Module 1.4 (MATHS) Final Log & Antilog PDF
Module 1.4 (MATHS) Final Log & Antilog PDF
Module 1.4 (MATHS) Final Log & Antilog PDF
MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.4
Contents
LOGARITHMS ................................................................................. 1
Anti-logarithms ............................................................................. 5
Rules for the Use of Logarithms Multiplication ............................ 5
Rules for the Use of Logarithms Division ...................................... 6
PRACTICE QUESTIONS .................................................................... 6
Taking logarithms of numbers which can be represented by Taking the logarithm of a number that cannot be wholly
integer powers of 10 is particularly easy, for example, log 100 = represented by an integer power of 10 is less
log 102 = 2, log 0.001 = log 103 = 3, and log 1 = log 100 = 0 obvious. For example, you would have to know that 100.3010 =
2.000 in order to find log 2.000 = 0.3010.
logs and antilogs is the same as taking common logs and log(10a) = a ln(ea) = a
antilogs except that one uses the ln and eX instead of the 10log(a) = a eln(a) = a
log and 10X keys, respectively. log(ab) = log(a) + log (b) ln(ab) = ln(a) + ln(b)
log(1/a) = log(a) ln(1/a) = ln(a)
You should verify that you know how to find natural logarithms log(a/b) = log(a) log(b) ln(a/b) = ln(a) ln(b)
with the following: log(an) = n log(a) ln(an) = n ln(a)
ln 35 = 3.56, ln 10 = 2.30, ln 623.7 = 6.4357, log(a1/n) = (1/n) log(a) ln(a1/n) = (1/n) ln(a)
ln 8.64x102 = 2.449
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PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 MATHEMATICS
Category A/B1/B2 Sub Module 1.4 Logarithms And Anti Logarithms
-x
Visualizing Exponential Functions e
The functions The function e1/x arises in chemistry when we discuss kinetics
ex = exp(x), e1/x = exp(1/x), e-x = exp(-x), and e1/x = exp(-1/x) are (Arrhenius equation) vapor pressure, (Clausius-Clapeyron
very common in chemistry and physics. They are especially equation) and thermodynamics. This function has a singularity
prevalent in the study of kinetics and thermodynamics. It is a for x = 0.
good idea to recognize the shape of these functions and their
limits for small and large values of x.
ex
Use your calculator to find the following values: log 3.243 0.510 9
1. log(2.784) 0.510 9 2
324.3 10 10
2. ln(0.00454)
3. e-3.786 10
2.510 9
4. 1023.888
5. log(2.3x10-11) log 324.3 2.510 9
6. ln(5.4x10-10)
A logarithm therefore consists of two parts: (i) a whole number
Logarithms part called the characteristic, and (ii) a decimal part called the
mantissa which is found directly from the log tables.
The logarithm of a number is the exponent to which another
fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number. For a number, 10 or greater, the characteristic is found by
subtracting 1 from the number of figures to the left of the
For example, decimal point in the given number.
The logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to the power In the number 825.7 the characteristic is 2.
3 is 1000:1000 = 101010 = 103. log 825.7 = 2.916 8
More generally, if x = by, then y is the logarithm of x to base b, In the number 18 630 the characteristic is 4.
and is written y = logb(x), or y = logb(by), solog10(1000) = log 18 630 = 4.270 2
log10(103) = 3.
Negative characteristics
To find out the logarithms of numbers, we make use of numbers
in standard form and the multiplication law of indices. For 1
example:
0.632 0 6.321 10
log 6.321 0.800 0
0.632 1 100.800 8 101
1010.800 0
All numbers between 0 and 1 have negative characteristics Rules for the Use of Logarithms Multiplication
which are found by adding 1 to the number of zeros following
the decimal point. Find the logs of the numbers and add them together. The
In the number 0.073 58 the characteristic is 2 . antilog of the sum gives the required answer.
log 0.073 58 2.866 8 Example: Using the logarithms, evaluate: 19.63 x 0.067 34 x
0.918 7.
In the number 0.000 612 3 the characteristic is 4. number logarithm
log 0.000 612 3 4.787 0 19.63 1.292 9