Design Loads

Internal Pressure

From specification, the design pressure is given which is 1200 KN/m2. Since the internal
pressure, Pi is defined as the design pressure required, thus:

Design Pressure = Internal Pressure = Pi = 1200 KN/m2.

Wind Pressure

Tall vessel installed in open space will experience a strong wind which will cause bending
moment The wind pressure for a smooth cylindrical section can be calculate by formula Pw =
0.05uw2. (Sinnott 2005).

Pw = 0.05uw2

Where, Pw = Wind pressure N/m2

uw = Wind speed = 160Km/h (Wind Loads. 2014)

Effective Column Diameter

To find the effective column diameter, formula () is used (Sinnott 2005)
Deff = Ds + 2(tave, wall + ti)
Where, Deff = Effective column diameter (m)
Ds= Diameter (m)
tave,wall = Average thickness of cylinder vessel wall (m)
ti= Thickness of insulation (m)
Wind Loading Per linear, and the bending moment
The wind loading yield per linear meter, Fw and the bending moment, Mx
can be calculated using the formula () and () respectively. (Sinott 2005)
Fw = Pw (Deff )

Fw x 2
Mx = 2
Where, Mx = Bending moment (Nm)
Pw = Wind Pressure (N/m2)
X = Length of cylindrical section (m)
Deff = Effective column diameter (m)

Dead Weight and Contents (Vessel full of water)

Dead weight of empty vessel

For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical vessel with domed ends,
and uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from the following equation.

Wv CvmDm gH v 0.8Dm t 10-3

Where, Wv: Total weight of the shell, N

Cv : A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports, etc. (Cv = 1.15)

m : Density of material, Kg/m3

Dm : Mean Diameter = (Di +t 10-3 ), m

g : Gravitational acceleration, m/s2

H v: Length of cylindrical section, m

t: Wall thickness, mm

For a steel vessel, the above equation reduces to:

Wv= 240CvDm (Hv + 0.8Dm)t

Dead weight of the plate

The vessel is filled with 50 plates which will cause additional weight to the vessel. The plate has same
diameter as the vessel and has weight factor of 1.2
 n Plate A Plate P Liquid , Loading
WP

Where, WP : Weight of the plate, kN

n Plate : Number of plate

A Plate : Area of the plate, m2

PLiquid , Loading : Pressure of liquid loading, kN/m2 =1.2kN/ m2

Ds : Diameter of the shell, m

Ds2
Aplate = 4

Dead weight of Access Ladder

The vessel has a ladder and a platform. The ladder is assumed to be a plain
ladder with height from bottom of support skirt to vessel head, which is
equivalent to height of vessel with skirt. The platform, is assume made from
steel with area of 3m2. The weight of ladder can be calculated by,

WCL FCL Hvs

Where, WPL : Weight of the Plain Ladder, kN

FCL : Loading per unit length=150 N/m(R K Sinnott,2005)

Hvs : Height of vessel with skirt

Dead Weight of Platform

The platform is assumed made from steel with area of 3m 2. Two platforms are required to
allocate 2 manholes.
WPf PaPf APf

Where, WPf : Weight of the Platform, kN APf : Area of Platform

PaPf : Pressure of platform= 1.7 kN/m2(R K Sinnott,2005)

Total Dead weight

WDead Wv WP WI WPL WPf

Where, WDead = total dead weight

Wv: Total weight of the shell, N

WP : Weight of the plate, kN

WI : Weight of the insulation material, kN

WPL : Weight of the Plain Ladder, kN

WPf : Weight of the Platform, kN

Weight of the content (Vessel full of water)

Assume density of the water = 1000 kg/m3

Weight of the water can be calculated by,

WWater AvHvWaterg

Where, WWater : Weight of water, kN

Av : Area of vessel

H v : Length of cylindrical section

Water : Density of water=1000 kg/m3

g : Gravitational force=9.81m/s
Total Dead weight and water

The total weight is the sum of the total dead weight and weight of water. Thus the equation
below showed the total weight.

WTotal WDead WWater

Skirt and Base

Height of vessel, Hv

The height of vessel, Hv

Hv = (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

Bending Moment, Ms

Wind loading is a major factor in vertical columns. Under windy conditions, the wind can exert a
bending moment that can act upon the vertical column, which in turns leads to bending stress
that varies in a parabolic pattern from zero at the top of the column to a maximum loading at the
base.

As the magnitude of bending stress due to wind is significantly higher than its shear stress, the
bending stress would ultimately determine the thickness of the plate required to resist wind
loading. For economical design purposes, it was said that the thickness of the column decreases
as its height increases, with the top being sufficiently thick for the pressure load (Sinnott.,
Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999)

For this design, a constant thickness was required. Thus the effect of bending moment, Ms, was
study and calculated by using the formula below.

Given the formula:

2
Fw ( Hv+s )
Ms = 2

Where; Ms = Bending moment at the base of the skirt

Fw = Load per unit length

Hs = Height of skirt,

A wind speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) can be used for preliminary design
studies; equivalent to a wind pressure of 1280 N/m2. (Coulson & Richardsons
Chemical Engineering Volume 6)

Fw = Pw (Deff )

Deff = Ds + 2(tave, wall + ti)

Where, Deff = Effective column diameter (m)
Ds= Diameter (m)
tave,wall = Average thickness of cylinder vessel wall (m)
ti= Thickness of insulation (m)

Bending stress in the skirt,

bs

Assume:
Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head

Given the formula:

4 Ms

bs = ( Ds+ts ) Dsts

Where; bs = Bending stress in the skirt

Ms = Bending moment at the base of the skirt

Ds = Internal column diameter

ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head

Dead weight stress in the skirt, ws

For test condition, ws

Given the formula:

Wwater

ws (test) = ( Ds+ts ) ts

Where; ws = Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition,

Wwater = Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).

For operating condition, ws (operating)

Wvessel

ws (operating) = ( Ds+ts ) ts

Where, ws (operating) = Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition

Wvessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads

The resultant bending stress in the skirt will be:

For maximum:
bs + ws(test )
ws (compressive) =

For minimum:
bs + ws(operating )
ws (tensile) =

Design criteria:
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the
skirt thickness should not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below:
Bending stress for the skirt:
Assume:
 s
Joint factor = 1 and = 900
Criteria for design:
For minimum given the formula
fs J sin
ws (tensile)

For maximum given the formula

ws (compressive)
0.125E ( Dsts ) sin

Where, = Compressive bending stress in the skirt

ws (compressive)

= Tensile bending stress in the skirt

ws (tensile)

J = Joint factor
Di = Internal column diameter, m
E = Youngs modulus (sinnott and Tower., 7.3.7 Effect of temperature on the mechanical
properties 1999)
Fs = Allowable design stress, N/mm2
ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of each ellipsoidal head

Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design

The materials used for the skirt was made entirely of carbon steel, silicon
killed. Meaning, the anchor bolt formed from the steel rounds should be
clean and free of oil; ensuring that it will bond to the embedded surface of
steel.

Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was
assumed that the measurement of column diameter would be used to make
an assumption for the pitch diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance was
then added to the pitch circle diameter column.

Number of bolts required, Nbolts

 Dp x
Given the formula: Nbolts = 600

Where, Dp = pitch circle diameter column

Dp = Ds + (10% of Ds)

Ds = Internal column diameter

Required bolt area, Ab

Given the formula:

Ab =
1
[ 4 Ms
N bolts fb Dp
Wvessel ]
Where, Ab = Required bolt area

Wvessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads

Ms = Bending moment in skirt

Dp = Pitch circle diameter

fb = maximum allowable bolt stress, N/mm 2; typical design value 125 N/mm2 (18,000 psi).
(Coulson & Richardsons chemical engineering volume 6. Page 851)

N bolts = Number of bolts required

D bolts
Bolt root diameter,

Given the formula: D bolts=

4 Ab

Fbolts
Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Given the formula:
Fbolts =
[ 4 Ms Wvsssel
Ds
2

Ds ]
Fbolts =
Where, total compressive load on each base ring per unit length

Ms = Bending moment in skirt

Ds = Internal diameter column

Wvessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads

Lb
Minimum width of base ring,

F bolts
Lb=
Given the formula: fc

Lb
Where, = Minimum width of base ring

Fbolts = total compressive load on each base ring per unit length

fc = the maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad, which will
depend on the mix used, and will typically range from 3.5 to 7 N/mm 2 (500 to 1000 psi).
(Coulson & Richardsons chemical engineering volume 6. Page 851)

s
Skirt base angle,

Skirt base angle, (With Ds =2.5 m)

s =tan 1
[ Hs
0.5(HsDs) ]
Bolt spacing

[ ]
'
( Dbolts )
Given the formula: Bolt spacing = N bolts '

Where, D'bolts = Bolt circle diameter = Ds+ (10% of Ds)

N bolts ' = Number of bolts

f 'c
Actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

F bolt s
'
f ' c =
Actual width

f 'c
Where, = Actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation

Fbolt s '
= total compressive load on each base ring per unit length

Actual width = actual width will depend on the chair design = ts + ti + Lr

ts = Skirt thickness

ti = thickness of insulation

tb
Base ring thickness,

Given the formula: t b=Lr

3 f c'
fr

Stress analysis
The longitudinal stress and circumferential stress

The longitudinal and circumferential stresses due to pressure (internal or

external), given by equation and respectively.

PiDi
L=
4t

PiDi
h=
2t

Where, L= Longitudinal stress, N/mm2

h = Circumferential stress, N/ mm2

Pi=Design Pressure=1.2 N/mm2

Di= Internal Diameter, mm

t= Wall thickness, mm

The dead weight direct stress

The direct stress ( w) due to the weight of the vessel, its contents and any attachments. The

stress will be tensile (positive) for points below the plane of the vessel supports, and compressive
(negative) for points above the supports. The dead-weight stress will normally only be
significant, compared to the magnitude of the other stresses, in tall vessels. (R K sinnott 2005)

W Dead
w=
( Di+t)t

Where, w= Direct stress, N/ mm2

WDead=Total Dead weight, kN

Di= Internal Diameter, mm

t= Wall thickness, mm

Bending stress

Bending stress is calculated by using equation below.

Mx Di
b= (
Iv 2
+tb )
Where, b = Bending stress, (N/mm2)

Mx= The bending moment from equation (7.4), (Nm)

Di= Internal Diameter, (mm)

tb= Bottom Tangent line thickness, (mm)

Iv= Second moment of area, (mm4)

Second Moment Area is given by equation below

Iv = 64 (Do4 Di4)

Where, Iv= Second moment of Area, mm4

Di= Internal Diameter, mm

Do= Outer Diameter, mm

Do = Di + 2tb

The resultant longitudinal stress

z = L + w b
 w = is compressive therefore is negative

z (upwind) = L + w + b

z (downwind) = L + w b