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SHORT REVISION
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1. Definition : Rectangular array of mn numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value.

a 11 a 12 ...... a 1 n a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n

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a
a 22 ...... a 2 n a 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n
A = :
21
or :
: : : : : :

a m1 a m2 ...... a m n a m1 a m 2 ...... a m n

Abbreviated as : A = a i j 1 i m ; 1 j n, i denotes the row and

j denotes the column is called a matrix of order m n.
2. Special Type Of Matrices
a
:
11
(a) a1n ]
Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12, a...... having one row . (1 n) matrix.(or row vectors)
21
(b) Column Matrix : A= : having one column. (m 1) matrix (or column vectors)
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om n)
a m1 are zero .
An m n matrix all whose entries
0 0 0 0 0
A = 0 0 is a 3 2 null matrix & B = 0 0 0 is 3 3 null matrix
0 0 0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4
2 5 1 1 2 5
1 1
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m n is a vertical matrix if m > n.
3 6
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n) If number of row = number of column a square matrix.
Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate2Elements
4 .
a 11 a 12
e.g.
a 21 a 22
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A
Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
except the leading diagonal are zero
diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."
3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.
4. Algebra Of Matrices :
Addition :
A + B = a i j bi j where A & B are of the same type. (same order)

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(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
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i.e. A+B = B+A A= m n ; B=mn
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
If A + B = O = B + A A = m n

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5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :
a b c ka kb kc
If
A= b c a ; k A = kb kc ka
c a b kc ka kb

6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A = m n & B= np
23 33
AB exists , but BA does not AB BA
A prefactor
Note : In the product AB ,
B post factor

b1
b
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B= :

b n
1n n1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]
n

If A = a i j m n & B = bi j n p matrix , then (A B)i j =
r 1
ai r . br j

Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :

1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
A = 0 0 ; B = 0 0 ; AB = 0 0 ; BA = 0 0

AB BA (in general)
1 1 1 1 0 0
2. AB = 2 2 1 1 = 0 0 AB = O A = O or B = O

Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O | AB | | A | | B | = 0 | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = BA A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B C) A B A C
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A B) C A C BC
5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m N.
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6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
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If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn 1 + a2xn 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An1 + a2An2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
polynomial f (x).
DEFINITIONS :

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(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A n > 2 , n N.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m N, if
Am = O , Am1 O.
(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K,
is a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.
Note that A = A1 for an involutary matrix.
7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
Let A be any matrix . Then , A = ai j of order m n
AT or A = [ aj i ] for 1 i n & 1 j m of order n m
Properties of Transpose : If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (A B)T = AT BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT)T = A
(d) (k A)T = k AT k is a scalar .
General : (A1 , A2 , ...... An)T = A Tn , ....... , A 2T , A1T (reversal law for transpose)
8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :

A square matrix A = a i j is said to be ,
symmetric if ,
ai j = aj i i & j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A = AT)
n (n 1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
and skew symmetric if ,
ai j = aj i i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse of each other)
(Note A = AT )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
ai i = ai i ai i = 0 i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse .
Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :
P 1 A is symmetric if AT = A
A is skew symmetric if AT = A
T
P 2 A + A is a symmetric matrix
A AT is a skew symmetric matrix .
Consider (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
A + AT is symmetric . Similarly we can prove that A AT is skew symmetric .
P 3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
(A + B)T = A + B Similarly we can prove the other
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P 4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,
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(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix .
P 5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A AT)
2 2

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P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric
9. Adjoint Of A Square Matrix :
a11 a12 a13

Let A= a
ij = a 21 a 22 a 23 be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the
a a 33
31 a 32
C11 C12 C13

cofactors of [ai j ] in determinant A is = C 21 C 22 C 23 .
C C33
31 C32
C11 C 21 C 31

Then (adj A) = C12 C 22 C32
C
13 C 23 C33
V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In , If A be a square matrix of order n.
Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n 1
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = Kn1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 . Thus
A 1 = B A B = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In
(adj A)
In (adj A) = A 1 A In A 1 =
|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal
law for inverse.
Note :(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A 1) 1 = A ; (b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = Ak, k N
(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
1
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT . (v) | A1 | =
|A|
SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY
GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD
x+y+z = 6
xy+ z= 2
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2x + y z = 1
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x y z 6
x y z
or = 2
2x y z 1

1 1 1 x 6

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1 1 1 y 2
= 1
2 1 1 z
AX =B A 1 A X = A 1 B
(adj. A).B
X = A 1 B = .
|A|
Note :(1) If A 0, system is consistent having unique solution
(2) If A 0 & (adj A) . B O (Null matrix) , system is consistent having unique non trivial solution.
(3) If A 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,system is consistent having trivial solution .
(4) If A= 0 , matrix method fails

If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B O

Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

EXERCISE-4
1 2 2 2 1 1 10
Q1. Given that A = 2 2 3 , C = 2 2 1 , D = 13 and that Cb = D. Solve the matrix equation
1 1 3 1 1 1 9
Ax = b.
Q2. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations.

3 2 3 3
3 0 y y = 3y 3y
2 4 x x 10 10

0 1 0 0 0 0
Q 3. If, E = 0 0 1 and F = 1 0 0 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and show that
0 0 0 0 1 0
E2F + FE2 = E .
Q 4. If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB1 is also orthogonal.
cost sin t
Q 5. The matrix, R(t) is defined by R(t) = . Show that, R(s) R(t) R(s + t) .
sin t cost

cos 2 sin cos cos2 sincos

Q 6. Prove that the product of two matrices, cos sin sin 2 & is a null
cossin sin 2

matrix when & differ by an odd multiple of .
2

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1 0 2
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Q 7. If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 6x2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3
Q.8 For a non zero , use induction to prove that : (Only for XII CBSE)

n n 1 n (n 1) n 2

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n n 2

1 0
(a) 0 1 = 0 n nn 1 , for every n N
0 0 0 0 n


(b) If, A = 0 1 , then (aI + bA)n = anI + nan 1 b A, where I is a unit matrix of order 2, n N.
0 0
Q9. Find the number of 2 2 matrix satisfying
(i) aij is 1 or 1 ; (ii) a11 2 + 2 = 2 + 2
a12 a 21 a 22 = 2 ; (iii) a11 a21 + a12 a22 = 0
Q 10. Prove that (AB)T = BT . AT , where A & B are conformable for the product AB . Also verify the result
1 2
2 3 5
for the matrices, A = 2 3 and B = 1 2 3 .
1 2

1 2 5
Q 11 Express the matrix 2 3 6 as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero
1 0 4
in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.
Q 12. Find the inverse of the matrix :
cos sin 0 1 1 1
(i)

A = sin cos 0 ; (ii) 1 w2 w 2 where w is the cube root of unity..
0 0 1 1 w w

a 0 0
0 b 0
(iii) A=
0 0 c

2 1 3 2 2 4
Q 13. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 3 2 . A . 5 3 = 3 1 .

Q 14. A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
Q 15. If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the value of n, n N ,
such that ( A + I )n = I + 127 A.
a b
Q.16 If A = c d then prove that value of f and g satisfying the maxtrix equation A2 + f A + g I = O are

equal to tr (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d are non zero reals and
1 0 0 0
I = 0 1 ; O = 0 0 .

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2 1
Matrices A and B satisfy AB = B1 where B = 2 0 . Find
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Q17.

(i) without finding B1, the value of K for which KA 2B1 + I = O
(ii) Without finding A1, the matrix X satisfying A1XA = B (iii) the matrix A, using A1
4 4 5

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Q18. For the matrix A = 2 3 3 find A2.
3 3 4

1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
Q19. Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
2 3 1
Q 20. Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.
x y z3 x yz 6 x y z3 x y z3
(i) x 2 y3z4 (ii) x yz 2 (iii) x 2 y3z4 (iv) x 2 y3z4
x 4 y9z6 2x yz1 2x 3y 4z 7 2x 3y 4z 9
EXERCISE-5
2 1 9 3
Q1. Given A = 2 1 ; B = 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following

cases.
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX O.
Q 2. If A & B are square matrices of the same order & A is symmetrical, show that B AB is also symmetrical.
1
1 tan 2 1 tan 2 cos sin
Q 3. Show that, tan
1 tan 2 = sin cos .
2 1

1 2 a b
Q.4 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d

db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the
acb
2 3
matrix which commutes with A is of the form

1 1
Q 5. If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I A) are idempotent and
2 2
1 1
(I + A) (I A)=O.
2 2

( n 1) 2
Q 6. Prove that (i) | adj (adj A) | = | A | , where A is a non-singular matrix of order 'n'.
n2
(ii) adj (adj A) = A . A, where | A | denotes the determinant of co-efficient matrix.

5 1 3 1 1 2

Q 7. Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A = 7 1 5 & B = 3 2 1 and use it to
1 1 1 2 1 3
solve the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .
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1 2
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Q 8. If A = 2 4 then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.

1 2
If A = 2 3 , is it possible to find a square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for it.

cos sin cos 2 sin 2

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Q 9. If A = sin cos ; B= sin 2 cos 2 Where 0 then prove that BAB = A1. Also
2
4 1
find the least positive value of for which B A B = A .
a b
Q 10. If c 1 a is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x x2, when

bc = 1/4. Hence otherwise evaluate a.
Q 11. If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix
0 5
B = (I A)(I + A)1 is an orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B given A = 5 0 .

cos x sin x 0
Q 12. If F(x) = sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
0 0 1
Hence prove that [ F(x) ]1 = F( x).

1 2 3 1 1 2 x1 x2
Q 13. If A = 3 4 ; B = 1 0 ; C = 2 4 and X = x x 4 then solve the following matrix
3
equation.
(a) AX = B I (b) (B I)X = IC (c) CX = A

3 2 1 x b
Q 14. Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5 8 9 y 3
2 1 a z 1

(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions
0 1 1
Q 15. Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = 4 3 4 and I is the corresponding
3 3 4

unit matrix and x N then find the minimum value of (cosx sin x ) , R.
Q16. Determine the matrices B and C with integral element such that
1 1
A= = B3 + C3
0 2

0 2
Q17. If A = is an orthogonal matrix, find the values of , , .

k m
Q18.If A =
l n and kn lm ; then show that A2 (k + n)A + (kn lm) I = O.Hence find A1.

n
x
1
Q19. Evaluate Lim x n
n
1
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1 x 1 3 3 z
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Q.20 Given matrices A = x 2 y ; B = 3 2 3

1 y 3 z 3 1

Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
EXERCISE-6

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a b c

Q.1 If matrix A = b c a where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then find the
c a b
value of a3 + b3 + c3 . [JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60]
2
Q.2 If A = and then =
2
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 0[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
Q.3 If M is a 3 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M I) = 0.

a 0 1 a 1 1 f a 2
0 d c g
Q.4 A = 1 c b , B = , U = ,V= 0.
1 d b f g h h 0

If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot
have a unique solution. If afd 0, then prove that BX = V has no solution.
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 2
Q.5 A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A1 = 6 (A cA dI) , then the value of c and d are
0 2 4 0 0 1
(A) 6, 11 (B) 6, 11 (C) 6, 11 (D) 6, 11

3 1
2
2
1 1
Q.6 If P = 1 APT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
3 , A = 0 1 and Q = PAP

2 2

1 2005 4 2005 3 6015

(A) 0 1 (B) 2005 4 2005 3

1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(C) (D)
4 1 2 3 4 2 3 2005
Q7. If f(x) is a quadratic polynomial and a, b, c are three real and distinct numbers satisfying

4a 2 4a 1 f (1) 3a 2 3a
2
4b 4b 1 f (1) 3b 2 3b
. Given f(x) cuts the x-axis at A and V is the point of mixima.
4c 2 4c 1 f (2) 3c 2 3c

If AB is any chord which subtends right angle at V, find curve f(x) and area bounded by chord AB and
curve f(x).

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1 0 0
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A 2 1 0
, if U1, U2 and U3 are columns matrices satisfying.
3 2 1

1 2 2

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0 3 3
AU1 = , AU2 = , AU3 = and U is 3 x 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the
0 0 1
following questions.
Q8. The value of |U| is [JEE 2006]
(A) 3 (B) -3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2
Q9. The sum of the elements of U-1 is [JEE 2006]
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

2
3
Q10. The value of 3 2 0 U is [JEE 2006]
0
(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2

ANSWER SHEET
EXERCISE-4
1 0 0 0 0 0
3
Q.1 x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1 Q.2 x = , y = 2 Q.3 EF = 0 1 0 , FE = 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 2 5 1 2 2 0 0 3
Q.9 8 Q.11 2 3 0 + 0 0 6 ; 2 3 3 + 0 0 3
1 0 4 0 0 0 2 3 4 3 3 0

1
a 0 0
cos sin 0 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 w 2 w , (iii) 1 48 25
Q.12 (i) sin cos 0 , (ii) b Q.13
0 0 1 3 1 w
w 2 0 1 19 70 42
0
c
Q.14 4 Q.15 n = 7 Q.16 f = (a + d) ; g = ad bc
17 4 19 4 7 7
1 2 2 10 0 13
Q.17 (i) K = 2, (ii) X = B, (iii) A = 4 2 Q.18 Q.19
4 21 3 25 3 5 5
Q.20 (i) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ; (ii) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 ;
(iii) x = 2 + k, y = 1 2k, z = k where k R ; (iv) inconsistent, hence no solution

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EXERCISE-5
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a b
Q.1 (i) X = 2 2a 1 2b for a, b R ; (ii) X does not exist. ;

a 3a
(iii) X = c 3c a, c R and 3a + c 0 ; 3b + d 0

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2c 2d
Q.4 1 Q.7 x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 Q.8 X = c d , where c, d R {0}, NO

2 1 12 5
Q.9 Q.10 f (a) = 1/4, a = 1/2 Q.11 12
3 13 5
3 3
Q.13(a) X= 5 , (b) X = 1 2
2 2
1 2 , (c) no solution

Q.14 (i) a 3 , b R ; (ii) a = 3 and b 1/3 ; (iii) a = 3 , b = 1/3

0 1 1 0
Q.15 2 Q.16 B = 0 1 and C = 0 1

1 1 1 1 n m
Q.17 , , Q.18 l
2 6 3 kn lm k

cos x sin x
Q.19
sin x cos x

4 2 2 4 2 2

Q.20 , , 2 2 , , 2 2 , (3, 3, 1)
3 3 , 3 3

EXERCISE-6
125
Q.1 4 Q.2 A Q.5 C Q.6 A Q7. sq. units Q.8 A
3
Q9. B Q10. A

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