Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled

Circuits
 Outline

Introduction
Mutual Inductance
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Linear Transformers
Ideal Transformers
Applications

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 2

 Introduction
Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop
affects the neighboring loop through current
conduction.
Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops,
with or without contacts between them, affect each
other through the magnetic field generated by one of
them.
Based on the concept of magnetic coupling, the
transformer is designed for stepping up or down ac
voltages or currents.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 3

 Self Inductance
An inductor :
inductance L

N turns

For each turn, the induced volatge is

d
v1T =
dt
For N turns, the induced volatge is
d d di di
v=N =N =L
dt di dt dt
d
L=N (self - inductance)
di
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 4
 Mutual Inductance
self - inductances L1
Coil 1 :
N1 turns
self - inductances L2
Coil 2 :
N 2 turns

Assuming no current in coil 2,

The flux generated by coil 1 is
1 = 11 + 12 The mutual - inductance of
d1 d di di coil 2with respect to coil 1 is
v1 = N1 = N1 1 1 = L1 1
dt di1 dt dt d12
d1 M 21 = N 2
where L1 = N1 di1
di1
The open - circuit mutual voltage is
d12 d di di
v2 = N 2 = N 2 12 1 = M 21 1 di
dt di1 dt dt v2 = M 21 1
dt
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 5
 Mutual Inductance (cont.)
self - inductances L1
Coil 1 :
N1 turns
self - inductances L2
Coil 2 :
N 2 turns

Assuming no current in coil 1,

The flux generated by coil 2 is
2 = 22 + 21
The mutual - inductance of
d 2 d di di
v2 = N 2 = N 2 2 2 = L2 2 coil 1with respect to coil 2 is
dt di2 dt dt
d21
d M 12 = N1 (= M 21 )
where L2 = N 2 2 di2
di2
The open - circuit mutual voltage is
d21 d di di
v1 = N1 = N1 21 2 = M 12 2 di2
dt di2 dt dt v1 = M 12
dt
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 6
 Mutual Inductance (cont.)
We will see that M12=M21=M.
Mutual coupling only exists when the inductors or coils are
in close proximity, and the circuits are driven by time-
varying sources.
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a
voltage across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys
(H).
i1
The dot convention states that a current
entering the dotted terminal induces a +
positive polarity of the mutual voltage di1
v2 = M
at the dotted terminal of the second coil. dt
_
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 7
 Mutual Inductance (cont.)

i1 induces 11 and 12 ,
d1 d (11 + 12 ) d di di
i2 induces 21 and 22 . v1 = N1 = N1 + N1 21 = L1 1 + M 12 2
dt dt dt dt dt

1 = (11 + 12 ) + 21 d2 d (21 + 22 ) d di di
v2 = N 2 = N2 + N 2 12 = L2 2 + M 21 1
2 = 12 + (21 + 22 ) dt dt dt dt dt

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 8

 Mutual Inductance (cont.)
i1 i1

+ +
di1 di1
v2 = M v2 = M
dt dt
_ _

i2 i2

+ +
di2 di2
v1 = M v1 = M
dt dt
_ _
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 9
 Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing
Connection

L = L1 + L2 + 2 M (Series - aiding connection)

L = L1 + L2 2 M (Series - opposing connection)

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 10

 A Simple Example

Applying KVL to mesh 1 gives We can write Eq (1) in phasor

di1 di2 domain as
v1 = i1 R1 + L1 +M (1a)
dt dt V1 = ( R1 + jL1 )I1 + jMI 2 (2a)
Applying KVL to mesh 2 gives V2 = jMI1 + ( R2 + jL2 )I 2 (2b)
di2 di1
v2 = i2 R2 + L2 +M (1b)
dt dt
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 11
Circuit Model for Coupled Inductors

di1 di2
v1 = L1 +M V1 = jL1I1 + jMI 2
dt dt
di1 di2
v2 = M + L2 V2 = jMI1 + jL2 I 2
dt dt
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 12
 Example 1
Q: Calculus the phasor current I1 and I2 in the circuit.
13.9.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 13

 Example 1 (cont.)
For coil 1, KVL gives
12 + ( j 4 + j 5)I1 j 3I 2 = 0
or jI1 j 3I 2 = 12

For Coil 2, KVL gives

j 3 + (12 + j 6)I 2 = 0
(12 + j 6)I 2
or I1 = = ( 2 j 4) I 2
j3

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 14

 Example 1 (cont.)
We get
( j 2 + 4 j 3)I 2 = (4 j )I 2 = 12
12
or I2 = = 2.9114.04 A
4 j

I 1 = (2 j 4)I 2 = (4.472 63.43)(2.9114.04)

= 13.01 49.39 A

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 15

 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Step I : i2 = 0, i1 increases from 0 to I1.
di1
p1 (t ) = i1v1 = i1 L1
dt
I1 1
w1 = p1dt = L1 i1di1 = L1 I12
0 2
Step II : i1 = I1 , i2 increases from 0 to I 2 .
di2 di2
p2 (t ) = i1v1 + i2 v2 = I1M 12 + i2 L2
dt dt
I2 I2
w2 = p2 dt = M 12 I1 di2 + L2 i2 di2 I II i2
0 0 I2
1 i1
= M 12 I1 I 2 + L2 I 22 I1
2
1 1
w = w1 + w2 = L1 I1 + L2 I 22 + M 12 I1 I 2
2
t
2
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits
2 16
Energy in a Coupled Circuit (cont.)
The analysis process can be changed as
Step I : i1 = 0, i2 increases from 0 to I 2 .
1
w1 = L2 I 22
2
Step II : i2 = I 2 , i1 increases from 0 to I1 .
1
w2 = M 21 I1 I 2 + L1 I12
2
1 1
w = w1 + w2 = L1 I1 + L2 I 22 + M 21 I1 I 2
2
I II i2
2 2 I2
But the total energy must equal to the i1
I1
former case.
M 12 = M 21 = M
t
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 17
Energy in a Coupled Circuit (cont.)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
w= L1i1 + L2i2 + Mi1i2 w= L1i1 + L2i2 Mi1i2
2 2 2 2

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 18

Energy in a Coupled Circuit (cont.)
For different current assignments, the The coupling coefficient k
instantaneous energy stored is given as is defined as
1 1 M
w = L1i12 + L2i22 Mi1i2 k=
2 2 L1 L2
or M = k L1 L2 (0 k 1)
But w > 0 for any case,
1 2 1 2
L1i1 + L2i2 Mi1i2 0
2 2
1
2
( 2
)
i1 L1 i2 L2 + i1i2 L1 L2 M 0 ( )
L1 L2 M 0
M L1 L2
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 19
 More about k
k can be expressed in terms
of flux as
12
k=
11 + 12

21
or k =
21 + 22

k = 1 means perfect coupling.

11 = 22 = 0

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 20

 Coupling vs. Winding Style

Loosly coupled Tightly coupled

k < 0.5 k > 0.5
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 21
 Example 2
Q: Consider the circuit in the figure. Determine the
coupled coefficient. Calculus the energy stored in the
coupled inductors at time t = 1 s if v = 60 cos (4t +
30) V.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 22

 Example 2 (cont.)
The coupling coefficient is

M 2.5
k= = = 0.56
L1 L2 20
v = 60 cos(4t + 30) V
60 cos(4t + 30) 6030, = 4 rad/s
5H jL1 = j 20
2.5 H jM = j10
4H jL2 = j16
1 1
F = j 4
16 jC

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 23

 Example 2 (cont.)
For mesh 1, (10 + j 20)I1 + j10I 2 = 6030
For mesh 2, j10I1 + ( j16 j 4)I 2 = 0 or I1 = 1.2I 2
I 2 (12 j14) = 6030 I 2 = 3.254160.6A
and
1 = 1.2I 2 = 3.905 19.4 A

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 24

 Example 2 (cont.)

i1 = 3.905 cos(4t 19.4), i2 = 3.254 cos(4t + 160.6)

i1 = 3.905 cos(229.2 19.4) = 3.389 A t=1

i2 = 3.254 cos(229.2 + 160.6) = 2.824 A

1 2 1 2
w = L1i1 + L2i2 + Mi1i2
2 2
1 1
= (5)(3.389) + (4)(2.824) 2 + 2.5(3.389)(2.824)
2
2 2
= 20.73 J t=1

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 25

 Linear Transformers
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device
comprising two (or more) magnetically coupled coils.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 26

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 27
 Linear Transformer (cont.)

R1 and R2
Zin are winding
resistances.

2M 2
Applying KVL to the two mesh gives Z in = R1 + jL1 +
R2 + jL2 + Z L
V = ( R1 + jL1 )I1 jMI 2
= ZP + ZR
jMI1 + ( jL2 + R2 + Z L )I 2 = 0
Z P : primary impedance
V where
But Z in =
I1 Z R : reflected impedance
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 28
 T (or Y) Equivalent Circuit

V1 jL1 jM I1 V1 j ( La + Lc ) jLc I1
V = jM jL2 I 2 V = jLc j ( Lb + Lc ) I 2
2 2

La = L1 M
jL1 jM j ( La + Lc ) jLc
= Lb = L2 M
jM


jL2 jLc j ( Lb + Lc ) L = M
c
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 29
 (or ) Equivalent Circuit

L2 M 1 1 1
+
I1 jK jK V1 I1 jLA jLC jLC V1
I = M I =
1 V2
2 L 1 V2 2 1 1
+
jK jK jLC jLB jLC
where K = L1 L2 M 2
K
L =
A L M
L2 M 1 1 1
+ 2
j K jK jLA jLC jLC K
= LB =
M L1 1 1 1 L1 M
+
jK jK jLC jLB jLC L = K
C M
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 30
 Example 3
Q: In the circuit, calculate the input impedance and
current I1. Take Z1 = 60 j100, Z2 = 30 + j40,
and ZL = 80 + j60.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 31

 Example 3 (cont.)
2
(5)
Zin = Z1 + j 20 +
j 40 + Z 2 + Z1
25
= 60 j100 + j 20 +
110 + j140
= 60 j80 + 0.14 51.84
= 60.09 j80.11
= 100.14 53.1
V 5060
I1 = = = 0.5113.1 A
Zin 100.14 53.1
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 32
 Ideal Transformers
An ideal transformer is a unity-coupled, lossless
transformers in which the primary and secondary coils
nave infinite self-inductances.

d d
1 = 2 = v1 = N1
dt
v2 = N 2
dt
1. Coils have very large reactance (L1, L2, M).
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k = 1).
3. Primary and secondary coils are lossless (R1 = 0 = R2)
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 33
 Ideal Transformers (cont.)
V1 = jL1I1 + jMI 2 (1a)

V2 = jMI1 + jL2 I 2 (1b)
From (1a),
I1 = (V1 jMI 2 ) jL1 (1c)
Substituting 1(c) into (1b) gives
M M2
V2 = V1 + L2 jI 2
L1 L1

For perfect coupling,

k = 1 or M = L1 L2 .
L1 L2 L2
V2 = V1 = V1 = nV1
L1 L1
where n is called the turns ratio.
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 34
 Ideal Transformers (cont.)

d
v1 = N1 An ideal transformer is lossless,
dt
d v1i1 = v2i2
v2 = N 2
dt
v2 N 2 In phasor domain,
= =n
v1 N1 V1I1 = V2 I 2
V2 N 2 I 2 N1 1
= =n = =
V1 N1 I1 N 2 n
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 35
 Ideal Transformers
V 1 = j L1 I 1 + j M I 2 (1a)

V 2 = j M I 1 + j L 2 I 2 (1b)
From (1a),
I 1 = (V1 j M I 2 ) j L1 (1c)
Substituti ng 1(c) into (1b) gives
M M 2
V2 = V1 + L 2 j I 2
L1 L1

For perfect coupling,

k = 1 or M = L1 L 2 .
L1 L 2 L2
V2 = V1 = V1 = n V1
L1 L1
where n is called the turns rati o .
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 36


N=

d
v=N
dt
d di di
v=N , v=L
di dt dt
d
L = N o Ni L o N 2
di
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 37
 Ideal Transformers
N1 N2

d
v1 = N1 An ideal transformer is lossless,
dt
d v1i1 = v2i2
v2 = N 2
dt
v2 N 2 In phasor domain,
= =n
v1 N1 V1I1 = V2 I 2
V2 N 2 I 2 N1 1
= =n = =
V1 N1 I1 N 2 n
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 38
 Types of Transformers
When n = 1, we generally call the transformer an
isolation transformer.
If n > 1, we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
If n < 1, we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1).

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 39

 Impedance Transformation
V2 N 2
V = N = n
V1 =
V2
I 1 1
n
N 1 Zin
2 = 1 = I1 = nI 2
I1 N 2 n

The complex power in the primary is The input impedance as seen

by the source is
V2
*
S1 = V1I1 = (nI 2 )* = V2I*2 = S 2 V1 V2 1 V2
n Z in = = = 2
The complex power supplied to the I 1 n nI 2 n I 2

primary is delivered to the secondary ZL

Z in = 2
n
without loss.
(reflected impedance)
The transformer is lossless!
Useful for impedance matching!
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 40
 How to Make a Transformer Ideal
The linear transformer model

Zin

2M 2
Z in = R1 + jL1 + If L2 >> Z L
R2 + jL2 + Z L
jL1Z L L1Z L Z L
If R1 = R2 = 0 and M = L1 L2 (perfect coupling) Z in = = 2
jL2 L2 n
2M 2 jL1Z L 2 L1 L2 + 2 L1 L2
Z in = jL1 + = L2
jL2 + Z L Z L + jL2 where n = : the turns ratio
L1
jL1Z L
=
jL2 + Z L
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 41
 Impedance Matching

Linear network

The condition for maximum

power transfer is
ZL *
n2 = Z Th : complex Z L
R
2L = Z Th : Z L = RL
n
Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 42
 Ideal Transformer Circuit

Linear network 1 Linear network 2

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 43

 Ideal Transformer Circuit (cont.)

I1 = 0 = I 2 I1 = nI 2

V2
V2 Vs 2
VTh = V1 = = V1 = n
n n
V1 V2 n 1 V2 Z 2
Z Th = = = 2 = 2
I1 nI 2 n I2 n

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 44

 Ideal Transformer Circuit (cont.)

c c

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 45

 Applications of Transformers

To step up or step down voltage and current

(useful for power transmission and distribution)
To isolate one portion of a circuit from another
As an impedance matching device for
maximum power transfer
Frequency-selective circuits

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 46

 Circuit Isolation

When the relationship between

the two networks is unknown,
any improper direct connection
may lead to circuit failure.

This connection style can

prevent circuit failure.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 47

 DC Isolation

Only ac signal can pass, dc signal is blocked.

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 48

 Load Matching

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 49

 Power Distribution

Chap 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 50