dkj.k ;k=h ihNs dh vksj
fxj iM+rs gSA
(ii) f[kM+d ds khks ls cUnqd dh xksyh Vdkus ij khks esa ,d NksVk xksy Nsn curk gSA
ijUrq iRFkj ds Vdjkus ij khkk pV[k tkrk gSA
cUnqd dh xksyh dk osx cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k f[kM+dh ds khks ls Vdjkus ij
xksyh ds lEidZ esa cgqr de le; jgrh gSA
vr% khks ds dsoy mlh Hkkx esa rho`xfr mRiUUk gks ikrh gSA vkSj khks esa ,d xksy o
xksyh ds vkdkj dk Nsn cu ikrk gSA rFkk khks dk
Hkkx fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k vius LFkku ij fojke oLFkk esa cukk kSk jgrk gSA
(iii) dEcy dks gkFk esa idM+ dj M.Ms ij /kwy ds dM+ >M+ dj fxj iM+rs gSA
B.Ms ls ihVus ij dEcy ds Hkkxksa esa ;dk;d xfr mRiUUk gks tkrh gS] ijUrq /kwy ds d.k
fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k mUgh LFkkuks esa jgus dk
Ikz;Ru djrs gSA vr% fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k /kwy ds d.k vyx gksdj fxj iMrs gSA
(iv) fdlh dkWp ds xYkkl ij j[ks xfr dks vpkud gVk nsus ij ml ij j[kk flDdk dkWp ds Xykl ds
vUnj fxj tkrk gSA
dkWp ds ,d Xykl ij xrs ds ij flDdk j[k nsaA tc xrs dks vWxqyhls Vdjkdj gVk;k tkrk gS] rks
flDdk Xykl esa fxj tkrk gSA bldk
dkj.k gS fd izkjEHk esa xrk o flDdk nksuksa fojke voLFkk esa FksA tc xrs dks mWxyh ls
trh ls izsl (press) /kDdk nsrs gSA rks xrs esa xfr
mRiUUk gks tkrh gSA ijUrq fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k flDdk vius LFkku ij fLFkj jgrs gSA vr%
xrk vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA vkSj flDdk Xykl
esa fxjtkrk gSA
2- xfr tM+Ro ( Intertia of motion):- fdlh oLrq dk og xq.k ftl dkj.k og viuh ,d leku xfr esa gksus
okys ifjorZu dk fojks/k
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 RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA
djrh gSA xfr tM+Ro dgykrk gSA
Examples :- 1- pyrh gqbZ cl ;k jsyxkM+h esa vpkud cs`d yxkus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h vksx dh
vksj >qd tkrs gSA
Pkyrh cl ;k jsy esa ;k=h Hkh xkM+h dh pky ls xfr djrk gSA cl ;k jsyxkM+h ds vpkud :dus ij
;k=h ds Kjhj dk fupyk Hkkx xkM+h
ds lEidZ esa gS] xkM+h ds lkFk ryh ls :d tkrk gSA ijUrq kjhj dk ijh Hkkx xfr ds tM+Ro
ds dkj.k mlh pky ls xfreku jgrk gSA
ftl dkj.k ;k=h vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrk gSA
2- pyrh xkM+h ls mrjus ij ;k=h dks xkM+h dh xfr dh fnkk esa dqN nwjh rd nkSM+uk
pkfg, vU;Fkk og vksx dh vksj fxj iM+rk gSA
Pkyrh xkM+h esa ;k=h Hkh xkM+h dh pky ls xfr djrk gSA pyrh xkM+h ls mrjus ij tSls gh
fupyk fgLlk i`Foh ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS A og
fojke voLFkk esa vk tkrk gSA ijUrq kjhj dk ijh Hkkx xfr tM+Ro ds dkj.k mlh pky ls vkxs
dh vksj xfrdjrk gSA ftlls og vkxs dh
vksj fxj iM+rk gSA ;fn ;k=h dqN nwjh rd xfr xkM+h dh fnkk esa nkSM+rk gS] rks kjhj
ds ijh Hkkx dks :dus ds fy, Ik;kZIr le; fey
tkrk gSA
3.fnkk tM+Ro (Inertia of direction) :- oLrq dk og xq.k ftl dkj.k og viuh xfr dh fnkk esa
gksus okys ifjorZ; dk fojks/k djrh gSA
fnkk dk tM+Ro dgykrk gSA
Examples :-;fn ,d iRFkj dks Mksjh ls ckW/kdj {kSfrt o`kh; iFk esa /kqek;s arc Mksjh ds
VwVus ij iRFkj LikhZ; fnkk esa xfr djrk gSA
Ok`kh; iFk ds fdlh Hkh fcUnq ij IkRFkj dh pky LikhZ; fnkk esa gksrh gSA Mksjh dk ruko
mls o`kh; xfr inku djrk gSA Mksjh ds VwVus ij
Mksjh dk ruko kwU; gks tkrk gSA vr% iRFkj o`kh; iFk ij xfr djds viuh fnkk ds tM+Ro ds
dkj.k] LIkhZ; js[kh; fnkk esa xfr djrk gSA
2- xkM+h ds Vk;j ds lEidZ esa vk;s dhpM+ ds dMksa ls cpus ds fy, eMxkMZ yxk;s tkrs
gSA
xkM+h ds Vk;j ds lEiZd esa vk,dhpM ds d.k viuh fnkk ds tM+Ro ds dkj.k viuh Lik js[kh;
pky dh fnkk esa xfr djrs gSA rFkk okgu
dks xUnk djrs gSA ftlls cpus ds fy, mudguard iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
3- tc dksbZ cl ;k dkj fdlh odkdkj eksM+ ij eqM+rh gS rks mlesa cSBs ;k=h fnkk ds
tM+Ro ds dkj.k ckgj dh vksj fxjus yxrs gSA

U;wVu ds xfr fok;d fu;e %& U;wVu ds xfr fok;d rhu fu;e gSA
1- U;wVu dks xfr fok;d izFke fu;e (Newtons first law of motion):- xSyhfy;ks ds tM+Ro lEca/kh
fu;e dks oSKkfud U;wVu us fuEu
Ikzdkj izLrqr fd;kA ;gh fu;e U;wVu dk xfr fok;d izFke fu;e dgykrk gSA
;fn dksbZ oLrq fojkekoLFkk esa gS rks fojkekoLFkk esa gh jgsxh vkSj ;fn xfreku voLFkk
esa gS] rks xfreku voLFkk esa gh jgsxh] tc rdfd
ml ij dksbZ okg; cy u yxk;k tk;sA
okg; cy dh vuqifLFkfr esa viuh fojkeoLFkk vFkok ,d leku xfr voLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus dh
izofkZ gksrh gSA vFkkZr izR;sd oLrq esa
mdlh orZeku voLFkk esa ifjorZu ds fojks/k dk xq.k gksrk gSA ;gh xq.k tM+Ro dgykrk gSA
vr% bl fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSA
2- U;wVu dk xfr fok;d f}rh; fu;e (Newtons second law of motion):- bl fu;e ds vuqlkj fdlh oLrq
ij d;kZjr cy]
oLrq ds laosx ifjorZu dh nj ds vuqdqekuqikrh gksrk gSA rFkk laosx esa ifjorZu yxk;s x;s
cy dh fnkk esa gksrk gSA
t p
cy laosx ifjorZu dh nj ;fn fdlh oLrq ij F cy yxkus ij mlds laosx esa le; esa ifjorZu
gksrks
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p dp dp dp d dv
F F F k F F m.v F m
t dt dt dt dt dt
(in C.G.S system k = 1) rks
dv
a
dt

F m.a
cy = nzO;eku Roj.k
vr% fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku rFkk mlesa mRiUUk Roj.k dk xq.ku Qy ml ij vkjksfir cy gksrk
gsA rFkk Roj.k dh fnkk cy dh fnkk esa
gksrh gSA vr% U;wVu dk izFke fu;e cy dh ifjHkkkk nsrk gSA tcfd U;wVu dk f}rh; fu;e cy
ds fijek.k dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
(Examples of Newton second law )
1- fdzdsV dk dksbZ f[kykM+h rho`xfr ls vkrh gqbZ xsan dks idMrs le; vius gkFk dks ihNs
dh vksj [kahprk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd
izkjEHk esa xsn xfr eku gksrh gSA rFkk f[kykM+h ds gkFkksa ls xsan dks jksdus ds fy,
eUnd cy (Retatardatio force) yxrk gSA ;fn
f[kykM+h ,d ne ls xsan dks idM+rk gS ftlds fy, cgqr vf/kd eUnd cy dh vko;drk gksrh gSA
ftlls f[kykM+h ds gkFkksa esa pksV yx
ldrh gSA vkSj tc f[kykM+h gkFk dks ihNs dh vksj ys tkdj xsan dks /khjs ls idM+s rc eUnu
cy de yxsxkA vr% f[kykM+h dks xsan idMus
esa de eUnu cy yxkuk iM+sxkA ftlls f[kykM+h ds gkFkksa esa pksV yxus dh lEHkkouk
ugha jgrhA
2- tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh WpkbZ ls dBksj QkZ ij dwWnrk gSA] rc O;fDr dk osx rqjUr kwU;
gks tkrk gSA vkSj O;fDr ij QkZ }kjk vkjksfir
Cky cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA ftlls O;fDr dks pksV yx tkrh gSA blds foijhr ;fn O;fDRk mlh
pkbZ ls jsr esa dwWnrk gS]rc mlds iSj jSr
Eksa ?kWlus ls mldh osx esa ifjorZu /khjs&/khjs gskrk gS ftlls QkZ }kjk vkjksfir cy de
gksus ls O;fDr dks pkWV ugha yxrh gSA
U;wVu ds xfr ds f}rh; fu;e ds osDVj izdqfk (Vector nature of Newtons second law):-
1- lehdj.k F = m.a esa cy F rFkk Roj.k a lfnk jkfk;kW gSA tcfd m ,d vfnk jkfk gSA ftls
osDVj :Ik esa fy[k ldrs gSA
F m.a
bl lehdj.k ls LiV gS fd fdlh Hkh oLrq ij cy vkjksfir djus ij mlesa mRiUUk Roj.k cy dh
gh fnkk esa gksrk gSA ftls
fuEu izdkj ls lR;kfir le>k;k tk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuk dksbZ O;fDRk fdlh edku dh Nr ls ,d iRFkj m/okZ/kjr% uhps dh vksj NksM+rk gS rFkk
Bhd mlh le; ,d iRFkj {kSfrt fnkk esa
QSdrk gSA rks ge ns[krs gS fd nksuksa iRFkjksa ds iFk vyx&vyx gksrs gq, Hkh mudh
i`Foh ls WpkbZ lnSo fu;e gksrh gSA rFkk og i`Foh ij
fofHkUUk LFkkuksa ij ,d lkFkk i`Foh ls Vdjkrs gSA ftlls LiV gksrk gS fd nksuksa izRFkjksa
esa dsoy /okZ/kj fnkk esa gh Roj.k mRiUUk gksrk gSA
D;ksfd i`Foh dk xq:Ro cy dsoy /okZ/kj fnkk esa yxrk gSA mldh {kSfrt xfr esa Roj.k
ugha gksrk A
p
F
t 0 t
2- ;fn rks lehdj.k vody :Ik esa fyIVh tk ldrh gSA
p dp
F F
t dt F P P Px i Py j Pz k
rFkk osDVj :Ik pwWfd rFkk lfnk jkfk;kWa gS rks

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 RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA
dp x dp y

Fx max , Fy ma y ,
Px mVx, Py mVy , Pz mVz F F x i Fy j Fz k dt dt
vr% ;fn ftlesa
dp
Fz z maz
dt
Cky dk vkosx (Impuls of force) :- tc fdlh oLrq ij cM+s ifjek.k dk cy vR;Ur vYi le; ds fy, dk;Z
djs rFkk ftlds izHkko ls
oLrq ds laosx esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu gks] vkosxh; cy (impusive force) dgykrk gSA
vr% fdlh oLrq ij vkjksfir cy rFkk ftrus le;kUrjky ds fy, cy yxrk gS jkfk gSA bl I ls
Represent djrs gSA vkosx dh
fnkk cy dh fnkk esa gksrh gSA rFkk SI i}fr esa vkosx dk ek=d U;wVu lsd.M gksrk gSA
cy dk vkosx = oLrq esa laosx ifjorZu
t
Proof :- ekuk fdlh oLrq ij ftldk nzO;eku m gS] dksbZ cM+k cy F cgqr vYi le; ds fy, dk;Z
djrk gSA ;fn oLrq ds osx
v
v t
Eksa ifjroZu gks] rks oLrq ds osx ifjorZu dh nj gksxh A vr% xfr ds f}rh; fu;e ls
v
F m
F m a t

F t m v F t m v2 v1 F t p2 p1 F t p

I p 2 p1
vr% vFkkZr fdlh cy dk vkosx ml cy ds dkj.k laosx esa ifjorZu ds cjkcj gksrk
gSA ;gh vkosx &laosx izes; gSA
F1t1 F2 t 2
elku vkosx dh fLFkfr esa
mnkgj.k %& fdzdsVj rsty ls vkrh xSnsa dks dSp ysrs le; vius gkFk ihN dh rjQ [khapdj dSp
ysus ds le; dks c<krk gSA ftlls gkFk
ij vkjksfir de cy ds dkj.k mls pksV u yxs A
Exaples :- 1- rst nkSM+us oksy /kkod nkSM+ lekIr djus ds ckn :dus ds fy,s vius osx dks
/khjs&/khjs djds fojek esa vkrs gSA D;ksfd
buesa :dus dk le; c<+ tkrk gS] rks muds }kjk eglwl fd;k tkus okyk cy ?kV tkrk gA
2- phuh feV~Vh dk cRkZu ;k dkWp dk Xykl ;fn iDds QkZ ij fxjrk gS rks mlds VwVus dh
lEHkkoUk vf/kd gksrh gSA ijUrq t cog Dpps
t
QkZ ij fxjrk gS vkSj crZu ds fxjus ij mlds lkFk FkksM+k lk uhps /kWl tkrk gSA vr%
c<+ tkrk gS A vkSj cy de yxrk gSA iDdk
t
QkZ ?kWlrk ugha gS]vr% yxHkx kwU; gh gks tkrk gSA blls cgqr vf/kd vk/kkr yxrk gS
vkSj crZu VwV ldrk gSA
3- dkWp ;k phuh feV~Vh ds crZuksa dh VkWliksVZ }kjk nwj LFkku ij ys tkus ds fy,
iSfdax djrs le; mUgsa ?kkl ,oa dkxt ds VwdM+ks esa
yisV dj ,d&nwljs ls vyx djds j[krs gSA ftlls ?kkl] dkxt ds VwdM+s >Vdk yxrs le; ?kWl tkrs
gSA vkSj bl izdkj os vk?kkr ds
le; dks c<+k nsrs gSA blls vk?kkrh cy dk ifjek.k cgqr e; gks tkrk gS A vr% dkWp ;k uhph
feV~Vh dk leku ugha VwVrk A
4- eksVj] lkbfdy] LdwVj vkfn Lopfyr okguksa esa kkWd ,CtkWCkZj yxk;s tkrs gSA budh
jpuk ,slh gksrh gSA fd tc okgu [kjkc lM+d

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Ikj pyrk gS rks >Vdk yxus ij vk?kkr dk le; c<+ tkrk gSA vr% Lkokjh kds vf/kd >Vdk eglwl
ugha gksrk A
U;wVu dk xfrfo;d r`rh; fu;e (Newtons Third low motion ):-
bl fu;e ds vuqlkj tc dHkh dksbZ ,d oLrq fdlh nwljh oLrq ij cy yxkrh gS] rks nwljh oLrq Hkh
igyh oLrq ij mruk gh cy foijhr
fnkk esa yxkrh gSA blhdkj.k bl fu;e dks fdz;k izfr fdz;k dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSA
Some important point:- dqN egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&
1- fdz;k o izfrfdz;k nksuks gh cy gS A cy lnSo ;qXe ds :Ik esa ik;s tkrs gSA
2- fdlh ,d cy dks fdz;k rFkk nwljs cy dks izfrdz;k dgk tkrk gSA
3- fdz;k o izfrfdz;k nks fHkUu&fHkUUk if.Mksa ij dk;Z djrs gSA ,d gh oLrq ij ugha
nSfud thou esa U;wVu ds xfr ds r`rh; fu;e ds mnkgj.k
(a) tc O;fDr ikuh esa rSjrk gSA %& tc O;fDr ikuh esa rSjrk gS rks og ikuh ij foijhr fnkk
esa gkFkksa ls cy yxkrk gS (ikhu dks ihNs
dh vksj /kdsyrk gS ) U;wVu ds xfr ds r`rh; fu;e ls mlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik izfrdz;k cy O;fDr ds
kjhj ij vkxs dh vksj yxkrk gSA
ftlds dkj.k O;fDr rSjrk gSA
(b) cUnqd dk izfr{ksi (Recoil of gun) :- tc cUnqd ls xksyh pykbZ tkrh gSA rks xksyh ftl cy ls
ckgj fudyrh gS] mlds ifj.kke
Lo:Ik ,d izfrfdz;k foijhr fnkk esa gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k ihNs dh vksj ,d rho` >Vdk yxrk
gSA
(c) i`Foh ij pyuk %& tc O;fDr i`Foh ij pyrk gSA rks O;fDr ds iats }kjk i`Foh ij ,d cy yxkrk
gSA bl cy ds foijhr ,d
Ikzfrfdz;k gksrh gS] bl izfrd;k ds nks ?kVd gks tkrs gSA blesa ,d ?kVd O;fDr ds Hkkj dks
lUrqfyr djrk gSA rFkk nwljs ?kVd ds dkj.k
O;fDr i`Foh ij pyrk gSA
Xkfr ds f}rh; fu;e ds r`rh; fu;e dk fuXeu %&
Ekkuk fdlh fudk; esa nks oLrq,a gSA tc ;g vkil esa Vdjkrh gS rks Vdjkrs le; A oLrq] B oLrq
ij F1 cy t le; ds fy,
Ykxkrh gSA ftls fdz;k dgrs gSA rFkk B oLrq Hkh A oLrq ij F2 cy t le; ds fy, yxkrh gSA
ftls izfrdz;k dgrs gSA
Rkc A dk js[kh; laosx ifjorZu = F1 t ......(i) = cy le; ls rFkk B dks j[kh; laosx ifjorZu = F2
t ......(ii)
P
F1 F2
t
laosx ifjorZu P= F1 t + F2 t ......(iii) lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls
ge tkurs gSA laosx ifjorZU dh nj F ds cjkcj gksrh gSA rFkk ge tkurs gSA laosx lj{k.k ds
fl}kUr ls ;fn fudk; ij yxus okyk
okg; cy kwU; gksrks fudk; dk dqy js[kh; laosx ifjorZu kwU; gksrk gSA P= 0 rc leh- (iii)
0 F1 F2
ls
F1 F2
fdz;k = foijhr izfrdz;k ;gh U;wVu dh xfr dk r`rh; fu;e gSA
U;wVu dh xfr ds r`rh; fu;e ds vuqiz;ksx %&
1- f/kjuh ls tqM+h nks nzO;ekuksa dh xfr %& ekuk jLlh ds nksuksa fljksa ij m1 o m2
nzO;eku ds nks fi.M yVds gq, gSA rFkk jLlh Eksa mRiUUk ruko (T) gSA (m1>m2)
gYdk fi.M m2 Roj.k a ls ij dh vksj rFkk Hkkjh fi.M m1 a Roj.k ds ls
uhps dh vksj Xfreku gSA rc nzO;eku m1 o Free body fp=
m1 g T m1a
oLrq dh xfr uhps dh vksj gSA rc U;wVu dh xfr ds f}rh; fu;e ls .....(i)
nzO;eku m2 ds fy, Free body diagram m2 dh xfr ij dh vksj gSA
T m2 g m2 a
vr% ...........(ii)
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m1 g T m1a
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls lehdj.k (i) o (ii) dks tksMus ij
T m2 g m2 a

(m1 m 2 )
a g
g (m1 m 2 ) (m1 m2 )a (m1 m2 )
......(iii)
(m m 2 ) mg (m m 2 )
m1 g T m1 1 g T 1 m1 1 g
(m1 m2 ) 1 (m1 m2 )
lehdj.k (i) esa a dk eku j[kus ij

2
m1 g (m1 m 2 ) m1 (m1 m 2 ) g m g m1m 2 g m1m1 g m1m 2 g 2m1m 2 g
T T 1 T
(m1 m2 ) (m1 m2 ) m1 m2

(ii) f?kjuh ?kkZ.kghu est ds fdukjs ij fLFkr gS %&

Ekkuk fd est ij m2 nzO;eku j[kk gqvk gSA m1 nzO;eku ds lkFk f?kjuh ls gksrk gvqk m2
nzO;eku ls tqM+k gSA Mksjh esa ruko T gSA
nzO;eku m2 dk free body

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* ?kkZ.k (Friction)
ijLij lEidZ ry esa fdUgha nks i`Bksa ds e/; yxus okyk og cy tks fd ,d i`B ij nwljs iwB dh
xfr dk fojks/k djrk gSA ?kkZ.k cy
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dgykrk gSA
?kkZ.k ds izdkj &rhu
1- LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy (Satical friction force) :-
Tkc dksbZ oLrq fdlh i`B ij j[kh gksrh gSA ;fn ml ij dksbZ ck cy u yxk, rks oLrq dh voLFkk
RvfHkyEc
esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk A ml i`B rFkk oLrq ds i`B ds lEidZ ry esa ,d ?kkZ.k cy
dk;Z izfrfdz;k cy
djrk gSA ftls LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy dgrs gSA ekuk dksbZ oLrq fdlh i`B ij j[kh gqbZ gSA rks
ml Fs
ij Hkkj mg uhps dh vkSj rFkk vfHkyEc izfrdz;k cy R ij dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA rc
mg Hkkj
LFkSfrd fs ?kkZ.k rFk R ,d nwljs ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
Fs Rs
s
Fs R Fs R R mg R mg
s
tgkW LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k xq.kkad ] Fs = LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy] R = vfHkyEc izfrdz;k cy
R
2- xfrd ?kkZ.k cy (Dynamic friction force)
Tkc dksbZ oLrq fdlh iqB ij xfreku gS rks mldh pky dks ,dleku cuk, j[kus ds
V
fy, nksuks ds i`Bksa ds e/; yxus okyk ?kk.kZ cy Xkfrd ?kkZ.k cy dgykrk gSA
Fk
bls Fk ls iznfkZr djrs gSA mg
Fk
Fk R Fk k R R mg
k k
R
tgkW = ,d fu;rkad gS ftls xfrd ?kkZ.k
xq.kkad dgrs gSA
3- yksVfud ?kkZ.k cy (Rolling friction force)
Tkc dksbZ oLrq fdlh i`B yq<+d jgh gS rks nksuksa i`Bksa ds e/; yxus oky ?kkZ.k cy
ykSVfud ?kkZ.k cy dgykrk gSA
* lhekUr ?kkZ.k (Lemitation friction)
Tkc dksbZ oLrq fdlh i`B ij j[kh gqbZ gS rks ml ij LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy dk eku c<krs tk,s
rks ,d voLFkk ,slh vkrh gS fd oLrq Bhad
fQy us okyh gksrh gSA ysfdu fQlyrh ugha A oLrq dh ;g voLFkk lhekar ?kkZ.k voLFkk
dgykrh gS vkSj LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy ds bl
vf/kdre eku dks lhekar ?kkZ.k cy dgrs gSA
F
FS R FS S R
S S S
R
bls Fs ls iznfkZr djrs gSA = lhekar ?kkZ.k
xq.kkad gSA
* lhekar ?kkZ.k ds xq.k
1- lhekar ?kkZ.k i`Bksa ds vkdkj o {ks=Qy ij fuHkZj ugha djrk A cfYd mudh izd`fr
vFkkZr [kqjnjh o fpdus iu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
2- ?kkZ.k cy dh fnkk ijLij lEidZ ry esa LikhZ; js[kk esa ml fnkk ds foijhr dk;Z djrk gSA
ft/kj fi.M pyus ds fy, izsfjr gksrk gSA
FS
FS R FS S R S R
3- lhekar ?kkZ.k vfHkyac izfrfdz;k R ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
* ?kkZ.k dks.k (Angle of friction)
LFkSfrd ?kkZ.k cy (FS) rFkk vfHkyEc izfrdz;k (R) dk
ifj.kkeh (P) vfHkyEc izfrfdz;k (R) ds lkFk tks dks.k

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cukrk gSA ?kkZ.k dks.k dgykrk gSA
F
tan s S
R

FS
s tan 1 tan 1 S
R
* vkur ry ij ?kkZ.k

Ekuk dks.k ij >qdk gqvkA dksbZ vkur ry gSA ftl ij ,d xqVdk pyus ds fy, izsfjr gSA ftldk
Hkkj mg uhps dh vksj dk;Z djrk
gSA rFkk vfHkyad izfrfdz;k cy R ij dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA ?kkZ.k cy FS lEidZ ry
esa xqVds ds pyus ds foijhr fnkk esa dk;Z djrk gSA rc xqVds Hkkj mg ds nks ?kVd

djus ij (i) mg cos (ii) mg sin

larqyu voLFkk esa R-mgcos = 0 R = mg cos ....(i)

rFkk FS-mg sin =0 FS =mg sin ....(ii) lehdj.k (i)/(ii) ls
FS mg sin
tan FS S R F
tan S S
R mg cos R R R

Condition
1- [kqjnjs i`B ij oLrq dh xfr ds dkj.k fd;k x;k dk;Z %&
Ekuk fcUnq O ij fdlh [kqjnsj ry ij dksbZ M nzO;eku dk fi.M j[kk gqvk gSA
ftldk Hkkj Mg uhps dh vksj dk;Z djrk gS rFkk R ij dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA
rFkk ?kkZ.k cy ijLij lEidZry esa fi.M ds pyus dh foijhr fnkk esa dk;Z djrk gSA
vr% oLrq dks xfr djus ds fy, de ls de mlds ?kkZ.k cy f ds cjkcj cy F
R
yxkuk iM+sXkk F = f F = .....(i)
mg
but fp= ls ] R= mg rks lehdj.k (i) ls F = ......(ii) rks fi.M S foLFkkfir gksus esa dk;Z
mg S
W= FS......(iii) lehdj.k (ii) ls eku j[kus ij W= Joule
2- ur lery ij oLrq dks ij dh vksj xfr djkus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z

Ekkuk dks.k ij >qdk gqvk dksbZ ur lery vkur ry ftl ij M nzO;eku dk xqV[kk fLFkr
gSA ftldks xfr djkus ds fy, gesa
F cy yxkuk iM+rk gSA xqV[ks dk Hkkj mg uhps dh vkSj dk;Z djrk gS ftles nks ?kVd djus ij
F.B.D rks fp= ls

R = mg cos ......(i)

F- (mg sin +FS ) = M.a.....(ii)
FS S R S mg cos
rc ge tkurs gSA lhekar ?kkZ.k = ......(iii)
FS dk eku leh0(ii) esa j[kus ij
S mg cos S mg cos
F- (mg sin + ) = M.a a = F- (mg sin + ) ....(iv)

;fn oLrq ,d leku osx ls xfreku gks a = 0 lehdj.k (iv)

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F - mg (sin cos ) F - mg (sin cos )
a 0
M M F - mg (sin cos )
=0
F mg (sin cos )
ekuk F cy yxkus ls oLrq S foLFkkfir gksrh gS dk;Z W = F.S
W mg (sin cos ) S

3- ur lery ij uhps dh vksj xfr

Ekkuk dks.k ij >qdk gqvk dksbZ ur lery gS ftl ij m nO;eku dk dksbZ fi.M fLFkr gSA ftldks
xfr djkus ds fy,s ges F cy
Yxkuk iM+rk gSA fi.M dk Hkkj mg uhps dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA ftlds nks ?kVd djus ij

mgcos = R.....(i) R-mgcos = 0

rFkk Hkkj dk mg sin ?kVd ur lery ij uhps dh vksj xfreku gSA
rc oLrq dks uhps dh vksj xfr djkus ds F cy uhps dh vksj
F mgsin FS m.a
yxkus ij .....(ii)
FS S R S mg cos
but we have = ......(iii)
F mgsin S mg cos ma
lehdj.k (iii) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij .....(iv)
;fn oLrq uhps dh vksj ,d leku osx ls xfreku gks a = 0
F mgsin S mg cos 0
rc lehdj.k (iv) ls
F S mg cos mgsin F mg ( S cos sin )
ekuk F cy yxkus ls oLrq S foLFkkfir
gksrh gSA
W mg ( S cos sin ) S
W = F S
* ?kkZ.k ,d vko;d cqjkbZ gS (Friction is a Necessary Evil)
bl dFku dk vFkZ gS fd ?kkZ.k ds gkfudkjd gksrs gq, Hkh ;g vko;d gSA
?kkZ.k vko;d gS (Friction is necessary) :- ?kkZ.k gekjs thou esa cgqr gh vko;d gSA bls fuEu
mnkgj.k }kjk le> ldrs gSA&
1- ?kkZ.k gekjs pyus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ?kkZ.k ds fcuk ge fQly dj fxj tk;saxs A
2- ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k gekjk isu idM+dj fy[kuk lEHko gqvk gSA
3- okgu dks czsd yxkdj jksduk ?kkZ.k }kjk gh lEHko gSA
4- okguksa dh xfr Hkh ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k gh lEHko gSA
5- ydM+h ds isap] dhy ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k :drh gSA
6- ekfpl dh rhyh dk tyuk] Mksjh esa xkWB ckW/kuk ?kkZ.k ls gh lEHko gSA
?kkZ.k gkfudkjd gSA (Friction is harmful):-
1- ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k gh fokky tkZ dh gkfu gksrh gSA ;g tkZ ek ds :Ik esa fofdfjr gksrh
gSA
2- ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k ekhuksa dh n{krk de gksrh gSA
3- vR;f/kd ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k ekhuksa ds iqtsZ [kjkc gks tkrs gS o VwV tkrs gSA
?kkZ.k dks de djus dh ;qfDr;kWa (Methods of Reducing friction)
?kkZ.k dks iw.kZr% lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ijUrq bls de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ?kkZ.k dks de
djus dh fuEu fof/k;kW gSA
1- cky ch;fjax dk iz;ksx djds (Using ball bearings) -
?kkZ.k okyh ekhukas esa tSls & lkbfdy o dkj ds ifg;ksa dks cy ch;fjax esa /kqjs(Shaft)
dks fQV djds yxk;k tkrk gS] pwWafd yksVuh
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?kkZ.k (Rolling friction) dk eku xR;kRed ?kkZ.k ls de gksrk gS] vRk% cky ch;fjax dh lgk;rk
ls ?kkZ.k de gks tkrk gSA
2- ikWfyk djus ls (By Polishing):-
ikWfyk dk iz;ksx djds i`Bksa dks fpduk cukdj ?kkZ.k dks de fd;k tkrk gSA lM+dksa dks
lhes.V ls iDdk djds ?kkZ.k dks de
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- Lusgd dk mi;ksx djds (By using lubricants)-
?kkZ.k dks Lusgd tSls rsy dh lgk;rk ls de fd;k tk ldrk gSA Lusgd nksuksa i`Bksa ds chp
eghu Nsnksa dks cUn dj nsrk gS] ftlls
Ik`B fpdus gks tkrs gSa rFkk ?kkZ.k de gks tkrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh Bksl ikWmMj ds :Ik esa Bksl Lusgd dk iz;ksx djrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,s]dSje
cksMZ ij ikWmMj fNM+d nsrs gS] ftlls cksMZ o
xksfV;ksa ds chp ?kkZ.k de gks tkrk gSA

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