R&TPO-msr RI-3

Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.

Radiographic Interpretation
Level 2 General and Specific Theory RI-3
This column is for official use only
Name: . Results
Signed: . Marker 1:

Date: . Marker 2:

1. Which of the following Standards is entitled Non-destructive testing-general principles

for the radiographic examination of metallic materials using X-and gamma-rays.
a. BS EN 1435.
b. BS EN 462-4.
c. BS EN 444.
d. BS EN 473.

2. Why are x-ray beams sometimes collimated when taking exposures of welds?
a. To intensify the effective radiation.
b. To restrict the beam for safety reasons and to reduce scatter.
c. To reduce penumbra thereby increasing radiographic definition.
d. To allow the kV to be reduced.

3. Unless otherwise specified, radiography shall be carried out?

a. After the final stage of manufacture, e.g. after grinding and heat treatment.
b. Always on clean surfaces with coatings if applicable removed.
c. At regular intervals throughout the manufacturing of the product.
d. All of the above.

4. The interval between the time the film is placed in the fixer solution and the time when
the original milky image disappears is known as:
a. The fixing time.
b. Clearing time.
c. Hardening time.
d. Development time.

QU Paper RI-3 1 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.

5. Which of the following information could be obtained from a films characteristic curve?
a. Changing the exposure times and determining the films speed.
b. Determining the subject contrast and the films speed.
c. Determining the film contrast and readjusting exposure times when a new density is
required.
d. Determining the contrast sensitivity and the optimum contrast range of the film.

6. Which of the following film types would you expect to have a factor of 25?
a. Ultra fine grain.
b. Fast speed.
c. Medium speed.
d. Medium grain.

7. When carrying out radiography on a carbon steel butt weld using Ir 192 as the source,
how many IQI wires must be visible on the radiograph for the technique to be acceptable,
in most circumstances?
a. 5
b. 3
c. 7
d. None of the above can be considered not enough information given.

8. Which of the following material(s) are collimators made from?

a. Tungsten.
b. Lead.
c. Copper
d. Any dense material is suitable for a collimator.

9. The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for
interpretation is a measure of the:
a. Subject contrast of a radiograph.
b. Film contrast of a radiograph.
c. Latitude of a radiograph.
d. Definition of a radiograph.

10. Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly
defined as:
a. Source-to-object distance increases.
b. The thickness of the specimen increases.
c. The size of the source decreases.
d. The thickness of the specimen decreases.

QU Paper RI-3 2 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.

11. As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 300 kV:
a. Film graininess increases.
b. Film graininess decreases.
c. Film contrast decreases.
d. Radiographic definition decreases.

12. X-ray films with larger grain size:

a. Will produce radiographs of better definition.
b. Reduce subject contrast.
c. Have slower speeds than those with relatively small grain size.
d. None of the above.

13. When radiographing a steel weld 10mm thick, in accordance with BS EN 1435 which
isotope(s) are recommended to be used?
a. Se 75.
b. Yb 169.
c. Tm 170.
d. Both a. and b.
e. All of the above.

14. For practical purposes, the shape of the characteristic curve of an x-ray film:
a. Is drastically changed when the wavelength of radiation is shortened.
b. Is primarily dependent on the subject contrast.
c. Is independent of the quality of x-ray or gamma radiation.
d. Is independent of the type of film.

15. In accordance with BS EN 1435 which of the following is applicable for a double-wall
penetration double image (source and film outside)?
a. Should not be used on pipe diameters >100mm with a minimum of two exposures.
b. Should not be used on pipe diameters > 90mm with a minimum of three exposures.
c. May be used on any wall thickness providing the contrast is acceptable to
specification requirements.
d. All of the above.

QU Paper RI-3 3 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.
16. In accordance with BS EN 1435 which of the following techniques require lead
identification letter f to indicate IQI placed film side?
a. Single-wall penetration of curved objects.
b. Double-wall penetration double image on curved objects.
c. Double-wall penetration single image of curved objects for evaluation of the wall next
to the film.
d. Both b and c.

17. In accordance with BS EN 1435 what is the maximum permitted x-ray voltage which
may be used on a steel weld 12mm weld thickness, technique to use double-wall
penetration double image on a curved object.
a. 175kV.
b. 220kV.
c. 350kV.
d. 300kV.

18. What is the ratio of the light intensity transmitted through adjacent areas of a radiograph
having densities of 3.0 and 1.0?
a. 20.
b. 10.
c. 100.
d. 2.

19. Black crescent-shaped marks that may appear on a radiograph will most likely have been
resulted from:
a. Crimping the film before exposure.
b. Crimping the film after exposure.
c. Sudden extreme temperature changes while processing.
d. Warm or exhausted fixer.

20. In accordance with BS EN 1435 which wire type IQI pack would expect to be placed on
a steel weldment 20mm thick (single wall technique)?
a. W 10.
b. W 6.
c. W 6 or W10.
d. W 10 or W13.

QU Paper RI-3 4 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.
21. Which of the following criteria are important considerations when selecting the correct
IQI to use.
a. The wire shall have a coefficient of absorption as close as possible to that of the
material under test.
b. The wire shall be made from the same material as the material under test.
c. The IQI can be made from any material providing the desirable image quality is
achieved.
d. The wire material is almost always made from stainless steel to prevent rusting from
occurring.

22. Subject contrast is affected by:

a. The thickness differences in the specimen.
b. The intensity of the radiation used.
c. The grain size of the film.
d. All of the above.

23. The slope (steepness) of a characteristic curve is a measure of:

a. Radiographic contrast.
b. Subject contrast.
c. Film contrast.
d. All of the above.

24. The depth of a defect all ready detected may be estimated by making two exposures on a
single film from different positions of the x-ray tube. The depth of the defect is then
computed from the shift in the shadow of the defect with respect to the images of fixed
markers on the front and back of the specimen. The method is referred to as:
a. Stereoradiogrphy
b. Sandwich technique.
c. Fluoroscopy.
d. Parallax technique.

25. What do you understand by the term solarization?

a. Another term given to fog.
b. It is the main cause of dichroic fog.
c. It is where a radiographic film becomes lighter instead of darker, due to excessively
high exposures.
d. It relates to the intensification of scatter radiation more than primary radiation.

QU Paper RI-3 5 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.
26. Fluorometalic intensifying screens will:
a. Partially filter out scatter radiation.
b. Transform x-ray and gamma ray radiation in to visible or UVA light.
c. Improve the quality of the radiograph when compared to no screens.
d. Both a and b.
e. All of the above.

27. Density is a logarithmic ratio of:

a. The transmitted light compared with light from the radiograph.
b. The incident light divided by the transmitted light.
c. The light from the viewer divided by the incident light.
d. The transmitted light multiplied by the incident light

28. How is it possible to compensate for a large focal spot size to reduce penumbra?
a. Reduce the kilovoltage.
b. Use a larger object-to-film distance.
c. Reduce the focal spot to film distance.
d. None of the above.

29. When struck by x-rays or gamma rays lead screens emit:

a. Electromagnetic radiation.
b. Negatively charged particles.
c. Positively charged particles.
d. Particles carrying no overall charge.

30. Ammonium thiosulphate and sodium thiosulphate are chemicals used in:
a. Photographic emulsions.
b. Thermo-luminescent dosemeters.
c. Fixers.
d. Developers.

31. The use of salt intensifying screens instead of lead screens will:
a. Reduce developing times.
b. Produce radiographs with a better definition.
c. Require an increase in exposure times.
d. Cause failure of the reciprocity law.

QU Paper RI-3 6 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.
32. The tenth value thickness of a material depends on:
a. Exposure time
b. The intensity of the primary radiation.
c. The wavelength of radiation.
d. All of the above.

33. When using the same light source, a film that transmits 1/10 of the incident light, another
radiograph transmits 1/100 of the incident light, what is the density of the second film?
a. 2.0
b. 4.0
c. 1.0
d. 100

34. Exposure time is directly proportional to:

a. Film to focus distance.
b. Intensity.
c. Wavelength.
d. All of the above.

35. The welding process which is most suited to the joining of thin plate materials such as
aluminium, copper, stainless steel:
a. Flux core MAG.
b. MMA.
c. Sub-arc.
d. TIG/TAG.

36. What is the IQI sensitivity if wire number 10 is visible using the DIN 62 IQI series on a
panoramic shot 36 inch diameter vessel, 500mm f.f.d., 30 mm wall thickness?
a. 1.3%.
b. 1.06%.
c. 0.6%.
d. From the following information the IQI sensitivity can not be determined.

37. Lead foil in direct contact with radiographic film:

a. Intensifies the primary radiation more than the scatter radiation.
b. Decreases the contrast of the radiographic image.
c. Intensifies the scatter radiation more than the primary radiation.
d. Should never be used when the kVs exceed 120.
e. Both a and b.

QU Paper RI-3 7 of 7
 R&TPO-msr RI-3
Date: 08/02/2000 issue 3.

38. A fluorescent intensifying screen will:

a. Transform x-ray energy into visible light.
b. Improve overall radiographic sensitivity.
c. Result in the formation of dense patches.
d. Intensify the primary radiation by emitting particulate radiation to which the film
emulsion is sensitive.

39. Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and, in some cases, eliminated by:
a.
Reducing the wavelength.
b.
Changing the radiation angle slightly, e.g. 5o
c.
Increasing the wavelength.
d.
Both a and b.
e.
Both b and c.

40. What is the amount of penumbra for the following conditions, size of source 4mm, wall
thickness 75mm, source to object distance 15m and exposure 28 mA minutes.
a. 0.2 mm
b. 0.02 mm
c. 2.0 mm
d. 2.1 mm

QU Paper RI-3 8 of 7