Control Statements

(Decision Making)
 Control Statements
Control statements in C are used to write powerful programs by;

1. Repeating important sections of the program.

2. Selecting between optional sections of a program.
Control statements

Selection Statements Iteration statements

The while loop &

The if else statement
Do while loop

The switch statements The for loop

The break statement

Continue statement

Goto statement
 SELECTION STATEMENT

Types of Selection Statement

1. Simple if Selection statement

2. if else Selection statement
3. Nested if else Selection statement
4. else if ladder Selection statement
Simple if Selection statement
It is used to control the flow of execution of the statements and also to
test logically whether the condition is true or false.
Syntax:
if ( condition )
{
statement ;
}

if the condition is true then the statement following the if is executed if

it is false then the statement is skipped.

True
Test Condition

Executable X - Statement
 Selection Statement
Properties of an if statement

a) if the condition is true then the simple or compound

statements are executed.
b) If the condition is false it will skip the statement.
c) The condition is given in parenthesis and must be evaluated
as true or false.
d) If a compound structure is provided, it must be enclosed in
opening and closing braces
//Biggest of Two Numbers
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a, b;
clrscr();

printf(Enter the A and B Value:\n);

scanf(%d, &a);

if (a > b)
{
printf(A is Big);
}

getch();
}
The if else statement
It is used to execute some statements when the condition is true and execute some other
statements when the condition is false depending on the logical test.
Syntax:
if ( condition )
{
statement 1 ; (if the condition is true this statement will be executed)
}
else
{
statement 2 ; (if the condition is false this statement will be executed)
}

False True
Test Condition

Executable Y - Statement Executable X - Statement

// Biggest of Two Numbers // Given Number is ODD or EVEN Number
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
void main() {
{ int n;
int a, b; clrscr();
clrscr();
printf(Enter the Number:\n);
printf(Enter the A and B Value:\n); scanf(%d, &n);
scanf(%d, &a);
if (n % 2 == 0)
if (a > b) {
{ printf(Given Number is Even
printf(A is Big); Number);
} }
else else
{ {
printf(B is Big); printf(Given Number is Odd Number);
} }

getch(); getch();
} }
 // Biggest of Three Numbers
Nested if.. else statement
#include<stdio.h>
when a series of ifelse statements are occurred in void main()
{
a program, we can write an entire ifelse statement int a, b, c;
in another ifelse statement called nesting clrscr();

Syntax: printf(Enter the Three Numbers:\n);

scanf(%d%d%d,&a,&b,&c);
if ( condition 1)
if (a > b)
{ {
if ( condition 2) if (a > c)
statement 1 ; printf(A is Big);
else else
printf(C is Big);
statement 2 ;
}
} else
else {
{ if (b > c)
if (condition 3) printf(B is Big);
statement 3; else
printf(C is Big);
else
}
statement 4; getch();
} }
 FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_1

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_2

Executable X2 - Statement Executable X1 - Statement

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_3

Executable X4 - Statement Executable X3 - Statement

else if Ladder or Multiple if else Statements
When a series of decisions are involved we have to use more than one if else
statement called as multiple ifs. Multiple if else statements are much faster than a series of if
else statements, since theif structure is exited when any one of the condition is satisfied.

Syntax:

if (condition_1)
executed statement_1;
else if (condition_2)
executed statement_2;
else if (condition_3)
executed statement_3;
----------------------
----------------------
else if (condition_n)
executed statement_n;
else
executed statement_x;
 FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_1 Exec. Stat_1

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_2 Exec. Stat_2

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_3 Exec. Stat_3

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_n

Exec. Stat_X Exec. Stat_n

 /*This program reads in a simple expression with a very restricted format and
prints out its value. */
main()
{
int n1,n2;
int val;
else
char op;
{
printf("Enter a simple expression ");
printf(?? operator %c\n",op);
scanf("%d%c%d",&n1,&op,&n2);
exit(1);
if(op == '+')
}
val = n1 + n2;
printf("%d%c%d = %d\n",n1,op,n2);
else if(op == '-')
}
val = n1 - n2;
else if(op == '/')
val = n1 / n2;
else if(op == '*')
val = n1 * n2;
 Sample Program #include<stdio.h>
Write a program to calculate the sales #include<conio.h>
commission for the data given below:
Sales value (Rs) Commission(%) Void main()
Less than 1000 No commission {
Above 1000 but below 2000 5% of sales
float sales, com;
Above 2000 but below 5000 8% of sales
Above 5000 10% of sales printf(Enter the sales value :);
scanf(%f, &sales);
if(sales<=1000)
com = 0;
else if(sales>1000 && sales <=2000)
com = sales*5/100;
else if(sales>2000 && sales
<=5000)
com = sales*5/100;
else
com = sales * 10/100;
printf(The commission for the sales
value %f is %f, sales, com); }
 THE SWITCH STATEMENT
The control statements which allow us to make a decision from the number of
choices is called switch (or) Switch-case statement.
It is a multi way decision statement, it test the given variable (or) expression
against a list of case value.

switch (expression) switch (expression)

{ {
case constant 1: case constant 1:
simple statement (or) simple statement (or)
compound statement; compound statement;
case constant 2: case constant 2:
simple statement (or) simple statement (or)
compound statement; compound statement;
case constant 3: default :
simple statement (or) simple statement (or)
compound statement; compound statement;
} }
 Example Without Break Statement Example With Break Statement
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main () void main ()
{ {
int num1,num2,choice; int num1,num2,choice;
printf(Enter the Two Numbers:\n); printf(Enter the Two Numbers:\n);
scanf(%d%d,&num1,&num2); scanf(%d%d,&num1,&num2);
printf(1 -> Addition\n); printf(1 -> Addition\n);
printf(2->Subtraction\n); printf(2->Subtraction\n);
printf(3->Multiplication\n); printf(3->Multiplication\n);
printf(4->Division\n); printf(4->Division\n);
printf(Enter your Choice:\n); printf(Enter your Choice:\n);
scanf(%d,&choice); scanf(%d,&choice);

switch(choice) switch(choice)
{ {
case 1: case 1:
Printf(Sum is %d\n, num1+num2); printf(Sum is %d\n, num1+num2);
break;
case 2: case 2:
Printf(Diif. is %d\n, num1-num2); printf(Diif. is %d\n, num1-num2);
break;
case 3: case 3:
Printf(Product is %d\n, num1*num2); printf(Product is %d\n, num1*num2);
break;
case 4: case 4:
Printf(Division is %d\n, num1/num2); printf(Division is %d\n, num1/num2);
break;
default: default:
printf (Invalid Choice..\n); printf (Invalid Choice..\n);
} }

getch(); getch();
} }
 Rules for Switch
The expression in the switch statement must be an integer or character constant.
No real numbers are used in an expression.
The default is optional and can be placed anywhere, but usually placed at end.
The case keyword must be terminated with colon (:);
No two case constant are identical.
The values of switch expression is compared with case constant in the order specified i.e
from top to bottom.
The compound statements are no need to enclose within pair of braces.
Integer Expression used in different case statements can be specified in any order.
A switch may occur within another switch, but it is rarely done. Such statements are called
as nested switch statements.
The switch statement is very useful while writing menu driven programs.

Limitations of using a switch statement

Only One variable can be tested with the available case statements with the values stored in them (i.e.,
you cannot use relational operators and combine two or more conditions as in the case of if or if else
statements).
Floating point, double, and long type variables cannot be used as cases in the switch statement.
Multiple statements can be executed in each case without the use of pair of braces as in the case of if or
if else statement.
 Iteration Statements
1. Iteration statements is also known as Looping statement.
2. A segment of the program that is executed repeatedly is called as a loop.
3. Some portion of the program has to be specified several number of times or until a
particular condition is satisfied.
4. Such repetitive operation is done through a loop structure.
5. The Three methods by which you can repeat a part of a program are,

1. while Loops 2. do.while loops 3. for Loop

Loops generally consist of two parts :

Control expressions: One or more control expressions which control the execution of the
loop,
Body : which is the statement or set of statements which is executed over and
over

Any looping statement , would include the following steps:

a) Initialization of a condition variable
b) Test the control statement.
c) Executing the body of the loop depending on the condition.
d) Updating the condition variable.
While Loop

A while loop has one control expression, and executes as long as

that expression is true. The general syntax of a while loop is
initialize loop counter;
while (condition)
{
statement (s);
increment or decrement loop counter
}

A while loop is an entry controlled loop statement.

 Start

Initialize

False
Test Condition

True Stop

Body of Loop

Increment or Decrement
Example:
// Summation of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .
// Print the I Values
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
void main()
{
{
int i, sum;
int i;
clrscr();
clrscr();
i = 1;
i = 0;
sum = 0;
while(i<=10)
while(i<=10)
{
{
printf(The I Value is :%d\n,i);
sum = sum + i
++I;
printf(The Sum Value is:%d\n,i);
}
++I;
getch();
}
}
getch();
}
Example: //Summation of the series 11 + 22 + 33 + ..
//Summation of the series 12 + 22 + 32 + ..
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
void main()
{
{
int i, sum;
int i, sum;
clrscr();
clrscr();
i = 1;
i = 1;
sum = 0;
sum = 0;
while(i<=10)
while(i<=10)
{
{
sum = sum + pow(i,i)
sum = sum + i*i; //or I ^2 or pow(i, 2)
printf(The Sum Value is:%d\n,i);
printf(The Sum Value is:%d\n,i);
++I;
++I;
}
}
getch(); }
getch(); }
 Wap to print the summation of digits of any given number.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int number=0, rem=0, sum=0;

clrscr();

printf(Enter the value for number);

scanf(%d,&n);

while(number > 0)
{
rem = number % 10;
sum = sum + rem;
number = number / 10;
}

printf(the summation value of the given number %d is =

%d,number,sum);
}
THE do-while LOOP
The body of the loop may not be executed if the condition is not satisfied in while
loop.
Since the test is done at the end of the loop, the statements in the braces will
always be executed at least once.
The statements in the braces are executed repeatedly as long as the expression
in the parentheses is true.
initialize loop counter;
do
{
statement (s);
increment or decrement loop counter
}
while (condition);

Make a note that do while ends in a ; (semicolon)

Note that Do While Looping statement is Exit Controlled Looping statement
 Start

Initialize

Body of Loop

Increment or Decrement

True
Test Condition

False

Stop
 Difference Between While Loop and Do While Loop

Sl.No. while loop do-while loop

1. The while loop tests the condition before The do while loop tests the condition after
each iteration. the first iteration.

2. If the condition fails initially the loop is Even if the condition fails initially the loop is
Skipped entirely even in the first iteration. executed once.
Example:
// Print the I Values // Print the I Values
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
int i; int i;
clrscr(); clrscr();
i = 0; i = 11;
do do
{ {
printf(The I Value is :%d\n,i); printf(The I Value is :%d\n,i);
++I; ++I;
} }
while(i<=10); while(i<=10);
getch(); getch();
} }
Wap to print the Fibonacci series for any given number Using Do.While Loop
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, f1,f2,f3;
clrscr();
f1 = 0;
f2 = 1;
printf(The Fibonacci Series is:\n)
printf(%d\n,f1);
printf(%d\n,f2);
do
{
f3 = f1 + f2;
printf(%d\n,f3);
f1 = f2;
f2 = f3;

++i;
}
while(i <= 10);

getch();
}
 for Loop
The for loop is another repetitive control structure, and is used to
execute set of instruction repeatedly until the condition becomes
false.
To set up an initial condition and then modify some value to perform
each succeeding loop as long as some condition is true.

The syntax of a for loop is

for( expr1; expr2 ;expr3)

{
Body of the loop;
}

The three expressions :

expr1 - sets up the initial condition,
expr2 - tests whether another trip through the loop should be taken,
expr3 - increments or updates things after each trip.
 Start

Initialize; test_condition; Increment / Decrement

Body of Loop

Stop
 Example Example
Given example will print Given example of Multiplication Table
the values from 1 to 10. #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
#include<stdio.h>
{
void main() int mul,limit,c,i;
{ clrscr();
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
printf("Enter the Multiplication Number:\n");
printf("i is %d\n", i); scanf("%d",&mul);
} printf("Enter the Limits:\n");
scanf("%d",&limit);

There is no need of { } for(i=1;i<=limit;i++)

Braces for single line statement {
c = i * mul;
and for Multiple line it is
printf("%d * %d: %d\n",i,mul,c);
essential else it will consider }
only next line of for statement.
getch();
}
Additional Features of for Loop
Case 1:
The statement
p = 1;
for (n = 0; n < 17; ++ n)
can be rewritten as
for (p = 1, n = 0; n < 17;++n)

Case 2:
The second feature is that the test condition may have any compound
relation and
the testing need not be limited only to the loop control variable.
sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i < 20 && sum < 100; ++ i)
{
sum = sum + i;
printf(%d %d\n, i, sum);
}
Additional Features of for Loop Conti
Case 3:
It also permissible to use expressions in the assignment statements of initialization
and increments sections.
For Example:
for (x = (m + n) / 2; x > 0; x = x / 2)
Case 4:
Another unique aspect of for loop is that one or more sections can be omitted, if
necessary.
For Example:
m = 5;
for ( ; m ! = 100 ;)
{
printf(%d\n,m);
m = m + 5;
}
Both the initialization and increment sections are omitted in the for statement. The
initialization has been done before the for statement and the control variable is incremented
inside the loop. In such cases, the sections are left blank. However, the semicolons
separating the sections must remain. If the test condition is not present, the for statement
sets up an infinite loop. Such loops can be broken using break or goto statements in the
loop.
Additional Features of for Loop Conti
Case 5:
We can set up time delay loops using the null statement as follows:
for ( j = 1000; j > 0; j = j 1)
1. This is loop is executed 1000 times without producing any output; it simply
causes a
time delay.
2. Notice that the body of the loop contains only a semicolon, known as a null
statement.

Case 6:
for ( j = 1000; j > 0; j = j 1)

This implies that the C compiler will not give an error message if we place a
semicolon by mistake at the end of a for statement. The semicolon will be
considered as a null statement and the program may produce some nonsense.
 Nesting of for Loop
The One for statement within another for statement is called Nesting for Loop.

Syntax:

for (initialize; test_condi; incre. / decre.)

{
---------------
---------------
for (initialize; test_condi; incre. / decre.) Outer
{ Inner for for Loop
-----------
-----------
Loop
}
---------------
---------------
}
-----------------
-----------------
Example Example
// Print the I and J Value // Multiplication Table

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<conio.h> void main()
void main() {
{ int sum = 1,a,b;
int I, j; clrscr();
clrscr();
for (a=1;a<=5;a++)
for (i = 1; I < = 10 ; I ++) {
{ printf ("the multiplication table for %d\n",a);
printf (The I Value is %d \n", i); for (b=1;b<=12;b++)
{
for (j = 1; j < = 10; j ++) sum=a*b;
{ printf("%d*%d=",a,b);
printf (The J Value is %d \n", j); printf("%d\n",sum);
} }
} sum = 0;
getch(); }
getch();
} }
Exercise
1) Write a program that will read in N numbers and print out their average.
2) Wap to print the following series for N given number
1+(1+2)+(1+2+3)+(1+2+3+4)
3) Wap to print the following series for N given number
+
++
+++
++++
+++++
++++++ ..

4) Wap to print the following series for N given number

1
111
11111
1111111
 JUMPS IN LOOPS
1. Loops perform a set of operations repeatedly until the control variable fails to satisfy the test
condition.
2. The number of times a loop is repeated is decided in advance and the test condition is written to
achieve this.
3. Sometimes, when executing a loop it becomes desirable to skip a part of the loop or to leave the loop
as soon as a certain condition occurs.
4. Jumps out of a Loop is Classified into three types
1. break; 2. continue; 3. goto;

The break Statement

1. A break statement is used to terminate of to exit a for, switch, while or do while
statements and the execution continues following the break statement.
2. The general form of the break statement is

break;
3. The break statement does not have any embedded expression or arguments.
4. The break statement is usually used at the end of each case and before the start of the next
case statement.
5. The break statement causes the control to transfer out of the entire switch statement.
 #include<stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h> void main ()
{
void main() int num1,num2,choice;
printf (Enter the Two Numbers:\n);
{
scanf(%d%d,&num1,&num2);
int i; printf(1 -> Addition\n);
printf(2->Subtraction\n);
clrscr(); printf(3->Multiplication\n);
printf(4->Division\n);
i = 1; printf (Enter your Choice:\n);
while (i < = 10) scanf (%d, &choice);

{ switch (choice)
{
printf (The I Value is: %d \n, i); case 1:
printf (Sum is %d \n, num1+num2);
if (i = = 6)
break;
{ case 2:
printf (Diif. is %d \n, num1-num2);
printf (The I value is Reached 6, break;
case 3:
So break of the programs\n); printf (Product is %d \n, num1*num2);
break; break;
case 4:
} printf (Division is %d \n, num1/num2);
break;
++ i default:
printf (Invalid Choice..\n);
}
}
} getch();
}
The continue Statement
The continue statement is used to transfer the control to the beginning of the loop, there
by terminating the current iteration of the loop and starting again from the next iteration
of the same loop.
The continue statement can be used within a while or a do while or a for loop.
The general form or the syntax of the continue statement is
continue;
The continue statement does not have any expressions or arguments.
Unlike break, the loop does not terminate when a continue statement is encountered, but it
terminates the current iteration of the loop by skipping the remaining part of the loop and
resumes the control tot the start of the loop for the next iteration.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
i = 1;
while (i < = 10)
{
printf (The I Value is: %d \n, i);
if (i = = 6)
{
printf (The I value is Reached 6, But Continue this Programs\n);
continue;
}
++ i
}
 Differences Between Break and Continue Statement

Sl.No. break continue

1. Used to terminate the loops or to exit loop Used to transfer the control to the start of
from a switch. loop.

2. The break statement when executed Continue statement when executed causes
causes Immediate termination of the current
immediate termination of loop containing iteration
it. of the loop.
The goto Statement
The goto statement is used to transfer the control in a loop or a function from one point to
any other portion in that program.
If misused the goto statement can make a program impossible to understand.
The general form or the syntax of goto statement is

goto label;
Statement (s);
.
label:
statement (s);

The goto statement is classified into two types

a. Unconditional goto
b. Conditional goto
Unconditional Goto Conditional Goto
The Unconditional goto means the The Conditional goto means the control
control transfer from one block to transfer from one block to another block
another block without checking the test with checking the test condition.
condition. #include <stdio.h>
void main()
Example: {
int a, b;
#include <stdio.h>
clrscr();
void main() printf (Enter the Two Value:\n);
scanf (%d, &a, &b);
{ if (a > b)
goto output_1;
clrscr(); else
goto output_2;
Start: output_1:
printf (A is Biggest Number);
printf(Welcome\n); goto Stop;
output_2:
goto Start; printf (B is Biggest Number);
goto Stop;
getch();
Stop:
}
getch();
}